Highlights of Dutch and US coastal graduation projects in the Mississippi Delta after Hurricane Katrina

DOI: 10.3990/2.204

 

Jubilee Conference Proceedings, NCK-Days 2012

Highlights of Dutch and US coastal graduation projects in the

Mississippi Delta after Hurricane Katrina

M. van Ledden

1,3

, M. Kluyver

2

, A.J. Lansen

1

and R. Kluskens

1

1_{Royal Haskoning, George Hintzenweg 85, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, m.vanledden@royalhaskoning.com} 2_{Moffatt & Nichol, 301 Main Street, Suite 800, Baton Rouge, LA 70825, USA}

3_{Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, Delft, The Netherlands}

ABSTRACT

This paper presents the highlights of coastal graduation projects conducted in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina from students of universities in The Netherlands (Delft, Twente, Groningen, Amsterdam, Wageningen) and Louisiana (LSU, UNO). The intent is to show good examples of how knowledge and modeling tools in the field of coastal engineering, typical to the Netherlands, is applied in an international context. Three illustrative examples are summarized. The first example is the development of an innovative forecasting tool for predicting storm surge in the Louisiana coastal zone. This tool has successfully been applied during training exercises and real-life applications in New Orleans. Second, an in-depth study has been carried out to increase the understanding of the effectiveness of diversions to restore wetlands. Practical recommendations were provided for the choice of location and size of diversions in the Lower Mississippi. A third example is the long-term morphological modeling of the Wax Lake Delta. Various characteristics of this delta development were reproduced by the model, but also limitations of the predictive performance of the model were detected. This paper will close with an outlook on further collaboration between Louisiana and The Netherlands.

INTRODUCTION

In 2005 Hurricane Katrina showed the Gulf Coast’s extreme vulnerability to coastal flooding. After the first landfall in Florida, Hurricane Katrina intensified to a Category 5 hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico. The second landfall took place near Buras in Louisiana. It generated storm surge levels at the coast with a maximum water level of 9m+MSL near Biloxi (Mississippi). Over 50 breaches in the levee system around New Orleans resulted in major flooding of the city. With a total property damage estimated at $81 billion (2005), it was the costliest natural disaster in US history, and 1836 people lost their lives in this tragedy.

The coastal flooding during Katrina has initiated various federal and state programs to reduce flood risk in this area. The US Army Corps of Engineers has been responsible for executing a program to improve the levee system around New Orleans to the 100-yr design standard. This 6-year program was focusing on flood risk reduction in the short term and has resulted in a $15 billion investment program in levees, pump stations and storm surge barriers to provide the necessary level of protection.

The Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Project (LACPR) from the US Army Corps of Engineers and Louisiana’s Comprehensive Master Plan for a Sustainable Coast from the State of Louisiana have been focusing on the long-term flood risk reduction. A range of measures were evaluated for different levels of protection. These measures included structural measures such as the further raising of levees and barriers but also a range of non-structural measures such as wetland restoration, evacuation and changing building codes to further reduce flood risk. Both projects have resulted in various flood risk reduction strategies for coastal Louisiana.

According to the authors, these programs have provided a unique opportunity for students to experience how people in this delta gain their livelihoods from the resources of the coast and

how they are dependent on manmade flood protection infrastructure and the natural coastal habitat that protect their homes and business from storm flooding. About 20 graduation projects have been initiated with Dutch and US students on various coastal engineering topics in and around New Orleans and in the Mississippi River Delta. These students originated from various universities in The Netherlands (Delft, Twente, Groningen, Amsterdam, Wageningen) and Louisiana (UNO, LSU).

This paper shows highlights of coastal graduation projects in Louisiana. Three illustrative examples are summarized from the coastal graduation projects on how knowledge and modeling tools in the field of coastal engineering, typical to the Netherlands, are applied in an international context. These examples are focusing on two central coastal challenges in Louisiana: hurricane storm surge and wetland restoration. This paper will close with a discussion of coastal research topics for further collaboration between Louisiana and The Netherlands.

HURRICANE SURGE FORECASTING

As a coastal city, New Orleans is threatened by tropical storms or hurricanes every year. Both intense hurricane force winds and associated high water levels (storm surges) threaten this city. After Hurricane Katrina flooded the majority of the city in 2005, there has been a keen interest to obtain better insight into the storm surges produced by tropical systems. In order to adequately protect and prepare the city of New Orleans, forecasted surge levels for an approaching storm could provide a crucial piece of information. Forecasted surge levels are necessary to make decisions about safety measures, distribution of information to the public, evacuation of residents and emergency sandbag placement. To predict these surge levels, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

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LAND REST

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TORATION

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creted land will leans in the lo alitative physic th a quantitative A literature surv subject of engi me of the dive ver work well

nned. The reaso ocesses are not

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state that such an effect on th sissippi River.

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gain insight in on, a physical was utilized. T Mississippi Riv ted changes ov ons. The studen on and the se indicated that t ver are impor eration when de hysical model ations with a nu quantitative m ical modeling s different schema ary conditions ane Katrina to p on a case by ca se conditions a However, this storm surge a e effects of stor version near Po erent scenarios ed: the existing es, a marsh are a gently slope sed roughness l vegetation (ma

that marshes d ion. The influe d to the Missis ion in Lake Bor e storm surge rshes with cana ane Katrina typ rm surge elevat en et al. (2007) on to increase nding areas is a nges. Substantia ed from the ma ation. This will

edden, Kluyver stern Louisiana a Basin and De the influence z l model at the This physical m ver Delta (The ver a 30 year t nts were able to ediment movem

the location and rtant factors th esigning a dive was used a merical model. modeling on suite Delft3D w atizations of the were based provide a first ase basis. The m

are higher than s model does a

and can, there rm surge reduct ort Sulphur. s which repres g situation, a si ea with 35% op ed marsh area a and vegetation arsh) module of do have a pos nce area of th sippi Birdfoot, rgne or Lake Po reduction is id als or marsh are pe conditions, 30 tion by about 0. showed that cr the long-term s a promising pos al amounts of se ain channel to l in turn affect t r, Lansen and K

a with the Mis elta (including

zone and possib e Louisiana St model represents e Birdfoot Delt time frame for o study the influ ment through d orientation of that need to ersion. The data as input for

.

storm surge was used. Seve e project area w on the storm insight and to modeled storm n the actual m approximate the efore, be used tion of the mar sent various m ituation with a pen water, a m and a shallow w n parameters ar f the model. Th sitive effect o he marshes on and there is n ontchartrain. Th dentical for soli eas with 35% o 0km of marshla .5m to 1m. reating a large-safety of New ssibility but als ediment rich w slow down or the river bed m

Kluskens (eds.)

237

ssissippi Delta the Wax Lake

ble effects of a tate University s the lower part a). Model runs three different uence zone of a the river. The f a diversion in be taken into a obtained from more detailed reduction, the eral model runs were completed. conditions of study possible surge levels for measured storm e results of the d to determine rsh area created marsh types are n area of solid marsh area with water area. The re applied in a he model results n storm surge storm surge is no storm surge he model shows id marshes and open water. For and will reduce -scale sediment Orleans and its so identified its water need to be reverse marsh morphology and a y t s t a e n o m d e s . f e r m e e d e d h e a s e s e s d r e t s s e h d

238 cou cha I bui stor natu suc wil red resi lead no det bec are the div ma H div form con out the In h in hyd pre The dev pur of p delt stra reli the opt T sim 3). trad sed exp pro that und can mo sim loa forc T delt pro and 8 uld have an im annel. It is recom If enough sedim

lding and mars rm surge levels ure and depen ch as path and s ll be created b duce the storm

idents of Plaqu d to a reduction interventions erioration will cause this deteri a, it will severe Mississippi d version is a goo

ster plan for the

WAX LA

Hanegan (2011 versions to re

mation over nstruction of a r tlet to the marsh seaward side o his thesis work

Atchafalaya B drodynamic an sented, focusin e model was de velopment from rpose of this m process-based ta-building pr atigraphic chara iably predict th outlets for re timized. The model app mulating the gro The Wax Lak ditional classifi diments is influ

port significant ocesses contribu t dominate the der purely rive nnot be accura del. Recomm mulation include

d transport for cings that inhib The accurate si ta requires a co ocesses, model d the calibratio mpact on the mmended to stu ment is diverted h restoration w s. The storm sur nds largely on storm intensity. by the diversion

surge and the uemines Parish n in the storm s occur in l continue at

ioration is at su ely reduce the s deltaic plain in od option as a e future of New

AKE DELT

1) also focused store marshlan long-term tim river diversion. h area depends of the outlet by “Modeling the Bay, Louisiana nd morphologi ng on the Wax eveloped to sim m the beginning modeling study w modeling tools rocesses and acteristics of s e resulting delt estoration of th plied in this st owth typical of ke Delta is cle ication schemes uenced by bas t quantities fr uting to the coar e Wax Lake D erine forcings, ately simulated mendations f e model redeve rmulation and bit fine-sedimen imulation of th orresponding ac domain bathym on of hydrody shipping func udy this effect i d from the Miss will occur which rge reduction is the characteris . For this case s n near Port Su erefore increase h. These marsh surge levels ne coastal Louis the current a uch a high rate storm surge red n the long te a sustainable p w Orleans and it

TA MORPH

d on the optio nds. His focu mescales taking The most bene on the formatio y deposition of Evolution of th a“, the results ic modeling u Lake Delta in mulate a five y g of 1998 to the was to further s to successfull the resulting such a delta. W taic deposition, he Louisiana m tudy was gener f river dominan arly river-dom s; however, the sin processes th

rom the Atch rse sediment de Delta are quali but the fine s d in the presen for improving elopment with a the inclusion nt deposition. he actual deve ccurate represen metry and sedi ynamics and s

ction of the m in more detail. sissippi River, l h in turn can red s primarily of lo stics of the sto study, marshes ulphur will loc e the safety of hes do not dire ar New Orlean iana, the ma alarming rate and in such a la duction capacity rm. A large-s art of a long-t ts surroundings

HOLOGY

on of construc us was the d g place after eficial impact o on of a new delt diverted sedim he Wax Lake D of process-ba using Delft3D n Atchafalaya B ear period of d e end of 2002. validate the ab ly simulate typ morphologic With the ability

the investment marshlands can rally successfu nt systems (Fig inant according e deposition of hat resuspend afalaya Bay. epositional featu itatively simula sediment dynam nt, process-lim g morpholog an alternative, t of limited ma elopment of a ntation of domin ment composit ediment transp main land duce ocal orm, that cally f the ectly ns. If arsh and arge ty of scale term . cting delta the of an ta at ment. Delta ased, are Bay. delta The bility pical and y to ts in n be ul in gure g to fine and The ures ated mics mited gical total arine real nant tion, port. Though straigh transpo highlig discrete sedime hystere bounda process The delta d require this as sedime body s simulat becaus sedime process Delft3D land-bu transgr multipl simulat from p techniq models evaluat studies conside present evaluat increas situatio of no i domina more schema Figur domin Jubilee h the hydrod tforward, the s ort parameters ghts the difficul e measured eve ent in the prot esis in transpo ary, and the ses create signif results of this development alo es inclusion of ssumed river-d ent fractions, ne stratigraphy, lik tion than if onl e of the negl ent deposition. s-based, depth D would offer uilding arising ressive Mississ le marine pr tion, especially eriodic cold fro que somewhat s that assume d tion of expect s where mul eration. Detail ted in this stu tions in the d sed effort to ade ons in which th interest, simulat ant delta featur

efficiently ach atization.

re 3. Bathymetr nant Wax Lake

Conference Pr dynamic calib ubsequent need

for more ac ty of transport ent. In this case

otype upstream ort and discha limited mode ficant complica study indicate ong the typicall marine process ominant simul ecessary to asse kely results in ly the coarse se lected processe Though it w h-averaged m an ideal metho from large-sca sippi Delta, t ocesses for a y the difficult ont passages, m inefficient. At delta radial sym ed diversion l tiple location ed process-bas udy, is more s diversion desig equately represe e exact stratigra tion of the dev es in the South hieved with ry and typical e Delta roceedings, NC bration proces d to alter calib ccurate long-te calibration bas e, the possible m channel duri arge peaks at el representati ations for calibr that successfu ly low-energy L

ses beyond tho lation. The inc ess the validity

a less accurat ediment fraction es and their was thought th morphological od for assessin ale sediment di the necessary accurate delta to implement makes the use o

the moment, m mmetry are more land-building f n alternatives

sed modeling, suited for muc

gn process th ent all processe raphy of deposi velopment of th heast Louisiana a single frac ebb-delta featur K-Days 2012 ss was fairly brated sediment erm simulation sed on a single, storage of fine ing low flows, the upstream on of marine ration. ul simulation of Louisiana coast ose included in clusion of two of depositional te morphologic n was included effect on fine hat the use of modeling in ng the expected versions in the inclusion of a development wind forcings f this modeling more simplified e suited for the for preliminary are still in such as that ch higher level hat justify the es involved. For tional bodies is he mostly sand-a Cosand-ast msand-ay be ction sediment

res of the river

y t n , e , m e f t n o l c d e f n d e f t s g d e y n t l e r s -e t

Van Ledden, Kluyver, Lansen and Kluskens (eds.)

Jubilee Conference Proceedings, NCK-Days 2012 239

OUTLOOK

In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans and the Mississippi River Delta Region has invested more money than any time in history of the State of Louisiana in rebuilding levees and wetlands. This investment has nourished world class science, research and engineering expertise in which the Dutch Coastal Engineering community and its students have taken part. This paper has shown three examples of graduation projects after Katrina by Dutch and US students. The projects have been welcomed with high interest by local stakeholders because of the high quality and innovative ideas.

Now is the time to use this momentum to continue the exchange of students and build upon academic and scientific relationships. Especially in light of the just published Louisiana’s Master Plan for a sustainable Coast (State of Louisiana, 2012), this is a solid foundation on which the State plans to continue building Louisiana’s Coastal Program. Within the plan, structural and non-structural projects and programs are proposed, many of which have been conceptually studied by the Dutch students with a few selected for more in depth study (e.g. river diversions).

As Louisiana moves forward with the implementation of the Master Plan and associated in-depth research of feasibility of the proposed projects within the plan, the exchange of Dutch and US students should be continued in our view. Potential topics for further collaboration are:

 System interaction between river and marshes. Long-term strategies for the coast of Louisiana include marsh restoration and its interaction with the Mississippi River and its tributaries. Balancing the needs for redistribution of fresh water and sediments through diversions should be weighed against other important (economical) functions of the Mississippi River. Dutch expertise in River Management and supporting modeling tools can support weighing of various interests and alternatives.

 Long-term morphology of the Louisiana Coast. The morphology of the coastline is governed by various marine and alluvial processes which are complex in nature. The impact of human interventions of any sort need to be studied for optimization of any coastal strategy. The Dutch knowledge and experience in both short-term and long-term coastal modeling can play a key role in evaluating and optimizing these interventions.

 Hurricane surge prediction. Emergency Management will be a major subject in the overall flood protection strategy of the Southern Louisiana coastal region, in which accurate prediction will highly impact the effectiveness of any emergency measure. The Dutch knowledge in modeling of storm surges and the experience in operational flood forecasting can be shared with the Louisiana coastal community to improve emergency management

Climate change and the challenges it poses to society are making newspaper headlines in not only The Netherlands and Louisiana, but in many coastal communities. With increasing globalization of research and consultancy services students should be part of the international dialogue in an early stage to familiarize and offer them a global perspective on the international coastal engineering community.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The editors thank the students for their enormous enthusiasm and motivation shown during their projects. It has been rewarding to work with high-talented and very motivated students during their projects in New Orleans. The students hosted in New Orleans projects were (in alphabetical order): Marcel van de Berg, Anja Bos, Tjeerd Driessen, Kevin Hanegan, Sanne van de Heuvel, Marten Hillen, Freek Kranen, Jos Kuilboer, ChuHui Lin, Alissa Miller, Pieter Nordbeck, Tom Smits, Roald Treffers, Mats Vosse and Marcel van der Waart. The US Army Corps of Engineers in New Orleans is highly acknowledged for hosting the Dutch students. The discussions at the New Orleans District have been very fruitful and enriched the projects to a large extent. The financial and logistical support from Royal Haskoning is highly appreciated.

REFERENCES

Hanegan, K., Modeling the evolution of the Wax Lake Delta in Atchafalaya Bay, Louisiana, Erasmus Mundus Msc Programme, Coastal and Marine Engineering and Management (CoMeM), 2011.

Hillen, M., Kuilboer, J., Nordbeck, P., Treffers, R. The effects of a diversion in the Mississippi River near Port Sulphur on the long-term safety of New Orleans, Delft University of Technology, 2007.

Lin, C. The future in seconds: eSURF, University of Twente, 2009.

Resio, D.T., and J.J. Westerink, "Modeling the physics of storm surges", Physics Today, September 2008, pp. 33-38.

Smits, T., Internship Report - Internship at Royal Haskoning in New Orleans, Delft University of Technology, 2009.

State of Louisiana, Louisiana’s Master Plan for a sustainable Coast (draft), http://www.coastalmasterplan.louisiana.gov/2012-master-plan/draft-2012-master-plan/, 2012.

US Army Corps of Engineers, US Army Engineer District, New Orleans, Interim Survey Report, Morgan City, Louisiana and Vicinity, serial no. 63, US Army Engineer District, New Orleans, LA (November 1963).

Van Den Berg, M. A predictive model for hurricane surge levels in New Orleans, University of Twente, 2008.

Westerink, J. J., J. C. Feyen, J. H. Atkinson, H. J. Roberts, E. J. Kubatko, R. A. Luettich, C. Dawson, M. D. Powell, J. P. Dunion, and H. Pourtuheri (2008), A basin- to channel-scale unstructured grid hurricane storm surge model applied to southern Louisiana, Mon. Weather Rev., 136, 833–864, doi:10.1175/2007MWR1946.1.