BO CZNIK I GLEBOZNAW CZE, T. X X X II, N R 3, W ARSZA W A 1081
K A ZIM IER Z K Ę SIK , G R A Ż Y N A P IE T R A S Z -K Ę S IK
UTILIZATION OF MINERAL PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS FROM PHOSPHORUS-FERTILIZED SOILS
In stitu te o f S o il S c ie n c e and C u ltiv a tio n o f P la n ts at P u ła w y , E x p erim en ta l S ta tio n G rabów
Changes of the fertilizer phosphorus in soils constituted a subject
of m any works, both home [2, 5, 6, 7, 11] and foreign [3, 8, 9 and oth.].
R elatively less investigations were devoted, instead, to the possibility of utilization of phosphorus by plants from its forms developed in consequence of transform ation of this elem ent introduced w ith fe rtili zers [5, 9, 10].
The aim of the present investigations was to determ ine the utilization degree of m ineral phosphorus fractions from soils fertilized differently w ithin a definite period w ith this element.
M ETH O D IC S
A pot experim ent has been established on soils originating from five long-term field experim ents (Table 1). In the 12th year of the field experim ents samples were taken from the following treatm ents : Po, P ii
P 2, Pé( Pi = 36 kg P205 per hectare a year).
In pots th ree test plants were cultivated, vis. : oats, maize and rye. For each p la n t the NKMg fertilization and for a half of pots also P fertilization was applied. Results obtained in treatm ents w ithout phos phorus are presented in the paper. Despite sometimes acid reaction of the soils, no liming was applied, as this fertilization kind could probably resu lt in changes of the initial fractional composition of soil phosphorus. All tests plants w ere harvested in the period of the m axim um phospho rus uptake, i.e. at the panicle-form ing stage of oats, flowering of maize and heading of rye. Upon harvesting subsequent plants the soil was tu rn ed over, soil samples w ere taken and the n u trie n t m edium was introduced. The fertilization applied w as as follows : 2 g N for oats and maize, 1.25 g N for rye ; 1.5 g K 20 for oats and maize, 1,25 g K 20
124 К . K ęsik , G. P ie tr a sz -K ę sik
for rye, 0.5 g Mg for oats, 1 g Mg for maize.
In initial soil samples and upon harvesting subsequent plants, the content of m ineral phosphorus fractions was determ ined according to the Chang and Jackson’s m ethod in m odification of Ginsburg and Lebedeva [12]. Total phosphorus determ ined in m ineral soils by the
m ethod of burning soil w ith acids [1 2].
IN V E ST IG A T IO N R ESU L TS
I n i t i a l p h o s p h o r u s f r a c t i o n c o n t e n t . The differentia ted fertilization w ith phosphorus in field experim ents distinctly affected
the content of the investigated fractions of this element. The total phosphorus content increased, on the average, by over 30°/o in the relation to the control treatm ent. The highest relative phosphorus content incre
m ent was found in soils from Bałtów, Borkowice and Krzelów (Table 2).
Increasing rates of phosphorus fertilizers resulted also in changes in the fractional composition of this element. The highest changes in the content of m ineral phosphorus fractions were found in soils fertili
zed w ith the ra te s of 72 ad 114 kg P2O5 per hectare a year ; these
changes concerned, as a rule, the fraction of readily soluble phospho rus and the Р -Al fraction. The increm ent of readily soluble phosphorus content was almost fivefold and th a t of P-A l — over threefold as compared w ith the control treatm ent. Analogic increm ent of the phos phorus bounded w ith calcium and iron did not exceed 50%. In this connection the m ineral phosphorus fraction percentage changed along w ith increasing fertilization level in favour of read ily soluble phos phorus and alum inium -bounded phosphorus. This reg ularity has been found in all the soils under study, although the differences in the content of particular fractions and their m utual relations were con siderable ones. A special attention deserves the soil from Zwoleń, in w hich the P-A l fraction predom inates ; it is also an only soil, in which no increm ent of readily soluble phosphorus in connection w ith higher rates of this elem ent has been proved. In the soil from Krzelów a considerable percentage of the fraction of phosphorus bounded w ith calcium was observed, w hat was justified in connection w ith the presence of carbonates in it. (Table 1). Also, the increm ent of this fraction in soil was higher under the effect of increasing phosphorus rates as compared w ith other soils.
U t i l i z a t i o n o f m i n e r a l p h o s p h o r u s f r a c t i o n s b y p l a n t s . Upon harvesting subsequent plants a distinct decrease of the readily soluble phosphorus content and of the P-A l fraction was observed, irrespective of the soil kind and the am ount of accum ulated phosphorus. The content of either fraction significantly decreased along w ith the cultivation of subsequent test plants. However, the differen tiation of the P-A l fraction content caused by the fertilization applied
U tiliza tio n s of m in eral phosphoriiś
ï a b 1 ö 1
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s o i l s u s e d i n th e e x p e r i m e n t
L o c a l i t y S o i l typo M ec h a n ic alc o m p o s i t i o n pHrci llumus
% CaCO-, %3 B a ł t ó w p s e u d o p o d z o l i c a o i l Pł 5 . 1 5 1 . 2 3 -Porkowice I s a c h e à brown 3oil p ł 5 . 5 5 1.21 0 . 5 J a b ł o ń p s c u d o p o d c o l i c a o i l p ł i 4 . 8 5 1 . 5 0 -Krzelów brown r e n d s i n a c o i l 6 . 5 5 1 . 8 0 a»4 Zwoloń p a e u d o p c d z o l i c s o i l P ß l 5.00 1 . 8 3
pł = silt, gś = m ed ium loam , p gl = sa n d y loam
in field experim ents m aintained till the end of the investigations. On the other hand, this differentiation in the content of readily soluble phosphorus between fertilizing treatm ents distinctly decreased. The dynamics of changes in the content of the P -F e and Р -Ca fractions was in most soils relatively week. P articu larly the soils from Bałtów, Jabłoń and Zwoleń distinguished themselves in this case, as in them often no decrease of the fractions m entioned was found (Figs 1 and 2). In these soils also low yields of crops were obtained (Table 3).
In the soil from Borkowice a considerable decrease of the P-Fe fraction and in the soil from K rzelów — th a t of the Р -Ca fraction was found (Fig. 2).
The decrem ents of p articular fractions, presented in Fig. 2, in relation to th eir initial content, am ounted in the soils investigated to 73-87.l°/o of read ily soluble phosphorus, to 44.8-49.6°/o of the Р -Al fraction, to
F ig. 1. D y n a m ics of th e m in eral p h osp h oru s fra ctio n con ten t in soil
k g p2 0 ß/ha/year: 1 — 0, 2 — 36, з — 72, 4 — 144; w — in itia l co n ten t of th e fra ctio n s, o — con ten t o f th e fr a c tio n s a fte r the h a r v e st of o ats, к — c o n te n t of th e fr a c tio n s a fte r th e h a rv est of
U tiliza tio n s of m in era l phosphorus 127
F ig. 2. B alan ce of m in era l phosp h oru s fra ctio n s
k g P O /ha/year: a — 0, b — 36, c — 72, ct — 144; » — p h osp h oru s u p ta k e in m g P t 0*/100 g o f so il
1.5-22.3®/o of the P-F e fraction and to 0.1-10.7% of the P-Ca fraction. It m ay be presum ed th a t along the same line p articu lar m ineral phos phorus fractions would constitute a worse and worse phosphorus source for plants.
Upon setting up the initial state of sums of p articu lar fractions, phosphorus uptake by plants corresponding w ith them and total decre m ents of the content of 'particular fractions, the balance of m ineral phosphorus form s in the pot experim ent has been obtained (Fig. 2). The values of decrem ents of fraction sums exceeded in m ost cases the phos phorus uptake by crops. In such a w ay the balance differences would be most probably connected w ith the phosphorus degradation process in soil. This process ran probably also during the vegetative experim ent. Such hypothesis is corroborated by the fact of usually proportional increase of the balance difference along w ith the rise of the phosphorus fertilization level as applied earlier.
128 К. Kęsik, G. Pietrasz-Kęsik
ï a b l e 2 I n i t i a l content o f the phosphorus compounds / i n ng P2°5 P6* 100 g o f ooi1/
S o i l F e r t i l i z a t i o n , kg P20 5 p e r h e c t a r e a y e a r
T o t a l P h o sp h o ru s f r a c t i o n s a f t e r Chang and Ja c k so n Sum o f p h o sp h o ru s r e a d i l y s o lu b le P -A l P-Pe P-Ca f r a c t i o n s B ałtów 0 9 5 .2 0 .6 7 .5 1 2 .2 1 3 .3 3 3 .6 36 9 8 .2 2 .4 1 1 .4 1 3 .5 1 3 ;7 4 1 .0 72 104.8 4 .5 1 6 .9 1 7 .2 1 6 .9 5 5 .5 144 1 3 2 .0 7 .9 3 1 .9 2 0 .4 18 .6 7 8 .8 Borkow ice 0 7 5 .2 2 .2 7 .6 10 .8 11 .5 32,1 36 7 8 .4 2 .7 1 0.8 12.4 1 2 .2 33.1 72 8 6 .8 10.1 2 2 .0 17.9 16 .8 6 6 .8 144 1 17.6 14 .7 2 8 .5 ГО о го 19.9 8 3 .8 J a b ło ń с 9 5 .2 1 .0 10.4 12.6 17 .8 4 1 .8 36 9 8 .5 1.4 1 3 .6 13 .8 18 .5 4 7 .3 72 11 0 .4 2 .1 2 0 .8 1 6 .1 1 6 .9 5 5 .9 144 1 12.8 2 .5 2 2 .3 1 5 .0 1 7.8 5 7 .6 K rzelów 0 106. С 0 .8 7 .2 7 .0 9 .8 2 4 .8 36 1 1 2 .С 2 ? 1 3 .0 10 .3 13.1 :S . 6 72 115.2 i . 7 1 7 .0 8 .8 17.5 4 7 .0 144 146.& 6 .7 2 5 .7 10.7 2 ; . 5 6 6 .6 Zwoleń 0 128.4 2 .1 2 0 .7 1 >. 4 10.2 4 6 .4 36 1 3 0 .4 2 .2 2 5 .9 12 .7 1 0.4 5 1 .2 72 142.0 2 .2 ->5. 3 12.8 13 .8 6 4 .1 144 166.4 2 .6 4 9 .5 1 3.5 1 4 .4 8 0 .0 T a b l e 3
Y ield s of p lan ts in g o f dry matter per pot /sum o f o ats + maizo + r y e /
S o i l s F e r t i l i z a t i o n l e v e l - kg PgO^ p e r h e c t a r e a y e a r Moan LSD 0 36 72 144 B ałtów 5 2 .2 1 1 0 .9 1 4 1 .6 1 49 .5 1 13 .6 B orkow ice 140.2 1 4 5 .0 1 8 1 .7 1 7 8 .7 1 6 1 .4 . J a b ło ń 1 19.2 10 7 .7 14 3 .2 145.6 1 2 8 .9 1 7 .5 K rzelów 119.1 19 4 .4 1 8 1 .9 1 9 4 .9 17 2 .4 Zwoleń 111.4 14 0 .9 147.1 16 4 .0 140 .8
U tilizations of m ineral phosphorus 129
CONCLUSIONS
1. In consequence of a long-term fertilization w ith phosphorus a considerable accum ulation of this elem ent in soil is taking place. The fertilizer phosphorus residues occur m ainly in the form of the P-A l fraction and the fraction of readily soluble phosphorus.
2. The availability of phosphorus fractions to plants decreases along
the line : readily soluble P > P-A l > P -F e > P-Ca.
3. The phosphorus degradation process in soil is of long duration and its course should be taken into account in any attem pts of balancing of m ineral forms developed in consequence of deposition of this elem ent in soil.
R EFER EN C ES
[1] A d a m u s M., B o r a t y ń s k i K., K o z ł o w s k a H., K u l e s z y ń s k i R. : R esu lts of th e fie ld ex p e r im e n ts carried out in th e sta te a g ricu ltu ra l tech n ica l sch ools w ith h igh n itro g en , p h osp h oru s and p o ta ssiu m rates. P a rt I. F e r tiliz a tio n e ffic ie n c y of cereals. P am . puł. 37, 1969, 1. ; P art II. F e r tiliz a tio n e ffic ie n c y of red clover. P am . puł. 41, 1970.
[2] D e l c h e v a - V a l e v a D., M o s k a l S. : E ffe c t of th e lo n g -te r m fe r tiliz a tio n on th e co n ten t o f d iffe r e n t p h o sp h a tes in soil. R ocz. glebozn. 18, 1968, 2, 523. [3] E b e r t K. , S c h n e i d e r E. : P -B in d u n g sfo r m e n und P -V e r fü g b a r k e it in
sta tisch en N ä h rsto ffm a n g elsv ersu ch . T h y ro w b ei B erlin . A rch. A ck er- u. P fla n zen b u. B od en k u n d e 15, 9, 1972, 719.
[4] K ę s i k K.: F e r tiliz in g v a lu e of ph osp h oru s accu m u la ted in soil in con ceq u en ces of a lo n g -term ap p lica tio n o f th is elem en t. D octor’s th e sis (typescript). [5] M o s k a l S., P e t г о V i с M. : W hat h ap p en s to th e ph osp h oru s from su p er-
p h osp ate in th e so il n ot absorbed by p la n ts as e sta b lish e d on th e b a sis of fie ld ex p e r im e n ts carried on for m an y y ears. R ocz. gleb ozn . A ppend. 14, 1964, 81.
[6] M o s k a l S. : C hanges of phosphorus fertilizers in soil. Pr. nauk. Inst. T ech n o lo g ii N ieorgan , i N a w o zó w m iner., W rocław , 1972, 4, C o n feren ce N o. 1, p. 49.
[7] P o n d e l H. , G a ł c z y ń s k a J. : E ffe c t of th e p h osp h oru s fe r tiliz a tio n le v e l on th e co n ten t of d iffe r e n t phosp h oru rs form s in sol. Rocz. gleb ozn . 28, 1977, 2, 125.
[8] S c h a c h t s c h a b e l P. : U m w and lu ng der D üngerphosphate im B oden und V erfü g b a rk eit d es B od en p h osp h oru s. L and. F orsch. 14, 1960, 35.
[9] S in g M inchas R. : D ie V erfü g b a rk eit der durch la n g jä h r ig e D ü n gu n g im B od en a n g ereic h e rten P h o sp h a te. D isserta tio n , H oh e L an d w . F a k u ltä t zu Bonn, 1971. [10] S z c z u r e k J. : T he e ffe c t of a lo n g -te r m fe r tiliz a tio n on th e c o n ten t of
p h osp h oru s com pounds in soil un d er th e ry e and p otato m on ocu ltu re. R ocz. glebozn. 24, 2, 430.
[1 1 ] S o m m e r G. : D ie D yn am ik der B odenphosphate unter dem E in flu ss von D ü n gu ng und N atzu n g. L an d w . F orsch u n g. 27/1, S. H eft, 1972, 155.
[12] C olecive w o rk : A g ro k h im ich esk ie m eto d y issle d o v a n ia poch v. Izd. N auk. M oscow 1975, 127.
R . k ę S i k . G P i e t r a s ż - R ^ s i k
К KĘSIK, G. PIETRASZ-K ĘSIK
W Y K O R ZY STA N IE M IN ER A LN Y C H FR A K C JI FO SFO R U Z GLE B NAW O ŻO NYCH TYM SK Ł A D N IK IE M
In stytu t U praw y, N a w o żen ia i G leb o zn a w stw a w P u ła w a ch
Z akład D o św ia d cza ln y G rabów
S t r e s z c z e n i e
D o św ia czen ie w a zo n o w e założono na gleb a ch z p ięciu w ie lo le tn ic h d o św iad czeń P olow ych. G leb ę pobrano z o b iek tó w sto so w a n y ch w d o św ia d czen ia ch p olo- w ych: P Q, P j, P2, P4 (Р ^ З б kg P 2Os/h a rocznie).
W d ośw ia d czen iu w a zo n o w y m n ie sto so w a n o n a w o żen ia fo sfo rem , je d y n ie N, К i Mg; u p raw ian o k o lejn o po sob ie trzy roślin y: o w ies, k u k u ry d zę i żyto. P rzed za ło żen iem d o św ia d czen ia i po sp rzęcie każdej ro ślin y oznaczano w g le b ie za w a r tość m in era ln y ch fra k cji fo sfo ru m etodą C hanga i Jack son a.
P ozostałości n a w o zo w e fo sfo ru zo sta ły zid e n ty fik o w a n e g łó w n ie w p ostaci frak cji: fosforu ła tw o ro zp u szczaln ego (ek strak cja 0,5 N N H4C1) i P -A l (ekstrakcja 0,5 N N H4F). F rakcje te w yk a zy w a ły rów n ież najw ięk szą dyn am ik ę w d ośw iad czeniu w a zo n o w y m i sta n o w iły n a jlep sze źródło fosforu dla u p raw ian ych roślin
Dr K a zim ierz K ęsik
I n s ty tu t U praw y, N aw ożenia i G leboznaw stw a P uław y, Osada Pałacowa
