RADIOCARBON DATING CHRONOLOGY OF THE LATE TRIPOLYE CULTURE

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZ†DASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

PLISSN1231-0344

MihailoY.Videiko

RADIOCARBON DATING CHRONOLOGY OF THE LATE

TRIPOLYE CULTURE*

This arti le is dedi ated to theradio arbon hronologyof thelate period of

the Tripolye ulture (TC) (Tripolye-CII, a ording to the period division of T. S.

Passek[1949℄).Thedevelopmentofthistopi isimportantforthere onstru tionof

theethni ulturalsituationontheterritoryofsouth-easternEuropein these ond

halfofthe4

th

-rsthalf ofthe3

rd

millennium (BC),inotherwords,attheendof

theNeolithi Ageandthebeginning oftheBronze Age.

Forthe reationoftheisotope hronologyofthelateTC,we urrentlypossess

asetof35

∗∗

14

Cdatesderivingfrom12monumentsoftheC-IIstage(Tables1-12).

These representall themajorterritorialgroupsofTC,in luding theDniester,the

NorthernPonti area,Volhynia,andthebasinsoftheSouthernBugandtheMiddle

Dnieperrivers(Fig.1).

HerewewillspeakaboutthefollowinggroupsofthelateTC:Gorodsk-T

roy-aniv,Soevka,andUsatovo.Foralongtime,thisperiodhasbeendateda ording

to10 dates obtained essentially forUsatovotype omplexes. Seven ofthese dates

were denedforMayaki settlement andoneforea h of Gorodsksettlement,and

theUsatovoandDankuII emeteries.

Thus,it washardly possibleto dateall thelo al variantsof thelate TC. Itis

alsoworthnotingthatnowadaystheterm\TCCII",forthenamingofthe ultural

omplexesintheregionofthePrutandtheDnieperriverbasins,isusedindeferen e

to tradition. In reality, there existed ar haeologi al ultures, still referred to in

literature as lo al types or variants of the TC, that had been formed under the

strongin uen eofthe ulturesof entral andsouthernEurope.

The 25newdates obtained inKiev laboratory allow usto datethose ultural

types.EightdatespublishedintheBalti -Ponti Studieswerefor emeteriesofthe

Soevkatype[Kovalyukh,Videiko,Skripkin1995:135-140;Kadrow1995:141-147℄.

∗

Proje twasnan edinpartwithgrantno.1H01G01810providedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h in1996-1998.

∗∗

Thepaperignoresaseriesofdates(11)fromtheAkkiembekskiykurgan on erningtheUsatovogroupofthe

Fig.1.L o ationof 14

CdatedsitesofthelateTripolye ulture(phaseCII).

1 -Zhvaniets;2 - Tsviklovtsy;3 -Danku II;4- Mayaki;5 -Usatovo; 6- Sandraki; 7 -Vilkhovets

(Olkhovets);8-Troyaniv;9-Gorodsk;10-Zavalovka;11-KrasnyKhutor;12-Soevka.

Anumberofdating for emeteries oftheUsatovotypewere publishedin arti les

in luded in this volume. Seventeen datings and the orresponding materials for

them, deriving from late TC settlements, are published below. The samples for

datingweremostlysele tedfromthematerialsstoredins ienti olle tionsofthe

InstituteofAr heologyoftheNational A ademyofS ien esofUkraine(Sandraki,

Troyaniv,Zhvaniets)oroftheNationalHistori alMuseum(Zhvaniets,Tsviklovtsy,

Troyaniv). Inthe latter ase, it was notalways possible to identify a urately the

sour eofsamplesfromparti ular omplexes.FoursamplesderivingfromVilkhovets

settlementwere examinedbytheauthorofthisarti lein1993[Videiko1994:25-26,

Fig.15℄.

Thearti le omprisesashortdes riptionofthedated omplexesfrom12late

TCsites(settlementsand emeteries);an analysisoftheresultsobtained;an essay

on the isotope hronology of the late period of TC, ontaining a

1. DESCRIPTIONOFTHEDATEDCOMPLEXES

1.1. SANDRAKI

Table 1

Sandraki-thedated omplexes

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Sandraki sq.3-7,hearth-bones TC,C-II Ki-6746 4175

±

50 2270

±

92 Sandraki sq.3-7,hollow-bones TC,C-II Ki-6747 4210

±

45 2790

±

81

ThesettlementissituatednearthevillageofSandrakiintheKhmilnykDistri t

of Vinnitsia Region (Fig. 1). In 1949-1950, it was explored by an Southern Bug

ar haeologi al expedition underthesupervision ofO.F. L agodovska[L agodovska

1956:118-129℄.The materials arestoredinthes ienti olle tionsoftheInstitute

ofAr heology(Kiev).Thendsfromthissettlementillustratedthemulti-level

ha-ra ter of themonument. The settlement is situatedbeyondthe eastern border of

Sandrakivillage, onthehigh apedunepresentlyknownasPagurok.Pagurokfa es

astreamlet valleywithsteepslopes,diÆ ultfor limbing.Abovethestreamlet

val-ley,thesiterises to20-22 metres.Itsuppergroundhasan oval form,extendedin

a westerndire tion,90metres long,50metres wide. Itsarea is0.4he tares.From

theeldontheeasternsideofPagurok,thereisaneasily-distinguishablebankand

dit h,andafurther bankanddit hwhi h arealmost impossible tomakeout. R

e-mains from three epo hs were dis overed in the ross-se tion:17th-18thCentury,

Bronze Age, and TC CII. The samples for dating were sele ted from among the

materialsobtainedduringex avationsoftheoverlanddwellingof50m 2

.Thishada

longre tangularshape,extendedinanorth-est-south-westdire tion.Theremains

ofthebuilding onsistedofburnt layofared-and-yellowandreddish olour,lying

ononelevel 0.08-0.15mwide.

Aftersorting these remains, it was dete ted thatunderit, in theloam, there

wasa further ulturallayer,representedbyfragmentsoflate TC erami s,animal

bones et . These nds were lying in a spread and fragmented way and did not

formany on entrations.Themajority ofthendswere erami s,foundina very

fragmented ondition.

Intheopinionoftheresear her,twomajorgroupswereof erami s: erami s

withan admixtureofmi aandsand; andpainted erami swithnoadmixture.The

rst group,de orated with engraved or ord-patternedornamentation,represents

on-a slightly internally- urved upper brim are very typi al. The vessel brim is often

typi allyobliquely uttowardsthemiddle.The ornamentationisusually foundon

theexternalunder-edgeofthe upandonitsedge utaslant tothemiddle.

Frag-mentsof upsde oratedinternallyo ur onlyrarely;theornamentation onsisting

of \ aterpillars" or small urved si kles. O asionally, there appears a s heme of

a horizontal row of ords, alternated with a similar verti al row (Fig. 3). A

frag-mentofthelowerpartofa upwiththeimageofa rossinits entreisofspe ial

interest. Here, in thete hnique of ord pressing,an ornament typi al of painted

Usatovovesselsisrepeated.The ordornamentationofthepot-likevessels,similar

toUsatovoones,isalsoespe ially worthnoting.

The erami s with aherbal admixture onstitutesa separategroupand is

re-presentedbyasmallquantityoffragments.Thegeneral hara ter of erami s with

a deep ornament is similar to thatof the late TC settlements of Gorodsk, Raiki,

NovaChortoryaet .

The other group of erami s (Fig. 4), omprising 14% of the total nd, is

hara terisedby highly-puried lay of a erami paste withnoadmixture or with

alarge amountofverysmall-grainedsand.The olourofthe erami s islight pink

andyellow,sporadi allyturningintored.Thepainting wasdoneindark brownor

bla k paint, often mixed with red. The following forms o ur: large two-handled

vessels withhighshoulders,pot-shapedvessels,wide-mouthedvessels withbulbous

handles; middle-sized wide-mouthed vessels with short, slightly narrowed ne ks;

ups;platterset . Su h erami shapes aretypi alforornamented erami soflate

TC omplexes.The ornamentation onsistsofstraightlines, urvedlines, netsand

otherelements.Onedistin tivepatternisan ornamentationof wideplaitedstrips,

on istingofmultipleparallellines,densely overingthesurfa eofthevessel.

Anexamination ofpotteryfrom Sandrakisettlementshowed thatin ludedin

thegroupofkit henutensils was erami potterywitha polishedsurfa e,

o asio-nally overed with red paint, analogous in produ tionte hnologyandin shape to

thoseobservedinBaden ulture.Onthebrimsofthepots,forexample,thereappear

\stu k rolls"(separate rollsof lay stu k to thevessel before ring) with pin hes,

similartothestrongly ontouredBaden \horn"-style,shoulder-pla ed handles.

The plasti artsare represented byfragmentsofgurines ofwomen standing

andguresofbulls.

The intartefa ts,bones,and layfragmentsrepresenttools.The intartefa ts

weremadeofhalf-nishedprodu tsmostlyoflightanddark-grey intoflo alorigin.

Artefa ts of transparent int of brownish toneswere also found.There were the

following types of produ ts representing tools s rapers on blades, blade knives,

axes, hisels,triangulararrowheads(withastraightbase),aswellastoolsmadefrom

bone:ahorn,strikers,tetrahedralawls,pressers,andmatto ks.Andofeightlarge

spinners de orated with in isionsor engravings were dis overed in Sandraki, too,

along with lay weights for verti al looms,de orated with point-likedie in isions

andlineengravings.Furthermore,inthedwelling,thebottomsofvesselswithprints

oftextilesetduringpotteryprodu tionweredis overed[L agodovska1956:122-128℄.

1.2. ZHVANIETS,SHCHOVBSITE

Table 2

Zhvaniets,s hovbsite-thedated omplexes

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Zhvaniets,Sh hovbsite surfa edwelling2-bones TC,C-II Ki-6743 4480

±

40 3209

±

106 Zhvaniets dug-out6-bones TC,C-II Ki-6744 4355

±

60 2965

±

89 Zhvaniets,Sh hovbsite dug-out1-bones TC,C-II Ki-6745 4530

±

50 3205

±

98 Zhvaniets,Sh hovbsite embankment- har oal TC,C-II Ki-6753 4290

±

55 2939

±

91 Zhvaniets,Sh hovbsite ?- har oal TC,C-II Ki-6754 4380

±

60 2984

±

78

Thislate TCsettlementissituatednear thevillage ofZhvanietsinthe

Kamia-netsPodilskyiDistri tofKhmelnytskyiRegion.Itislo atedonahighdunewashed

from three sides by therivers Zhvan hykand Karmelitka (Fig. 1). A part of the

settlement was destroyed by quarrying,and a se tion of the TC level has shifted

downfromthedune.T.G.Movsha [1970;1973℄exploredthesettlement.The

sam-ples sele tedfordatingare fromthegroundof surfa edwelling2, dug-outs1and

6(animalbones),theembankment,andanunidentied omplex( har oal).

Aprote tive bank and dit h fortiedthe settlement ontheside of theeld.

Thefrontoftheearthbankandthedit hinfrontofitwerelaidoutwithlargestone

ags.Onaplateau,beyondtheboundariesofthesettlement,aprodu tion omplex

onsisting of two-levelled furna es and pla es for lay mixing was explored. The

furna eslayinthreerowsovertheslopeofthedune[Movsha1970:85-86℄.Dwelling

(ground?)2wasare tangular buildingofframe olumn onstru tion,measuring7

x 6m, thewalls and oorsof whi h were smearedwith lay plaster. The remains

aresatisfa torilypreserved.Onthegroundofthedwelling,asmall quantityof int

artefa ts, a ouple of horn matto ks, fragments of painted and kit hen pottery,

andsome erami spinners weredis overed.Dug-out1isa trough-shapedhollow,

measuring3.8to7.1m,partiallydestroyed.Itsdepthbelowthepresentsurfa eisup

to1.1m.Thebottomisuneven,partiallylaidoutwithstone agsoflo alorigin.The

ofthreere-pla es,also agged,wereexplored.Inadditiontohornarti les,agrain

grater, stumpers, matto ks and battle-axes made of horn were found, as well as

some bone awlsand a number of int artefa ts- plates, ake andplate s rapers,

and hipsfrom a si kle.There are relatively few erami s - mostnotably:a table,

paintedvessels,semi-spheri al plates,pots,andsomevesselswitha oni almouth.

The painting was done in bla k and red. The ornamental ompositions onsistof

semi-ovals and strips. In the middle of the ovals andsemi-ovals, ompositionsof

images of people and animals were drawn. What little kit hen pottery was found

is made of lay, with an admixture of shell fragments or sand. These vessels are

de orated by ord prints in the area under the edge, and with oni al \stu k"

adornmentsontheshoulders.

Amongotherpottery were found erami weights, spinners formed of vessel

bellies, or oni al with a on ave base, and a fragment of an anthropomorphi

gurine.

T.G.Movshapublisheddata on erningndsofpotteryoftheFunnelBeaker

ulture (FBC) (7 fragments and 1 restored vessel from dwellings 1 and 2 of the

Zhvaniets- Sh hovbsettlement[Movsha 1985a:24-26,Fig. 2-4℄.Thisdatagives us

an impression of what type of dwellings are involved - surfa e dwellings or

dug--outs.Althoughwehaveprovideddates forobje tsof bothtypes,alongwiththeir

orrespondingnumbers(Fig.3),we onsideritimportanttoaddasfullades ription

ofthemaspossible.

The potteryisprodu edfrom lay withan admixture of ne-grainedsand, of

greyorbla kandgrey olour;thesurfa eispolished.Fragmentsof on avevessels

withhighfunnelbrimswerefound.Twofragmentshad\ear"handlespla edunder

the edge. Onthe shouldersof thefragments of three vessels, atta hments in the

shapeoftheCyrilli letters\M"and\L",typi alfortheFBC,havebeenpreserved.

The edge of the brim is de orated with parallel ord prints and tetrahedral die

in isions[Movsha1985a℄.

1.3. TROYANIV

Table 3

Troyaniv-thedated omplexes

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Troyaniv ex avation18,sq.LXXII-2,dwelling28-bones TC,C-II Ki-6748 4360

±

55 2967

±

64 Troyaniv sq.XIII-19,dwelling-bones TC,C-II Ki-6749 4410

±

50 3003

±

83 Troyaniv ex avationIII,sq.LV-B-7,dwelling25-bonesTC,C-II Ki-6750 4430

±

45 3013

±

105

Thesettlementislo ated onahighduneontherightbankoftheGnylopiatka

river(Fig.1)(Distri tandRegionZhytomyr).Itisintheshapeofapeninsula.The

slopes of theduneare steep. In1956-58,theremains of 35dwellings of dierent

types were ex avated. During the ex avations in Troyaniv, it be ame possible to

tra edetailsofthelo ationplanofthesettlement'sdwellings.Theywerearranged

in two ir les, forminga fortifying ape from theside oftheeld[Shmagliy 1960:

52-54℄.

Sample Ki-6748(bone)was takenfrom dwelling28,ex avated in 1958.

Ex a-vation18 lay in the most on entrated area of thend. Inthe western orner of

theex avation, a grain grater was dis overed. At a depthof 0.8-1.2 m, fragments

of pottery, gures, int akes, horn and bone tools, and hips of animal bones

were dis overed in a hollow, whi h featured the highest on entration of nds.

The investigated hollow was assumed to be the remains of the sunken dwelling

28.

SampleKi-6749(bone)wastakenfromdwelling1,ex avatedin1956.Dwelling

1waspartiallydestroyedin thepro essofdam onstru tion,soitsfulldimensions

havenotbeenas ertained.Culturalremainsofdierentperiods-L ateTCand8

th

-7

th

ent.BC-werefoundthere.A oupleofpostholesandfragmentsofburnt lay

were dis overed,0.25to1.43m belowthesurfa e.Inthe ulturallayer,fragments

ofpotteryand hipsofanimalboneswerefound.S ythianartefa tsweredis overed

inthelayer abovethatoftheTCperiod.

Sample Ki-6750 (bone) was taken from dwelling 25, ex avated in 1957. Ata

depth of 0.6 m, an obje t formed of burnt lay plaster, measuring 3 x 1 m, was

observed. Next to this,a stone(granite) ag,measuring 2x 1m, was dis overed.

It an be presumed thatthis ag served as a re-pla e. Both in the plaster and

under it,TC artefa ts- potteryfragments, spinners,loom weights, tools made of

intandstone,andanimalbone hips-werefound.The inttoolsofthesettlement

omprisedaxebladestetrahedralin ross-se tion,large akeknives,and hipsfrom

axes, s rapersandtriangulararrowheads.

Amongthestone artefa ts, a half-nished battle hammer axe deserves to be

spe iallymentioned.Itis at, with ir ular onvexshoulders.Along theaxis ofthe

axea astingseamisoutlined.Thebutt,probablyfungus-shaped,wassplitout;the

inlet is justslightly outlined.This ndshowed thatthis type ofaxe was produ ed

lo ally.During theex avation,12fragmentsofbattle-axes weredis overed.Gneiss

orne-grainedgranitewereusedfortheirprodu tion.TheTroyanivaxesresemble

thosedis overedin Soevka emeteries [Klo hko,Ko±ko1995℄.

The pottery omprisestwo major groups. The rst group ontains 3types of

mass admixtures: sand +quartz +mi a; rushed shells; anda herbal admixture

burntduringthebakingpro ess.Potterywithadmixturesofthersttypewasfound

ord prints, lo ated along the bellies of the vessels, are in the form of one or

two horizontallines andare hara teristi forthis typeof pottery.There arealso

fragments featuring prints of die and point-like die (Fig. 5, 6:1-6). Some of the

vessels ofthis groupare externally olouredwith red paint. The se ond groupof

pottery- vessels de oratedwith drawings- is lesserin quantityand was generally

foundinfragments,with preserved tra esofpainting ina darkbrown olour(Fig.

6:7-9).Thefollowingformswerefound:platters,pots,spheri aland oni alvessels,

andbeakers.

Alargenumberofanthropomorphi guresofas hemati type,madeof layof

typeoneadmixtures,werealsodis overed.Therewerealsonumerous layspinners,

someofthemde oratedwithin isedandengravedlines,andsomeofthembearing

drawings of a pi tographi type. The nd of small votive axes analogous to the

FunnelBeaker ultureshouldalsobementioned.

A ording to the resear hers' interpretation, Troyaniv ould be ompared to

su hsettlementsinVolhyniaasGorodsk,NovaChortorya,Pavolo h[Belanoskaya,

Shmagliy1959:128.℄

1.4. TSVIKLOVTSY

Table 4

Tsviklovtsy-thedated omplex

Cemetery Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Tsviklovtsy grave?-burnt TC,C-II Ki-6751 3960

±

50 2450

±

89 bones

In1960,eldresear hofthelateTCsettlementatTsviklovsyintheKamianets

PodilskyiDistri t,KhmelnytskyiRegionwas ommen ed(Fig.1).Itislo atedatthe

sour eoftheSmotry hriveronahighduneontherightriverbank,inGryadasite.

The settlement, a han e dis overy, is a unique jewel in the treasure of theL ate

TC. During ex avations, theremains of a semidug-out, two multi-purposepits,a

worship ag-stonemadeof lay andaritual grave withtheremainsof a remated

bodywerefound(pits3and5,semidug-out1).

In thespa e between the pits andsemi dug-out1, and slightlyto the

north--east of the worship ag, in pit 8, a remation grave was opened. The pit

depth of 0.7 m below the present surfa e. The lower part of the walls and the

bottom of the pit were ex avated. The pit is 8-shaped, oriented lengthways to

the north-east, with negligible deviation. It is divided into two parts: the

smal-ler north-western, horse-shoe-shaped part (measuring 0.9 x 1.2 m), and the

lar-ger, north-eastern,oval-shaped part (measuring 2 x 1.65 m). In the upper layers

of the grave was dis overed a se tion of well-burntplaster, belonging, as was

la-ter spe ied, to theupper part of the vault of thebig oven. Onthe oven'svault

in the south-eastern,southern and south-westernparts, fragments of a big

thi k--walled vessel of yellowish olour, ontaining an admixture of rushed shells in

a lay mass, was found. Below the se tion from the oven's vault, and only

par-tially beyond its outline, 5 piles of burnt human bones - grave remains - were

lo ated. The burnt piles were found in the south-eastern part of the grave at a

depth of 1 - 1.05 m below the present surfa e (0.55-0.60 m within the

distin-guishable boundaries of the pit) in an ash layer ri h in har oal. Fragments of

s alp (pile 1) were lying near the eastern wall of the pit. To the southof these

was a pile of burnt tubular bones (pile 4), among whi h V.I. Bibikova

identi-ed Bos taurus bones, Unio mollus shells and several small, unburned bones of

an Ovis et Capra. A fragment of a small hornpi kaxe with hole was also found

there. Its sides were de orated with herring-bone patterned in isions. Two bone

piles (2,3) were found loser to the middle of the pit. In addition to fragments

of large tubular human bones, probably lower extremities, there was a pile of a

large animal bones and Unio shells. Near the south-western wall of the pit, the

fth pile was dis overed. It was lo ated below the lower stone of the grain

gra-ter. Here, besides the burnt human bones, burnt bones of a roe deer, a large

hoof (a sheep ?), and two Unio shells were found. Several isolated burnt

hu-man bones were found outside the ontours of the pile. Almost in the middle

of the grave, in a layer of ash, the left horn pivot of a goat was found. Near

the southernedge, unidentied animal bones, human bones and 18 fragments of

Unio shells were dis overed. To the south-west of the burnt bones, at the same

depth, lay vessel shards of a mostly large size. These lled almost the whole

so-uth-eastern part of pit 8. Fragments of several vessels were mixed together, with

some others lying next to them. There are only two items of painted pottery,

bothspheri al vessels, oneis a spheri al amphora with a high mouthand a loop

handle on onvex shoulders. There are two oni al atta hments on the handle

-the rudiments of anthropomorphism. The amphora is painted bla k. The

de o-rative pattern is an ornamentation of ut strips, rossing at an angle, typi al for

L ateTC.

Variousvesselsandother layitems(spinners,weights),stonegraingratersand

hornpi kaxeswerein ludedinthisadult'sgrave.Judgingfromthepreservedo iput

Cerami s from the grave have analogies in a number of the latest TC

mo-numents.Similar samples derive from Gorodsk,Gusyatyn and othersites.

Thi k--edged ups de orated with ord prints are typi al for Gorodsk. In the opinion

of T.G. Movsha, there are some indi ations thatthe settlement in Tsviklovtsy is

one of the very last of the L ate TC. A semi-dug-out was ex avated whi h,

a - ording to T.G. Movsha, served as a workshopfor jewellery produ tion.

Half--nished arti les, ready-to-wear items and int artefa ts were dis overed there, as

well as a buried treasure of jewellery: opper bra elets, beads, and ne kla es, all

withdire tanalogiesamongjewellerydis overedduringtheex avationsofSoevka

emetery; and deer-teeth pendants and shell ne kla es whi h have a wide range

of analogies in TC omplexes of CI and CII stages [Movsha 1964; 1965; 1985b:

238-239℄.

1.5. GORODSK

Table 5

Gorodsk-thedated omplexes

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Gorodsk ?-bones TC,CII GrN-5090 4551

±

35 3442

±

59 Gorodsk ?-shells TC,CII Ki-6752 4495

±

45 3212

±

100

Thesettlement issituatednear Gorodskvillage intheKorostyshivDistri t of

ZhytomyrRegion.Itislo ated ona highhill, \ChervonaGora",above theTeteriv

river(Fig.1).Ar heologi aleldresear hwas arriedoutin1936-1940inChervona

Gorafortiedsettlement.

The ex avations were ondu ted by V.P. Petrov, E.Y. Kri hevskiy and M.L.

Makarevi h. The settlement is multi-levelled, with early Slavi and An ient Rus

materialsoverTClayers.Itisnotknownhowtherstspe imenforthedatingofthe

L ateTC(?)settlementinGorodskwasobtained.Thelaboratoryindextestiesthat

thedatingwasdoneina Groningenlaboratory,approximatelyinthe1970s,inthe

samepa kwiththedatingfromGorodnitsa-Gorodys he(GN-5088:4615

±

35BP, 3420

±

73BC).

The samplefor thenew dating (shell remains) was taken from theNational

Histori alMuseum(Kiev) olle tions.Wedonotpossesanyinformationabouttheir

In1936,V.P.Petrovexploredtheremainsoftheoverlanddwellings. Only lay

ags forre-pla es spread overthe soil,1-1.5m in diameter and0.2m high, had

beenpreserved.Neartherepla es, pottery, intandstoneartefa ts,spinners,and

animal bones were dis overed [Petrov 1940:283-451℄.Ex avationsin 1937, arried

out by E.Y. Kri hevskiy, showed that the TC ultural level lay 0.6-0.9 m below

the surfa e. Fragments of burnt plaster with wood prints that did not onstitute

pilesofgroundtypewerefoundinthegrave.Inaddition,domesti pitsofdierent

sizes were explored. These were lled with pottery fragments, int, and animal

bones[Kri hevskiy1940:383-451℄.In1939-1940,ex avationsofthetwo\on-ground"

dwellings7and8were ondu tedbyM.L.Makarevi h.Theremainsoftwogrounds

wereexplored,andin ludedburnt layfragments,alargequantityofpottery,tools,

anthropomorphi gures, animalbones, andUnioshells.Somere ordsofthend

were publishedbyT.S.Passek[Passek1949℄.

The pottery was of two types: kit hen andtable ware. The table pottery an

be dividedintotwo subtypes:pottery with orwithoutornamentation.The pottery

bearing ornamentation was represented by platters, wide-mouthed pots, and

am-phorae with \horn- shaped" handles. The plain painted pottery was represented

byplatters, ups, amphorae, andpots. Broadlines andnets are themost popular

de orative patternsoftheC-IIstage. The kit hen potteryismade of lay with an

admixtureofsandandshell folds.It omprisespotsanddishes,someofwhi hare

de oratedwithpressed ordandin isionornamentation.InadditiontoTCvessels,

fragmentsof vessels of theBaden ulture(Boleraz stage), de oratedwith \stu k"

rollsandengraved herring-boneornamentationwere dis overedin thesame layer

[Kri hevskiy 1940: Fig. 94, 103, 105, 443:30, 32, 445:51; Petrov 1940: Fig. 73-76,

84℄. Fragments of pottery with motifs typi al for the Globular Amphora ulture

werealsodis overed[Kri hevskiy1940:Fig.98,143,154;Petrov1940:Fig.83,96℄.

Horn-shapedhandles and pots with pin hes onthe brims and de orationsin the

form of horizontallines pressed with point-like die, foundin dierent omplexes

of Gorodsk, have ertain analogies in the late Baden ulture [Kri hevskiy 1940:

Fig. 108, 140, 141, 144-148,155, 156, 170, 172, 175, 190;Passek 1949: Fig. 82:15,

16).

Flint artefa ts are represented by wedge-shaped axes with polished blades,

triangulararrowheads, s rapers,large ake hipsfrom theaxes, grain graters,and

stumpers.Chips-wastematerials ofprodu tion-were alsofound,aswere botha

wholeandafragmentedbattlehammeraxewith inlet,anddouble-ended lay

spin-nersde oratedwithdiepressing,anornamentationtypi alforL ateTC omplexes,

1.6. VILKHOVETS

Table 6

Vilkhovets-thedated omplexes

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Vilkhovets pit1-bones TC,CII Ki-6922 4170

±

55 2766

±

97 Vilkhovets pit1-bones TC,CII Ki-6923 4165

±

60 2761

±

102 Vilkhovets pit1-bones TC,CII Ki-6924 4205

±

50 2786

±

84 Vilkhovets pit1-bones TC,CII Ki-6925 4225

±

55 2792

±

86

The monument is situated near the village of Vilkhovets (Olkhovets),in the

ZvenygorodkaDistri tofCherkasyRegion.Ex avationswere ondu tedbyM.

Vi-deikoin 1993.The remains oftwo dwellings andonedomesti pitwere explored.

Thesamples fordatingwere takenfrompit1.

The settlementislo ated 1.5kmto thewestof thevillage, ontwosides ofa

obble-stoneroadleading toRyzhanivkavillage (Fig. 1).Inthenorthernpart,the

settlement isborderedbya deep steep bank des ending toa streamlet. Asimilar

bank is also lo ated in the southern part. Both banks are partially o upied by

the presentday village. To the west and theeast, the territoryof themonument

is bordered by a fairly noti eable relief des ent. After the sorting of dwelling 1

hadbeen ompleted,horizontal learan e was arriedout.Thetra esofapit,oval

in plan, measuring 3.3x 2.2m, were found1 m below theplaster level, near the

plaster edgeofsquare I-4.Thepit waspartially overed,althoughnotpenetrated,

by a layer of plaster. Thus,at thetime thedwelling was blo ked up, the pit had

beenalready lled(presumably,it wasfull evenatthetime of the onstru tionof

thedwelling). The pitwaslled withanimal bones,potteryfragments, andahorn

hammerandmatto k.Fragmentsofanthropomorphi plasti artswere dis overed

aswell.

Pit1insq. I-4hadprobablybeendugoutbefore the onstru tionofdwelling

1.Soil fromthepitwasusedforthe onstru tionofthedwelling.Thepitwas

gra-duallylledwithrubbish:animalbones,and rushedpottery(Fig.7and8).Bythe

timedwelling 1was onstru ted,thepithadbeenlled. Here ween ountera ase

of verti al stratigraphy. Typologi ally, thematerial from the pit is similar to that

foundinthedwelling.Thismeansthatonlyashortperiodhadpassed betweenthe

fun tioningandthedestru tionofthedwelling.Thendofpotteryfragmentswith

ordornamentation and\ aterpillars" deserves tobe mentionedFig. 7.Although

Thesefragmentshavedire tanalogiesinthematerialsofUsatovotypemonuments

andNeolithi omplexesoftheDnieper.

1.7. KRASNYKHUTOR

Table 7

KrasnyKhutor-thedated omplexes

Cemetery Complex-material Stage index BP BC

KrasnyKhutor grave 2-burnt TC,CII Ki-5038 4280

±

110 2859

±

170 bones

KrasnyKhutor grave 6- organi deposit TC,CII Ki-5016 4140

±

110 2740

±

144 (\nagar")

KrasnyKhutor grave98-burnt TC,CII Ki-5039 4160

±

90 2742

±

123 bones

The samples for the dating were taken from late TC emetery ex avations

arried out in 1950-1951. Krasny Khutor emetery (Kiev Distri t and Region) is

lo ated on thetop of a sanddune onthe left bank of the Dnieper (Fig. 1). All

ofthegraves wereopenedinthelayer ofyellowsand0.2-0.6 m belowthesurfa e

[Danilenko,Makarevi h 1956; Videiko1995℄.The graveswere identied as burnt

bonesandfuneralequipment on entrationsorasisolatedurnswithbody remation

remains.A ordingtothisidenti ation,there wereatotalof169graves.

Amongthefuneralinventorieswendpottery,weaponry,toolsandjewellery.

Thepotteryisrepresentedbydishes,potsofdierenttypes,amphorae,beakersand

overs.Themajorityofvesselswereshapedfrompaste,witha onsiderableamount

of organi admixture and smashedshells,whi h iswhy thispottery issolight and

fragile.Presumably,itwasaspe ialtypeoffuneralpottery[Kruts1977℄.Thesurfa e

of the vessels is polished. Some vessels have preserved tra es of omplete o hre

painting, andthere areseveral fragmentswith tra es ofdarkred olour drawings.

Part ofthepotteryis de oratedwithedge in isions, die pri ksandstu k \pearls".

The amphoraehavehorn-shapedhandles.The erami omplexofKrasnyKhutor

emeteryhas ertainfeaturesanalogous toBaden,Kostola ,andCotofeni ultures

[Kadrow,Ko±ko,Videiko1995:213℄.

Weaponryis represented by numerous intarrowheads, stone hammer axes,

opperbladedaggersandknives[Klo hko,Ko±ko1995℄.Severaldozenarrowheads

on avebase.Twotypesofstonehammeraxe-withalongbladeandnarrowba k,

andshortwithabroadba kweredened.Someartefa tsaremadeofimportedraw

materials[Petrougne1995℄.The opperdaggershave,ontheheel,inletsforpinsor

fasteninghandles.Theyhave ertainprototypesinUsatovoandMayakinds.The

rhombi opperbladeknivesare6-8 mlong.

Themost ommonprodu tionmaterialusedfortoolsis int.Thereare akes

from bu ketsin dierent stagesof wear, leaf-like axes with polishedblades,

s ra-pers, strikers, knives and pressers. Flakes - waste materials of produ tion - were

dis overed as well. More detailed int workof emeteries of theSoevka type is

analysedintheresear hofJ.Budziszewski[1995:148-189℄.Some erami spinners,

o asionallyde orated,were foundaswell.Thejewelleryismadeof opper.There

are rings andvariousne kla es, and ylindri al-spiral beads produ edfrom broad

rolled opperstrips[Klo hko1995℄.

1.8. SOFIEVKA

Table 8

Soevka-thedated omplexes

Cemetery Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Soevka grave1-burntbones TC,C-II Ki-5012 4320

±

70 2953

±

96 Soevka sq.M11-burntbones TC,C-II Ki-5013 4270

±

90 2830

±

144 Soevka ?-burnt har oal TC,C-II Ki-5029 4300

±

45 2928

±

59

The samples for the dating were taken from L ate TC emetery ex avations

arriedoutin1947,1948and1963.TheSoevka emetery(BoryspilDistri t, Kiev

Region)islo atedonthetopofasandduneontheleftbankoftheDnieper(Fig.1).

Allthegraveswereopenedinthelayerofyellowsand,0.5-0.8mbelow thesurfa e,

ex eptfor individualndswhi h hadshiftedto theupperlevels due toploughing

anderosionpro esses.Besides theTCmaterials, ulturalremains ofS ythianand

An ient Rus times were found and examined[Samoylovski1952; Zakharuk 1952;

Zakharuk,Kruts1963;Videiko1995℄.

The graves were identied as burntbones and funeralequipment

on entra-tionsorasisolatedurnswith body remationremains. A ordingtothis

identi a-tion,therewere148gravesintotal,althoughtherealnumberofgraveswaspossibly

Thepotteryisrepresentedbydishes,potsofdierenttypes,amphorae,beakersand

overs.Themajorityofvessels weremade ofpaste,witha onsiderable amountof

organi admixtureandsmashedshells,whi histhereasonthispotteryissolightand

fragile.Presumably,itwasaspe ialtypeoffuneralpottery[Kruts1977℄.Thesurfa e

of the vessels is polished. Some vessels have preserved tra es of omplete o hre

painting, andthere areseveral fragmentswith tra es ofdarkred olour drawings.

Partofthepotteryisde oratedwithedgein isions, pri ksandstu k\pearls". The

amphoraehavehornshapedhandles.The erami omplexofSoevka emeteryhas

some analogous features in Baden, Kostola , Cotofeni ultures [Kadrow, Ko±ko,

Videiko1995:213℄.

Weaponryis represented by numerous intarrowheads, stone hammer axes,

opperbladedaggersandknives[Klo hko,Ko±ko1995℄.Severaldozenarrowheads

werefound,severaltypesofwhi hweredened:triangular,withstraight, onvexor

on avebase.Twotypesofstonehammeraxe-withalongbladeandnarrowba k,

and shortwith a broad ba k were dened. Some artefa tsare made of imported

rawmaterials[Petrougne1995℄.The opperdaggershaveontheheelinletsforpins

or fastening handles. They have ertain prototypesin Usatovoand Mayaki nds.

Therhombi opperbladeknivesare6-8 mlong.

Themost ommonprodu tionmaterialusedfortoolsis int.Thereare ake

hipsfrom bu ketsin dierentstages ofwear, leaf-like axeswith polishedblades,

s rapers, steels,knives,pressers. Flakes- waste materials ofprodu tion-were

di-s overed as well. More detailed int work of emeteries of the Soevka type is

analysedintheresear hofJ.Budziszewski[1995:148-189℄.Some erami spinners,

o asionallyde orated,were foundaswell.Thejewelleryismadeof opper.There

are rings andvariousne kla es, and ylindri al-spiral beads produ edfrom broad

rolled opperstrips[Klo hko1995℄.Thereare alsoseveralglassbeads, onsidered

asthemostan ient onthe ontinent[Ostroverkhov1981;1985; Klo hko,Stolpiak

1995℄.

1.9. ZAVALOVKA

Table 9

Zavalovka-thedated omplexes

Cemetery Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Zavalovka grave 6-burntbones TC,C-II Ki-5015 4290

±

90 2887

±

146 Zavalovka grave10-burntbones TC,C-II Ki-5014 4230

±

80 2790

±

110

The samples for datingwere takenfrom L ate TC emetery ex avations

on-du ted in 1962. Zavalovka emetery (Vyshe Dube hnya Distri t, Kiev Region) is

lo atedonthetopofa sandduneontheleftbankoftheDnieper(Fig.1).Allthe

graveswereopenedinthelayerofyellowsand,0.5-0.8mbelowthepresentsurfa e.

BesidesTCmaterials,thedunealsorevealed ulturalremains andpitsoftheEarly

BronzeAge,whi heventually utthrougha ross-se tionofL ateTCgraves[Kruts

1968;Videiko1995℄.

The graves were identied as burntbones and funeralequipment

on entra-tionsorasisolatedurnswith body remationremains. A ordingtothis

identi a-tion,therewere atotalof 16graves.

Amongthefuneralinventorieswendpottery,weaponry,toolsandjewellery.

The pottery is represented by dishes and pot shards. The surfa e of the vessels

is polished. Part of thepottery is de orated with edge in isions, pri ks and stu k

\pearls". Theamphorae havehorn-shapedhandles.The erami omplexof

Zava-lovka emeteryhassome analogousfeaturesin Baden,Kostola ,Cotofeni ultures

[Kadrow,Ko±ko,Videiko1995:213℄.

Weaponryis represented by numerous intarrowheads, stone hammer axes,

opperbladedaggersandknives[Klo hko,Ko±ko1995℄.Severaldozenarrowheads

werefound,severaltypesofwhi hweredened:triangular,withstraight, onvexor

on avebase.The intartefa tsex eedothertoolsinnumber.Thereare ake hips

frombu ketsindierentstagesofwear,leaf-likeaxeswithpolishedblades,s rapers,

steels,knives,pressers.Flakes-wastematerials ofprodu tion-were dis overedas

well.More detailed intworkof emeteriesoftheSoevkatypeisanalysedinthe

resear hofJ.Budziszewski[1995:148-189℄.

Thejewelleryismadeof opperandamber.Thereareringsandvarious

ne kla- es,and ylindri al-spiralbeadsprodu edfrombroadrolled opperstrips[Klo hko

1995℄.Severalamber beadswere alsofound[Videiko1995℄.

1.10. MAYAKI

Table 10

Mayaki-thedated omplexes

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Mayaki settlement-dit h TC,C-II Bln-629 4400

±

100 3049

±

159 (?)- har oal

Settlement Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Mayaki settlement-dit h TC,C-II Ki-870 4670

±

100 3481

±

148 (?)- har oal

Mayaki settlement-dit h TC,C-II UCLA-1642B 4375

±

60 2777

±

76 (?)- har oal

Mayaki settlement-dit h TC,C-II UCLA-1642G 4375

±

60 2777

±

76 (?)- har oal

Mayaki settlement-dit h TC,C-II Ki-281 4475

±

130 3154

±

180 (?)- har oal

Mayaki settlement-dit h TC,C-II Ki-282 4580

±

120 3292

±

189 (?)- har oal

ThissettlementoftheUsatovotypeislo atedonthenorth-westernoutskirtsof

Mayakivillage(OdesaRegion)(Fig.1).Ito upieda apeontheedgeofahighrst

terra e(12m)oftheDniesterriver. Inthepro essofex avations, V.G.Zbenovi h

exploredtheremainsoftwodit hes.Thewidthofthedit heswas4-8m,thefunnel

ross-se tion 3.2 - 3.4 m below the an ient surfa e. The dit hes were lled with

layersofloamand har oal,saturatedfragmentsofpottery,animalbones,shells,and

har oals.Theonly on entrationofmaterialisrepresentedbytra esofre-pla es,

whi happearatdierentlevels,2.6-2.9mbelowthesurfa e.Theyareovalinshape

and2-5m in diameter. Thethi knessof thelayer is0.2-0.4 m.A ordingto V.G.

Zbenovi h,thedit heswerelledina omparatively shortperiodoftime,be ause

the erami goods dis overed do not dier between dierent levels [Zbenovi h

1974:30℄.The samplesfordating(datesKi-870:4670

±

100BP,L e-645:4340

±

65BP, Bln-629: 4400

±

100BP, UCLA-1642G: 4375

±

110BP [a . Telegin 1985℄UCLA -1642B:4375

±

60BP[a .We hler1993℄,UCLA-1642G:4375

±

60BP)arelikelyto havebeentakenfromthere-pla es ofMayakidit h,astherestofthesettlement

areawasleftunexplored,ex eptforthenorth-westernpartofthesettlement,where

littlepilesof ulturallayerswitha apa ityofupto1m,evidentlysunkendwellings

or domesti pits, were dis overed [Zbenovi h 1974:31℄. There exist two versions

ofthesamedating forMayaki fortheperiodunder onsideration:UCLA-1642B:

4375

±

110years BP[Telegin 1985℄or UCLA-1642B: 4375

±

60yearsBP [We hler 1994℄.

In1986,V.G.Petrenkoresumedex avationsinMayakisettlement.Heexamined

adit hlo ated losertothebank,fromwheretwosamplesof har oalweretaken.

Thesamplesweresele tedfromthesamelayer,20 mthi k,fromthesurfa eofthe

dit hlling. It isworthnoting thatthedieren e indates nowrea hes 105years:

Ki-281:4475

±

130andKi-282:4580

±

120[Patokovaetal.1989:115℄.

The dit h was funnel shapein plan, 3.6m deep, andhad beendug in forest

loamandslightly burntloamofdierent shades,with an admixture of arbonised

stems. There are o asional strata of burnt stems and poles up to 1 m thi k.

An ient oal was also found here, as were several fragments of erami s, stones,

animal bones, and int akes. There were many fragments of burntplaster, with

awaste-material admixture,featuringwoodprints.Thesewere onstru tionwastes

frommonumentdwellingslo atedinthevi inity.The upperlayerofthedit hwas

lledwithamixtureofashandsandyloam,potshards,animalbones, intartefa ts,

bones,stones,andfragmentsofgurines[Patokovaetal.1989:89-91℄.

The erami s omprise kit hen pottery(70%)and table pottery.Mostof the

kit hen pottery was made of lay, with a sand and shell admixture. There were

pots, platters, a few amphorae, and large vessels for grain storage. The majority

ofvessels haveadie-in ision ornamentation.Othersfeature ord ornamentations,

someofmixedte hnique.A omprehensivepatternofdieholes,engravedlinesand

pin hes ano asionallybe seen.

Thetablepottery anbedividedintotwogroups:paintedpottery,andpottery

with engraved ornamentation. The painted pottery- dishes, pots andamphorae

-is not numerous (no more than 6%). It is produ ed from puried lay, and the

painting is in a dark-brownor red olour. The se ond subgroup of table pottery

(11%), onsistingofdishes,amphorae and ylindri alvessels, hasapolishedbody,

withdieorpressingornamentation.Inpla es,awhite layengravingllinghasbeen

preserved.

Anthropomorphi plasti artisrepresentedbys hemati imageson ubi forms,

de oratedwithpressingordieornamentation,andbyfragmentsoftypi als hemati

TCgurines.Alsoworthnotingare ubeswithengravinganddie-in ision

ornamen-tation. Tools are notnumerous.Theyin lude plateand ake s rapers, hipsfrom

axes,trapezes,andawls,andatriangulararrowheadwitha on avebase.The

mate-rialsusedarestone,horn,boneand int-thelastofthesebeingmostlyprodu tion

wastematerials.

Many bone arti les an be found, su h as awls, and several horn artefa ts,

amongthemmatto ks,a hook,pendants,andvariousunnishedarti les.

1.11. USATOVO

Table 11

Usatovo-thedated omplex

Cemetery Complex-material Stage index BP BC

Thesamplefordatingwastakenfromthese ondsub-burialground emeteryof

theUsatovo omplex(OdesaRegion)(Fig.1).Thenumberofthegraveisunknown,

hen e thegeneral nature ofthe des ription whi h follows.The se ond sub-burial

ground emeteryofUsatovo omplexislo atedonaplateauofthehighbankofthe

Khadzibeyestuary,460mtothesouthofthesettlement.Ito upiedanareaof6400

m 2

. Itwasexplored byV.G.Zbenovi h (1962)andbyE.F. Patokova(1964,1970,

1971,1974).Altogether,approximately30gravesand10ritualsiteswereex avated.

The samplefordatingwas probablysele ted byV.G. Zbenovi h(theindex ofthe

datingis losetothoseforMayaki,exploredbyV.G.Zbenovi hinthesameperiod).

The grave sites were lo ated under stone ags, measuring 1.1-1.5 x 0.6-1 m, and

lo ated0.5-0.7mbelowthepresentsurfa e.Thegraveswereeast-westornorth-east

oriented.Thebodieswereinafoetalposition,lyingontheirleftside,rarelyontheir

right side or on their ba k; thehead oriented to the east or thenorth-east. The

skeletons bear tra es of o hre.There were between 1and5vessels in ea h grave

(generallykit henpottery,withonly4%paintedpottery),witho asionalexamples

ofanthropomorphi plasti arts.Onlyafew intartefa tswere found,amongthem

trapezoids,andarrowheads.

1.12. DANKUII

Table 12

DankuII-thedated omplex

Cemetery Complex-material Stage index BP BC

DankuII grave2- har oal TC,C-II L e-1054 4600

±

60 2952

±

58

Thesub-burialground emeteryDankuIIissituatednearDankuvillage,inthe

Hin estiDistri tofMoldova(Fig.1).Itislo atedona highduneontheleftbank

of thePrut,1.5 km to thesouthof DankuI emetery.The graves explored were

arrangedinanovalformation,measuring10x16m,orientedalongthe

north-north--west/south-south-eastaxis.Theex avationswere arriedoutbyV.O.Derga hevin

1968, 1969.The sample for dating( har oal) was takenfrom grave 2. Grave 2is

re tangular in plan, 1.4- 2.2m in size, lo ated at a depth of 0.4-0.45 m. It was

lledwith burnt soil,witha highadmixture of har oals. Thewalls bore tra es of

re.Thebodywasinafoetalposition,lyingonitsleftside;theheadorientedtothe

an amphora, de oratedwith ir ular in isions, and a double-ended oni alvessel,

de oratedwithdie in isionsand ordpressings.All thevessels were madeof lay,

witha shell admixture.There are tra es ofrepeated ringonthevesselbodies.A

goatbone, a int plateand a stonestriker-presserwere dis overedin thevi inity

[Derga hev,Manzura 1991:41-42℄.

2. ATTRIBUTIONANDSYNCHRONIZATIONOFTHEDATEDCOMPLEXES

ZhvanietsSh hovbsettlementwasattributedtothebeginning oftheCIIstage

by T.G. Movsha. A ording to Movsha, Zhvaniets-Sh hovbo upied an

interme-diatepla ebetweenthesettlementsofKrutoborontsi-2andKoshylivtsy-Oboz

[Mo-vsha1970:98℄.V.A.Derga hevattributedZhvaniets-Sh hovbtotheBrynzenytype,

atthebeginning oftheCIIstage,geneti ally onne tedwithearlier settlementsof

northernMoldova[Derga hev1980:115-119℄.Thedataobtainedgenerallysupports

su h on lusions. Two groupsofdates anbedetermined. Dug-out1is overedby

overlanddwelling2.However,a ordingtoT.G.Movsha,thedieren eintimewas

insigni ant[Movsha1970:92℄.Re eivedisotopedata,a ordingtowhi htheageof

thesitediersby50yearsfromthedwelling2dating,supportsthis on lusion.The

dateobtainedfromthespe imenstakenfromthebank( har oal),dug-out6anda

further,undetermined omplexisalaterone.Asthreepreviousdateswereobtained

throughtheanimal bonesanalysis,we fa etheproblemofthepe uliarities of

iso-topi datinga ordingtodierentmaterials.Still,thedatefromdug-out6obtained

throughboneanalysis seemsto onrmtheexisten eofa laterstage inthe

settle-mentlife. Thedates obtained fromZhvaniets-Sh hovbaregenerally simultaneous

tothoseforGorodskandTroyaniv, basedonthepainted vesselndsin Volhynia.

In onne tionwiththis,it isworthnoting andof two-levelledfurna es [Movsha

1971b:128-134℄,whoseprodu tivityex eeded theneedsofthelo al population.

Troyanivwasdated ba ktotheC-IITC stage.A ordingto V.A.Derga hev,

it was partially ontemporary to Gorodsk, and to the omplexes of Bryzeny and

GordinestiinnorthernMoldova[Derga hev1980:130℄.Itssyn hronizationwiththe

Dnieper omplexesofZhvaniets-Sh hovbtypeandwithBrynzenyIIIwasbasedon

ndsof painted pottery.The dates obtained supportsu h on lusions. Itis worth

noting thatthe hronologi al division of thelate TC omplexes of Volhyniainto

earlier ones (Troyaniv type) and later ones(Gorodsk type)was not onrmed by

isotopedata.Thisis ompletelyunderstandable,asresear hershave onsistently

GorodskwasattributedtotheC-IIstageoftheTC.T.G.Movshadistinguished

theGorodsk-Kasperivtsymonumenttype[Movsha1985a:137-238℄,whi hwas

simul-taneousto Soevka, Gordinesti andUsatovotypes.The dataobtained enables us

tostatethatitwasnottheoldestTCmonumentin omparisontotheUsatovoand

Soevkasites,butrathera ontemporaryonetoTroyaniv.Herewe anspeakabout

theexisten eoflo al, butnotlo al hronologi al typesofthelateTCin Volhynia.

Su hwasassumedbyV.A.Derga hev [1980:130℄.Thenewdatingseems tobethe

most plausible, espe ially with regard to thefragmentsof Badenand similar-style

potterydis overedduringex avations.

Sandraki is attributed to omplexes of the Gorodsk type, onsidered to be

laterthansettlementsoftheTroyaniv[Shmagliy1971;Derga hev1980:200;Movsha

1985b℄, Gordinesti and Usatovo types. The dating obtained does not, generally

speaking, ontradi tthese on lusions,whenwe onsidernewdatingfor emeteries

oftheUsatovotype,theresultsofwhi h are onsidered to show ontemporaneity

withthe emeteriesofSoevkaontheDnieper.

Tsviklovtsyisattributedto omplexes oftheGorodsk-Kasperivtsytype,andis

onsidered tobethelatestinthis range. Suggestively,thepopulationthathadleft

these omplexes tookpart in the formation of the Upper Dniester group of the

CordedWare ulture[Movsha1985b℄.V.A.Derga hevattributedthissettlementto

theGordinestitype [Derga hev 1980:200℄.The ndof a body remation grave in

Tsviklovtsy,resembling aSoevka type emetery,isworthnotinginthis ontext.

A ordingtothedatingobtained, Tsviklovtsy an urrentlybe onsideredthe

latest TC omplex. However, several remarks seem pertinent here. First of all,

it should be noted thatthe dieren e between the ar haeologi al materials from

Tsviklovtsyand those from ontemporaneous omplexes are notgreat. Se ond of

all,thereisno ertaintyastotheoriginofthesampleusedfordatingfroma ertain

amountofex avatedobje ts.

V.A.Derga hevexpressedasupposition on erningthein uen eof\Western

ulturesoftheL engyel ir le"ontheformationof theGordinestitypeofthelate

TC ulture[Derga hev,Manzura 1991:13℄.Theexamination ofold olle tionsand

ar hivematerials allows usto expand onthis supposition.The datingof Sandraki

andGorodsk erami materialsof,orin uen edby,theBaden ulturemaytestifyto

theformationoftheGordinestiandGorodsktypesunderitsee t.Theformation

of the Soevka type is onne ted with the same in uen e interrelated with the

above-mentionedregionalTC C-IItypes.

Vilkhovets is attributed to the Kosenivka type, lo ated in the region of the

basinoftheSouthernBugandDnieperrivers.S.M.Ryzhovattributedthistypeto

TC C-II and divided it into three phases. T.G. Movsha attributed it to bothC-I

andC-II stages. [Kruts, Ryzhov1985:54; Movsha 1993℄.However, dates obtained

Krasny Khutor,Zavalovka and Soevkaare attributed to theTC C-IIstage.

ThemonumentsofSoevkatypeinitstimeweresyn hronisedwithearly omplexes

oftheUsatovoandGorodsktypesanddatedba ktothebeginningoftheC-IIstage

[Derga hev 1980℄.It is worth noting thatthe erami s, weaponry and tools from

the emetery have a rather wide dating rangein onne tion tovarious analogies.

The set of dates obtained enables us to attribute this monument to the end of

TC, togetherwith thelatestUsatovo emeteries, omplexes oftheKosenivkaand

Gorodsktypes.

V.G.Zbenovi hattributedthesettlementinMayakitotheC-IIstageoftheTC

ulture, onsidering thatthis omplexshouldbedated ba ktoa laterperiodthan

Usatovo-Velyky Kuyalnyk. The reason for this was thelesser quantityof painted

vessels and omparatively larger number of vessels with engraved ornamentation.

Itisworthre alling in this ontexttheabsen eof s hemati realisti plasti artin

Mayaki.Thefeatureslisted,intheopinionoftheresear her, annotberegardedas

lo alpe uliarities [Zbenovi h1974:134℄.V.G.Petrenko, deningthe hronologi al

position of Mayaki in the system of monuments of the Usatovo type, tookinto

a ountthetypologi alandstylisti analysesofthe erami s.

V.G.PetrenkoattributedMayaki tothelate Usatovotype monuments

[Pato-kovaetal.1989:105-110℄.Hedistinguishedasigni antrange(morethan500years)

overingtheisotopedatingforMayakiwhi h,atthesametime, the apa ity ofthe

ultural layerand thear haeologi al materials evidently ontradi ted. He tried to

operatewithhisown al ulatedaveragedate-2509BC(non- alibrated)and

deter-minedthe alendar ageofMayakiasthemiddleofthe33

rd

enturyBC[Patokova

etal.:115-116℄.

Y.K.Chernyshin ludedMayaki amongthelatest omplexes oftheC-IIstage

and attributed it to the 11th level of the late TC [Chernysh1982:226℄. Itshould

benotedthatMayakisettlementismulti-levelled.Thus,awidedatingrangeisnot

surprising.However,thequestionofthea ura yof thepreviouslyobtaineddates

isstillopen.Similarly,thenewdatesforUsatovosan tuaryandgraves[see Szmyt,

Chernyakov, Radio arbon

. . .

, in this volume℄ testify to the possible existen e of later omplexesoftheUsatovotypethantheoneexploredin Mayaki.

These ondsub-burialgroundofUsatovo emeteryisattributedtotheUsatovo

type omplexesoftheC-IIstageofTC[Zbenovi h1974:44-48;Patokova1979;

Der-ga hev,Manzura1991:116-129℄.Itgenerally orrespondstotherangeof omplexes

between Mayaki settlement and thelate dates from Zhvaniets.It appeared to be

older thanSoevka emeteries,andar heologi al materialsdonot ontradi tsu h

dating.Atthesame time,theappearan e ofthesetofdatesforsub-burialground

Usatovo emeteries that are signi antly more diverse ne essitated the repeated

datingofMayakiandUsatovosettlementsandofUsatovotype emeteries.

to the C-II stage and pla ed it within the 11th (the last) stage of the late TC

[Chernysh1982:226℄.The onsequentlyratherearlydate(earlierthanfor omplexes

ofZhvanietsandTroyanivtype)is, inouropinion,toofarba k.

3. RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATETRIPOLYE-C-II.

3.1. HISTORIOGRAPHICALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEABSOLUTEDATINGOF

TRIPOLYEC-II.

IntheCopper Age,monumentsofearly agri ultural ulturesof TC-Cu uteni

stret hedoversigni antterritories-fromRomanianCarpathiansintheWesttothe

basinoftheMiddleDnieperintheEast.These ultures, duetotheirgeographi al

situation,theirextensiverelationswithneighbouring ultures,andthe omparatively

highlevel of resear h whi hhas gone intothem, o upya signi ant pla e inthe

development of the hronologyof Neolithi , Copper Age and Early Bronze Age

monuments.Theyare,inaddition,linkedwiththedatingofthesteppe ulturesof

theCopperAge andEarlyBronze Age.

The omplex utilisation of ar haeologi al materials and dates obtained with

the help of natural s ien es now allows us to spe ify an absolute hronology of

TC-Cu uteni ultureandtoattributeittobetweenthe5

th

and1st enturiesofthe

thirdmillennium BC

Thesituationwithregards totheabsolute datingofTC-Cu uteni ulture

ur-rentlystandsasfollows.Ontheonehand,the hronologyinventedinthe1960-70's,

basedon onventionalradio arbondatesandpartiallyonar haeologi aldating(for

Usatovomonuments), ontinuestoexistandtobeapplied.A ordingtothis

hro-nology, TC-Cu uteni ulture existed between 4000-2500 (2400-2200)BC On the

otherhand,wehavethe hronologybasedon alibrated( alendar)dating,invented

attheendofthe1960's-80's,whi his onrmedbystratigraphy andbythe

ar ha-eologi aldatingof theEarlyBronze Agemonumentssyn hronisedwith parti ular

late TC omplexes. A ording to alendar hronology, TC existed in the period

between5000-2900(2750)BC.Aswe ansee,thedieren ebetweenthetwo

hro-nologies at the primary stage of the ulture is 1000 years, and 400-700 years at

thenal stage. Wehaveen ountered as manyas two dozensigni antly dierent

Table 13

AbsolutedatingofTripolye-Cu uteni ultureanditsindividualstages.Historyoftheproblem

No. Author Year

∗

PeriodC-I PeriodC-II

1 T.S.Passek 1949 2100- -1700 2 T.S.Passek 1962(b ) -2500 3 E.Neustupny 1968(BC) -3400 4 H.Quitta,G.Kohl 1969(b ) -2900 5 V.Dumitres u 1974(b ) -2600 6 V.G.Zbenovi h 1974,1989(b ) 2400-2200 7 Y.K.Chernysh 1982(BC) -3750 3750-3250 8 Y.K.Chernysh 1982(b ) -3000 3000-2500 9 T.G.Movsha 1984(b ) 3000-2800/2750 2800/2750-2400/2350 10 S.Cu os 1984(b ) -2900 2900-2600 11 S.Jastrzbski 1985(b ) 2800-2700 2700-2500/2400

12 M.O.Chmykhovand 1988(b ) -2200

I.T.Chernyakov 13 M.Y.Videiko 1989(BC) 3467-2785 14 V.G.Petrenko 1989(b ) 3000-2800/2750 2800/2750-2500/2400 15 V.G.Petrenko 1989(BC) 3785-3580/3530 3580/3530-3245/3275 16 H.Parzinger 1993(BC) 3700/3500-3600/3400 3400/3200-3300/3100 17 K.P.We hler 1994(BC) 3780- -3320 18 C.Mantu 1997(BC) 3700-3500 3500-3200

19 N.B.Burdo,M.Y.Videiko 1998(BC) -2750

*1-before 14

C hronology;2-19 -14

C hronology( onv.:b ; al.:BC).

At thebeginning of the20th entury, this ulture dating wassupported bya

omparisonwith ulturesofpaintedpotteryof theMediterranean area. Thedates

were determinedusing eviden ethathadhistori aldating(Egypt,Creteet .).Itis

on eivablethatsu h onne tionswereratherapproximate,takingintoa ountthe

sour esexistingat thattime.

Thus, V.O.Gorodtsovattributed TC to thebeginning of the4

th

millennium

BC,regardingitas ontemporaneouswithYamnaya ulture[Gorodtsov1900℄.E.P.

Shtern attributed TC to the middle of the 3

rd

millennium BC, previous to the

Copper-StoneAge.G.Childe omparedtheearlystages ofTC withEM II, dating

ba knotlaterthan2500BC.

In the1930-40's, T.S. Passek published hronologi al tables of TC-Cu uteni.

at-author's onsiderations,thedatingoftheTCmonuments orrespondstoI/II-IIEM

[Passek1940:18-19,Table1℄.Shelaterspe iedthe hronologi allimitsofTCand

determined them,in a ordan ewithCretan hronology,astwo variants:maximal

-fromthe3

rd

millennium to1750BCandminimal-from2500to1750BC[Passek

1949:26℄.

The development ofradio arbon dating,at the beginning of the1960's,

fa i-litatedthere-positioningof TC-Cu uteni ulture.In1962,attheVI International

Congressof Prehistori andProtohistori S ien es, T.S. Passekattributedthelate

period ofTC to themiddle of the3

rd

millennium BC [Passek 1964℄. In1965, V.

Titov's paperwas published. In1972, all thedates on 14

C knownupto thattime

were published byP.M. Dolukhanovand V.I. Timofeev [Titov 1965;Dolukhanov,

Timofeev1972℄.In1974,V.Dumitres upublished5datesfortheCu uteni ulture

anda signi ant numberofdates for simultaneous ultures [Dumitres u1974℄.It

was lear thenthattheappli ation ofradio arbon dates wouldleadto the

exten-sion oftheabsoluteageofTC-Cu uteni. The appli ationof dendro- hronologi al

amendmentsextendsdating evenmore -by500-800 years[Dolukhanov,Timofeev

1972;Kol hin,Sher1972℄.

Attheendofthe1960's,itbe ame ne essaryto alibrate 14

Cdates.Oneofthe

worksfromthisperiodwithananalysisofthe orrelationbetween alibrated arbon

dates andar haeologi al databelongs to E. Neustupny. He learly demonstrated

the hronologi al positions of European eviden e of the Early Bronze Age that

permitted the identi ation of histori al dates. Complexes of Baden ultures of

theDandEphasesweresyn hronisedwithTroyanlayers,monumentsofEM-Iand

EH-Iperiods,thatdateba kapproximatelyto3000BC,a ordingtotheresear her.

ThestratigraphyofEzeroshowsthatGumelnitaandVin aC ultureswereprevious

to EVEgea. The datingof theEarly Bronze Age of Egea an be determined on

thebasis ofnds openedduringtheKnossos ex avationsof Egyptian stonevases

andothersofsimilarstyle, whi hdateba ktoapproximately3000BC[Neustupny

1968:25-28,31℄.

The alibrated( alendar)datinggenerally orrelateswiththis al ulation.The

Eneolithi period, previoustotheEarlyBronzeAge,must havedatedba ktothe

5

th

-4

th

millennia BC, notto the4

th

- 3

rd

millennia BC as hadpreviously been

believed. In a syn hronising table, E. Neustupny assigned the period to between

3400-4400BC, inotherwords,fromthemiddleofthe5

th

tothemiddleofthe4

th

millennium BC[Neustupny1968℄.It shouldbe noted thatthenumber of datings

fortheearliestandthelatestTCeviden ewasinsigni ant,andtherangeofdating

ofthe ulturewasgraduallyextendedasnewdates appeared.

Simultaneously, the new, absolute hronology for the TC ulture, gradually

establishedinSovietar haeologi al literature, reated onventionaldatingwith

re-gardtoradio arbon.Ithadbeen onsideredthattheTC ultureexistedduringthe

monumentsto2400-220BC, V.G.Zbenovi h referredto the 14

C datefor Mayaki

[Zbenovi h 1971:192℄.The options of date alibration were notpra ti ally taken

intoa ountbyTCresear hers.

Atthesame time, resear hers ontinuedtouse thetraditional methodof

da-tingTCmonuments.V.G.Zbenovi husedasour ewhi hwas,inhisopinion,more

reliable: opper daggers, with their dire t analogies in theEneolithi monuments

ofCreteandneighbouringterritories,wheretheirprototypesexistedintheinterval

betweenIIEMandthebeginning-middle ofIMMperiods.Atthattime,s ientists

datedthemba kto2500-2100BC.ThatpermittedV.G. Zbenovi htoidentifythe

dateof theUsatovodaggers as beingbetween 2400-2200BC. Anothermethod of

dating-syn hronisationwiththe ultureof 

CernavodaI-linkedthends,a ording

toV.G.Zbenovi h,withEarlyBronzeAgehorizonsofEzeroinSouthernBulgaria,

whi hweresyn hronisedwithTroyI-TroyIVlayers,orfromtheendofthersthalf

-throughthewhole ofthese ondhalfof the3

rd

millennium. Theywere

syn hro-nisedwiththeMaikop ulture,whi h,atthattime,bymeansofits omparisonwith

ulturesoftheNearEast,IranandMesopotamia,wasalsoattributedtothese ond

half of the3

rd

millennium BC. Thus, allthree methodsindi ated these ondhalf

of the 3

rd

millennium BC, or more pre isely theperiod between 2400-2200BC.

Radio arbon dates (non- alibrated) of 2390-2450BC (Mayaki), a ording to the

resear her, onrmed to a ertain degree the above-mentioned ideas [Zbenovi h

1974:142-143℄.

Current dating of the Mediterranean monuments of the early II - middle I

Minoya periods is somewhat dierent to that proposed by V.G. Zbenovi h. The

followingdateswereproposed:EMII-2900-2300andMMI-2150-1800BC[Warren

1980:499℄.Thismeans thattheprototypesof Usatovodaggersmust be attributed

to an interval of 1000 years, between 2900-1800BC, but not to those 500 years

between2500-2000BCas suggestedbyV.G.Zbenovi h.

In1982, N.V. Ryndina andL.V. Konkovaoered a new omparisonand

da-ting of Usatovodaggerswith regard totheir typologyand produ tionte hnology.

Writing about their origin, theauthors underlined that Anatolian daggers

identi- altoUsatovoonesoriginatedfromhordesandmixed Troyan olle tions(TroyII,

TroyII-IV,Saladzha-Gyuk)and annotbedatedba ktoanarrowtimerange.They

were datedba kto these ondhalf of the3

rd

millennium BC [Ryndina,Konkova

1982:41℄.

ThedatingofTroyIIisstilldebatable.D.EastondatedTroyIIba ktothe

pe-riodbetween3100-2560BC;J.Yakardateditba kto2800-2500BC;C.Renfew

(re-ferringto alibrated 14

Cdates)dateditba kto2800-2350BC[Easton1976:161-163;

Yakar1979:23-69;Renfrew1971:275-282℄.Infa t, onlytheinitial dateforTroyis

debatable,asthelatestdate-2500BC-hasahistori alba kgroundandis

there[Easton1976:163℄.Thus,followingtypologi alandte hnologi al omparisons,

Usatovodaggers an bedatedba ktotheperiodbetween3100-2550BC.

Non- a-librated dates for Usatovoare between 2830-2315BC (with approximate urves),

alibrated dates are between 3467-2785BC. A epting thepriority of typologi al

dating onrmedbyhistori aldates, we ometo the on lusionthatthedating of

theUsatovodaggersissomewhere between3000-2700BCand orrespondsrather

to alibrateddates thantonon- alibrated.

V.A. Derga hev,giving the hara teristi s ofthelateperiodof TCinhis

mo-nograph in 1980,noted thatthedatingis based onthe typologi al omparisonof

metal artefa ts and erami s, and on the syn hronisation of TC omplexes with

materials of the Maikop ulture (dated ba k a ording to Near

East-Mesopota-miananalogies)andwiththe ulturesof 

CernavodaandCotofeni,andEBAlayers

in Ezero and others dated ba k a ording to Helleni -Anatolian analogies. V.A.

Derga hev laimsthatthetwo ways of datinggenerally oin ide and indi ate the

period between 2600-2500and2100-2000BC. He also asserts thatnon- alibrated

radio arbon datings (six of them were sampled for Mayaki, Usatovo and Danku

II) onrmed thedates obtained bymeans of traditionalar haeologi al methods.

Atthesame time,he notedthat, althoughabsolutedatingofthelate TC israther

onvin ing,it annotberegardedasthe on lusiveone,asnotallofthepreviously

identied analogies and syn hronisationsare well reasoned, andsin e typologi al

omparisonsaresometimesrathersuper ial.Theauthoralsotendedtoextendthe

datingrangeoftheEarlyBronzeAgeofBulgaria.Thistenden ywasalso onne ted

withisotopi dating alibration[Derga hev 1980:18℄.

Inthe1980's,T.G.Movshawasalsoworkingonthe hronologi alproblemsof

TC-Cu uteni ulture.In1984,sheproposedherown hronologi als heme,

a or-dingtowhi hTCC-IImusthavedatedba kto2800-2400(2750-2350)BC[Movsha

1985b℄.

In1989,V.G.Petrenkopublishedapaperdedi atedtoUsatovomonumentsin

thenorth-westernPonti region(Patokovaetal.1989:3-4).Intheintrodu tiontothe

olle tivemonograph,heproposeda hronologi altableforTC,withabsolutedates.

Itwasbasedonthes hemeofT.G.Movsha[Movsha1985b℄.Spe ifyinga hronology

of Usatovo nds in the orresponding se tion, the author supplies a number of

analogiestothematerialsfromEzero(XII-VII), 

CernavodaIIIandCotofeni.With

regard to large Usatovo daggers, he noted that their analogies were dis overed

in mixed Troyan olle tions of the se ond half of the 3

rd

millennium BC Their

late appearan e inthenorthernPonti regionisdoubtful,as Anatolian omplexes

of Troy II type disappeared in the period between 2300-2200 BC, a ording to

radio arbon hronology. Thus, the radio arbon method dates Usatovo materials

ba kto approximately the27

th

- 25

th

enturyesBC. However, a ording to V.G.