Nicolai Albertowich Fuchs: The pioneer of aerosol science: biography

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Bibliotheek TU Deltt

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NICOLAI ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

THE PION EER OF AEROSOL SCIENCE

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This monograph is dedicated

to

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NICOLAI ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

THE PIONEER OF AEROSOL SCIENCE

Biography

Kvetoslav R. Spurny and Jan e.M. Marijnissen Editors

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Published and disfribufed by: Delft University Press Mekelweg 4 2628 CD Delft The Netherlands Telephone: +31-15-2783254 Telefax: +31-15-2781661 E-mail: DUP@DUP.TUDelft.NL ISBN 90-407-1618-8

All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher: Delft University Press.

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THE EDITORS

Kvetoslav Rudolf Spurny

Professor K vetoslav Rudolf Spumy was head of the Department of Aerosol Chemistry at the Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology in Germany from 1972 to 1988. He is now retired, but is still working as an aerosol chemist. Earlier in his career he was an environmental chemist at the Prague Institute for Occupational Hygiene from 1952 to 1956 and, between 1957 and 1972, he was Head of the Department of Aerosol Sciences at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in Prague. In 1966, he spent a year as visiting scientist at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA and in 1969 he was visiting scientist at the NucIear Research Center, Fontenay aux Roses. Dr. Spumy obtained his degree in Physics and Chemistry from Charles University, Prague in 1948 and his doctorate in chemistry from the same university in 1952. The Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences awarded him a CSc (Candidate of Chemical Sciences) in 1964. Professor Spumy is a member of the American Chemical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Association of Aerosol Research, the British Occupational Hygiene Society, and the New York Academy of Sciences. He was President of the Association for Aerosol Research from 1983 to 1984. He has written three books and more than 150 other publications on aerosol physics and chemistry. In 1989 he received the American David SincIair Award in Aerosol Sciences.

Jan C. M. Marijnissen

Dr.ir. Jan C.M. Marijnissen is Associate Professor in the ParticIe Technology Group of the Department of Chemical Engineering of Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands, where he leads the Aerosol Technology Research. He has some twenty-five years experience in the field of mine ventilation and aerosol technology and is especially involved in the development of advanced aerosol instrumentation, in which he owns different patents. He has authored more than hundred articIes, is editor of two books on aerosol science and teaches extensively.

He is a member of the Netherlands Air Association, Netherlands Institute of Mining Engineers, he was the chairman ofthe Netherlands Flemish Aerosol Association, he is a committee member ofthe European Aerosol Assembly, a member ofthe editorial board of the Joumal of Aerosol Science and an associate editor of the Joumal ofNanoparticIe Research. He holds a Masters from the Delft University of Technology and a Ph.D., Environmental Engineering, from the University ofMinnesota, USA.

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---AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

Sheldon K. Friedlander

Chemical Engineering Departrnent, University of Califomia, Los Angeles, USA A.A. Kirsch

Laboratory of Dispersed Systems, Russian Research Center, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

Jan CM. Marijnissen

Delft University of Technology, STM-CPT-Particle Technology, Delft, The Netherlands Kvetoslav R. Spurny

formerly Fraunhofer Institute, Aerosol Chemist, Schmallenberg, Germany I.B. Stechkina

Laboratory of Dispersed Systems, Russian Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia

Marina Guseva-Fuchs (Son Michael Gusev) Dm. Uljanova St., Moscow, Russia

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EDITORS' INTRODUCTION

After the Second World War more general recognition was given to aerosols as a basic and applied natural science. The contributions of earlier pioneers such as Victor La Mer and David Sinclair in the United States and Nicolai A. Fuchs, C. Norman Davies, Jean Bricard, Christian Junge and Isaiah Gallily in Europe lay mainly in research, teaching and publication. Their work has contributed considerably to the recognition of aerosol SClence.

As a scientific discipline, aerosol science has its own history and this should be documented for future generations of scientists. It is a history that has not only been created and positively influenced by renowned physicists, chemists and meteorologists, it has also been shaped by political and economic events and technological progress. July 31 1995 was the hundredth anniversary ofthe birth of Nicolai Albertowich Fuchs, one of the most important founders of aerosol science. This event was commemorated at a special memorial session of the European Aerosol Conference held in Helsinki in September 1995. The contributions presented th ere reflected the most recent developments in aerosol science. Markku Kulmala and Alex. A. Lushnikov edited and published these contributions in a Fuchs memorial issue of the Joumal of Aerosol Science in 1996 (see Volume 27, pp. 829-977) and concluded that aerosol science ow es an enormous debt to this brilliant and humbie man, whose life-long pioneering contributions - conceived and formulated under the most difficult of personal circumstances - are today recognized as the very foundation of "our" field. Fuchs' scientific papers and his classic books span the whole range of modem aerosol-related issues. In particular his approach to transport processes in the sub-micrometer "transition regime" displays a remarkable degree of intuition. The flexible, theoretical framework of his early papers on the electro charging of aerosols and condensation continues to hold up to rigorous experimental scrutiny. Fuchs was also one ofthe first to formulate a sound mechanistic theory of filtration and to develop a technique for manufacturing efficient filter materiais. Equally significant is his seminal work on

"highly dispersed aerosols" for the technology ofnano materiais.

Fuchs' scientific life was closely interwoven with events at the famous Karpov Institute ofPhysical Chemistry in Moscow wh ere, just before the Second World War, he founded the first aerosol laboratory. Here he would return in 1958 (Fig. 0.1) after what was, perhaps, the saddest period of his life. Although he was never allowed to visit his scientific colleagues abroad, the Karpov Institute provided him with the opportunity of meeting visiting foreign scientists (Fig. 0.2).

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In

this monograph we have tried to give the reader an insight into the complexities of N.A.Fuchs private and scientific life and we hope the aerosol science community will accept this book as part of the history of aerosol science. The reader will quickly discover the contribution made by Fuchs' wife Marina to this small book. An exceptional and well-educated person herself, she supported her husband through his many difficulties with intense devotion.

Kvetoslav R. Spumy, Schmallenberg, Germany Jan e.M. Marijnissen, Delft, the Netherlands

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Fig. 0.1: Photograph ofNikolai A. Fuchs taken about 1958, the year he was reinstated at the Karpov Institute as Senior Researcher.

(M. Kulmala and A.A. Lushnikov. Fuchs Memorial Issue of the Journalof Aerosol Science 27,829(1996))

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Fig. 0.2: Group picture taken in 1935 at the Karpov institute on the occasion of the visit by Irene Joliot-Curie and her husband. From left to right: Academician Igor Vasillyevich Petryanov-Sokolov (former colleague of Fuchs), Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs, Academician Aleksander Naumovich Frumkin (former deputy director of the Karpov Institute; Head of the Surface Phenomena Department, a well-known scientist who worked on problems of gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces), Frederic Joliot and Irene Joliot-Curie, Natalia Bach

(Bach's wife), Academician Alex Nikolajevich Bach, 1857-1946 (Director of the Karpov Institute from 1918 to 1946; Head ofthe Laboratory for Biological Catalysis that dealt with the binding of atmospheric nitrogen and biological oxidation.

(M. Kulmala and A.A. Lushnikov. Fuchs Memorial Issue, Journalof Aerosol Science 27,829 (1996))

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Both editors are extremely grateful to the authors and publishers of this monograph for their perseverance and enthusiasm for the project. "The pioneer of aerosol science" is an important contribution to the history of aerosol science and we wish to express out appreciation to Delft University Press for making this publication possible.

We also would like to express our appreciation to Marilyn Minderhoud-Jones for the corrections in language and style. And last but not least we would like to thank

Ir. Harmen Udo and Marco Houben who made the whole manuscript ready for printing. Kvetoslav R. Spurny, Schmallenberg, Germany

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Chapter 1

PREFACE

S.

K.

Friedlander

Parsons Professor ofChemical Engineering, UCLA

I was honoured when Professor Spumy asked me to write a short preface to his memoir on N.A. Fuchs. This note is an updated version of the acceptance speech I gave when I

received the first Fuchs Award in Kyoto on 24 September 1990.

I met Professor Fuchs only once, in Moscow in 1970. That year I was on sabbatical leave visiting Professor Jean Bricard's laboratory in Paris and Dr. Guy Madelaine at Fontenay. In the Spring, my wife and I went to the Soviet Uni on on holiday for two

weeks, leaving our four small children in the care of my mother. We arranged to spend

the first week in St. Petersburg (then called Leningrad) and the second in Moscow. I

wrote to Professor Fuchs at the Karpov Institute before our trip and then called on him

when we arrived in Moscow. We were staying at the Hotel Russya across the square from the Kremlin. Although 1 would have liked to visit him at his office, he proposed

that he co me to the hotel. My wife had gone earlier that moming to visit Lenin's tomb. That day Professor Fuchs and I talked for a few hours about a number of subjects. He spoke enthusiastically about the bibliography on aerosols which he was compiling. He

wanted to make aerosol literature which was scattered over a wide variety of scientific joumals, more generally accessible to the scientific community. This was part of his effort to establish aerosol science as a recognized scientific discipline.

Professor Fuchs made seminal contributions to our understanding of partic1e charging, partic1e evaporation and growth, and coagulation. He was one of a group of scientific

giants amongst whom were Victor La Mer (with whom I studied physical chemistry at Columbia University) and Irving Langrnuir, a Nobel Laureate, all of whom have contributed to our understanding of the aerosol phenomena over the years. Professor Fuchs was unique among the members of this group because he had a vision of aerosol science as a scientific discipline. This was embodied in his pioneering book The Mechanics of Aerosols which he defined as the "study ofthe motion and precipitation of

aerosol partic1es".

I first saw Professor Fuchs' book in an US Army English translation in the late 1950s. The English translation which all of us now use was prepared by Mrs Fuchs and edited by another great organizer and codifier of aerosol science, Professor C.N. Davies.

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This book brought together an enonnous range of phenomena related to aerosol systems for the first time. Professor Fuchs took a set of diverse, apparently ume1ated experimental observations made by a multitude of investigators and succeeded in

organizing them in a coherent and comprehensible way. He showed that many of these phenomena could be treated within the same framework of theoretical concepts and mathematical equations.

At the time of my visit to the Soviet Union, I was involved in advising the US Environmental Protection Agency (EP A) on air pollution standards. In fact I later

became the first chainnan of the EP A Clean Air Scientific Advisory Committee. It was well-known that ambient air quality standards for certain pollutants were stricter in the SovietUnion than in the United States. In part this was because the Soviet standards were based on neurotoxicological effects rather than on more conventional responses such as tissue irritation.

When I asked Professor Fuchs about air pollution control in the Soviet Uruon, he told me the following story. Suppose a Soviet factory is emitting too much air pollution. "A little man" (those were his words!) from the state regulatory commission will go to the factory manager and teil him that the factory will be shut down unless it complies with the regulations. The manager calls the State Govemor and says that the little man from the regulatory agency will shut down his factory unless it reduces emissions. The manager wams that if the factory is c10sed he will not be able to meet production targets. This means the Govemor will get into trouble with Moscow and the central planning authorities. Naturally, the Govemor tells the factory manager not to worry about the emission standards.

What Professor Fuchs was pointing out to me in this little parabie was that the needs of industry and the agencies charged with its regulation should be uncoupled. Professor Fuchs saw to the heart of the problem, a complex issue involving technology, economics, public health and govemment regulation. We know now the disastrous effect the Soviet system had for the environment in those areas under its contra!.

After spending the second week of our trip to Moscow, my wife retumed to Paris while I flew to Prague to visit Professor Spumy and Dr. Josef Pich. It was a bad time in Central Europe following the suppression ofthe Prague Spring. Who could have known then that some twenty-seven years later so many changes would take place in that part ofthe world and that th ere would be so much hope for the future!

Fuchs monumental work on the Mechanics of Aerosols has given us a solid foundation on which to build aerosol science and technology. The first half of the book deals primarily with the detenninistic analyses of what we would call "coarse" partic1e transport, based on the equations of partic1e motion. The second half deals with various stochastic processes inc1uding Brownian and turbulent diffusion and coagulation. At the time of my visit in 1970, Fuchs (with Sutugin) was about to publish another

important paper highlighting the behaviour of partic1es smaller than 100 nanometers (0.

1Ilm): "Basic Properties of High Dispersed Aerosols (HDAs)". This appeared in a book edited by G. M. Hidy and J. R. Brock in 1971.

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The HDAs themselves cover three orders of magnitude in particle diameter equivalent to nine in particle mass. Now, this branch of aerosol science is divided into sub-fields according to particle size, practical applications, experimental methods and instrumentation and the skilIs of the scientists best able to deal with the special problems involved. Fuchs' work has been a launching pad and has catapulted aerosol scientists into the rapidly developing field of nano technology. There is little doubt that enough challenging problems remain in aerosol science to keep us all busy and to attract bright, new investigators into our field.

As we advance the technical aspects of aerosol science and technology, we should continue moving towards Professor Fuchs' other major goal: establishing aerosol science and technology as a recognized scientific discipline. We have made progress in this direction by founding scientific societies and launching joumals which are of a high standard and which are widely read. Much remains to be done, however. In particular, industrial and govemment laboratories should be encouraged and assisted to set up dedicated aerosol laboratories instead of relying on short-term, ad hoc efforts to deal with the aerosol phenomena. Finally, we must continue to persuade our academic colleagues that aerosol science and technology is a key area in modem science with its own theoretical and experimental bases and a multitude of important applications.

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Chapter 2

NIKOLAl ALBERTOWICH FUCHS (1885-1995)

AEROSOL SCIENTIST AND HUMANIST

In memory ofthe one hundredth anniversary ofhis birth.

K.R. Spurny

Aerosol Chemist, Eichenweg 6, 57392 Schmallenberg, Germany

2.1 Introduction

Professor N.A. Fuchs was the founder of aerosol science in Russia and, intemational!y, he was a major figure in establishing this science. He was bom on 31 July 1895 in Lantvarovo, a smal! town in Lithuania. He lived most ofhis life in Moscow -except for those years he spent as an innocent political dissident and persecuted democrat in banishment and in Stalin's prisons. He died in Moscow on 10 October 1982.

I met Professor Fuchs several times between 1956 and 1970 not only in Moscow but

also in Tiflis and Odessa. In June 1966, he visited me in Prague. We discussed many things - science, life, hobbies - and sometimes we touched on things that were

suppressed or forbidden in Russia at that time - books, philosophies and poli tics. These talks were only possible in "special environments" as we walked through the woods or in a cinema where no official and secret electronic or human ears could overhear us.

In

this way I came to know something of how difficult life was for Nikolai Fuchs in Russia during those years. That he was able to survive the inequities and inhumanity of the treatment dealt out to him was partly due to his robust health and good physical condition and partly to his natural modesty and optimism reinforced by the tremendous and constant support he received from his family and his wife Marina in particular.

Until recently we have had no ful! and realistic picture of his life. Then, during the period of Gorbatchov "Perestroika", Marina Guseva, Fuchs' wife, started to write her husband's biography. We are grateful for the opportunity ofbeing allowed to publish it in its entirety in our book.

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My wife Drahuse and I were good friends ofNikolai Albertowich and his family. Today this friendship continues through my relationship with Fuch's Professor Michael Gusev

and his family who now live in the Moscow flat once occupied by his parents. I very

much appreciate the way Marina acknowledged our friendship and help during the difficult and sad times she experienced when writing her memoirs.

2.2 Aerosol science

N.A. Fuchs was one of a select group of scientists who combined a brilliant

experimental technique with the ability to make theoretical interpretation from experimental results. He was also an accomplished classical theoretical physicist

(Editorial Board 1970, 1975, 1976, 1983) and one of a group of scientific giants such as Victor La Mer and Irving Langmuir, the Nobel Laureate, who also made fundament al

contributions to our understanding of the aerosol phenomena at roughly the same time. Within this group Professor Fuchs stood apart because he viewed aerosol science as a scientific discipline (Friedlander, 1990). He attached great importance to the activities of scientific organisations. In Russia he was a member of the editorial board of the Joumal of Colloid Science (Kolloidnyi Zhumal) and he was a member of the Board of overseas editors for the Annals of Occupation Hygiene in 1963. He was one of the founding member of the Joumal of Aerosol Science and, in 1970, gave that joumal considerable support. In 1982 he became an honorary member of the Gesellschaft fur

Aerosolforschung which gave him much satisfaction and he wrote to teil me so adding that he still had to wait to get the consent of his govemment before he could accept the nomination. Unhappily, he died unexpectedly before receiving this permission. Today he is an honorary, member even without permission - the best of all recommendations.

N.A. Fuchs started his scientific work in the laboratory organized by the famous Russian physicist P.N. Lebedev and he began his independent scientific activity at the Institute of Chemical Engineering in Moscow. During this period of his life his work

was devoted to investigating capillary equilibrium and the interface between two liquid phases and a single vapour phase; to developing a method for investigating surfaces;

and to obtaining two-dimensional crystals. He pioneered the introduction of separational chromatography in Russia and developed a method for determining the active gamma

isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane, and a number of other chromatographic methods of chemical analysis (Petryanov et al.,1966).

His aerosol studies started in 1932 in the L. Ya. Karpov Physico-chemical Institute in Moscow, where he organized an aerosol laboratory. The organisation of such a laboratory was proposed and supported by the Academician A.N. Bach and A.V. Frurnkin. His first co-workers were I. Petryanov, B. Rotzeig, H. Rosenblum and P. Lisovskii. At that time the study of aerodispersed systems was still in embryo. A necessary condition for the developments in this field was the creation of precision methods for measuring particIe size and their electrical charge.

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This problem was solved by the construction of equipment which allowed electric fields to be photographed in an ultramicroscope, a method which became known as the "particIe oscillating method" (Fig.2.11) and which was published in 1933 (Bibliography

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At the same time Professor Fuchs was deeply involved with questions relating to the mechanisms of aerosol formation. He developed the theory of transfer phenomena in aerosols based on the method of boundary sphere. Much of the work he did with his students in the 1930s is now considered as a classic work. In 1934 he published his first theory of aerosol coagulation. Later he would consider his coagulation theory formula to be his greatest scientific achievement (Fig.2.2). It should be noted that there was a theoretical disagreement between the 68 year old Norman Davies and Nikolai Fuchs who was 84 in 1980 on aerosol coagulation (Davies, 1979, Fuchs, 1980).

It was weil known that Fuchs has extrapolated the Smoluchowski coagulation theory in liquids for the gas phase and had therefore built the basis for aerosol coagulation theories (Fuchs 1934, 1964). He developed and described a model of the "boundary sphere" for the case of intermediate values of Knudsen numbers Kn: Kn =1 Ir where I is the mean free path of gas molecules and r is the particIe radius. This sp here is concentric with the particIe and the gap between is the order of the magnitude of the free path of gas molecules. He also introduced the "aerosol Knudsen number" ~ =~ Ir, where ~ is the "apparent free path of the Brownian particles with the radius r". For this reason Fuchs introduced a correction factor

PF

for the calculation of the actual value of the coagulation constant: K

=KoPF'

Davies criticised this correction factor

PF

as erroneous. Based on experimental re su lts put forward in several publications, Davies suggested omitting the correction for a concentration jump near the particIe surface. In his opinion the Smoluchowski formula with the Cunningham-Millikan slip correction is valid at Kn<15. For cases ofKn>15 he proposed an empirical formula.

Fuchs showed in his reply (Fuchs 1980) - which Davies did not allow to be published in the Joumal of Aerosol Science - that Davies had ignored in his considerations, by the use of different experimental data, the fact that

Ko

depends strongly on the polydispersity of the investigated model aerosol. In the majority of cases of these published data this factor was greater or much greater than one. By considering this important fact, Fuchs could get a good agreement between his theory and the newly published data, which Davies also used to some extent. It seems to me th at this "competition", which is not unusual among scientists, did little to impinge on the good friendship between the Davies' and Fuchs' families (see also the memoirs of Marina Guseva-Fuchs).

In 1934, in co op erati on with his co-workers I.V. Petryanov and H.D. Rozenblum, Fuchs proposed and developed the first fibrous aerosol filters (see also Marina's memoirs and Kirsch paper) and authored or co-authored some 108 publications (see also the

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bibliography assembied by C.N. Davies and A.A. Kirsch). However, he did not publish anything between 1937 and 1947. These were very difficuit years (Spurny 1983, 1984). In 1955 his monograph "Mechanika Aerosolei" (Aerosol Mechanics) was published in Russia. It was the first book in this field of physics and is still one of the most important (Fig.2.3). It brought together, for the first time, an enormous range of phenomena related to aerosol systems. Professor Fuchs succeeded in taking a set of diverse, apparently unrelated experimental observations from many investigations and he organized them in a coherent and comprehensive way. He showed that many of these phenomena could be treated within the same framework of theoretical concepts and mathematical equations. Fuchs' monumental work on the Mechanics of Aerosols has given us a solid foundation on which to build aerosol science and technology. The first half of Mechanics of Aerosols deals primarily with the deterministic analysis of what we could call "coarse" partic1e transport based on the equations ofpartic1e motion. The second half of the Mechanics of Aerosols deals with various stochastic processes inc1uding Brownian and turbulent diffusion and coagulation (Friedlander, 1990). This book remains the most cited of all aerosolliterature. Indeed this is the first fundamental monograph in which the basic information concerning the properties of aerosols is carefully summarized and presented in a way that makes it possible to use the book both as a manual and a reference. It is still the handbook for aerosol scientists (Lushnikov,1984).

Professor Fuchs "invented" the designation "Mechanics of Aerosols" and he defined it as the "study of the motion and precipitation of aerosol partic1es". The first English translation was made in 1958 in the United States under the auspices of the US War Departrnent. An "official" English edition was prepared by C.N. Davies (Vincent et al., 1994). I obtained the Russian version of Aerosol Mechanics as a gift from Professor Fuchs in 1961 during my visit to Moscow (Fig.2.4). Returning to Prague, I sent the book to the Pergamon Press in the United Kingdom. I recommended that an English version be prepared and edited and I also suggested the launching of a new joumal - the Joumal of Aerosol Science. After much help from C. Norman Davies, my proposals were accepted and eventually realised. During the "translation" period a friendship developed between Davies and the Fuchs family. Professor Davies initiated and supported other publications by Professor Fuchs and these efforts were a great support to Nikolai Albertowich who was struggling with the sense of isolation he experienced in Russia at that time. The second English edition of "The Mechanics of Aerosols" appeared in 1989 and was published by the Dover Publishers in New York, an initiative of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR). In 1958 "Evaporation and Droplet Growth in Gaseous Media" and "Progress in the Mechanics of Aerosols" were published. The later was inc1uded in the Pergamon Press edition of "The Mechanics of Aerosols" in 1964.

The next important monograph to be written by N.A. Fuchs was published in Russian in 1969 and was produced in collaboration with his co-worker A.G. Sutugin (Lushnikov, 1989). An English verion appeared in 1970 (Fig.2.5). This book described not only their research results but also the state of high-dispersed aerosols (HDA) at that time. In the 1980s and 1990s HDA with partic1e sizes of less than and much less than 100 nm proved interesting for research and application.

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This related to three orders of magnitude in particle diameter equivalent to nine in particle mass. In 1969 Green and Lane's monograph "Particulate Clouds", originally published in English in 1957, was edited by Professor Fuchs and published in Russian (Fig.2.6). He substantially extended and modemized the Russian edition.

Professor Fuchs was heavily involved in organizing the literature available on aerosols. In 1971 he published the first part of his "Collected Abstracts" (Fig.2.7). This was an unique collection containing literature on aerosols published in the period 1850 to 1953. As one goes through this book one discovers that many contemporary publications in aerosol science describe "news" that has already been published many years ago.

Professor Fuchs prepared the second part of this col1ection which was published with abstracts after 1954. George Hidy, myself and many other American friends set about finding a publisher for this book in the United States. To our regret we had little success.

In the 1980s N.AFuchs was engaged on a major work entitled "Methods for Measuring Aerosol Concentrations". He planned to publish this in Russia in 1984 and in his last letter to me he refered to this book (Fig.2.8).

Between 1960 and 1980 Nikolai Albertowich and his co-workers produced several monographs (Fig.2.9) and conducted several new pieces of research. They continued to research into HDA and developed and described an excellent method for measuring the size distributions of HDA Further they studied the process of formation involved in HDA and the coagulation of aerosols in sonic and ultrasonic fields (see for example the work ofF.L Murashkewich). Nikolai Albertowich and particularly AA Kirsch and LB. Stechkina amongst his co-workers devoted many years to the study of aerosol filtration processes and it was demonstrated that their "fan filter model" could represent commercial filters extremely weil. In many of the papers they published through the Joumal of Aerosol Science they described the filtration theory for the combination of several partial mechanisms. They found that there was good agreement between their theory and experimental results (see the paper by Kirsch and Stechkina in this book).

2.3 Friends and friendships

Professor Fuchs exchanged letters with colleagues in Europe, the United States, Japan and many other countries. As his wife's memoirs show, he corresponded with most of the eminent aerosol scientists of his day. Some, such as Viktor La Mer (1964), Shel Friedlander (1970), David Shaw (1977) he met in Moscow. In the 1930s he met Irving Langmuir, a man he admired greatly. Other relationships that lasted many years included his friendship with Norman Davies, a friendship which survived 30 years until Nikolai's death in 1982 (Fig.2.l0). It would seem that Davies criticism of Fuchs' coagulation formula in 1979, which I personally feel had little foundation (Fig.2.2), had very little impact on their relationship.

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My own contact and friendship with Professor Fuchs and his family dates from 1956 wh en I visited Moscow. It was a friendship that was strengthened when I met him later at the Russian Colloid Conference in Tiflis (Caucasus) and survived after his death in my friendship with his wife Marina and his son Michael.

As an "enemy of the people" Professor Fuchs was never allowed to visit "capitalistic" countries. Therefore, he was delighted to be able to sp end a short time with me in Prague in 1966. He presented several lectures there (Fig.2.14) one of which was recorded. He was very curious to see Prague and its surroundings and was surprised to see that private houses even in the smaller towns and villages were built ofbrick and not of wood as they were in Russia. He was amazed that the people were so weil dressed and he suspected me of showing him "Poternkin Villages" - small towns and villages which were specially built to serve as communistic propaganda designed for visitors from capitalist countries. Whilst the Czech communists were using a lot of propaganda and "Potemkin Villages" at the time, we had, in fact, been showing Professor Fuchs the real thing.

As Marina mentions in her memoirs, Professor Fuchs had many good friends among scientists in Russia. His pupil and colleague, Alexander Kirsch (Fig.2.9), a devoted friend, prepared the first three chapters of Fuchs' unfinished book for publication. However, in Russia he did not receive official recognition for his work as a scientist either during his life or after his death. As Marina tells us in her memoirs the name Fuchs was "omitted" from the Russian publication commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of aerosol science in Russia.

2.4 Family and hobbies

The three members of the Fuchs family were always happy together Marina recalls in her memoirs and as a united family were able to keep alive the spirit of freedom and hope even during the most difficult times.

Besides his family, Professor Fuchs derived much strength from his hobbies. Botany was his chief hobby and botanists treated him as one of their own. I recall that during a visit to the Pruhonice botanical garden near Prague in 1966, he was able to teil the Director - a botany professor - that he had noticed several mistakes in the nam es ascribed to some ofthe wild flowers growing there.

Fuchs' other great interest was music. A good musician himself, I know he greatly appreciated the fact that David Shaw and myself, supported by several aerosol colleagues organized a "Fuchs Music Foundation" in the 1970s. My wife and I sent records ofhis favourite composers from Germany to Moscow, something that gave him a great deal ofpleasure (Fig.2.12).

2.5 Nikolai the man

His best friend Professor Efim Nesis, who knew N.A. Fuchs from his days at Stavropol tells us "Nikolai Albertowich was a man of great intellect and integrity and remained so to the end ofhis days.

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He was devoted to science and his erudition was immense yet he was very modest and simple in his tastes and habits". We know that although Professor Fuchs was a good, strict and critical teacher, he was also a good father to his young co-workers. Several of them like A.A. Kirsch, l.B. Stechkina, A.G. Sutugin, A.A. Lushnikov and others would later become internationally recognised aerosol scientists.

2.6 The final parting

In 1975, when N.A. Fuchs was 80 years old, he decided to leave his post as Head ofthe Laboratory ofPhysics of Aerodisperse Systems (LPAS) in the Karpov Institute although he continued to be associated with the laboratory as a consultant until the summer of 1982. In his last letter to me (Fig.2.8) he mentioned that he had decided to retire - he was then 87 years old -and that his pension monthly would be three times less than his salary. He was retiring because he wanted to have more time and energy to finish his monograph on the methods of measuring aerosol concentration. Unfortunately, he did not finish this book.

Before he left the Karpov Institute he recommended his successor and his choice proved to be a good one. The new head ofLPAS was Professor Alexei A. Lushnikov, who had joined the Fuchs' laboratory in 1971. Professor Lushnikov is an excellent aerosol

theoretician and is widely recognised internationally.

2.7 Fuchs Memorial Award

In the mid-1980s, the Gesellschaft für Aerosolforschung (GAeF) in Germany, the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR) and the Japanese Association of Aerosol Science and Technology (JAAST), decided to create the Fuchs Memorial Award (FMA W) in Aerosol Science. Once every four years this award is presented at International Aerosol Conferences to respected and internationally recognized aerosol scientists. In 1990, the first winner of the FMA W award was Sheldon K. Friedlander, of the University of California, Los Angeles, a well-known American aerosol scientist. In 1994 the award went to Othmar Preining from Vienna University and Benjamin Y.H. Liu from the University ofMinnesota, Mineapolis, USA.

2.8 Fuchs Street in Hannover

Fuchs' scientific contributions have been acknowledged in some surprising ways. In the German town of Hannover, the Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Aerosol Research can be found in the Nikolai Fuchs Strasse (Fig.2.13)

2.9 Similarities

N.A. Fuchs was an important pioneer and founder of aerosol science in Russia and one of several important aerosol scientist in that country (Grishpun, 1993).

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When I was sent to Moscow in 1956 and during subsequent visits, I contacted many Russian aerosol scientists particularly those working at the Institute of Physical Chemistry in the Academy of Sciences. In this way I came to know B.V. Deryaguin, L.V. Raduskiewich, Ya.I. Kogan, G.Ya. Vlasenko, P. Prochorov, Y.I. Yalamov, S.P. Bakhanov and D. V. Fedoseev (Spurny et al. 1961; Spurny, 1965). Later, during the Colloid Chemistry Conferences in Tiflis and in Odessa I had the opportunity of meeting other Russian aerosol physicists, chemists and meteorologists. I have kept up correspondence with many of them over the years (Fig.2.14). However, from my first meeting with Nikolai Albertowich, 1 had the feeling that our souis, our way of thinking about life and our political philosophies were very much alike. In this way he became an example for me and my first aerosol teacher. My best co-worker in Prague, Josef Pich, who later became a well-known theoretician in aerosol physics also regards hirn as his first aerosol teacher. Of course, I was 28 years younger than Nikolai Albertowich and as such no equal partner. Nevertheless, as Marina mentioned in her memoirs, Professor Fuchs liked and appreciated my research ideas, my experimental research approaches, the new equipment I developed, my aerosol generation and ra-Iabelling methods, and the pioneer-work I had done on pore filters. He congratulated me when I succeeded in organizing the technical production of membrane and aerosol filters from thin polymer and glass fibres in Czechoslovakia. Our Aerosol Laboratory in Prague, as weil as our publications, were very positively accepted by the international aerosol science community and several outstanding aerosol scientists visited our laboratory between 1960-1970 (Fig.2.15).

Nikolai Albertowich and I had many interests in common inc1uding languages, history, literature, politics and human relations. In communist Czechoslovakia I too had been a persecuted person, a "non-progressive" intellectual. I was not a "party" member and I had immediately recognized the tragic impact communistic ideas and practices could have for nations as weil as individuals. This was why I was so committed to the democratic movement that brought about the Prague Spring in 1968. After this movement was destroyed, I was - like Professor Fuchs - branded an "enemy of the people" and a "counter-revolutionary" (Fig.2.16). In 1972 I was no longer permitted to go on with my research. My Department of Physical Chemistry of Aerodisperse Systems, the research departrnent I had founded and which I had headed since 1956, was disrupted, my co-workers dispersed. J. Pich was isolated and was only able to carry on with his aerosol research covertly. "Aerosols" became an undesirable word in the communist Czechoslovakia of the 1970s and 1980s because of its associations with my name. I emigrated abroad and started work again in Germany at the age of fifty.

There were many similarities between us although we never really thought about them very much. I am glad 1 have been able to help in getting recognition and rehabilitation for Professor Fuchs. He has been denied it for such a long time. He did not live to see the end of communist dictatorship in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, but the Lord has made it possible for his wife Marina and myselftogether with some Russian aerosol scientists to make known the truth about his life and the conditions under which he worked to aerosol friends around the world. Maybe in the future when young aerosol scientist read "The Mechanics of Aerosols" they will remember the inhuman conditions under which the book was bom.

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2.10 References

Davies, C. N. (1979). Coagulation of Aerosols by Brownian Motion.

J Aerosol Sci., 10, 151-161.

Editorial Board (1970). Dr. Nicholas Fuchs. Seventy-Fifth Birthday.

Aerosol Sci., 1,171-173.

Editorial Board (1970). A Tribute to Professor Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs on his 75th Birthday. J Colloid Interface Sci., 32, iii.

Editorial Board (1975). Dr. Nicolas Fuchs. Eighties Birthday. J Aerosol Sci., 6, 383.

Editorial Board (1976). Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs on his 80th Birthday. Kolloidnyi Zhumal (J Col/oid Sci. Moscow), 38, 411-412,

Editorial Board (1983). Professor Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs, In Memoriam. J Aerosol Sci., 14, 1-3.

Friedlander, S.K. (1990). Fuchs Memorial Award.

Acceptance Talk, Int. Aerosol Conference, Kyoto, Japan.

Fuchs, N.A. (1934). Zschr. Phys. Chemie, 171, A, 199-209.

Fuchs, N.A. (1964). The Mechanics of Aerosols, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Fuchs, N.A. (1980). On the Brownian Coagulation of Aerosols.

J Colloid Interface Sci., 73, 248-249.

Grishpun, S.A. (1993). The State of Aerosol Research in the Former Soviet Union. J Aerosol Sci., 24, 563-579.

Petryanovy, I.V. , Dubinin, M.M., Kogan, Ya.i., Raduskiewich L, B, and Tchmurov, K.V. (1966). Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs. On his 70th Birthday. Zh. Fiz. Chimii(J Phys. Chem. Moscow), 40, 1428-1429.

Spumy, K.R., Jech,

c.,

Sedlacek, B., and Storch, O. (1961). Aerosoly (Aerosols) SNTL, Pub!. House of Technical Lit. Prague, pp. 1-342.

Spumy K.R. (ed.) (1965). Aerosols. Physical Chemistry and Applications, Pub!. House

Academia. Prague. pp. 1-943.

Spumy K.R. (1983). Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs. In Memoriam. Aerosol Sci. Techno!., 2 ,301-302.

Spumy K.R. (1983) Nikolai Albertowich Fuchs. In Memoriam.

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Spumy K.R.(l984) Aerosol Conference, Opening Address.

J Aerosol Sci., 15,193-194.

Vincent lH. Kasper, G. et al. (1994) Charles Norrnan Davies 1911-1994, In Memoriam.

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NIKOLAl ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

Bibliography 1918-1970

1. Étude de movement des corps dans un milieu resistant par la methode photographique. Archs. Scientif. Phys. Inst. Sci. Moscou, 1918, 1,40.

2. Kinetics of hydration of meta- and pyrophosphoric acids. 1. Russ. Phys. Chem. Soc., Part Chem., 1929,61,1035.

3. Die Regel von Antonoffund die Molekulorientierung. Kolloid Z, 1930,52,262. 4. Über die Realität des Neumannschen Dreiecks. Z Physik, 1930,65,262.

5. Über zweidimensionale KristalIe. Z phys. Chem., 1931, 14B, 285.

6. Technisch-chemische Anwendungen der "Taumethode" . I. Paraffin und Erdwachs. Z angew. Chem., 1931,44,969.

7. Zur Kinetik des Austrocknens der pflänzlichen Öle. Koiloid Z, 1932,61,365. 8. Mikroskopische Prüfung des Leinöls aufMineralölgehalt. Farben-Ztg, 1933,38,

217.

9. Zur Theorie der monomolekularen Adsorptionsschicht. Z phys. Chem., 1933,

21B,235.

10. Über die Oberflächenkondensation. Phys. Z Sovjetunion, 1933,4,481.

11. (With I. Petryanov) Über die Bestimmung der Grösse und der Ladung der

Nebeltröpfchen. Kolloid Z, 1933,659, 171.

12. Zur Theorie der Koagulation. Z phys. Chem., 1934, 171A, 199.

13. Über die Verdampfungsgeschwindigkeit kleiner Tröpfchen lil einer

Gasatmosphäre. Phys. Z Sovjetunion, 1934, 6, 224.

14. On the activation energy of evaporation and condensation. Dok!. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1934,3,335.

15. Über die Stabilität und Aufladung der Aerosole. Z Physik, 1934,89,736. 16. Über die Bildung von Aerosolen. I. Methodik. Schwefelsäurenebel. Acta

physicochim. URSS, 1936,3,61.

17. (with A. Frumkin). Über den Dampfdruck kleiner Tröpfchen und KristalIe. Acta

physicochim. URSS, 1935,3, 783.

18. Über die Stabilität und Aufladung der Aerosole. Il. Experimenteller Teil (with I.

Petryanov). Acta physicochim. URSS, 1955,3, 819.

19. Über die Effektivität der Zusammenstösse von Aerosoltei1chen mit festen Wänden. Acta physicochim. URSS, 1935,3, 819.

20. Über die Taubildung. Kolloid Z, 1935,71, 145.

21. On the nucleation of crystals. Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk, 1935,15,496.

22. (with I. Petryanov and B. Rotzeig). Rate of charging of drop lets by an anionic current. Trans. Farad. Soc., 1936,5, 1131

23. Über die Fallgeschwindigkeit von überstokesschen Tei1chen. Techn. Phys.

USSR, 1936,3,255.

24. Die Bestimmung der Tröpfchengrösse in Wassenebeln. Phys. Z Sovjetunion,

1936,10,421.

25. (with B. Rotzeig) Zur ultramikroskopischen Grössenbestimmung von

Aerosoltei1chen. Acta physicochim. URSS, 1936,5,893.

26. Dispersitätsmessung von Aerosolen. Acta physicochim. URSS, 1937,6, 143.

27. (with I. Petryanov) Microscopical examination offog-, c1oud-and rain-droplets. Nature, Lond., 1937,139,111.

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28. Determination of droplet size in sulfurie acid mists. Zavodskaya Lab., 1937, 6, 210.

29. _{Stabilization of aerosols ofNH4Cl and HgI2. Zh. Fizich. Khim., 1937,9,294.}

30. 2The value of charges on the particles of atmospheric aerocolloids. lzvest. Akad.

Nauk SSSR. Ser. Geogr. Geofiz. 1947,11,341.

31. Use of distribution chromatography in the chemical analysis. Analysis of hexachlorocyclohexane. Zh. Analit. Khim., 1948,3,320.

32. Separation of ammonia, methyl-, dimethyl- and trimethylamine by means of distribution chromatography. Dok!. Akad. Nauk SSSR., 1948,60,1219.

33. Distribution chromatography and its use in analytical chemistry. Uspekhi

Khimii, 1948,17,45.

34. Progress of chromatographic method in organic chemistry. Uspekhi Khimii, 1949,18,206.

35. Determination of drop let size in oil fogs. Kolloid. Zh., 1949, 11,286.

36. Preparation and standardisation of alumina for the chromatographic analysis of organic substances. Zavodskaya Lab., 1950,878.

37. Progress in aerosol studies and practical achievements in this field. Uspekhi

Khimii, 1950, 19, 175.

38. Method of Tsvet in organic chemistry. In: Reactions and methods of

investigation of organic compounds, Akadernizdat, Moscow, 1951, 1, 179.

39. Effect of dust on the turbulence of a gas stream. Zh. tekhn. Fiz., 1951, 21, 704. 40. A contribution to the theory of precipitation of " warm clouds" Dokl. Akad.

NaukSSSR, 1951,81,1043.

41. Observations on the wind-breaking action of shelterbeits. Les i Step,

1953,

5, No. 2.

42. Mechanics of aerosols. Akademizdat, Moscow, 1955 (Arner. Edition 1958).

43. Gas-liquid chromatography, Uspekhi Khimii, 1956,25,845.

44. (With P. Lisovskii) The charging of aerosols by ionic diffusion. J Colloid Sci.

1956,11, 107.

45. Contribution to the theory of evaporation of small droplets, Zh. tekhn. Fiz. 1958, 28,159.

46. Evaporation and growth of particles in a gas medium. Akademizdat, Moscow,

1958 (English Edition, Pergamon, 1959).

47. (with S. Yankovikii) Thermophoresis in an aerosol stream. Dok!. Akad. Nauk

SSSR, 1958, 119, 1177.

48. (with S. Yankovikii) A technique for depositing aerosols in athermal precipitator for electron microscopie examination. Koll. Zh., 1959,219,133.

49. Progress in the mechanics of aerosols. Akademizdat, Moscow, 1961.

50. Deposition of aerosols on the walls of chambers. Izvestiya Akad. Nauk SSSR,

ser. geofiz. , 1962.142.

51. On the vertical particle distribution in a turbulent stream. Zh. tekhn. Fiz., 1962,

32,255.

52. (with I. Stechkina and V. Staroselskii) On the determination of particle si ze distribution in polydisperse aerosols by the diffusion method. Br. J. APP!. Phys. 1962,13,280.

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53. (with 1. Stechkina) Resistance of a gaseous medium to the motion of a spherical particIe of a size comparable to the mean free path of the gas molecules. Trans. Farad. Soc., 1962,58, 1949.

54. (with A. Sutugin) Droplet size distribution in dibuthylphtalate mists prepared with the use offoreign nuclei. Kol/. Zh., 1963,149,59.

55. (with A. Sutugin) Generation and investigation of high-dispersed sodium chloride aerosols. Br. J appl. Phys., 1963,14,59.

56. (with 1. Stechkina) A note on the theory of fibrous aerosol filters. Ann. occ.

Hyg., 1963,69,27.

57. On the stationary charge distribution on aerosol particles in bipolar ionic atmosphere. Geofis. pura e appl., 1963,56, 185.

58. Mechanics of aerosols. Revised and enlarged edition, Pergamon, 1964.

59. (with A. Selin) Pneumatic dispersion of powders. lnzhenerno-Fizich. Zh. 1964, 7,122.

60. "Aerosols" and "Coagulation of aerosols", articles for the Physical Dictionary, 2nd edn., Sovetskaya Entsiklopedia, Moscow, 1964.

61. (with A.G. Sutugin) High-dispersed aerosols. Kol/. Zh., 1964,26, 110.

62. (with A.A. Kirsh) Effect of condensation of a vapour on the grains and of evaporation from their surface on the deposition of aerosols in granular beds. Chem. Engng. Sci., 1965,20, 181.

63. (with A.G. Sutugin) Coagulation rate of highly dispersed aerosols. J Col/oid Sci., 1965,20,492.

64. (with V. Gubenskii) Detennination of sizes and charges of individual particles fonned by electrostatic atomization of liquid systems. In: Electrostatic-coating ofmanufactured articles, Moscow, 1966, p. 35.

65. (with 1. Stechkina) Studies on fibrous aerosol filters. 1. Calculation of diffusional deposition of aerosols in fibrous filters. Ann. occ. Hyg., 1966,9,59.

66. On the Brownian coagulation of aerosols. J Col/oid Inter! Sci., 1966, 21, 110. 67. (with S. Yankovskii) Granulometric analysis of industrial dusts according to

Stokes' diameters. Zavodskaya Lab., 1966,32,811.

68. (With A.G. Sutugin) The generation and use of monodispersed aerosols. In : Aerosol Science, ed. by C. N. Davies, Acad. Press, 1966.

69. (with A.A. Kirsh) Studies on fibrous aerosol filters. II. Pressure drop in systems of parallel cylinders. Ann. occ. Hyg. 1967,10,23.

70. (With A.A. Kirsh) The fluid flow in a system of parallel cylinders perpendicular to the flow direction at sm all Reynolds numbers. J Phys. Soc. Japan., 1967,22, 1251.

71. (with A.G. Sutugin) On the production of high-dispersed powders via aerosol state. Zh. Prikladn. Khim., 1967,42,567.

72. (with A.G. Sutugin) High-dispersed aerosols. UsPekhi Khimii, 1968,37, 1965. 73. (with A.A. Kirsh) Studies on fibrous aerosol filters. lIl. Diffusional deposition of

aerosols in fibrous filters. Ann. occ. Hyg. 1968,11,299.

74. (with A.G. Sutugin) Fonnation of condensation aerosols at high vapour supersaturations. J Col/aid Inter! Sci., 1968, 20, 216.

75. Versuch einer Klassifikation der Aerosolliteratur. Staub, 1968,28,349.

76. (with 1. Stechkina and A. Kirsh) Studies on fibrous aerosol filters. IV. Calculation of aerosol deposition in model filters in the range of maximum penetration. Ann. occ. Hyg., 1969,12, 1.

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78. Recent progress in the theory of transfer processes in aerosols at interrnediate

values of the Knudsennurnber. Proc. 7-th Int. Conf. Condensat. Nuclei, Prague

and Vienna, 1969, p. 10.

79. (With A.A. Kirsh and 1. Stechkina) Studies on fibrous aerosol filters.

Experimental deterrnination of the filter efficiency in the range of maximum penetration. KOl!. Zh. 1969, 31, No.2.

NIKOLAl ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

Bibliography 1970- 1982

80. Fuchs, N.A. and Sutugin, A.G. (1970) On the formation of condensation

aero-sols at quickly changing conditions. Theory and method of ca1culation. Kol!. Zh.,

32,212.

81. Fuchs, N.A. and Murashkevich, F. 1. (1970) Laboratoriurns-Pulverzerstäuber-Staubgenerator. Staub-Reinhalt Luft, 30, 447.

82. Stechkina, l.B. and Fuchs, N.A. (1970) Influence of inertia on the capture efficiency of aerosol particles on cylinders at small Stokes numbers. KoU. Zh.,

32,467.

83. Sutugin, A.G. and Fuchs, N.A. (1970) Formation of condensation aerosols under rapidly changing, environmental conditions: theory and method of ca1culation. J

Aerosol Sci., 1,287.

84. Sutugin, A.G. ,Fuchs, N.A. and' Kotsev, E. 1. (1971) Formation of condensation

aerosols under rapidly changing environmental conditions: non-coagulated high-dispersed aerosols. J Aerosol Sci., 2, 361.

85. Fuchs. N.A. and Sutugin. A. G. (1971) High-dispersed aerosols. Topics in

Current Aerosol Research (Edited by Hidy, G. M. and Brock, J. R. ). Pergamon

Press, Oxford.

86. Kirsh. A.A. , Stechkina. LB. and Fuchs, N.A. (1971) Effect of gas slip on the pressure drop in a system of parallel cylinders at sm all Reynolds nurnbers. J

Colloid Interface Sci., 37, 458.

87. Fuchs. N.A. (1972) Some new methods and devices for aerosol studies.

Assessment of Airborne Particles (Edited by Mercer. T. T. , Morrow, P. E. and

Stöber, W. ), Chap. 11. pp. 200-211. Thomas Springfieid Illinois.

88. Fuchs, N.A. , Kirsh, A.A. and Stechkina. l.B. (1972) The capture of submicron particles by single fine fibres. Atmos. Environm., 6, 73.

89. Fuchs, N.A. (1973) Latex aerosols---caution!, J Aerosol Sci., 4. 405.

90. Kirsh. A.A. , Stechkina, l.B. and Fuchs, N.A. (1973) Effect of gas slip on the pressure drop in fibrous filters. J Aerosol Sci., 4, 287.

91. Fuchs, N.A. , Kirsh, A.A. and Stechkina, l.B. (1973) A contribution to the theory of fibrous aerosol filters. Faraday Symposia of the Chemical Society, No.

7,143.

92. Kirsh, A.A. , Stechkina, l.B. and Fuchs, N.A. (1973) Pressure drop and aerosol deposition in a polydisperse fan model filter. Kol!. J, 35, 971 (in Russian).

93. Kozhenkov, V. 1. , Kirsh. A.A. , Fuchs, N.A. and Simonov, A. P. (1973) On the mechanism of formation of monodisperse fogs in electrostatic dispersion of liquids. Dok!. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 212, 879 (in Russian).

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95. Kirsh, A.A. , Stechkina, l.B. and Fuchs, N.A. (1974) Gas flow in aerosol filters made ofpolydisperse ultrafine fibres. J Aerosol Sci., 5, 39.

96. Kozhenkov, V. I. Kirsh, A.A. and Fuchs, N.A. (1974) Investigation of the process of formation of monodisperse aerosols in electrostatic dispersion of liquids. Kol/. J, 36, 1168 (in Russian).

97. Fuchs, N.A. (1975) Sampling ofaerosols. Atmos. Environm., 9, 697.

98. Kirsh, A.A. and Fuchs, N.A. (1975) Air flow in A.A. porous membrane. Teor.

osn. khim. Tekhnol., 9,311 (in Russian).

99. Kirsh, A.A. , Stechkina. LB. and Fuchs, N.A. (1975) Efficiency of aerosol filters made ofultrafine polydisperse filters. J Aerosol Sci., 6,119.

100. Kozhenkov. V. 1. and Fuchs. N.A. (1975) Determination of the drop let si ze

distribution in coarse fogs by means of the microdiffraction method. J Col/oid Interface Sci., 52, 120.

101. Kozkenkov, V. I. and Fuchs. N.A. (1976) Electrodynamical dispersion of liquids. Usp. Khim., 45, 2274 (in Russian).

102. Fuchs, N.A. (1978) Aerosol impactors (A.A. review). Fundamentals of Aerbsol Science (Edited by Shaw, D. T.), pp. 1-83. John Wiley, New York.

103. Fuchs, N.A. (1980) On the Brownian coagulation of aerosols. J Col/oid Interface Sci., 73,248.

104. Stulov, L. D. , Murashkevich, F. 1. and Fuchs, N.A. (1978) The efficiency of collision of solid aerosol partic1es with water surfaces. J Aerosol Sci., 9, I. 105. Belov, N. N. , Datskevich, N. P. , Karpova. E. K. and Fuchs, N.A. (1979)

Formation of breakdown plasma in aerosol under the action of CO2 laser radiation. Zii. tekh. Fiz., 49, 333 (in Russian).

106. Fuchs, N.A. (1979) High efficiency filtration of gases and liquids by fibrous materiais. Khim. Prom., No. 11,668 (in Russian).

107. Fuchs, N.A. (1982) Thermophoresis of aerosol partic1es at sm all Knudsen numbers: theory and experiment. J Aerosol Sci., 13, 327.

108. Fuchs, N.A. (1986) Methods for determining aerosol concentration. Aero-Sci. Techno!., 5, 123.

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Fig. 2.1: Schematic picture of the head of the umtramicroscope for measuring size and electric charge os single aerosol particles; and (on the right) a photographic picture of the particle move-ment.

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Moscow, April 26, 1979

Dear Drahuee,

Some days ago I received :3 diece with records of "Ssoul" and yeeterdey - 9 dieke with Bach'e cantates. All recorde are quite good. I am immenaely grateful to you tor elI your trouble-Bome and time-coneuming work of bying end eenddng mB ths die1B. Ho. much joy they bring to me ! Bow I have got a good heedphODe and can lieten without d1eturbing Marina who doee not l1ke classi-cal music. So I am quite happy.

We have had an exceptionalYeevere winterand feer that all our fruit-treee have periehed from the troet. The April wae aleo UDcom monly cold end the .eal spring began only two days ago. Marina went with our pet - Airdale-Terrier dog Johnny to etay at our cottage

, Mike and I will spend our reet-daye there. In a week we shell aee what plante have aurvived in oor garden.

Ae I could not pereuade C.N.Deviee to abetain trom pub11ehing hie paper in which he maintaine that my coagulation formula - mJ

chief scient1f1c achievment - ie quite wrong, I em forced to pub~

11sh cr1t1cal commente on th1e paper end th1s will probably end our friendship lasting more than 20 years. Nothing doing !

D1d Kvetoelav get a better poet? I am anxioue to koow it.

My beet regarde to him.

Fig. 2.2:

Wlth beet w1ehee

Youra very grataful N.Fuche

The letter of N.A. Fuchs from 1979 confirming the receive of new LP records and his remark on his coagulation formula.

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AKAAEMKJI HAYK

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Fig. 2.4: My visit in the Fuchs' laboratory in the Karpov Institute in Moscow in 1961 (Prof. Fuchs on the left).

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TOPICS IN CURRENT

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Fig. 2.9: The visit of Prof. La Mer from US in the Karpov Institute in Moscow. The picture is taken in the garden of the Karpov Institute. From the right side-Fuchs' coworkers-Sutugin. Kirsch-Prof. La Mer and Kirsch-Prof. Fuchs. The first on the left side is Fuchs' coworker F. Murashke-wich.

Nicolai Albertowich Fuchs: The pioneer of aerosol science: biography

Bibliotheek TU Deltt

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2392

530

NICOLAI ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

THE PION EER OF AEROSOL SCIENCE

This monograph is dedicated

to

NICOLAI ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

THE PIONEER OF AEROSOL SCIENCE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE EDITORS

Kvetoslav Rudolf Spurny

Jan C. M. Marijnissen

..

---AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS

EDITORS' INTRODUCTION

In

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

PREFACE

S.

K.

NIKOLAl ALBERTOWICH FUCHS (1885-1995)

AEROSOL SCIENTIST AND HUMANIST

2.1

Introduction

In

2.2

Aerosol science

PF

=KoPF'

PF

Ko

2.3

Friends and friendships

2.4

Family and hobbies

2.5

Nikolai the man

2.6

The final parting

2.7

Fuchs Memorial Award

2.8

Fuchs Street in Hannover

2.9

Similarities

2.10 References

c.,

NIKOLAl ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

Bibliography 1918-1970

1953,

NIKOLAl ALBERTOWICH FUCHS

Bibliography 1970- 1982

cctp

THE MECHANICS

H.A.

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MEXAHVlKA

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OF AEROSOLS

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TOPICS IN CURRENT

AEROSOL RESEARCH

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