• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Widok Ujarzmić kulturę: literaturoznawczy darwiniści i biologiczne podstawy humanistyki

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Widok Ujarzmić kulturę: literaturoznawczy darwiniści i biologiczne podstawy humanistyki"

Copied!
13
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

%DUWRV]6WRSHO

Ujarzmić kulturę:

literaturoznawczy darwiniści

i biologiczne podstawy humanistyki.

:¿OR]R¿F]QRQDXNRZHMUHÀHNVMLQDGUHODFMąQDWXU\LNXOWXU\VWDQRZLVNRSR ]\W\ZLVW\F]QHMHVW]FDáąSHZQRĞFLąMHGQą]UDG\NDOQLHMV]\FKIRUPQDWXUDOL]PX -DNZLDGRPRGODSR]\W\ZLVWyZMHG\QąU]HWHOQąIRUPąZLHG]\MHVWWDNWyUHM GRVWDUF]DMąQDXNLSU]\URGQLF]HDGRNáDGQLHMQDXNLNWyU\FKWUHĞüRVWDWHF]QLH GDMHVLĊ]UHGXNRZDüGR]ELRUX]GDĔ]]DNUHVX¿]\NL:L]MDKHJHPRQLLWHRULL¿ ]\NDOQ\FK]DZV]HLG]LHZSDU]H]PRFQRNRQIURQWDF\MQąNRQFHSFMąUHODFMLĞZLDWD QDWXU\NWyU\X]QDZDQ\MHVW]DVWDELOQ\SHZQ\LSU]HZLG\ZDOQ\RUD]ĞZLDWD Z\WZRUyZF]áRZLHNDNWyU\FKEDGDQLHLUR]XPLHQLHQLHRG]QDF]DVLĊWHJRURG]DMX SHZQRĞFLą'ODSR]\W\ZLVWyZĞZLDWEDGDF]DNXOWXU\WRRF]\ZLĞFLH]DZV]HĞZLDW SUREOHPDW\F]Q\ĞZLDWZąWSOLZHMQLHXSRU]ąGNRZDQHMLFKDRW\F]QHMZLHG]\NWyUą QDOHĪ\RGSRZLHGQLR]G\VF\SOLQRZDüSRVLáNXMąFVLĊSU]\W\PZ]RUFDPL]QDXN ĞFLVá\FK-HGQDNFRFLHNDZHUR]PDLWHRGPLDQ\P\ĞOLSR]\W\ZLVW\F]QHMQLJG\ QLHZ\SUDFRZDá\MHGQROLWHJRVWDQRZLVNDGRW\F]ąFHJRUR]ZLą]DQLDSUREOHPX ĞZLDWDNXOWXU\,WDNZSLHUZV]HMG]LHZLĊWQDVWRZLHF]QHMIDOLSR]\W\ZL]PX SUyERZDQRMDNURELáWR+LSSRO\WH7DLQHHPSLU\F]QHPHWRG\QDXNSU]\URG QLF]\FKQD]DVDG]LHDQDORJLL]DVWRVRZDüZEDGDQLDFKQDGV]WXNąUHGXNXMąF MHRVWDWHF]QLHGRIRUP\VRFMRORJLLOXEMDNZSUDFDFK)HUGLQDQGD%UXQHWLqUH¶D PHFKDQLF]QLHSU]HQLHĞüWHRULHHZROXFMLJDWXQNyZRUJDQL]PyZĪ\Z\FK]HĞZLDWD ELRORJLLGRĞZLDWDKXPDQLVW\NLL]DVWRVRZDüMHGREDGDĔQDGUR]ZRMHPJDWXQNyZ OLWHUDFNLFK3U]HáRPDQW\SR]\W\ZLVW\F]Q\ZNUyWFHMHGQDNSRJU]HEDáyZGRĞü QDLZQ\SURJUDPEDGDZF]\DGUXJDIDOD¿OR]R¿LSR]\W\ZLVW\F]QHMSRZLą]DQD ].RáHP:LHGHĔVNLPQLHPLDáDMXĪĪDGQHJRSR]\W\ZQHJRSURJUDPXGODKX PDQLVW\NLRJáDV]DMąFMąNUDLQąPHWD¿]\F]QHJRQLHZHU\¿NRZDOQHJREHáNRWX -HGQDNQLHPDOĪHSRVWXODWDFKRGRZHJRSU]HáRPXQRZDIRUPDSR]\W\ZL]PX SRZUyFLáDGRGRPHQ\EDGDĔQDGNXOWXUąSRUD]NROHMQ\SUyEXMąFMąXMDU]PLü SRVLáNXMąFVLĊQRZąRGVáRQąVFMHQW\]PXL¿]\NDOLVW\F]QHJRUHGXNFMRQL]PX W\PUD]HPRMHGQR]QDF]QLHELRORJLF]Q\P]DEDUZLHQLX0RZDWXROLWHUDWXUR ]QDZF]\FKGDUZLQLVWDFKNWyU]\SRVWXOXMąSRZLą]DQLHQDXNKXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK LSU]\URGQLF]\FKSRSU]H]V]HURNLH]DVWRVRZDQLHGRURENXSV\FKRORJLLHZROXF\MQHM ZEDGDQLDFKQDGZ\WZRUDPLOXG]NLHJRXP\VáX :FLąJXNLONXQDVWXODWEDGDF]H]NUĊJXWHJRV]\ENRURVQąFHJRZVLáĊUXFKX RSXEOLNRZDOLNLONDG]LHVLąWWRPyZSUDFSRĞZLĊFRQ\FK]DUyZQRPHWRGRORJLL

(2)

MDNLDQDOL]RPNRQNUHWQ\FKG]LHáOLWHUDFNLFKRUD]GRF]HNDOLVLĊZáDVQ\FKF]DVRSLVP QDXNRZ\FKSXEOLNXMąF\FKZ\áąF]QLHWHNVW\]JRGQH]GDUZLQLVW\F]QąRULHQWDFMą EDGDZF]ą'RUREHNWHQVWDáVLĊQDW\OHSRNDĨQ\ĪHQLHVSRVyERPyZLüJRZUD PDFKWHJRNUyWNLHJRDUW\NXáXW\PEDUG]LHMĪHZMĊ]\NXSROVNLPSRMDZLDMąVLĊMXĪ V]NLFHRPDZLDMąFHQDMZDĪQLHMV]HSXQNW\SURJUDPXGDUZLQLVWyZ1:GDOV]HMF]ĊĞFL WHNVWXFKFLDáE\PVLĊ]DWHPVNXSLüQDMHGQHM]FHQWUDOQ\FKNRQFHSFMLZQRZ\P QHRSR]\W\ZLVW\F]Q\PSDUDG\JPDFLHGDUZLQLVWyZQDWHRULLELRNXOWXU\NWyUD NZHVWLRQXMHDXWRQRPLĊĞZLDWDNXOWXU\DZLĊFLZLHG]\JURPDG]RQHMSU]H]QDXNL KXPDQLVW\F]QHZ]JOĊGHPĞZLDWD]MDZLVNSU]\URGQLF]\FK .RQFHSFMDELRNXOWXU\WMNXOWXU\NWyUHMNV]WDáWLWUHĞüVą]DZV]H]GHWHUPLQR ZDQHELRORJLF]QLHMHVWIXQGDPHQWHPGDUZLQLVW\F]QHMUHZROXFMLZKXPDQLVW\FH NWyUDPDSU]\QLHĞüFDáNRZLWą]PLDQĊSDUDG\JPDWXZOLWHUDWXUR]QDZVWZLHLQDGDü PXXSUDJQLRQ\QDXNRZ\FKDUDNWHU1LHVWHW\MDNE\QLHFRZEUHZVFMHQW\VW\F] Q\PDPELFMRPMHMWZyUFyZQLHGDMHVLĊRQDáDWZRRSLVDüDKLVWRU\F]QLHWMEH] QDZLą]DQLDGRSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVW\F]QHMUHÀHNVMLQDGUHODFMąQDWXU\LNXOWXU\-DN ]DXZDĪD.U]\V]WRI.áRVLĔVNLSROHPLF]Q\WRQÄMHVWQLHRGáąF]Q\PVNáDGQLNLHP ªOLWHUDWXUR]QDZF]HJRGDUZLQL]PX©RGVDPHJRSRF]ąWNX´2'DUZLQLĞFL]DWHP GH¿QLXMąVZRMąUROĊDWDNĪHLUROĊELRORJLLZIXQNFMRQRZDQLXNXOWXU\SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLPZRSR]\FMLGRZL]MLDXWRQRPLLNXOWXU\MDNąSU]\SLVXMąWHRULRPSRVW VWUXNWXUDOQ\P$XWRQRPLDWDPDRSLHUDüVLĊQDSU]HĞZLDGF]HQLXRNXOWXURZ\P LMĊ]\NRZ\PGHWHUPLQL]PLHF]áRZLHND:VZHMQDMZDĪQLHMV]HMSUDF\Evolution

and Literary TheoryF]RáRZDSRVWDüUXFKXGDUZLQLVWyZ-RVHSK&DUUROOSLV]H

*áyZQHGRNWU\Q\SRVWVWUXNWXUDOL]PXWRWHNVWXDOL]PLQLHRNUHĞORQRĞü7HNVWXDOL]P WRNRQFHSFMDZHGáXJNWyUHMMĊ]\NOXENXOWXUDNRQVW\WXXMHOXENRQVWUXXMHĞZLDWZHGáXJ VZ\FKZáDVQ\FKZHZQĊWU]Q\FK]DVDGDQLHRNUHĞORQRĞüJáRVLĪH]QDF]HQLHMHVW]DZV]H ZHZQĊWU]QLHVSU]HF]QH3. $WDNQDZ\PLHQLRQHZ\ĪHMLZV]HONLHSRGREQHXMĊFLDDXWRQRPLLNXOWXU\VWDQR ZLą]DZV]HOZLąF]ĊĞüSUDFGDUZLQLVWyZ-RQDWKDQ*RWWVFKDOO]NROHLQDFRUyZQLHĪ ]ZUyFLáXZDJĊ.U]\V]WRI.áRVLĔVNL4SRVWU]HJDSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVW\F]Q\DXWRQR PL]PĞZLDWDNXOWXU\Z\áąF]QLHZNDWHJRULDFKSURGXNWXSRVWĊSRZ\FKUXFKyZ ODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKNWyUHSUyERZDá\SU]HIRUVRZDüHPDQF\SDF\MQ\SDUDG\JPDW GODKXPDQLVW\NLZP\ĞONWyUHJRQDOHĪDáR]GHQDWXUDOL]RZDüÄSUDZLHZV]\VWNR WRFRX]QDZDQR]DªQDWXUDOQH©±UROHSáFLRZHRULHQWDFMĊVHNVXDOQąLGHRORJLH  .U]\V]WRI.áRVLĔVNL/LWHUDWXUR]QDZF]\GDUZLQL]PÄ7HNVW\'UXJLH´  V±  .áRVLĔVNL/LWHUDWXUR]QDZF]\«V

 -RVHSK&DUUROOEvolution and Literary Theory&ROXPELD8QLYHUVLW\RI0LVVRXUL3UHVV V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(3)

SRVWDZ\LQRUP\´LZ\ND]DüĪHZU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLVąWRÄORNDOQHSU]\JRGQH LFDáNRZLFLHSODVW\F]QHVNXWNLNRQNUHWQ\FKVLáKLVWRU\F]Q\FKLVSRáHF]Q\FK´5. :\PLHQLRQąZ\ĪHMNUyWNąFKDUDNWHU\VW\NĊSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVW\F]QHMNRQFHSFMLNXO WXURZHMDXWRQRPLLDXWRUVWZD&DUUROOD*RWWVFKDOOZ]ERJDFDNROHMQ\PL]DU]XWDPL $NW\ZQH]DDQJDĪRZDQLHQDU]HF]RVLąJQLĊFLDUDG\NDOQ\FKOXESRVWĊSRZ\FKFHOyZ SROLW\F]Q\FKQDXNRZ\PLĞURGNDPL 6NáDQLDQLHVLĊNXWHRULRPUDG\NDOQHJRVRFMRNXOWXURZHJRNRQVWUXNW\ZL]PXLRGU]X FHQLHELRORJLF]Q\FKHVHQFMDOL]PyZ (SLVWHPRORJLDSRGGXĪ\PZSá\ZHPOXEFDáNRZLFLHRSDUWDQDSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVW\F] Q\PDQW\IXQGDFMRQDOL]PLH6. 'ODGDUZLQLVWyZMHVWRF]\ZLVWH]DWHPĪHWHJRURG]DMXMDNVąG]ąSR]DPH U\WRU\F]QLHXPRW\ZRZDQHVWDQRZLVNRPXVLDáRXSDĞü-DNWZLHUG]L*RWWVFKDOO ZREOLF]XU]HNRPRZ\áDQLDMąFHJRVLĊMXĪSRZV]HFKQHJRZĞUyGOLWHUDWXUR]QDZ FyZNRQVHQVXVXGRW\F]ąFHJRZ\F]HUSDQLDVLĊDXWRQRPLVW\F]QHJRSDUDG\JPDWX NRQLHF]QHMHVWJUXQWRZQHSU]HREUDĪHQLHP\ĞOHQLDRNXOWXU]HZĞUyGMHMEDGDF]\7. $VNRUREDGDQLDQDGZ\WZRUDPLNXOWXU\WRZHGáXJGDUZLQLVWyZRVWDWHF]QLH EDGDQLHZ\WZRUyZOXG]NLHJRXP\VáXSHáQHÄ]DáRĪHĔFRGRWHJRF]\PMHVWQD WXUDOXG]NDQDV]\FKPRĪOLZRĞFLRJUDQLF]HĔLRVWDWHF]Q\FKPRW\ZDFML´QDOHĪ\ SRU]XFLüF]\VWRNRQVWUXNW\ZLVW\F]QHXMĊFLHOXG]NLHMQDWXU\MDNLH]GDQLHP *RWWVFKDOODFHFKXMHÄSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVWyZIHPLQLVWNLPDUNVLVWyZSV\FKRDQDOL W\NyZWHRUHW\NyZSRVWNRORQLDOL]PXQRZHJRKLVWRU\]PXTXHHUXLZV]HONLFKLFK OLF]Q\FKNU]\ĪyZHN´9ZP\ĞONWyUHJRMDNSLVDá&DUUROONXOWXUDVNRQVWUXRZDQD MHVWZHGáXJVZ\FKZáDVQ\FKZHZQĊWU]Q\FK]DVDGL]DVWąSLüMHWDNLPNWyUH GRVWDUF]\U]HWHOQ\FKLSHZQ\FKLQIRUPDFMLQDWHPDWWHJRMDNG]LDáDOXG]NLXP\Vá LZUH]XOWDFLHMDNIXQNFMRQXMHFDáDSU]HVWU]HĔNXOWXU\:HGáXJGDUZLQLVWyZWDNLHM ZLHG]\GRVWDUF]DSV\FKRORJLDHZROXF\MQDRSLVXMąFDG]LDáDQLHOXG]NLHJRXP\VáX MDNR]ELRUXPHFKDQL]PyZDGDSWDF\MQ\FKNWyUH]DSHZQLDMąFQDV]\PSU]RGNRP QDMEDUG]LHMRSW\PDOQHGRVWRVRZDQLHVLĊGRZDUXQNyZĞURGRZLVNDXPRĪOLZLá\LP SU]HWUZDQLHRUD]GDOV]HLFKSU]HND]\ZDQLHSRWRPVWZX3V\FKRORJLDHZROXF\MQD SRSU]H]VZRMH]ZLą]NL]QDXNDPLELRORJLF]Q\PLDRVWDWHF]QLHWDNĪH¿]\F]Q\PL E\áDE\ZLĊFURG]DMHPSRPRVWXáąF]ąFHJRĞZLDWQDWXU\LNXOWXU\]DSHZQLDMąF\P  -RQDWKDQ*RWWVFKDOO/LWHUDWXUH6FLHQFHDQGD1HZ+XPDQLWLHV1HZ<RUN3DOJUDYH 0DFPLOODQV7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RWWVFKDOOLiterature…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RWWVFKDOOLiterature…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RWWVFKDOOLiterature…V±7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RWWVFKDOOLiterature…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(4)

FLąJáRĞüZLHG]\7HJRURG]DMXSRPRVWMHVWNRQLHF]Q\ZHGáXJ]ZROHQQLNyZGDU ZLQLVW\F]QHMZHUVMLWHRULLMHGQRĞFLQDXNWMNRQV\OLHQFMLZP\ĞONWyUHMSHZQRĞü ZLHG]\QDXNRZHM]DSHZQLDMHG\QLHMHM]JRGQRĞüUHGXNRZDOQRĞüGRSURVWV]\FK SUDZQDXNHPSLU\F]Q\FK 3R]\W\ZQ\SURJUDPGDUZLQLVW\F]Q\FKEDGDĔQDGNXOWXUąRSLHUDVLĊZHGáXJ &DUUROODQDNLONX]DSRĪ\F]RQ\FK]ELRORJLL]DáRĪHQLDFK6ąWRSRSLHUZV]H FHQWUDOQRĞüUHODFMLSRPLĊG]\RUJDQL]PHPLMHJRĞURGRZLVNLHP UR]XPLDQ\PL ELRORJLF]QLH VWDQRZLąFDSRGVWDZĊZV]HONLHJRRSLVXÄ]DVDGRVRELVWHMSV\FKRORJLL UHODFMLURG]LQQ\FKLVHNVXDOQ\FKRUJDQL]DFMLVSRáHF]QHM]GROQRĞFLSR]QDZF]\FK LMĊ]\NRZHMUHSUH]HQWDFML´103RGUXJLHSU]HNRQDQLHRW\PĪHÄZURG]RQHVWUXNWXU\ SV\FKRORJLF]QH±SR]QDZF]HLQWHOHNWXDOQHLHPRFMRQDOQH±UR]ZLQĊá\VLĊG]LĊNL SURFHVRPDGDSWDF\MQ\PQDWXUDOQHMVHOHNFML´11LUHJXOXMąRQHĪ\FLHSV\FKLF]QH LHPRFMRQDOQHZV]\VWNLFKRUJDQL]PyZĪ\Z\FK FR&DUUROOUyZQLHĪWUDNWXMHMDNR DUJXPHQWSU]HFLZNRU]HNRPHPXUDG\NDOQHPXNRQVWUXNW\ZL]PRZLZVSyáF]HVQHM KXPDQLVW\NL 3RWU]HFLHSU]HĞZLDGF]HQLHRW\PĪHZV]HONLHOXG]NLHG]LDáDQLH MHVWZ\WáXPDF]DOQHZNRQWHNĞFLHVXNFHVXUHSURGXNF\MQHJRWM ZV]\VWNLHZURG]RQHOXG]NLHVWUXNWXU\SV\FKRORJLF]QHZ\HZROXRZDá\ZSUDGDZQ\FK ĞURGRZLVNDFKSRGZSá\ZHPUHJXODF\MQHMPRF\VXNFHVXUHSURGXNF\MQHJRL>@VąRQH ZSHáQLDNW\ZQHZG]LVLHMV]\FKF]DVDFK%\üPRĪHQDMZDĪQLHMV]\PQDVWĊSVWZHPWHM ]DVDG\GODFHOyZEDGDĔOLWHUDFNLFKMHVWIDNWĪH]DJDGQLHQLD]ZLą]DQH]VXNFHVHPUHSUR GXNF\MQ\P>«@VWDQRZLąFHQWUDOQ\HOHPHQWOXG]NLFK]DLQWHUHVRZDĔDZNRQVHNZHQFML WDNĪHLFHQWUDOQ\HOHPHQWG]LHáOLWHUDFNLFK-HVWRQSRGVWDZRZąRUJDQL]XMąFą]DVDGą NWyUąPRĪQDGRVWRVRZDü]PRG\¿NRZDüOXEWáXPLü ZLHONLPNRV]WHP DOHQLHPRĪQD MHMSRSURVWX]LJQRURZDü12. 2VWDWQLP]ELRORJLF]Q\FK¿ODUyZGDUZLQRZVNLHJRSURJUDPXMHVWVWZLHUG]HQLH ĪHÄSU]HGVWDZLHQLHZW\PSU]HGVWDZLHQLHOLWHUDFNLH´MHVWIRUPąªPDSRZDQLD SR]QDZF]HJR©,QQ\PLVáRZ\SU]HGVWDZLHQLHMHVWUR]ZLQLĊFLHPDGDSWDF\MQHM RULHQWDFMLRUJDQL]PXZVZ\PĞURGRZLVNXNWyUDZSLHUZV]HMNROHMQRĞFLMHVW SU]HVWU]HQQDL¿]\F]QD´13&HOHPOLWHUDWXU\MHVW]DWHPSU]HGVWDZLHQLHVXELHNW\Z QHJRGRĞZLDGF]HQLDUHODFML]HĞURGRZLVNLHPWDNDE\RVWDWHF]QLHSRWHQFMDOQLH Z]PRFQLü]GROQRĞFLDGDSWDF\MQH/LWHUDWXUDWDNMDNLLQQHSURGXNW\NXOWXU\ ÄRG]ZLHUFLHGODLRSLVXMHQDMLVWRWQLHMV]HSREXGNLL]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDOXG]LMDNRRU JDQL]PyZĪ\Z\FK´14$WDNLHSRVWDZLHQLHVSUDZ\PDSRUD]NROHMQ\SRVáXĪ\ü  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(5)

MDNREURĔSU]HFLZNRÄSRZV]HFKQHMREHFQLHVNáRQQRĞFLGRX]QDZDQLDZV]HONLFK SREXGHNL]DLQWHUHVRZDĔMDNRVDPR]ZURWQ\FKIXQNFMLMĊ]\NRZ\FKLNXOWXURZ\ FK´15:V]\VWNLHWH]DáRĪHQLDSURZDG]ąEH]SRĞUHGQLRGRX]QDQLDNXOWXU\]DSUR VWHSU]HGáXĪHQLHIXQNFMLELRORJLF]Q\FK-HĞOLOLWHUDWXUD]MHGQHMVWURQ\SRUXV]D WHPDW\NWyUHRVWDWHF]QLHVSURZDG]DMąVLĊGRNZHVWLL]ZLą]DQ\FK]SU]HWUZDQLHP LUHSURGXNFMąD]GUXJLHMVáXĪ\RQDMDNRVZHJRURG]DMXODERUDWRULXPG]LĊNL NWyUHPXOXG]LHUR]ZLMDMąVZHÄZURG]RQHVWUXNWXU\SV\FKRORJLF]QH±SR]QDZF]H LQWHOHNWXDOQHLHPRFMRQDOQH´WDNDE\]ZLĊNV]\üVZyMSRWHQFMDáDGDSWDF\MQ\WRWR VDPRPRĪQDSRZLHG]LHüRFDáHMNXOWXU]H:XMĊFLXGDUZLQLVWyZMHVWRQDSRSURVWX QDU]ĊG]LHPPDNV\PDOL]XMąF\PV]DQVHSU]HWUZDQLDRUJDQL]PX :áDĞFLZLHMXĪQDHWDSLHUR]ZDĪDĔF]\VWRWHRUHW\F]Q\FKPRĪQDE\]DS\WDü F]\&DUUROOet consortesQLHSU]\SLVXMąSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVWRPSRJOąGyZQDLZQ\FK LNDU\NDWXUDOQ\FKUR]SUDZLDMąFVLĊZVZ\FKSROHPLNDFK]HVáRPLDQ\PLNXNáDPL LF]\ZNRQVHNZHQFMLREDSDUDG\JPDW\U]HF]\ZLĞFLHVąQLHNRPSDW\ELOQH-HG QDNSU]HGSUyEąXG]LHOHQLDRGSRZLHG]LQDWHS\WDQLDZDUWRSU]\MU]HüVLĊWHPX MDNRZHĞPLDáHLUDG\NDOQHGDUZLQLVW\F]QHSRVWXODW\VSUDZG]DMąVLĊZSUDNW\FH WMZMDNLVSRVyEUHDOL]XMąVZyMSURJUDPUHGXNFMLEDGDĔQDGNXOWXUąGRZLHG]\ ELRORJLF]QHM=JRGQLH]UHGXNFMRQL]PHPWHRULLNRQV\OLHQFMLEDGDF]OLWHUDWXU\ V]WXNLLLQQ\FKDUWHIDNWyZNXOWXU\PXVLX]JRGQLüJURPDG]RQąSU]H]VLHELH ZLHG]Ċ]LQIRUPDFMDPLGRVWDUF]DQ\PLSU]H]G\VF\SOLQ\X]QDQH]DEDUG]LHM SRGVWDZRZHWMZW\PZ\SDGNXELRORJLĊLSV\FKRORJLĊHZROXF\MQą$SRQLHZDĪ ZODQVRZDQ\PSU]H]GDUZLQLVWyZSV\FKRELRORJLF]Q\PXMĊFLXF]áRZLHNDMHVW ]JUXEV]DMDVQHMDNLHVąRVWDWHF]QHPRW\ZDFMHMHJRG]LDáDQLDMHJRGąĪHQLDLWURVNL EDGDF]NXOWXU\SRZLQLHQSURZDG]LüEDGDQLDWDNDE\XZ]JOĊGQLüLFKFHQWUDOQRĞü LZVND]DüMDNSRV]F]HJyOQHG]LHáDV]WXNLXND]XMąVXELHNW\ZQHLQG\ZLGXDOQH GRĞZLDGF]HQLDZUHODFMDFKRUJDQL]PX]HVZRLPĞURGRZLVNLHP3LRQLHUVNDSUDFD -RQDWKDQD*RWWVFKDOODSRĞZLĊFRQDDQDOL]LHIliadyZ\ND]XMHZLĊFMDNSLV]HVDP DXWRUĪHMHVWWRÄGUDPDWQDJLFKPDáSU\ZDOL]XMąF\FKRVWDWXVVSRáHF]Q\L]DVRE\ PDWHULDOQH´16NWyUHRVWDWHF]QLHPDMąSRVáXĪ\ü]DQDU]ĊG]LDGR]GRE\FLDNRELHW $WZyUF]RĞü-DQH$XVWHQWR]NROHLGRVNRQDá\PDWHULDáGRSURZDG]HQLDEDGDĔ VWDW\VW\F]Q\FKQDGSUHIHUHQFMDPLZGRERU]HSDUWQHUyZ17. 2JáRV]HQLHSURJUDPXEDGDZF]HJRGDUZLQLVWyZQRZ\PSDUDG\JPDWHP GODOLWHUDWXUR]QDZVWZDZ\ZRáDáRIDOĊNU\W\NLZĞURGRZLVNXDNDGHPLFNLP  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  :\ZLDG]-RQDWKDQHP*RWWVFKDOOHP6KDNHVSHDUH0HHWVWKH6HO¿VK*HQHÄ6(('´OXW\ PDU]HFKWWSVHHGPDJD]LQHFRPFRQWHQWDUWLFOHVKDNHVSHDUHBPHHWVBWKHBVHO¿VKBJHQH!  7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  %ULDQ%R\G-DQH0HHW&KDUOHV/LWHUDWXUH(YROXWLRQDQG+XPDQ1DWXUHÄ3KLORVRSK\ DQG/LWHUDWXUH´V±-RVHSK&DUUROO5HDGLQJ+XPDQ1DWXUH/LWHUDU\'DUZLQLVP

(6)

1RUPDQ+ROODQGSRZRáXMąFVLĊQD-HUUHJR)RGRUD]ZUyFLáXZDJĊQDF\UNXODU QRĞüDUJXPHQWXRELRORJLF]Q\FKĨUyGáDFKOXG]NLHMVNáRQQRĞFLGR]DLQWHUHVRZDĔ ¿NF\MQ\PLĞZLDWDPLS\WDMąFSU]HĞPLHZF]RÄVNąGZLHP\]HJHQ\SURJUDPXMą QDVWDNDE\ĞP\LQWHUHVRZDOLVLĊOLWHUDWXUą"3RQLHZDĪZV]\VWNLHNXOWXU\]DZV]HVLĊ QLą]DMPRZDá\$GODF]HJRZV]\VWNLHNXOWXU\]DZV]H]DMPRZDá\VLĊOLWHUDWXUą" %RQDV]HJHQ\SURJUDPXMąQDVWDNDE\ĞP\LQWHUHVRZDOLVLĊOLWHUDWXUą´+ROODQG MHVWUyZQLHEH]OLWRVQ\ZVZHMNU\W\FHNRQFHSFMLOLWHUDWXU\MDNRQDU]ĊG]LDDGDSWD F\MQHJRNWyU\Z]PDFQLDOXG]NLHV]DQVHQDSU]HWUZDQLH3RZąWSLHZDMąFZHZR OXF\MQąZDUWRĞüF]\WDQLDKRUURUX6WHSKHQD.LQJDZNWyU\PÄREUD]\Z\ZRáXMą DWDNLVHUFDXVXZDMąSRFLVNL]QDMGXMąFHVLĊZF]\MHMĞF]DV]FHVSUDZLDMąĪHNWRĞ LQQ\SRSHáQLDVDPREyMVWZR´LWGGRGDMHVDUNDVW\F]QLHĪHZHGáXJGDUZLQLVWyZ ÄWDSRZLHĞüXF]\PQLHRĪ\FLXF]HJRĞFRVSUDZLDĪHPRJĊPLHüZLĊNV]HV]DQVH QDSU]HWUZDQLHLUHSURGXNFMĊOXESR]ZDODPLSU]HWHVWRZDüKLSRWH]\FRGRVWUDWH JLLSU]HWUZDQLDLUHSURGXNFMLĝZLHWQLH1DVWĊSQ\PUD]HPNLHG\]DDWDNXMHPQLH REUD]EĊGĊZLHG]LDáFRURELü´19. ,QQHJRURG]DMXDUJXPHQW\SU]HFLZGDUZLQLVWRPZ\VXZD(XJHQH*RRGKHDUW ]DU]XFDMąFLPÄRUG\QDUQ\UHGXNFMRQL]P´20NWyU\EXU]\Z\MąWNRZRĞüL]áRĪRQRĞü G]LHáV]WXNL´21LÄ]DFKĊFDGRRGQDMG\ZDQLDSRWZLHUG]HĔWHJRFRSV\FKRORJLD HZROXF\MQDRNUHĞODMDNRSUDZG\SV\FKRORJLF]QH]DPLDVWE\FLDRWZDUW\PQDWR FRG]LHáROLWHUDFNLHIDNW\F]QLHURELOXEPyZL´22*RRGKHDUWNZHVWLRQXMHUyZQLHĪ ZDUWRĞüNRQNUHWQ\FKDQDOL]OLWHUDFNLFKDXWRUVWZDGDUZLQLVWyZF\WXMąFIUDJPHQW\ GDUZLQLVW\F]QHJRHVHMXQDWHPDW2WHOODJG]LHLQWHUSUHWDFMD]DFKRZDĔERKDWHUyZ ]DZLHUDIUDJPHQW\WDNLHMDNÄSRGF]DVUXLVDPFHáRVLVąVWDOHDJUHV\ZQHLQLH WROHUXMąREHFQRĞFLU\ZDOLSRGF]DVJG\VDPLFHVąEDUG]LHMáDJRGQHQDZHWZĞUyG PRQRJDPLF]Q\FKSWDNyZĞSLHZDMąF\FKVDPFHUHJXODUQLHSDWUROXMąVZRMHWHU\ WRULDZREDZLHSU]HGLQWUX]DPL´23OXEÄZDUWR]ZUyFLüXZDJĊQDWRĪH2WHOOR MHVW]QDF]QLHVWDUV]\QLĪ'HVGHPRQDFRUyZQLHĪVWDQRZLáDWZRZ\WáXPDF]DOQ\ HZROXF\MQLHVFKHPDWELRORJLF]QHMDV\PHWULLSáFLSRGF]DVJG\NRELHW\SU]HFKRG]ą PHQRSDX]ĊPĊĪF]\ĨQL]DFKRZXMą]GROQRĞüUHSURGXNF\MQąGRSyĨQHJRZLHNX´24. *RRGKHDUWGRĞüLURQLF]QLHLFK\ED]DVDGQLHNRPHQWXMHÄDQLPHQRSDX]D'HVGH

 1RUPDQ+ROODQGLiterature and the Brain*DLQHVYLOOH7KH3V\$UW)RXQGDWLRQV  1RUPDQ+ROODQG+RZWKH/LWHUDU\'DUZLQLVWV*RW,W:URQJÄ3V\FKRORJ\7RGD\´ KWWSZZZSV\FKRORJ\WRGD\FRPEORJLV\RXUEUDLQFXOWXUHKRZWKHOLWHUDU\GDUZLQLVWV JRWLWZURQJ!  7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  (XJHQH*RRGKHDUW'R:H1HHG/LWHUDU\'DUZLQLVP"Ä6W\OH´ QU V 7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V±7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V±7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V±7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(7)

PRQ\DQLGRPQLHPDQDJHULDWU\F]QDSáRGQRĞü2WHOODQLHZ\VWĊSXMąZV]WXFH´25 SRGVXPRZXMąFSURJUDPGDUZLQLVWyZMDNRÄSDURGLHOLWHUDFNLHMLQWHUSUHWDFML´ OXEZUĊF]ÄVWHNEDQDáyZ´26-HGHQ]JáyZQ\FKSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLNRJQLW\ZLVW\F]Q\FK EDGDĔQDGOLWHUDWXUą3DWULFN&ROP+RJDQG\VWDQVXMąFVLĊRGXQLZHUVDOLVW\F] Q\FK]DSĊGyZGDUZLQLVWyZZVND]XMHQDQLHPRĪOLZRĞüSU]HQLHVLHQLDSUREOHPyZ FKRFLDĪE\HVWHW\NLQDJUXQWSV\FKRORJLLHZROXF\MQHM27:NRĔFXMDNZ\MDĞQLü HZROXF\MQLHUHSXWDFMĊMDNąFLHV]\VLĊGDQ\SLVDU]"-DNHZROXF\MQLHZ\WáXPDF]\ü ZDUWRĞFLRZDQLHG]LHáOLWHUDFNLFK]HZ]JOĊGXQDLFKSR]LRPDUW\VW\F]Q\"&]\IDNW ĪHZNU\W\FHOLWHUDFNLHMZ\ĪHMFHQLVLĊ-R\FH¶DQLĪ&RHOKRGDVLĊZ\WáXPDF]\ü HZROXF\MQLH"&]\PRĪQDZRJyOH]DGDZDüZHGáXJGDUZLQLVWyZWDNFHQWUDOQH GODSRMĊFLDOLWHUDWXU\S\WDQLD" &DUUROOEURQLVZRMHJRSURJUDPXVXJHUXMąFĪHGRVáRZQHUR]XPLHQLHOLWHUDWXU\ MDNRQDU]ĊG]LDNWyUHXPRĪOLZLDNRQVWUXRZDQLHNRQNUHWQ\FKSODQyZG]LDáDQLD WDNMDNÄPRGHOLJU\ZV]DFK\´OXEÄNRQNUHWQ\FKSODQyZWDNW\F]Q\FKMDNSUyED XFLHF]NL2G\VHXV]D]JURW\&\NORSD´29 MHVWFDáNRZLFLHEáĊGQH=GDQLHP&DUUROOD OLWHUDWXUDPRGHOXMHOXG]NLH]DFKRZDQLHZSURVWV]\VXEWHOQLHMV]\VSRVyEÄGRVWDU F]DMąFHPRFMRQDOQLHQDV\FRQHREUD]\ĞZLDWDLQDV]HJRPLHMVFDZĞZLHFLHOLWHUD WXUDSRSU]H]Z\REUDĨQLĊUHJXOXMHQDV]HV\VWHP\PRW\ZDF\MQH´30&]\OL]DPLDVW GRVWDUF]DüNRQNUHWQ\FKSRP\VáyZQD]DFKRZDQLHZUHDOQ\PĪ\FLXWZRU]\RQD RJyOQLHMV]ąVWUXNWXUĊÄXF]XüLZDUWRĞFL´31WáRQDNWyU\PUR]JU\ZDVLĊZV]HONLH ORNDOQHNRQNUHWQHSODQRZDQLH3RGVXPRZXMąFWĊP\ĞO&DUUROOSLV]HÄOLWHUDWXUD MHVWMHGQ\P]JáyZQ\FKNXOWXURZ\FKPHGLyZNWyUHNV]WDáWXMąQDV]HXF]XFLD LZDUWRĞFL´32:WDNLPZ\WáXPDF]HQLXWUXGQRMHGQDNGRV]XNDüVLĊ]DSRZLDGDQHJR QRZDWRUVWZDLUHZROXFMLZP\ĞOHQLXRNXOWXU]H-HĞOLZV]\VWNRFRGDUZLQLĞFLPDMą GRSRZLHG]HQLDRUROLOLWHUDWXU\ZĪ\FLXF]áRZLHNDWRRJyOQLNRZHSRZV]HFKQLH ]QDQHIUD]HV\ROLWHUDWXU]HMDNRQRĞQLNXLVWRWQ\FKGODOXG]LZDUWRĞFLWRSR]D DJUHV\ZQąUHWRU\NąLSUyEąRSLVXRJyOQLH]QDQ\FKSRMĊüZWHUPLQRORJLLLQQ\FK G\VF\SOLQQLHV]F]HJyOQLHZ]ERJDFDMąWRFRROLWHUDWXU]HZLDGRPRRGZLHNyZ 7HQSUREOHPSURZDG]LUyZQLHĪGRLQWHUHVXMąFHMSUyE\RGSRZLHG]LFKRFLDĪ QLHZ\UDĪRQHMEH]SRĞUHGQLRQD]DU]XW\NWyUHVIRUPXáRZDá*RRGKHDUWF]\OL NZHVWLĊSV\FKRORJLF]QHJRUHGXNFMRQL]PXLLJQRURZDQLDNZHVWLLHVWHW\F]Q\FK  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V±7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  3DWULFN&ROP+RJDQ)RU(YROXWLRQDU\&ULWLFLVP$JDLQVW*HQHWLF$EVROXWLVPÄ6W\OH´  QU V

 -RVHSK&DUUROORejoinder to the ResponsesÄ6W\OH´ QU V  &DUUROORejoinder…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

 &DUUROORejoinder…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  &DUUROORejoinder…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  &DUUROORejoinder…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(8)

KLVWRU\F]Q\FKF]\LGHRORJLF]Q\FKZLQWHUSUHWDFMLOLWHUDWXU\,QWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQHM SUyE\SRJRG]HQLDSV\FKRORJLF]QHJRUHGXNFMRQL]PX]EDUG]LHMWUDG\F\MQ\PL PHWRGDPLLQWHUSUHWDFMLV]WXNLPRĪQDGRV]XNDüVLĊZSUDFDFK0DWKLDVD&ODVHQD MHGQHJR]SLRQLHUyZGDUZLQLVW\F]QHMDQDOL]\KRUURUX:HVHMXÄ7KH$QDWRP\ RIWKH=RPELH$%LR3V\FKRORJLFDO/RRNDWWKH8QGHDG2WKHU´33&ODVHQVWDUD VLĊQDJUXQFLHELRSV\FKRORJLF]Q\PRGSRZLHG]LHüQDS\WDQLHFRVSUDZLáR ĪHVSRĞUyGQLH]OLF]RQHMLORĞFL¿NF\MQ\FKVWUDV]\GHáWRDNXUDWSRVWDü]RPELH Z]EXG]DZ\MąWNRZąFLHNDZRĞüRGELRUFyZG]LHáOLWHUDWXU\F]\¿OPX:GXĪ\P VNUyFLHZHGáXJ&ODVHQDELRUąFSRGXZDJĊXNV]WDáWRZDQąHZROXF\MQLHVWUXNWXUĊ SR]QDZF]ąF]áRZLHND]RPELHWDNMDNLZLHOHLQQ\FKSRVWDFL]IDQWDVW\NLJUR]\ SRVLDGDSHZQHFHFK\NWyUHEá\VNDZLF]QLHDNW\ZXMąQDWXUDOQHOXG]NLHRGUXFK\ Z]JOĊGHPQSJURĨQ\FKGUDSLHĪQLNyZ:\MąWNRZRĞüSRVWDFL]RPELHSROHJD QDMHGQRF]HVQ\PSREXG]DQLXSV\FKRORJLF]Q\FKPHFKDQL]PyZREURQQ\FKXUX FKDPLDQ\FKQDZLGRNZLHONLFKPLĊVRĪHUQ\FK]ZLHU]ąWRUD]QDWXUDOQHMRVWURĪ QRĞFLZREHFQLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZ]ZLą]DQ\FK]EH]SRĞUHGQLąEOLVNRĞFLąJQLMąF\FK UHV]WHNF]\UR]NáDGDMąF\FKVLĊFLDá2EDELRORJLF]QHĨUyGáDIDVF\QDFMą]RPELH VąEH]SRĞUHGQLR]ZLą]DQH]QLHEH]SLHF]HĔVWZDPLFRG]LHQQHJRĪ\FLDQDV]\FK SU]RGNyZDZVSyáF]HVQHRSRZLHĞFLJUR]\XPLHMĊWQLHZ\NRU]\VWXMąRG]LHG]LF]RQH SRQDV]\FKSU]RGNDFKSV\FKRORJLF]QHPHFKDQL]P\SU]HWUZDQLD7U]HEDMHGQDN SRGNUHĞOLüĪH&ODVHQQLHXZDĪDDE\WHJRURG]DMXDQDOL]D]DP\NDáDWHPDWEDGDĔ NXOWXU\MDNPRĪQDE\VLĊVSRG]LHZDüSR]ZROHQQLNXELRSV\FKRORJLF]QHJRUHGXN FMRQL]PX5HDNFMDF]\WHOQLF]DWRW\ONRMHGHQED]RZ\DVSHNWIXQNFMRQRZDQLDWHM SRVWDFLZNXOWXU]HÄ]RPELHDWDNXMąFLHOHĞQLH]DQXU]DMąFVZH]ĊE\ZHZROXF\MQLH XNV]WDáWRZDQ\FKHOHPHQWDFKOXG]NLHMPDV]\QHULLSR]QDZF]RHPRFMRQDOQHMRUD] LQWHOHNWXDOQLHXFLHOHĞQLDMąFLVWRWQHNXOWXURZHSUREOHP\LREDZ\´34. 3UDFD&ODVHQDGRĞüGREU]HHNVSRQXMH]DUyZQRQDMPRFQLHMV]HMDNLQDMVáDEV]H HOHPHQW\SURJUDPXGDUZLQLVWyZ-HM]DOHWąMHVWQDSHZQRZVND]DQLHLĪSV\FKRORJLD HZROXF\MQDPRĪHIDNW\F]QLHZ]ERJDFLüEDGDQLDOLWHUDWXUR]QDZF]H FRSRGNUHĞOD QDZHWMHGHQ]QDMSRZDĪQLHMV]\FKNU\W\NyZGDUZLQLVWyZ±-RQDWKDQ.UDPQLFN35  ]ZáDV]F]DEDGDQLDGRW\F]ąFHUHFHSFMLF]\WHOQLF]HMF]\SHZQHREV]DU\QDUUDWRORJLL DOHZEUHZLQWHQFMRPGDUZLQLVWyZQLHSRWUD¿RQDXOHSV]\üF]\WHĪ]DVWąSLüĪDGQHM DQDOL]\SUyEXMąFHMZ\MDĞQLüNXOWXURZHHVWHW\F]QHF]\V\PEROLF]QHIXQNFMRQR ZDQLHGDQHJRDUWHIDNWXXPLHMVFDZLDMąFHMJRQDSU]\NáDGZSHZQ\PNRQWHNĞFLH KLVWRU\F]Q\PLVSRáHF]Q\P%LRNXOWXURZDDQDOL]D&ODVHQDMHVWZLVWRFLHW\SRZR SV\FKRORJLF]QDLEUDNMHMRELHFDQ\FKUR]ZDĪDĔGRW\F]ąF\FKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDSR  0DWKLDV&ODVHQ7KH$QDWRP\RIWKH=RPELH$%LR3V\FKRORJLFDO/RRNDWWKH8QGHDG OtherÄ2WKHUQHVV(VVD\VDQG6WXGLHV´    &ODVHQThe Anatomy…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6  -RQDWKDQ.UDPQLFN$JDLQVW/LWHUDU\'DUZLQLVPÄ&ULWLFDO,QTXLU\´V±

(9)

VWDFL]RPELHZNXOWXU]H%\üPRĪHHOHJDQFNRZ\MDĞQLDMHJRVLáĊRGG]LDá\ZDQLD QDRGELRUFĊDOHQDW\PSRSU]HVWDMH7HQEUDNPRĪOLZRĞFLGRNRQDQLDNOXF]RZHJR NURNXQDSU]yGĞZLDGF]\PRLP]GDQLHPR¿DVNXNRQFHSFMLELRNXOWXU\ZP\ĞO NWyUHMMDNVLĊRND]XMHRV\PEROLF]QHMZDUWRĞFLZ\WZRUyZF]áRZLHNDPRĪQD SRZLHG]LHüMHG\QLHĪHIXQNFMRQXMąZSU]HVWU]HQLNXOWXU\GODWHJRĪHSU]HQRV]ą LVWRWQHGODOXG]NLHJRĪ\FLDZDUWRĞFLOXELQIRUPDFMH5DG\NDOQ\GDUZLQLVWDSR ]\W\ZLVWDSRZLHG]LDáE\PRĪHĪHWDNMHVWZLVWRFLHLZW\PPLHMVFXQDOHĪ\XFLąü EDGDQLDNXOWXURZHERGDOHMVąMXĪW\ONRQLHZHU\¿NRZDOQHWZLHUG]HQLDRĞZLHFLH LGHLLV\PEROLDOHWDNDSRVWDZDNU\MHZVRELHIXQGDPHQWDOQąVSU]HF]QRĞü-HĞOL MDNWZLHUG]L-RVHSK&DUUROOÄZLHG]DMHVW]MDZLVNLHPELRORJLF]Q\P´36WRGODF]HJR QLHSU]\MąüSRSURVWXĪHQDXNLKXPDQLVW\F]QH]DMPXMąVLĊEDGDQLHPLRSLV\ZDQLHP LGHLV\PEROLREUD]yZLMĊ]\NDZMDNLPELRORJLF]QLHXNV]WDáWRZDQHRUJDQL]P\ WDNLHMDNOXG]LHXMPXMąSUREOHP\ RUD]GRZROQLHSU]H]VLHELHSRVWU]HJDQHUHODFMH SRPLĊG]\QLPL NWyUHX]QDMą]DLQWHUHVXMąFHOXEZDĪQHGODVZRMHMHJ]\VWHQFML" 'ODF]HJRQLHSU]\MąüĪHSRVWVWUXNWXUDOQDUHÀHNVMDQDGIUDJPHQWDU\]DFMąSRG PLRWXF]\WHĪGHVWDELOL]DFMą]QDF]HQLDMHVWSRSURVWXVSRVREHPRSLVXRZ\FK VXELHNW\ZQLHRGF]XZDQ\FKÄLVWRWQ\FKNXOWXURZRSUREOHPyZLREDZ´MDNLH REHFQLHRGF]XZDMąOXG]LH RUJDQL]P\ELRORJLF]QLHXNRQVW\WXRZDQH ZUHODFML ]HĞZLDWHP ĞURGRZLVNLHP "2ZDVSU]HF]QRĞüXMDZQLDĪHRVWDWHF]QLHELRNXOWXUD WRSRMĊFLHSXVWHER]GH¿QLFMLZV]\VWNRFRIXQNFMRQXMHZNXOWXU]HPXVLDáRE\ PLHüIXQGDPHQWELRORJLF]Q\MDNRĪHZ\UDĪDáRE\]QyZVáRZDPL&ODVHQDÄLVWRWQH NXOWXURZHSUREOHP\LREDZ\´,QQ\PLVáRZ\GDUZLQLVW\F]QDWHRULDNRQV\OLHQFML ]JyU\]DNáDGDáDE\ĪHZV]\VWNRFRLVWQLHMHZNXOWXU]HPD PXVLPLHü RVWDWHF] QLH]ZLą]HN]OXG]NLPSU]HWUZDQLHPLUHSURGXNFMąDUHZROXFMDPHWRGRORJLF]QD ]DNáDGDSRSURVWXNRQLHF]QRĞüZ\UDĪHQLDZV]HONLHMZLHG]\KXPDQLVW\F]QHM ZWHUPLQRORJLLSV\FKRORJLLHZROXF\MQHM$OH]QRZXZUDFDS\WDQLH±F]HJRPR ĪHP\VLĊ]WDNLHMDQDOL]\GRZLHG]LHüSR]DWZLHUG]HQLDPLRJyOQLH]QDQ\PL"7DND LQWHUSUHWDFMDUROLGDUZLQLVWyZ]SHZQRĞFLąE\áDE\SU]H]QLFKQLHGRSU]\MĊFLDER R]QDF]DáDE\ĪHQDWXUDOLVW\F]Q\DWDNQDDXWRQRPLĊNXOWXU\Z\QLND]]DMPRZD QLDVSU]HF]QHJRVWDQRZLVNDZREHFÄZLHG]\MDNR]MDZLVNDELRORJLF]QHJR´7HJR URG]DMXSDUDGRNV\Z\GDMąFHVLĊE\üQDVWĊSVWZHPUDG\NDOQLHQDWXUDOLVW\F]QHJR VWDQRZLVNDWRGRZyGQDWRĪHNRQLHF]QRĞüZ\ERUXSRPLĊG]\QDWXUDOL]PHP GDUZLQLVWyZDZL]MąNXOWXU\MDNRE\WX]XSHáQLHDXWRQRPLF]QHJRLZUH]XOWDFLH SR]EDZLRQHJRRGQLHVLHQLDWRIDáV]\ZDG\FKRWRPLD:\UDĨQLHZLGDüWRZSUDF\ &ODVHQDJG]LHUHODFMDQDWXU\LNXOWXU\Z\VWĊSXMąFHMDNRDQDOL]DELRSV\FKR ORJLF]QDL V]F]ąWNRZDZW\PSU]\SDGNX DQDOL]DNXOWXURZDZ\VWĊSXMąUDF]HM ZQDWXUDOQHMNRQLXQNFMLQLĪZRSR]\FML  &DUUROOEvolution…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(10)

7RLQWHUHVXMąFHVZRMąGURJąĪHGDUZLQLĞFLNWyU]\QDNDĪG\PNURNXSRG NUHĞODMąNRQLHF]QRĞüZSURZDG]HQLDU]HWHOQHM¿OR]R¿LLQDXNLQDZ\G]LDá\KX PDQLVW\NLEDUG]RSRELHĪQLHWUDNWXMąNZHVWLĊUHODFMLQDWXUDNXOWXUDVXJHUXMąF ĪHPDP\GRF]\QLHQLD]ELQDUQ\PZ\ERUHP±DOERFDáDZLHG]DRNXOWXU]H EĊG]LHZSURVW\VSRVyEUHGXNRZDOQDGRQDXNHPSLU\F]Q\FKDOERWZLHUG]HĔ RNXOWXU]HQLHEĊG]LHPRĪQDZĪDGHQVSRVyESRWZLHUG]DüIDOV\¿NRZDüDFDáD MHMSU]HVWU]HĔSR]RVWDQLHELDáąSODPąQDPDSLHQDXNLRNWyUHMQLFVHQVRZQHJR QLHGDVLĊSRZLHG]LHü7\PF]DVHPáDJRGQLHMV]\FKDQW\UHGXNFMRQLVW\F]Q\FK ZHUVML¿]\NDOL]PXLQDWXUDOL]PXQLHEUDNXMHFRZLGDüFKRFLDĪE\SRVWDQLHGHEDW\ QDGSRNUHZQ\PLWHPDWDPL ]ZáDV]F]DG\VNXVMDZRNyáG\OHPDWXSV\FKR¿]\F]QH JR ZHZVSyáF]HVQHM¿OR]R¿LXP\VáXF]\¿OR]R¿LQDXNL:\GDZDüE\VLĊPRJáR ĪHZVSyáF]HVQDDQDOLW\F]QD¿OR]R¿DDQJORDPHU\NDĔVND]XZDJLQDWUDG\F\MQH IDZRU\]RZDQLHQDXNHPSLU\F]Q\FKLĞFLVá\FK]áDWZRĞFLąSRVáXĪ\GDUZLQLVWRP ]DĨUyGáR¿OR]R¿F]QHMDPXQLFMLSU]HFLZNRSRVWVWUXNWXUDOLVW\F]Q\PNXOWXURZ\P DXWRQRPLVWRP'DUZLQLĞFLQLHRGQRV]ąVLĊMHGQDNZFDOHGR¿OR]R¿F]Q\FKGHEDW QDGNZHVWLąSV\FKR¿]\F]QąFRPRĪQDFK\EDRGF]\W\ZDüMDNRFKĊüXNU\FLD ZáDVQ\FKQLHGRFLąJQLĊüQDW\PSROXMDNRĪHWUXGQRE\áRE\ZRZ\FKGHEDWDFK ]QDOHĨüUyZQLHUDG\NDOQ\FK]ZROHQQLNyZPDWHULDOL]PX¿]\NDOL]PXF]\SR ]\W\ZLVW\F]QHJRHPSLU\]PX&KRFLDĪ]GHF\GRZDQDZLĊNV]RĞüDQDOLW\F]Q\FK ¿OR]RIyZWR¿]\NDOLĞFLL]ZROHQQLF\F]\WRUyĪQ\FKRGPLDQGXDOL]PXZáDVQR ĞFLF]\LQQ\FKáDJRGQLHMV]\FKIRUPPRQL]PX PRĪQDZ\PLHQLüWDN]QDQ\FK SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL¿OR]R¿LDQDOLW\F]QHMMDN'RQDOG'DYLGVRQ-HUU\)RGRU%HUWUDQG 5XVVHOO'DYLG&KDOPHUV1RDP&KRPVN\LZLHOXLQQ\FK WRSR]D]ZROHQQLNDPL PDWHULDOL]PXHOLPLQDW\ZQHJR3DXODL3DWULFLL&KXUFKODQGyZQLHVá\FKDüJáRVyZ GRPDJDMąF\FKVLĊSURVWHJRPDWHULDOLVW\F]QHJRUHGXNFMRQL]PXF]\WR]GDU]HĔ PHQWDOQ\FKF]\FDá\FKG\VF\SOLQQDXNRZ\FK:\GDMHVLĊZLĊFĪHUDG\NDOQ\ QDWXUDOL]PLVFMHQW\]PGDUZLQLVWyZWRVWDQRZLVNRPDUJLQDOQHUyZQLHĪZWHM WUDG\FML¿OR]R¿F]QHMNWyUHMEOLĪHMGRQDXNHPSLU\F]Q\FKLĞFLVá\FK :DUWRUyZQLHĪZVSRPQLHüRSUREOHPDFKPHWRGRORJLF]Q\FKVDPHMSV\FKRORJLL HZROXF\MQHM+RJDQ]ZUDFDXZDJĊQDIDNWĪHFKRFLDĪSURFHV\HZROXFMLELRORJLF]QHM VąGRĞüGREU]H]EDGDQHLXGRNXPHQWRZDQHQLHPRĪQDWHJRVDPHJRSRZLHG]LHü RHZROXFMLSV\FKRORJLF]QHMNWyUD]NRQLHF]QRĞFLMHVWPRFQRVSHNXODW\ZQD ZEUHZSU]HĞZLDGF]HQLXZLHOXGDUZLQLVWyZRMHMĞFLĞOHQDXNRZ\PFKDUDNWHU]H  MDNRĪHQLHPDPRĪOLZRĞFLĞOHG]HQLDHZROXFMLFHFKSV\FKLF]Q\FKQDSRGVWDZLH PDWHULDáXHPSLU\F]QHJR&]ĊVWR]DWHPSDGDRQDR¿DUąVDPRSRWZLHUG]DOQRĞFL ZáDVQ\FKKLSRWH]XPDFQLDSRWRF]QHVWHUHRW\S\LQLHXVWU]HJDVLĊSRZDĪQ\FK EáĊGyZEDGDZF]\FK QLHMHGQRNURWQLHSU]HF]ąF\FKZLHG]\]]DNUHVXJHQHW\NL  Z\QLNDMąF\FK]EH]NRQWHNVWRZHJRRSLV\ZDQLD]MDZLVNVSRáHF]QRNXOWXURZ\FK

(11)

MDNE\E\á\RQHQDWXUDOQ\PL]MDZLVNDPLSRGGDMąF\PLVLĊSURVWHMHPSLU\F]QHM DQDOL]LH37. 2VWDWQLąNZHVWLąNWyUąFKFLDáE\PSRUXV]\üMHVWZáDĞQLHSUyEDXPLHMVFRZLH QLDRZHM]DVNDNXMąFHMUDG\NDOQRĞFLWZLHUG]HĔGDUZLQLVWyZNWyUDQLH]DZV]H LG]LHZSDU]H]SUDNW\NąEDGDZF]ąZRGSRZLHGQLPNRQWHNĞFLHKLVWRU\F]Q\P LNXOWXURZ\P'DUZLQLĞFL]MHGQHMVWURQ\NU\W\NXMąZV]HONLHSUyE\P\ĞOHQLD ZNDWHJRULDFKF]\VWRKLVWRU\F]Q\FKRVWHQWDF\MQLHLJQRUXMąSUyEĊXFKZ\FHQLD ]MDZLVNNXOWXURZ\FKMDNRORNDOQ\FKRVDG]RQ\FKZSHZQ\FKVSRáHF]QRNXOWX URZ\FKNRQWHNVWDFKDOHVDPLZNOXF]RZ\FKPRPHQWDFKZ\GDMąVLĊNRU]\VWDü ZáDĞQLH]NU\W\NRZDQHMSU]H]VLHELHPHWRGRORJLL:HZVSRPQLDQ\PQDSR F]ąWNXWHMSUDF\F\WDFLH-RQDWKDQ*RWWVFKDOOQLHNU\W\NXMHSRVWVWUXNWXUDOL]PX MDNRUyZQRU]ĊGQHJRVWDQRZLVNDPDMąFHJRZáDVQHUDFMHNWyU\FKWUHĞüZDUWR UR]ZDĪ\üDOHWUDNWXMHJRMDNSURGXNWSHZQ\FKÄNRQNUHWQ\FKVLáKLVWRU\F]Q\FK LVSRáHF]Q\FK´ZW\PZ\SDGNXWU\ZLDOL]XMąFFDá\SDUDG\JPDWMDNRSURGXNW SROLW\F]QHMLLQWHOHNWXDOQHMDWPRVIHU\ODWV]HĞüG]LHVLąW\FKGRVNRQDOHZSLVXMąFVLĊ ZNU\W\NRZDQ\SU]H]VLHELHSURJUDPVSRáHF]QHJRNRQVWUXNW\ZL]PXLQDLZQHJR UHODW\ZL]PXNXOWXURZHJR:WHMV\WXDFMLP\ĞOĊĪHQLHQDOHĪ\PLHüRSRUyZ SU]HGW\PE\PRĪH]SHZQ\PSU]HNąVHP]DVWRVRZDüVWUDWHJLĊ*RWWVFKDOODWDN E\XPLHMVFRZLüOLWHUDWXUR]QDZF]\GDUZLQL]PZSHZQ\PNRQWHNĞFLHNXOWXURZ\P ]DZLHV]DMąFSU]\W\PMHGQDNZV]HONLHUHGXNF\MQHVąG\UHODW\ZL]XMąFHWHQUXFK GRZ\áąF]QLHSHZQ\FKORNDOQ\FKZDUXQNyZ =ZUyFLáQDWRXZDJĊUyZQLHĪ F\WRZDQ\ZF]HĞQLHM(XJHQH*RRGKHDUWVXJHUXMąFSHZQHWáRNXOWXURZHVWRMąFH ]D]MDZLVNLHPGDUZLQL]PXNLHG\SLV]ąFRMHJR]GDQLHP]E\WXSURV]F]RQHM LKDUPRQLMQHMZL]MLQDWXU\OXG]NLHMMDNąODQVXMąMHJRSU]HGVWDZLFLHOHVWZLHUG]Lá %H]WUXGXPRĪQDZ\PLHQLüZLHOHGRQLRVá\FKG]LHáOLWHUDFNLFKNWyUHPRJá\E\]DEXU]\ü QDV]HUHODFMH]HĞURGRZLVNLHP:MDNLVSRVyEKról Lear3RGUyĪH

GuliweraDOERPrze-miana.DINLPLDá\E\REUD]RZDüDGDSWDF\MQąIXQNFMĊOLWHUDWXU\"/XG]LHNRU]\VWDMąF\ ]Z\JyGPLHV]F]DĔVNLHJRĪ\FLDSRZLQQLXQLNDüF]\WDQLDWDNLFKG]LHáMHĞOLFKFą]PDN V\PDOL]RZDüZáDVQHV]DQVHQDSU]\VWRVRZDQLHVLĊGRĞURGRZLVND1LH]QDMG]LHP\ DQLVáRZDZGREURGXV]Q\PSDUDG\JPDFLHSV\FKRORJLLHZROXF\MQHM&DUUROODQDWHPDW QLKLOLVW\F]Q\FKLOXGREyMF]\FKVNáRQQRĞFLFDá\FKSOHPLRQLQDURGyZ-HJRREUD]QDWXU\ OXG]NLHMXPLHV]F]RQ\MHVWZĞZLHFLHVWDELOQHJRLZ\JRGQHJRĪ\FLDNODV\ĞUHGQLHM. 6ąG]ĊĪHSR]DZVND]DQLHPQDMHJRPRFQRPLHV]F]DĔVNLHWáRPRĪQD]OR NDOL]RZDüGDUZLQL]POLWHUDWXUR]QDZF]\MDNRQLHGDZQH]MDZLVNRNXOWXURZH ZEDUG]LHMSUHF\]\MQ\PNRQWHNĞFLHKLVWRU\F]Q\P7UXGQRERZLHPX]QDü]D]ELHJ  3DWULFN&ROP+RJDQ&RJQLWLYH6FLHQFH/LWHUDWXUHDQGWKH$UWV1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH V±  *RRGKHDUWDo We Need…V7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(12)

RNROLF]QRĞFLĪHG\QDPLF]Q\UR]ZyMEDGDĔGDUZLQLVW\F]Q\FKQDVWąSLáRGNRĔFDODW G]LHZLĊüG]LHVLąW\FKLGąFQLHRPDOĪHZSDU]H]WDNLPLZ\GDU]HQLDPLMDNVá\QQD VSUDZD6RNDODNWyUDZ\ZRáDáDIDOĊNU\W\NLG\VF\SOLQKXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK]HVWURQ\ UHSUH]HQWDQWyZQDXNĞFLVá\FKNZHVWLRQXMąF\FKQDXNRZRĞüEDGDĔQDGNXOWXUą F]\OLWHUDWXUą:ĞUyGZLHOXJáRVyZELRUąF\FKXG]LDáZG\VNXVMLQDGSURZRNDFMą 6RNDODZNRQWHNĞFLHG]LVLHMV]\FKVXNFHVyZGDUZLQL]PXZDUWR]ZUyFLüXZDJĊ QDMDNVLĊRND]DáRSURURF]HVáRZD7KRPDVD1DJHOD]URNXNWyU\FKRü RGQRV]ąFVLĊEDUG]RNU\W\F]QLHGRyZF]HVQHMNRQG\FMLQDXNKXPDQLVW\F]Q\FK SRF]\QLáLQWHUHVXMąFHREVHUZDFMHQDWHPDWLFKPRĪOLZHJRUR]ZRMX 6SHF\¿F]QDHVW\PDMDNąSRVWPRGHUQL]PFLHV]\VLĊZĞURGRZLVNXDNDGHPLFNLPZ\QLND ]IDNWXĪHMHVWRQNROHMQ\PZVHULLXQLZHUVDOQ\FKªGHPDVNXMąF\FK©VWUDWHJLLNWyUHRIHUXMą PHWRGĊNU\W\NRZDQLDLQWHOHNWXDOQ\FKZ\VLáNyZLQQ\FKQLHSU]H]EH]SRĞUHGQLHRGQRV]H QLHVLĊGRQLFKDOHSU]H]GLDJQR]RZDQLHLFK]U]HNRPRZ\ĪV]HJRSXQNWXREVHUZDF\MQHJR LRVNDUĪDQLHLFKRQLHGRVWDWHF]QąVDPRĞZLDGRPRĞü3R]\W\ZL]PORJLF]Q\LPDUNVL]P E\á\XĪ\ZDQHZĞURGRZLVNXDNDGHPLFNLPZWHQZáDĞQLHVSRVyELSRVWPRGHUQLVW\F]Q\ UHODW\ZL]PMHVWWXQDWXUDOQ\PQDVWĊSFą%\üPRĪHZáDĞQLHREVHUZXMHP\MHJRVFK\áHN DOHSRGHMU]HZDPĪHQDRJURPQ\PDPHU\NDĔVNLPU\QNXDNDGHPLFNLPZFLąĪEĊG]LH ]DSRWU]HERZDQLHQDMDNąĞV]\ENą]DPLDQĊ-HĞOLQLHVSRáHF]Q\NRQVWUXNW\ZL]PWRPRĪH FRĞLQQHJR±QDSU]\NáDGGDUZLQLVW\F]QHZ\MDĞQLHQLDSUDNW\F]QLHZV]\VWNLHJR39. 3RSXODUQRĞFLL]DLQWHUHVRZDQLDMDNLPFLHV]ąVLĊGDUZLQLĞFLQLHVSRVyE]DWHP ]UR]XPLHüEH]RGQLHVLHQLDVLĊGRRGSRZLHGQLHJRNRQWHNVWXKLVWRU\F]QHJR6SUDZD 6RNDODNWyUDZRF]DFKZLHOXQDXNRZFyZRĞPLHV]\áDĞURGRZLVNRKXPDQLVW\F]QH ]SHZQRĞFLąGRGDáDVNU]\GHáSU]HFLZQLNRPSRVWVWUXNWXUDOL]PXSRV]XNXMąF\P MDNQDMUDG\NDOQLHMV]HJRRGHMĞFLDRGGRPLQXMąFHJRZyZF]DVSDUDG\JPDWX$OH MDNVLĊRND]XMHWUD¿OLRQLZSURVWZREMĊFLDWHRULLPHWRGRORJLF]QLHPRFQRSUREOH PDW\F]QHMNWyUD]UHV]WąQLHGDMHRELHFDQ\FKSU]H]VLHELHHIHNWyZWMELRORJLF]QLH XPRFRZDQ\FKEDGDĔQDGSURGXNWDPLNXOWXU\=DWHPQDS\WDQLHF]\GDUZLQLVWRP XGDáRVLĊSU]HNRQXMąFRSU]HGVWDZLüQDWXUDOLVW\F]Q\FKDUDNWHUNXOWXU\LPRĪOLZRĞü MHMUHGXNFMLQDOHĪ\FK\EDRGSRZLHG]LHüSU]HF]ąFR.XOWXUDZLĊFZFLąĪMHV]F]H QLHGRF]HNDáDVLĊVZ\FKQDWXUDOLVW\F]Q\FK]GRE\ZFyZFRZLĊFHMMDN]GDMąVLĊ VXJHURZDüNU\W\F]QHJáRV\*RRGKHDUWD1DJHODF]\+ROODQGDWHQPRPHQW PRĪHQLJG\QLHQDVWąSLü

 7KRPDV1DJHOThe Sleep of ReasonÄ7KH1HZ5HSXEOLF´V± KWWSZZZSK\VLFVQ\XHGXVRNDOQDJHOKWPO!  7áXPDF]HQLH±%6

(13)

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

– Ciała Indywidualne środki ochrony ciała powinny być wybrane odpowiednio do wykonywanych czynności oraz związanego z tym ryzyka i powinny być zatwierdzone

w Mediolanie odby∏a si´ konferen- cja poÊwi´cona najnowszym osiàgni´ciom terapii antyan- giogennej, na której poruszane by∏y ró˝ne tematy zwiàza- ne z zagadnieniem

Metody badań mikroskopowych [lb], Podstawy analizy chemicznej [lb], Wykorzystanie chromatografii oraz karpologii w kryminalistyce [lb]. BIOLOGICZNE PODSTAWY KRYMINALISTYKI II°

8.15-9.00 Mykologia Entomologia sądowa [lb] chromatografii oraz.. sądowa [w] 15.VI

Rębacz-Maron Podstawy analizy prof..

Metody badań mikroskopowych [lb], Podstawy analizy chemicznej [lb], Wykorzystanie chromatografii oraz karpologii w kryminalistyce [lb]. BIOLOGICZNE PODSTAWY KRYMINALISTYKI II°

Każda ze stron Porozumienia będzie ponosiła koszty zatrudnienia nauczyciela proporcjonalnie do liczby członków oddziału Związku Nauczycielstwa Polskiego w

planuje się przedstawienie praktycznej wiedzy związanej ze specyfiką eksploatacji złoża LGOM na przykładzie wybranych rejonów kopalni, w ramach: (i) podziemnej wizyty w