Widok O поэтике человеческого общения

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Ha MOH B3rJIH,A, rrraBHaH OTJIHąHTeJibHaH oco6eHHOCTb :noro HCCJie.n;o­ BaTeJIH COCTOHT He B TOM, ąTO OHa BCer.na yMeeT 6e3011m601łHO HaHTH Ha-116orree aKTyaJibHYIO H CJIO)l(HYIO npo6rreMy (XOTH H 3TO KaąecTBO, K co­ )l(aJieHHIO, He OTHOCHTCH K oąeHb pacnpocTpaHeHHbIM), H .na)l(e He B TOM, KaK HMeHHO npOHBJIHeTCH y'łaCTHe B o6cy)l(,neHHH 3TOH npo6rreMhI; - rrraBHOe B TOM, HaCI<OJibKO MaprapMTa HHKorraeBHa onpe.nerrHeT CBOHM yąacTHeM xo.n ,naHHOH ,D:HCKYCCHH, a crre.n;oBaTeJibHO, H pa3BHTHe HayKH B 6mi3KOM (HJIH OT­ ,narreHHOM) 6y,nyI.QeM. MaprapHTa HHKorraeBHa yMeeT yrroBHTb cyTb Bbl­ CKa3hIBaeMOH aBTOpOM 11,neH (ąaCTO rJIH,D:H 3HaąHTeJibHO ,naJibIIIe aBTOpa B HanpaBrreHHH, KOTOpoe, BO3MO)l(HO, TaK H He 6bIJIO 6hI pa3BHTO 6e3 ee yąa­ CTHH); )l(eCTI<O o603HaąaeT YH3BHMbie CTOpOHbl H Te I<paHHOCTH, KOTOpblMH rpeIIIaT ,Aa)l(e oąeHb "KpaCHBbie" KOHQenQHH, ,na)l(e oąeHb TarraHTJIHBbie H, HeCOMHeHHO, ąeCTHbie B CBOHX y6e)l(,D:eHHHX HCCrre.n;oBaTeJIH (HJIH npe,D:BH,AH 3TH KpaHHOCTH, KOTOpbie BO3MO)l(Hbl npH pa3BHTHH ,naHHOro HanpaBJieHHH .n;arrhwe Heo6xo.n;HMbIX npe.n;erroB); yMeeT HaHTH TOąl(H nepeceąeHHH pa3HbIX no,nxo,noB H BbI6paTb Ha116orree B3BeIIIeHH0e H OCHOBaTeJibHOe HX peIIIeHHe.

I1o.n;o6HbIX npo6rreMHbIX ,n11cKycc1111 B pocc1111cK011 11 MHpOBOH rrH­ HrBHCTHKe BTOpOH IlOJIOBHHbl XX BeKa - Haąarra XXI BeKa, IlOBTOpHIO, 6bIJIO ąpe3BbJąai1HO MHOro, oąeHb TpYAHO 6bIJIO 6bI nepeąHCJilłTb Bee - H H He CT­ aBJIIO TaKOii 3a.n;aą11, Ha3OBY JIHIIIb HeKOTOpbie.

3To, HanpHMep, npo6neMa CTHnHCTH'IeCKOH K0HH0TaU.HH H K0HH0TaTHB­ H0f0 :rneMeHTa nnaHa co.n;ep)l(aHHS! S!3blKOBOH e,AHHHU.hl, 6e3 peweHHS! KOTOpOH HeB03MO)l(H0 pa3BHTHe He T 0 nhKO C T H n H CT H K H , HO H nHHrBHCTH'łeCKOH ceMaHTHKH B u.enoM. Cero,AHS! S!Bm!eTCS! Ha116onee o6-LLI.enpH3HaHHbIM onpe.n;eneHHe M.H. Ko)l(HHOH, KOTopaS! paccMaTpHBaeT CTHnHCTH'łeCKYIO KOHHOTaU.HIO KaK "Te ,AOTTOITHHTenhHbie K Bbipa)l(eHHlO npe,AMeTHO-norH'łeCK0f0 11 rpaMMaTH'łeCKoro 3Ha'łeHHH 3KCnpeCCHBHbie HITH cpyHKU.HOHanbHbie CBOHCTBa", KOTOpbie orpaHH'łHBaIOT B03MO)l(HOCTH ynoTpe6neHHS! Sl3b!KOBOH e,AHHHU.bl onpe.n;eneHHbIMH ccpepaMH H ycnOBHSIMH o6LLI.eHHS! (KO)l(HHa 1983: 83).

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cepe,AHHe 90-x fO,AOB B aHTpononorH'łeCKOH nHHrBHCTHKe O,AHOH H3 0CTpO ,AHCKYCCH0HHbIX npo6neM 6bma npo6neMa COOTHOllleHHS! TeopHH pe'łeBblX )l(aHpOB H T e O p H H pe'ł e B bIX aKTOB (caMO 6 a x T H H C K O e "BbI CKa3bIBaHH e " , onpe.n;enSleMoe TpHe,AHHCTBOM "Te M a - CTHnh -KOMn03HlJ.HS!", Hepe,AKO npocTO OTO)l(,AeCTBITSlnOCb C "pe'łeBhIM aKTOM" )].)I(. OcTHHa). M.H. Ko)l(HHa o'łeHh 'łeTKo o6o3Ha'łaeT aKTHBHYIO o6nacTh Ka)l(,AOH Kottu.enu.1111:

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2)

B u.eHTpe BHHMaHH.Sl TeopHH pe'łeBbIX aKTOB - rpaMMaTH Ka .Sl3bIKa H cpopManbHa.Sl norHKa (npe,AnO)KeHHe H BbJCKa3bIBaHHe), TeopHH pe'łeBbIX )l(aHpOB - pe'łeBa.Sl K0MMYHHKaU.H.Sl H cpyHKU.HOHanbHhIH CTHITb; 3)

TPA

no caoei1 cyTH MOHonorn'łHa (nc11xonorn'łHa),

TP)K

.n;11anorn'łHa (COU.HOnOrn'łHa) (KO)l(HHa 1999a; 1999b).

Mb1 ocTaHOBHMC.Sl no.n;po6Hee Ha O.AHOH H3 TaKHX ,AHcKycc11ił, B KOTopoił o6cy)l(,Aanoch C0OTHOUieHHe CTHITeH .Sl3bIKa H CTHneH pe'łH H MeCT0 ".Sl3hJKa xy,AO)KeCTBeHHOH nHTepaTypbI" cpe,AH <l>YHKU.HOHanbHhIX CTHneH. )].aHHa.Sl ,AHCKYCCH.Sl 6bma UIHpOKO npe,ACTaBneHa Ha CTpaHHU.aX nonbCK0ro )l(ypHana

"Stylistyka" B cepe,n;11He 90-x ro.n;oa.

KaK H3BeCTHO, ,AOCTaTO'łHO pacnpocTpaHeHHa.Sl TO'łKa 3peHH.Sl COCTOSlna B TOM, 'łTO .Sl3bIK xy,AO)l(eCTBeHHOH nHTepaTypbl - .SIBneHHe npHHU.HnHanbHO HHOro nop.Sl,AKa, 'łeM Sl3blKOBOH CTHnh. Ha116onee KaTeropH'łHO 3Ta TO'łKa 3peHHSl 6bma ccpopMynHpOBaHa B.)].. JleBHHbIM: ".Sl3bIK COBpeMeHHOH nHTep­ aTypbl npHHU.HnHanbHO pa3HOCTHneH, TO'łHee CKa3aTb, npHHU.HTTHanbHO Hec­ THnb" (1954: 80).

B 3TOH o6naCTH Maprap11rn HttKonaeBHa, no-BH.AHMOMY, o'łeHh xopoUio npe,ACTaBn.SISl MHOrHe 6y.n;yLLI.He npou.ecCbl B3aHMO,AeHCTBH.Sl cpyHKU.HOH­ anhHOH CTHnHCTHKH C u.enh!M p.Sl,AOM K0fHHTHBHbIX H KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIX

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XX

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XXI

BeKa, ttaurna peweHHe, He ocTaBnmol.l.(ee MecTa MH nopo'łHhIX KpaHHOCTeH Tl1na "tteJih3H" 11J111 "tt11'łero, KpOMe", HO ,AaIO�ee lll11pOKHH npocTop ,Ami 6y.A)'I.l.(11X HCCJie,AOBaHHH B 3T0M HanpaBneHHl1: "[ ... ] B0npoc o B03M0)ł(H0CTH npHCB0eHHH H83BaHl1H CTHJlb H3bIKY xy,AO)ł(eCTBeHHOH J111Tepa­ TYPhI B QeJIOM 3aBl1Cl1T OT n0Hl1MaHl1H caMoro TepM11Ha </Jy1-tKl,fU01laJlbHO­ -pe'łe80U cmWlb. B pe3yJibTaTe c no311QHH HaH6onee o6ll.\enpHHHTOro cei1ąac onpe.n;eneHHH cpyHKQHOHaJihHOro CTHJIH KaK oco6ou pe'łeBOH opraHH3aQ1111 H3blKOBbIX cpe,ACTB, 06pa3yeMOH Ha 0CHOBe CO0THeCeHH0CTl1 ee B KOHe'łHOM C'łeTe C cpopMOH 061.l.(eCTBeHHOro C03HaHHH, ,A0JI)l(Hbl 6bJTb BbJ,AeneHbl H3BeCTHhie <pyHKQl10HaJihHble cnrnH: Hay'ł H bIH, xy,AO)l(eCTBeHHbIH, O<pHQHaJibHO-,AenOBOH, ra3eTHO-ny6nHQHCTH'łeCKHH, pa3rOBOpHo-o6HXO,A­ HbIH. TipH 3T0M B CHJIY HenpeMeHHOro HaJIH'łl1H cneQH<pHKH (B noJIHOM CMbICJie 3T0fO CJIOBa) y Ka)ł(,A0ro cpyHKQHOHaJibHOro CTHJIH, Bee Ha3bIBaeMhie o6bI'łHO cneQH<pH'łeCKHe ąepTbl «H3b!Ka xy,AO)ł(eCTBeHHOH JlHTepaTypbl», BKJIIO'łaH 3CTeTH'łeCKYIO cpyHKQHIO, CJiy)KaT KaK pa3 apryMeHT0M B nOJib3Y onpe.n;eneHHH xy,AO)ł(eCTBeHHOH pa3HOBH,AHOCTH pe'łH KaK 0,AHoro 113 <pyHKQHOHaJibHbIX CTHJieH"

(1997: 24).

Tpy,AHO nepeoQeHl1Tb 3Ha'łeHHe ,AaHHOf0 TT 0JIO)l(eHHH ,AJIH JlHHrBl1-CTH'łeCK11X HCCJie,AOBaHHH caMbIX pa3Hb!X CTOpOH H pa3HOBH,AHOCTeH CJIOBeCHoro 3CTeTH'łeCKoro TBOp'łeCTBa, Toro HanpaBneHHH, HaX0,AHU.\erocH Ha nepece'łeHl111 Teop11H xy,AO)ł(eCTBeHHOH pe'łl1, CTHJIHCTHKH l1 TeopHH K0MMYHHKaQHH, K npe,ACTaBneHHIO o K0TOp0M o6pall.\aeTCH BCe 6oJiblllee 'łHCJIO 11ccne,A0BaTeneu H KOTOpoe Mbl MOrJIH 6hI o603Ha'łHTb KaK TT03THKY 'łenoBeąecKoro o6ll.\eHHH.

EcTecTBeHHO, Ha3BaHHe npo6neMbl 3BY'łHT HeCKOJlbKO no,A03p11TeJihH0 MH JlHHrBHCTa - KaK rpaMMaTHKa, TaK H pe'łeBe,Aa. Otto HaB0,AHT Ha MbICJlb O 'łeM-T0 "tteTO'łHOM", BO BCHKOM cnyąae, cy6oeKTHBHOM. Bnpo'łeM, ell.\e He,AaBH0 B no.n;o6HOM noJIO)ł(eHHH 6bma Te0p11H pe'łeBblX )l(aHp0B H H3y'łeH11e pe'łH B QenoM: "513bIKOBe.A ąyBcrnyeT - nHcana B

1983

ro.n;y AHHa Be)ł(-6HQKa - 'łTO noKa OH onHpaeTCH Ha npe,AnO)ł(eHHe - ,Aa)ł(e ecnH OH CM0Tpl1T Ha 3TO npe,AnO)l(eHHe C HOBOH, HerpaMMaTH'łeCKOH TO'łKH 3peHHH - ,AO Tex nop y Hero no.n; H0raMH TBep,AaH TTO'łBa. MHorocpp830BOe BbICKa3bIBaHHe - 3TO, KaK eMy npe,AcTaBnHeTCH, 3bI6KaH nO'łBa, no.n;o6HaH TeopH11 JlHTepaTypbl H .APYrHM no,Ao3pHTenhHhIM o6nacrnM "tte-TO'łHoro" 3HaHHH" (Wierzbicka

1983: 1 26). Co BpeMeH <I>. ,Ae Cocc10pa B JlHHrBHCTHKe B006ll.\e HCCJie,AOBaJICH

"H3b!K B ce6e 11 MH ce6H"' a pe'łb, TO eCTb HCTTOJlb30BaHHe H3bIKa,

aąmI B ąerrOM c•rnTaJIHCb o6beKTOM HecymecTBeHHbIM H HCKJllO'-łaJIHCb H3 paCCMOTpeHHlł JIHHrBHCTHKH. O,11.HaKo H JIHHrBHCTH'-łeCKOe H3yt.JeHHe pe'-IeB­ blX )KaHpOB, H pe'-IH B ąerroM pa3BHBaJIHCb '-1pe3BbI'-laHHO aKTHBHO BO BTOpOH nonoBHHe

XX

BeKa.

IlpHX0,11.HTClł npH3HaTb, '-!TO TeopHlł pet.JeBbIX aKTOB OTHOCHTClł K n03THKe t.JerroBe'-!eCKOf'O o6meHHlł npHMepHO TaK )Ke, KaK onHCaHHe rpaMMaTHKH nHCbMeHHOro lł3bIKa OTHOCHTClł K JIHTepaTypoBe,11.eHHlO.

O,11.HaKO HaCTOlłl.l.(ee H3y'-leHHe no3THKH '-leJIOBet.JeCKOro 06U1eHHlł 6bIJIO 6bI HeB03MO)KHbIM 6e3 cymecTByIOl.l.(HX pa3pa60TOK H pH,11.a npHHQHnHaJibHbIX OTKpblTHH B o6naCTH o6mei1 TeopHH KOMMytt1,n<aą1m, JIHHrBHCTHKH pe'-IH, nparMaTHKH, TeopHH pet.JeBbIX )KaHpOB. K '-IHCJIY oco6eHHO Ba)KHblX <paKTOpOB, H M eIOl.l.( H X n p H H Q H n HaJibHOe 3Ha'-łeHHe ,L(Jl lł n 03THKH '-leJIOBe'-leCKoro o6meHHlł, tteo6XO,l1.HMO OTHeCTH H TO 06U1ee COCTOlłHMe COBpeMeHHOH Hayt.JHOH napa,11.HrMbl B JIHHrBHCTHKe, KOTopoe TTOHHMaIOT KaK ceMaHTH3aQHIO (CM., HanpHMep: ,[\eMblłHKOB

1 994;

PaXHJIHHa

2000).

KaK H3BeCTHO, ceMaHTJ13aQHlł B HCCJie,11.0BaHHH KOMMYHHKal.{HH 03Hat.JaeT IIIHpOKOe H3yt.JeHHe KOMMYHHKaTHBHbIX CMbICJIOB (HMeHHO MHO)KeCTBeHHbie CMbICJibl COCTaBJilłlOT CYTb xy,11.0)KeCTBeHHOro TBOp'-IeCTBa), B TOM '-IHCJie Tex, KOTOpbie B o6meHHH Jll0,11.eH He MoryT 6bITb nepe,11.aHbl cpe,11.cTBaMH lł3bIKa, onHCaHHe H CHCTeMaTH3aQHIO npHeMOB HHTepnpeTaQHH ,l1.11CKypca (Grice

198 1 ;

,[\eMblłHKOB

1 994;

MaKapoB

2003) .

l1cnOJib3YIOTClł co,11.ep)KaTeJibHO OpHeHTHpOBaHHbie M0,11.eJIH KOMMYHHKaQHH, npe)K,11.e Bcero HH<pepeH­ QHOHHalł H HHTepaKQHOHHalł MO}].eJIH.

B CHCTeMHO-CTPYKTypuoi1 ttayt.JHOH napa,11.HrMe B H3bIK03HaHHH .l1.Jllł o6b­ HCHeHHH K0MMYHHKaQHH HCnOJib30Barracb, rrraBHbIM o6pa30M, HHq>Op­ MaąHOHHO-K0,11.0Balł Mo,11.errb (Shannon, Weaver

1949),

Bocxo,11.HmaH K arr­ eKcan,11.pHHCKHM rpaMMaTHKaM, KOHąenąHH lł3bIKa <l>. ,11.e Coccropa H ,11.p. np­ OlłBJieHHlłM "a6cTpaKTHOro o6beKTHBH3Ma" (CM . : BonOillHHOB

1 993) .

Ko,11.oBalł M0,11.eJib npe,11.cTaBJIHJia co6oi1 KH6epHeTH'-leCKYIO TO'-IKY 3peHHlł Ha lł3bIKOBYIO KOMMYHHKaQHIO KaK Ha 0.11.HY JIHIIIb nepe,11.at.Jy HH<popMaQHH no­ cpe,11.CTBOM K0,11.HpOBaHHlł H ,11.eK0,11.Hp0BaHHlł coo6meHHH. ,[\aHHalł M0,11.eJib Hcxo,11.Hrra H3 Toro, '-!TO H "oTnpaBHTerrb", H "norryt.JaTeJib" o6a ocuamettbI JIHHrBHCTH'-leCKHMH K0,11.HpyIOl.l.(HMH ycTpOHCTBaMH H MbICmlTeJibHbIMH np­ oąeccopaMH, xpaHlłl.l.(HMH H nepepa6aTbIBaIOl.l.(HMH HHq>OpMaQHIO. MO)KHO CKa3aTb, '-!TO, corrraCHO ,11.aHHOH M0,11.eJIH, BCH K0MMYHHKaQHlł CB0,11.HTClł K <py­ HKQHOHHpOBaHHIO "lł3bIKa-CHCTeMbl" B COCCIOpOBCKO-pe,11.yKQHOHHCTCKOM nOHHMaHHH.

-O no3muKe 'le110Be'leCK020 o6u,.eHUR

B.B. ,I.IEMEHTbEB

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A.

rap,u;,rnepa,

B.

CKam-1tJK11, 1rnq:iepeHQHOHHy10 Mo.u;enh r.rr. rpawca 11,n;p.

11HTepaKQHOHHa.si Mo,u;enh KOMMyH11KaQ1111 (Schiffrin

1994;

Sperber, Wilson

1 995;

MaKapoB

2003;

Kapac11K

2004)

B KalJeCTBe rnaBHOro np11Hl.{11na Bhl,LI;Bl1raeT B3al1MO,ll;eHCTBMe, noMerneHHOe B COI..{11aJibHO-KYJihTYPHble ycn-0B11.s! KOHKpeTHOH C11Tyal.{l1M. ,[(aHHa.si MO,ll;eJib 11CXO,ll;MT 113 Toro, lJTO KOM­ MYHl1Kal.{11.s! opraHmyeTC.s! COBMeCTHhlMl1 KOOp.[(11H11pOBaHHhIMl1 ycmrn.s!MM o6owx ytJaCTHl1KOB o6rneHl1.s! He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, o KaKl1X KOHKpeTHhIX Bernax OHl1 rOBOp.s!T M B paMKax KaKoro KOHKpeTHoro )Kattpa (rapMOHl1lJHOro 11Jll1 ,[(11CrapMOHl1 lJ HOro) npoTeKaeT 06rnett11e. JJ;eHTpaJibHa.s! pOJih B KOMMYHHKaTl1BHOH c11Tyal.{l1M np,rna,n;Jie)l(HT JIJO,ll;.s!M, a He cpe.[(CTBaM o6rneHM.s!. KOMMYHMKal.{11.s! ocyrnecTBJI.s!eTC.s! He B B11,[(e TpaHCJI.s!l.{1111 11Hq:>op­ Mal.{1111 11JIH MaH11q:>ecTal.{1111 HaMepeHl1.s!, a KaK ,[(eMOHCTpal.{11.s! CMhICJIOB, HeOfol3aTeJibHO npe,[(Ha3HalJeHHhIX ,[(Jl.li pacn03HaBaHl1.s! li HHTepnpeTal.{1111 pel.{11n11eHTOM. J1ro6a.si q:>OpMa noBe,[(eHl1.s! - ,n;eHCTBMe 11 6e3,n;eHCTBl1e, pe'łb M MOJI'laH11e B onpe,[(eJieHHOH c11TyaQMl1 MO)KeT OKa3aThC.s! KOMMYHHKaTl1BHO 3HalJl1MOH. Ilp11 3TOM Heo6X0,[(11Mh!M ycJIOBl1eM KOMMYHl1Kal.{HH SIBmleTCSI aKT11BHOCTb BOCnpMHl1MaIOrnero ",n;pyroro". 11HTepnpeTal.{11.s! CMbICJIOB CTaHOBl1TC.!I B 11HTepaKI..{110HHOH MO,n;en11 Kpl1Tep11eM ycnelllHOCTl1 M npe,[(Ha3HalJeHHeM KOMMYHl1Kal.{11H.

Onpe,[(eJieHHhIH BKJia,n; B Il03TMKY 'łeJIOBelJeCKOro o6rneHl1.!I ,[(OJl)KHa BHeCTl1 TaK)Ke aKTl1BHO pa3B11Ba10rna.sic.11 B nocne,[(Hl1e fO,[(hl Teop11.si H e n p .s! M O H K O M M Y H l1 K a l.{ 11 11 (3TO CO,[(ep)l(aTeJihHO OCJI O )l(HeH Ha.si KOMMYHHKal.{11.s!, B KOTOpOH nOHHMatt11e BhICKa3bIBaHl1.!I BKJIIOlJaeT CMbICJlhl, He co,n;ep)Karn11ec.11 B co6CTBeHHO BhICKa3bIBaHl111, 11 Tpe6yeT ,[(OTTOJIHl1-TeJibHhIX 11HTepnpeTaTl1BHhIX YCHJil1H co CTOpOHhl a,[(pecaTa) (llpflMa.R u HenpJIMa.R K0MMyHUKQL{UJl

2003;

,[(eMeHTbeB

2000).

CyTh HK COCT0l1T B MHTepnpeTaJ..(1111, BhIBe,AeHHH, ",[(OMbICJil1BaH11M", C03,[(aH l1M CMhICJia, Il03TOMY aKTyanhHhIMl1 npo6neMaMH TeOpH11 HenpHMOH KOMMYHl1Kal.{1111 HBJI.s!IOTC.11 3CTeTM'IeCKaH KOMMYHl1Kal.{11.s!, q:>aCI..{11Hal.{11.!I, .!13hIKOBa.si 11rpa, KpeaTl1BHa.si q:>yHKI.1;11.s! .!13h!Ka B QeJIOM. O6a OCHOBHhIX B11,[(a KOMMYHHKal.{Ml1 -np.11MyJO 11 HenpHMYIO - n03BOJIHeT a,[(eKBaTHO 06b.s!CH.s!Th 11HTepaKI..{110HHaH MO,[(eJib KOMMYH l1Kal.{1111, B OTJil1lJHe OT npe,n;rneCTBYIOll{11X MO,[(enew, op11eHTl1pOBaHHhIX rnaBHhIM o6pa30M Ha npHMYIO KOMMYHMKal.{11lO.

B TeopHH KOM M YHHKaQHH aKTHBH3HpOBaJIHCb HCCJieAOBaHHH no cy­ rreCTOJIOrHH, peUiaromHe npo6neMy B03AeHCTBHH Ha yCTaHOBKY JIH'-IHOCTH aAPeCaTa HaHMeHee OC03HaBaeMblMH 3JieMeHTaMH cyrreCTHBHblX TeKCTOB 0}epenaHoBa

1992;

EomaeBa

2003),

npe3eHTaQHOHHOH TeopHH AHCKypca (OJIHHH'ł

2004).

B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH H3y'-leHHe TT03THKH '-leJIOBe'-leCKOro o6meHHH HBJIHeTCH ropa3AO 6onee ecTeCTBeHHblM H JIOrH'-IHbIM (H, AYMaeTCH, CBOeBpeMeHHbIM ) npOAOJI)l(eHHeM Ha3BaHHblX COAep)l(aTeJibHO opHeHTHpOBaHHbIX Hanpa­ BJieHHH JIHHrBHCTHKH, '-leM TT03THKa TTHChMeHHOH XYAO)l(eCTBeHHOH pe'-IH HBJIHeTCH npOAOJI)l(eHHeM TpaAHQHOHHOH JIHHrBHCTHKH.

<l>HJIOJIOrH'-leCKHe HAeH, C03BY'-1Hhle AaHHOH HAee, BblCKa3bIBaJIHCb AOCTaTO'-IHO AaBHO: "Tio3THKa H MeeT CBOHM npeAMeT0M BOBCe He TOJibK0 TaK Ha3bIBaeMoe «n03TH'-leCKOe np0H3BeAeHHe», rAe MOMeHTbl no3THKH B HaUieM CMblCJie npeBanHpyIOT HaA OCTaJibHbl M H , a HMeHHO [ . .. ] TT03TH'-leCKHe MOMeHTbl, K0TOpble MoryT BCTpeTHTbCH He T0JibKO B KHH)l(Ke CTHXOB, a peUIHTeJib HO noBCIOAY, Aa)l(e B caMOH o6hIAeHHOH pe'-IH,· 6YAY '-IH nepeMeUiaHbl c HBJieHHHMH HHoro nopHAKa" (BHHOKYP

1990: 28-29); "B

3JieMeHTapHOH cpopMe BCHKOe yAa'-IHOe Bbipa)l(eHHe, 3anoMHHBUieecH H nOBT0pHe M oe, HBJIHeTCH JIHTepaTypHbIM np0H3BeAeHHe M . TaKOBbl H3pe'-IeHHH, TTOCJIOBHQbl, norOBOpKH H T. n. [ ... ] To eCTb TBepAOH rpaHHQbl M e)l(AY pe'-IblO rrpaKTH'-leCKOH H JIHTepaTypoi-1 HeT" (ToMaUieBCKHH

1 999: 4-5).

51BJieHHe, o KOTOpOM Mbl roBOpHM, He TOJibK0 He MO)l(eT C'-łHTaTbCH HeH3BeCTHblM HJIH H0BblM 06-beKTOM <PHJIOJIOrHH, HO H AOJI)l(HO 6bITb 0THeCeH0 K HaH6onee o6m H M H HaH6onee B a)l(Hbl M CBOH CTB a M '-leJIOBe'-leCKoro H3bIKa. PoMaH 51Ko6coH A0Ka3an, '-ITO n03TH'-leCKaH <PYHKQHH H 3bIKa, B bIAeJIH e M aH '-Iepe3 0THOUieHHe B blCKa3bIBaHHH K c a M O M y BblCKa3bIBaHHIO, npHcyma n1060My BbICKa3bIBaHHIO (KaK H3BeCTH O , 51Ko6coH BbIAeJIHJI Il03TH'-łeCKYIO <PYHKQHIO H3bIKa Ha MaTepHane peKJiaMHblX TeKCTOB): "TI03THKa 3aHHMaeTCH npo6neMaMH pe'-IeBbIX CTpYKTYP T0'-IHO TaK )l(e, KaK HCKYCCTB0BeAeHHe 3aHHMaeTCH CTpYKTypaMH )l(HBOTTHCH. TaK KaK o6mei1 HaYKOH o pe'-leBblX CTpyKTypax HBJIHeTCH JIHHrBHCTHKa, n03THKY M0)l(H0 paccMaTpHBaTb KaK COCTaBHYIO '-łaCTb JIHHrBHCTHKH" (51Ko6coH

1 97 5: 1 94); "[ ... ]

Il03THKa - 3TO JIHHrBHCTH'-leCKOe HCCJieA0BaHHe Il03-TH'łeCKOH <PYHKQHH Bep6aJibHblX coo6meHHH B u;enoM H B '-laCTHOCTH" (51Ko6coH

1987: 8 1 ).

,ll;nH

A.A.

TioTe6HH, KaK H3BeCTHO, CJIOBO IlHCbMeHHOe H CJI0BO ycTH0e 6bIJIH 0AHHaKOBO T B o p '-I e c K H M OCMbICJieHHeM H npeACT­ aBJieHHeM MHpa. Y'-łeHblH rOB0pHn o 6JIH)l(aHUieM 3Ha'-leHHH CJI0Ba (3Ha'-leHHe

O no3muKe 'lenoee'leCKOZO 06u,eH1,1.R B.B. ,ll.EMEHTbEB

CJlOBa "}])Ul acex", 6naro.n:apSI KOTOpOMY Mbl MO)l(eM nOHHMaTb ,n:pyr .n:pyra) H .n:anbHeihneM 3Ha'łeHHH cnoaa ("nH'łHOe 3Ha'łeHHe") (TT0Te6HS1

1 964:

1 46- 1 47).

B. fyM6om,nT roBOpHn o ")l(HBOTBOpHOM JJ:bIXaHHH", a KOTOpOM Sl3bIKOTBOp'łeCKaSI ci,rna Sl3bIKa "H3mmaeTCSI B aKTe npeTBOpeHHSI MHpa B MbICJlb" H KOTopaSI rapMOHH'łeCKH (harmonisch) pacnpOCTPaHSleTCSI no BCeM 'łaCTSIM ccpepbl Sl3bIKa (fyM60nbJJ:T

1984: 70).

B H3BeCTHOH CTaTbe

P.

EapTa HyneeaR cmeneHb nucbMa

( 1 983) TPare,nHH

nHCaTeJlSI onpe,nenSleTCSI orpaHH'łeHHOCTblO cao6o,nbI, npOHCTeKaIOI.l.(eH H3 TPa.n:m.{HOHHOCTH nHCbMa (KaK nHCbMO nOHHMaIOTCSI H )l(aHpOBbie npaBHna, H 06I.l..\aSI xy,n:o)l(eCTBeHHaSI TPaJJ:HQHSI, HeCyl.l.(He OTne'łaTOK 061.1..(eCTBeHHblX ycnoBHOCTeił H oq>HQHanbHOH H,neorrornH). Ka)l(JJ:bIH 6oJibllIOH nHcaTerrb, ecTeCTBeHHO, OTPHQaeT TPaJJ:HQHH, roBOpHT HOBOe H ... HeH36e)KH0 nona.n:aeT BO BJlaCTb TPaJJ:HQHH, KaKOBOH SIBJISleTCSI caMO o6pal.l.(eHHe K "nHCbMy''. TaKoe nHCbMO, KOTOpoe 6bIJIO 6bI cso6o,nHO OT orpaHH'łeHHH (OHO cyl.l.(e­ CTByeT CKopee KaK H,nean, 'łeM BCTPe'łaeTCSI y KaKOrO-HH6y,n:b peaJibHOro nHCaTeJISI), EapT Ha3bIBaeT "HyneBOH CTeneHblO nHCbMa" H C'łHTaeT, 'łTO B 3TOM OTHOWeHHH OHO 6bIJIO 6bI 6JIH)l(e scero . . . K pa3rOBOpHOH pe'łH, KOTOpoił npHCYI.l..\a nonHaSI cao6o,n:a Bbipa)l(eHHSI. ECTeCTBeHHO, MO)l(HO H HY)l(HO cnopHTb c EapTOM OTHOCHTeJibHO "noJIHOH cao6o,nbI" pp OT KaKHX 6bI TO HH 6bIJIO npaBHn, HO caM noHCK CJIOBeCHOro XYJJ:O)l(eCTBeHHOro TBOp'łeCTBa B o6naCTH pp BeCbMa noKa3aTerreH.

,l].yMaeTCSI, CKa3aHHOe COCTaBJISleT BnOJIHe JJ:OCTaTO'łHOe TeopeTH'łeCKOe o6oCHOBaHHe npo6rreMbl a COBpeMeHHOH q>HJlOJIOrHH.

3aTo O'łeHb OCTPO OI.I..\YI.l..\aeTCSI nO'łTH nonHoe OTCYTCTBHe npaKTH'łeCKHX HCCJie,nosaHHH ,naHHOro SIBJleHHSI.

Bnpo'łeM, crre,n:yeT orosopHTbCSI: MHOrHe JIHTepaTypoBe,n'łeCKHe pa­ ccy)l(,neHHSI

M.M.

EaxTHHa cyTb He 'łTO HHoe, KaK paccy)l(,neHHSI o KOMMYHH­ KaQHH nepcoHa)l(eH (HanpHMep, QerraH rnaBaj(uaJ102 y J(ocmoeecKozo B KHHre llpo6neMbl no3muKuj(ocmoeecK020).

XapaKTepHbIH npHMep KOMMeHTapHH EaxTHHa:

11BaH KapaMa30B e1.J..1e Bce1..1eno BeplłT B BlłHOBHOCTb ,ll;MlłTPlłll. Ho B rny6HHe

.n.yurn, no'łTlł e1.J..1e TaHHO OT ce6ll caMoro, Ja.n.aeT ce6e Bonpoc o caoeH

co-6cTBeHHOH BlłHe. BHyrpeHHllll 6opb6a B ero ,n:ywe HOClłT 4pe3Bbl'łaHHO Ha­

np,nKeHHblH xapaKTep. [ ... ] Anewa npllMO roaopHT, 'łTO oH oTBe'łaeT Ha Bonpoc,

KOTOpblH Ja,n:aeT ce6e caM 11BaH BO BHyrpeHHeM Alła.JIOre. 3TOT orpbIBOK llBJllleTCll

Ił TlłilH'łHeHWlłM npHMepoM npOHlłKHOBeHHOro CJlOBa Ił ero xy,n:o)l(eCTBeHHOH

pOJllł B AlłaJlOre. [ ... ] CBOlł co6cTBeHHble TaHHble CJlOBa B 'łY)l(lłX ycTax Bbl3bIBalOT

1 27

B HBaHe OTnop 11 HeHaBl1CTb K Anewe, 11 11MeHHO nOTOMY, '!TO OHl1 JJ,eHCTBl1TenbHO

3a,Llen11 ero 3a )1(11BOe, '!TO :no JJ,eHCTB11TenbHO OTBeT Ha ero Bonpoc. Tenepb )l(e OH

Boo6me He np11H11MaeT 06cy)l(JJ.eH11J1 CBoero BHYTPeHHero JJ,ena 'łY)l(l1Ml1 yCTaM11.

Anewa :no OTill1'łHO 3HaeT, HO OH npeJJ,B11)),11T, '!TO ce6e caMOMY HsaH - "rny6oKall

COBeCTb" - He1136e)l(HO JJ,aCT patto 11n11 TTO3)),HO KaTerop11'łeCKl1H yTBepJJ,11TenbHblH

oTBeT: li y611n . .LJ:a ce6e caMoMy, no 3aMbicny .LJ:oCToeBcKoro, 11 Henb3ll JJ,aTb 11Horo

OTBeTa. l1 BOT TOrJJ,a-TO 11 )),OIl)l(HO np11rOJJ,l1TbCll en o BO An ew 11, 11MeHHO KaK en O BO

JJ.pyroro: "EpaT,- APO)l(allJ.11M ronocoM Ha'łan onl!Tb Anewa,- li cKa3an Te6e :no

noTOMY, '!TO Tb! MOeMy cnoBy noBep11lllb, li 3Hal0 :no. 51 Te6e Ha BCIO )1(113Hb 3TO cn­

OBO cKa3an: He TbI! Cnbillll1lllb, Ha BCIO )1(113Hb. H 3TO Eor nono)l(11n MHe Ha AYllIY

Te6e 3TO CKa3aTb, XOTll 6bl Tb! C cero 'łaca HaBcerJJ,a BO3HeHaB11JJ,en MeHll ... "

(EaxrnH

1 994: 476-477).

EcTeCTBeHHO, 6axTHHCKHM attanH3, KaK TBopąecTBO mo6oro 6onbUIOro MacTepa, Bcer]J.a Bb!XO}J.HT 3a paMKH cy�eCTBYlO�eM Tpa}J.HI..(1111 (B }J.aHHOM cn­ yą8e - 38 p8MKH rpaJJ.HI..(HOHHoro n11TepaTypoBe}J.ąecKoro 8H8TIH38; npHBe­ JJ.eHHbie paccy)K}J.eHHSI e�e TPYJJ.Hee Ha3BaTb "Bnontte nHHrBHCTHąeCKHMH", oco6eHHO C TOąKH 3peHHSI CHCTeMHO-CTPYKTYPHOM TIHHrBHCTHKH). ToąHO T8K )Ke )],ocTOeBCKHM Bb!XO}J.HJI 38 paMKH cy�eCTBYlO�HX )1(8HpOB "nc­ HXOJIOrHąeCKHM po Matt"' "COI..(HanbHbIM poMaH"' "qmnococpcKHM po Matt"' "]J.eTeKTHB" ... B03bMeM Ha ce6SI CMeJIOCTb YTBep)K}J.aTb, ąTo EaxTHH 3a­ HHM8JICSI HMeHHO no3THKOM qenoBeąecKoro o6�eHHSI, p8CCM8TpHBaS1 cn­ O)l(Hble HJJ.eH, Bbipa)l(aeMbie H nepeJJ.aBaeMbie JJ.pyr JJ.pyry nepcotta)KaMH )],o­ CTOeBcKoro B npoQecce Me)KnHąHOCTHOM KOMMYHHKaQHH H no 3aKOHaM ce­ MHOTHKH H Il03THKH Me)KnHąHOCTHOM KOMMYHHK8QHH.

B COBpeMeHHOM TIHHrBHCTHKe o6pa�aeT Ha ce6S1 BHHMaHHe IlHOHepcKOe HccneJJ.oBaHHe

E.IO.

HopMattaJiu112BucmuKa Ka:JK:0020 OHR

(199 1 ),

B KOTopoM o6'heKTOM JIHHrBHCTHąecKoro H3yąeHHSI CT8HOBHTCSI "noBCe}J.HeBH8H no-33HSI". Kotteątto, HenpHTH3aTeJibHbIM "JJ.SIJJ.51 BacSI", O KOTOpOM roBOpHTCSI B KHHre KaK HaH6onee THnHąHOM HOCHTeJie H QeHHTene Sl3bIKa, llBTISleTCSI qa�e Bcero C03,AaTeJieM HTIH noTpe6HTerreM rpacpoMaHCKHX TeKCTOB. Ho }J.eno B 06-�eM npHHQHne opraHH3aQHH peąH, fettHanbHhie XYJJ.O)l(eCTBeHHbie TeKCTbl ttenocpeJJ.CTBeHHOro yCTHOro o6�eHHSI TaKoe )Ke HCKJIIQąHTeJibHOe SIBneHHe, KaK reHH8JibHbie "061,1qHbie" ' TO eCTb IlHCbMeHHbie, XYJJ.O)l(e­ CTBeHHbl e TeKCTbl . Toątto TaK )Ke cy�eCTBYIOT 3noynoTpe6neHH SI , "yMenhQbI " ' H C il O Jib3YlO�He Il 03THKY ąerro Beąe cKoro o6�eH H SI B KOpbICTHblX QeJISIX (cp. nyUIKHHCKoe: He npooaemCR 800XH08eHbe, HO MO:JICHO PYKOnUCb npooamb). 3;::i:ecb MO)KHO BCil OMHHTb MHoroąHcneHHbie

O no3muKe "eJ108e'lecK020 o6uwmm B.B . .l\EMEHTbEB

npaKTH'-łeCKMe nocofoui, KOT0pbie y1-1aT 3<j><j>eKTl1BHOCTl1 "01-1apOB8Hl1lI" co6ece.n.H11Ka ( cp. H83B8Hl151 noco61111: KaK co6J1a31tumb oeBywKy, KaK

ot/apoBamb My:>1et/u1ty,

100

cnoco6o8 no1tpaBumbCR,

100

:>1ee1tcKux xumpocmeu,

1001

cnoco6 6b1mb po.Ma1tmut/1tbIM, My:>1et/U1tb1, KO M1te! (IlpaBUlla yoa'-11tou

OXOmbl), AMypHblU arpepucm:

6

npUMem ll:>/Cet{a).

Ilocne.n.H MM cepbe3H bl M 11CCJie)J.0B8H l1eM B 3TOH o6naCTl1 CTaJia MOHOrpa<j>1,rn

B.B.

X11M11Ka IJ03muKa HU3K020, Wlu llpocmopet/ue KaK KYllbmypHblU rpeHOMeH

(2000),

8BT0p KOTOpOH o6ocHOBbIB8eT BbI6op M8Tep-11ana 3CTeTl1'-leCKoro 11CCJie)J.0B8Hl1lI cne.n.yIOI.J..(11M o6p830M:

"TTo:nH'leCKHe MOMeHTbl 06b1,lleHHOH petJH (,I B oco6eHHOCTH npoCTOpe'lHJl - caMoe ,llOCTynHoe (,I nOTOMY caMoe MaCCOBOe npOllBneHHe CTHXHHHOH HapO,llHOH noJTHKH: cnoBeCHOe caMOBblpall(eHHe He o6peMeHeHO TaKHMH cepbe3Hb1MH COUHaITbHblMH, npaBOBblMH, JCTeTH'leCKHMH, MopanbHblMH H npO'lHMH npaBHnaMH, KaKHMH o6ycnoBneHO «oqmuHanbHOe» TBOp'leCTBO, T. e. q>HKCHpyeMoe B netJaTH, B ay,llHOBH3YaITbHblX cpe,nCTBax H nepCOHHcj>HUHpOBaHHOe aBTOpCTBOM. n pe,nenbHall BOITbHOCTb, paCKOBaHHOCTb (,I aHOHHMHOCTb MaccoBoro CITOBOTBOptJeCTBa, He orpaHH'leHHOro ll(eCTKHMH HOpMaMH, He o6pa6oTaHHOfO ycHITHllMH npoq>eCCHOHanoB xy,noll(eCTBeHHOH petJH, COCTaBITJllOT CBOeo6pa3HhlH q>eHOMeH KYITbTypbl, HJytJeHHe KOToporo nO3BOITJleT He TOITbKO ,nononHHTb eCTeCTBeHHYIO H ll(f,IBYIO KapTHHY <l>YHKUHOHHpOBaHHll pyccKOro Jl3b(Ka, 'lTO HHTepeCHO CaMo no ce6e, HO H ,naeT BO3MO)l(HOCTb nOHJlTb (,I oueHHTb HeKOTOpble HaTypam,Hble npo.11BneHHJl HOCHTenll ll(HBOH petJH - pyccKoro Hapo,na. TTOHJlTHO, 'JTO JTH npOllBITeHHll ,naneKO He Bcer,na 6naro3BY'lHbl, tJaCTO HanonHeHbl rpy6blM IOMOpOM, Hepe,nKO 6paHblO, a HHor,na H UHHH3MOM, T. e. JTO no npeHMyLUeCTBY JKCnpeCCHBHble H HH3KHe e,nHHHUbl. Ho TaKOBa B006LUe cneuHq>HKa M aCCOBOH ropo,ncKOH KYITbTYPbl, KOTopall tJepnaeT CBOe B,llOXHOBeHHe C caMoro «,llHa» Hapo,nHOH ll(J.f3HH" (XHMHK

2000: 3).

O)1.HaKo B KH11re

B.B.

XMMMKa "tteTpa.n.111..lMOHHb1e" n11Hrn11cT111-1ecK11e npo6neMbl - MCCJie)J.0B8Hl1e <j>eHOMeHa 06bI,lJ.eH HOH pe'-111 C Il03111..lMH 3CTeTM'-leCKOH QeHH0CTl1 (np11TOM, '-IT0 o6naCTb pe1-111 orpaHM'-leHa, B C00TBeT­ CTBMH C QeJilIMH HCCJie)J.0B8HHlI, npocTope1-111eM) - pernaIOTClI C '-111CT0 "Tpa)J.Hl..lHOHHbIX" mrnrBHCTH'-leCKl1X Il03111..ll1H - JieKCHK0JI0r111-1eCKHX. B QeHTp BHHM8Hl151 CT8BHTC51 0T)J.eJibH0e CJI0B0, a "no3TH'-leCKl1e" lIBJieHHlI 06bI)J.eHHOH pe'-111 8H8Jll13HpyIOTClI C T0'-IKH 3peHH51 0T)J.eJibHbIX "o6pa3Hb!X" cpe)J.CTB - 3KcnpeCCHBHbie 3811MCTB0B8HHlI M3 np0CTope'-11151 B JII-iTepaTypHyIO pe1-1b, npocTope1-1Hb1e Mern<j>opb1.

Ila HarneMy y6e)l(,lJ.eHHIO, B QeHTpe HCCJie)J.OBaTeJibCK0ro BHHM8HHlI A0JI)l(H0 6hITb He 0T,n:eJibH0e CJI0B0, a MMeHH0 pe'-leBoe TB0p'-leCTB0 B QeJI0M, a 3H8'-IHT, TB0p'l:eCK0e 061.J..(eHHe. KcTaTH, 3CTeTH'-leCKH 3H8'-IHM8lI pe'-lb M0)l(eT 11 B0BCe o6XOAl1TbClI 6e3 "o6pa3Hb!X" cpe,n;cTB lI3bIKa (Hanp11Mep,

nop0)I(-1 29

JJ,aTbC.SI nop.SIJJ,KOM CJIOB 11 JJ.PYrl1Ml1 rpaMMaT!1'łeCKl1Ml1 cpeJJ,CTBaM11), KaK cnpaBeJJ,JIHBO OTMe'-łaJI

P .

.51Ko6coH

( 1 983).

(Cp. nOH.SITHe rpaMMaTHKl1 He.Sl3bIKOBblX KOMMYHHKal.\11H H11KOJiaeBa

1 969).

B

QeJIOM, nOBTOpSieM, 11CCJieJJ,O Bam, e KOMMYHl1KaT11BHbIX acneKTOB XYJJ.O)KeCTBeHHOro TBOp'-łeCTBa noKa ell\e He 0'-łeHb t.JaCT0e .SIBJieH11e. B nocneJJ,Hee BpeMSI, BnpoąeM, 11CCJieJJ,OBaHH.SI TaKoro poJJ,a HeCKOJibKO aKTHBl1-311pOBaJil1Cb (CM ., Hanp11Mep: CeJJ,OB

1 992; TpSITil1l.\bIHa

2000; lllTaiłH 2002;

,[(aHl1JIOBa

2003),

OJJ,HaKo C KOMMYH 11KaTHBHbl X n0311l.\11H 11 3y ąaeTC.SI npeHMyll\eCTBeHHO "TPaJJ.11l.\110HHbIH" MaTepHaJI - nl1CbMeHHble xyJJ,O)l{eCT­ BeHHbie TeKCTbl .

IlpeJJ,MeT 11 cqiepy no3Tl1Kl1 'łeJIOBel.J:eCKOro 0611\eHl1SI TO'łHO TaK )l{e CJIO)l{H0 onpeJJ,emłTb (oco6eHHO JIHHrB11CTY), KaK B QeJI0M XYJJ.O)KeCTBeHH0e CJIOBeCHOe TBOp'łeCTBO: 'TnaBHOe CBOHCTBO XYJJ.O)l(eCTBeHHOH o6pa3HOCTl1 Mbl onpeJJ,eJI.SleM KaK y6eJJ,11TeJibHOCTb HeJJ,0Ka3yeMoro, KaK npeJJ,b.SIBJieH11e 11CTHHbl B ee KOHKpeTHO-'-łYBCTBeHHOH HeonpoBep)!{11MOCTl1" (Ilp030pOB

2002: 78).

OHa CKJiaJJ,bIBaeTC.SI 113 pet.JeBblX np0113BeAeHl1H, B KOTOpblX C0JJ,ep)KaTeJihHa.SI CT0p0Ha OTJil1t.JaeTC.SI CJIO)l{HOH (111111 CBepXCJIO)KH OH) opraHH3aQl1eH, TPe6yeT CJIO)l{HOH 11HTepnpeTal.\1111, rAe BbIB0AHMbie CMblCJibl He CB0JJ,SITC.SI K JieKCl1'-łeCKHM 11 rp aMM aT11t.JeCKl1M 3Ha'-łeHl151M 513blK0BblX eJJ,11Hl1l.\, 113 K0T0pblX COCTOl1T BblCKa3bIBaHHe, HaK0Hel.\, 0Hl1 He noJJ.JJ,aIOTC.SI TIOJIHOMY 11C'łl1CJieHH10 11 o6bI'-łHO "ycKOJib3aIOT" np11 Cl1CTeMH0-CTPYKTyp­ H0M JIHHrBl1CTH'-łeCKOM aHaJI113e.

Ka)l{JJ,blH t.JeJI0BeK HMeeT 3CTeT11t.JeCKl1e TIOTpe6HOCTl1. Ec1111 0TBJie'-1:bC.SI OT B o n p o c a 06 y p o B H e n p 11 T.S13 a H H H K 0 HKpeTHoro " n 0Tpe611 T e11.S1 " , onpeJJ,eJI.SleM0M H ypoBHeM o6pa30BaHl151 (He TOJibKO 3CTeTl1'łeCKOro ), H HeKHM BpO)l{JJ,eHHblM CTHJieM, "ąyTbeM " , cnoco6HOCTblO BOCTipHHl1MaTb _ 3CTeni:ąecKoe coJJ,ep)l{aHHe. KaK 113 B eCTH 0 , npo6neMa onpeJJ,ene HH51 3CTeTH'-łeCKOro BKyca, KaK 11 MY3bIKaJibH0ro cnyxa, KaK 11 '-łYBCTBa IOMopa, 0CTaeTCSI ttepa3perueHHOH, H B03M0)!{Hble perueHHSI B 3T0H 0611acT11 BCerJJ,a He '-łTO HHOe, KaK "y6eJJ,HTeJihHOCTb He)l.OKa3yeMoro". AqiopH3M "o BKycax He cnopSIT" OTPa)l{aeT CKOpee 6ecnepcneKTl1BHOCTb TIOTibITOK npHHTH K 0611\eM y

JJ,JI SI Bcex (.a.a)!{e JJ,JISI 6oJiblllHHCTBa) pellleHHIO.

B

TO )Ke BpeMSI, TI0)l{aJiyił , Hl1 o.a.Ha cqiepa CJI0BeCH0CTl1 He Bbl3hIBaJia TaKoro OCTPOrO HHTepeca , TaKoro )KeJiaHH51 "Bbl51CHHTb Bee H cpa3y" - H TaKoro K0JIH'-ł eCTB a n p eJJ,JIO)l{eH H H , n p SI M blX B 0 Tip0C0B H n p o c b 6 , aJJ,pecoBaHHblX KaK TeopeT11KaM, TaK H "npaKTl1KaM-TBOpl.\aM" - H, KCTaTH, ąacTO He MeHee npSIMblX 0TBeT0B 11 pa3b.SICHeHHH, npeJJ,JiaraeMbIX caMHMH

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B 1930

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.51

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.51

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K TTOJTHKe qeJIOBe'łeCKoro o6ll.{eHHSI HMeeT npSIMOe OTHOllleHHe Sl3bIKOBaSI

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xapaKTep IOMOpa B noBce.n,HeBHOM 06ll.{eHHH BCe 'łall.{e SIBJISleTCSI OCHOBOH

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200 l : 80).

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(2002).

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B <pHJlbMe M. Xy1..111eBa 3acma6a H11bu'ła repoi-ł npoc11T coBeTa y cBoero norn6wero Ha BOHHe OTQa 11 He nonyt1aeT ero. 061.1.\eHHe npoTeKaeT B paMKax WHpOKO pacnpoCTpaHeHHOro B pyccKOH peąeBOH KYITbType )KaHpa pa3rOBOpa no .11.ywaM: pa3rOBOp npe.11.enbHO HCKpeHHHH, O caMOM rnaBHOM, eCTb 3Ha'łHTenbHblH JneMeHT HC0OBe.11.H.

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135

BCKope ITbepy yJI.aeTCSł 3811HTepecoBaTb ero; pa3ropaeTcS1 cnop, 11 AHJI.peii npeBpa�aeTcSł B 6necrn�ero opaTopa. Ero 6e3yxop113HeHHbie apryMeHTbI nonH0CTbIO o6e3opy)Kl1B8lOT I1bepa, 1.Jbl1 c611B'UIBbie peą11 K8)KYTCSI C0Bep­ rneHH0 6ecnoMO�HbIMl1 np0Tl1B TaKoro opaTopcKoro M8CTepcTB8. Ho B 3T0M-T0 11 C0CT0l1T Bonwe6CTBO no3Tl1Kl1 ąenoBe'!eCKoro 06�eH11S1: 11MeHH0 K0CH0Sł3bl'!Hbie peąH ITbepa TaK 38)1.eJIH AHJI.peSł 38 )1(11B0e, '!TO 3aCT8BHnH BTT0CJie)I.CTBHl1 TT0JIH0CTblO nepeCM0TpeTb BCłO CB0lO )Kl13Hb . DOJIKOHCKHH, a He ITbep MeHSłeTCSł nocne 3T0ro pa3roBopa. ITbep BbIX0)I.HT no6e)I.HTeneM.

B CBSl3H C nocTaHOBKOH npo6rreMbl n03THKH ąenoBeąecKoro o6�eHHSł, ecTeCTBeHH0, B03HHKaeT 0'!eHb MH0ro Bonp0C0B. PacCMOTPHM )I.Ba, K0T0pble Ka)KyTCSł HaM HaH6orree cepbe3HbIMH.

Bo-nepBbIX, C0MHHTenhHa npaB0MepH0CTb caMOH nocTaH0BKH B0npoca o XYJI.0)KeCTBeHH0M CJI0BeCH0M TB0pąeCTBe 6e3 a6COJIIOTHO npOJI.YM8HHOH "roBOpSł�eii" qiopMbl. Be)I.b B ecTeCTBeHHOH pa3roBOpHOH peąH B006�e BPSIJI. JIH M0)KH0 roB0pHTb Bcepbe3 06 onpe)I.eJieHHOH qiopMe: 0Ha BCer)I.a B TOH HJIH HHOH CTeneHH cnoHT8HHa, Henocpe)I.CTBeHHa, nonHa OWH60K, or0B0p0K, nepe6HBOB; HaK0HeQ, np0CT0 Henpe)I.CKa3yeMa H3-3a HanH'!HSł pearwpy10�ero H B KoHe'!H0M cąeTe HenpeJI.CKa3yeMoro co6eceJI.HHKa.

B o - B T O p bIX, C O M HHTenbHa n o c T a H 0 B K a B 0 n p o ca O TT 0 3 T H K e "ecTecrneHHOro", Heo6pa6oTaHHoro peąeBoro MaTep11ana. OąeBHJI.HO, ąTo Bee 3TH BbICKa3bIBaHHSł (B3SłTbie HaMH H3 nHTepaTypbl H KHHO) o6peTalOT CB0e no3TH'!eCK0e 3Ha'!eHHe T0nbK0 T0r)I.a, K0r)I.a CTaH0B SITCSł ąaCT bIO XYJI.0)KeCTBeHH0ro np0H3Be)I.eHHSł, TO eCTb nocne aBT0pCKOH o6pa60TKH, TO eCTb ... co6cTBeHHO TBopąecTBa. KaK 6y)I.TO 6bI c TaKHM )Ke ycnexoM M0)KH0 6bIJIO 6bI r0B0pHTb o n03THKe neca HnH 3aKaTa )I.O mo6pa)KeHHSł HX XYJI.0)KHHKOM Ha noJI0THe.

,[J.eHCTBHTenbHO, B XYJI.0)KeCTBeHHblX np0H3Be)I.eHHSIX M0)l(H0 r0B0pHTb T0JibK0 O n03THKe Qerroro TeKCTa, ąaCTbIO K0T0poro SłBnSIIOTCSł penJIHKH nepcotta)KeH - a TaKHX )Ke no c11ne, xpacoTe, y6eJI.HTenbHOCTH npHMepoB H3 )KHBOH YCTHOH peąH HaM 3anHCaTb He yJI.aJI0Cb (H e)I.Ba JIH yJI.aCTCSł). ,U:erro B TOM, '!TO TaKHe CHnbHble CHTyaQHH - BCe-TaKH 6onblll8Sł pe)I.K0CTb. Ho CHTyaQHH, nO)I.06Hbie HM, eCTb B naMSITH y Ka)K)I.0ro ąerroBeKa. Xy)I.O)KHHK )Ke BCn0MHHJI, BbI)I.eJIHJI, H306pa3HJI HX, nocpe)I.CTB0M npHeM0B THnH3aQHH H CTHJIH3aQHH pacKpbIJI B HHX rnaBH0e.

KpoMe Toro, ąenoBeąecxaSł peąb B xaąecrne o6'beKTa XYJI.0)KeCTBeHHoro OT06pa)KeHHSł BCe-TaKH He TO )l(e caMoe, '!TO 6epe30BaSł po�a.

o

no3mUKe '-leJI0Be'-leCK020 06UłeHUR

B.B. ).IEMEHTbEB

B

3 T O M O T H O W e H J Hf rnaBHOe OTllH'I H e npeKpacHoro, H O "Heo6pa6oTaHHOro" pa3rOBOpHoro ,AHanora OT pOll.{H H T. ,A. COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO 3TO TBOpeHHe ąenoBeąecKoro pa3yMa, 'laCTh Hamero o6ll.{eHHSI H 'ITO OHO HMeeT cnoBeCHYIO np11poey, KaK mo6oe cnoBeCHOe TBOp'leCTBO.

Ilp 11HQHn11anhHhIM .n;nS1 Hac S1BnS1eTCS1 nono)l{eHHe

M.M.

BaxTHHa, KOTOpbIH paccMaTpHBan OTHOWeHHSI Me)l{_n;y pennHKaMH ecTeCTBeHHOro Henocpe,n:cTBeHHoro ,n:1--rnnora 11 penn11KaM11 nepcoHa)l{eH xy.n;o)l{eCTBeHHhIX npOH3Be,AeHHH KaK nepBH'IHbie H BTOpH'IHbie peąeBbJe )l{aHpbl (BaxTHH

1996:

161-162).

BTOpH'IHbJe )l{aHphI, TaKHe KaK poMaH 11 .n:pyrne xy.n;o)l{eCTBeHHhie npOH3Be,AeHHSI' ecTeCTBeHHO, nepepa6aTbJBaIOT penmłKH ecTeCTBeHHOro ,AHanora, coo6ll.{aIOT HM MHOrHe HOBbie H3MepeHHSI H CMhJCllhl H B KOHe'IHOM C'leTe npe.n;nonaraIOT COBepmeHHO HHOe CMh!CllOBOe npoąTeHHe. O.n;HaKO ecnH BTOpI-1'-!Hhle 3CTeTH'leCKHe peąeBhie )l{aHpbl S!BllSIIOTCSI 061,eKTOM 3CTeTH'leCKOH OQeHKH, 3TO a6comoTHO He 03Ha'laeT, 'ITO TaKOBhJMH He MoryT Bh!CTynaTh nepBH'IHbie )l{aHphl, HMeIOll.{He c HHMH o6ll.{yIO cnoBeCHYIO npHpo,n:y! O6ll.{ero 3,n:ech B006ll.{e ropa3.n;o 6onhme, ąeM OTITH'IHH. He cnyąaHHO, HanpHMep, IO.B. IIJ:ypHHa paccMaTpHBaeT ut.ymKy, 6hITYIOll.{YIO B pa3rOBOpHOM 06ll.{eHHH, H KHH)l{HbJe 6yplleCKY H Bellepu3M KaK nepBH'IHhIH H BTOpH'IHbie peąeBbJe )l{aHphl (W:ypHHa

1997).

3cTernąecKaSI 3Ha'IHMOCTh nepBOH (KOMH'leCKHH 3q>q>eKT) He no,Ane)l{HT COMHeHHIO.

,[{Ba npo6neMHh!X BOnpoca, paccMOTpeHHhIX BhIWe, HMeIOT npHH­ QHnHanhHO pa3HYIO np11po,n:y:

( 1 )

MO)l{eT llH cnoBeCHOe 3CTeTH'leCKOe TBOp'leCTBO 6hITh .n;11anor11ąecKHM?

(2)

MO)l{eT nH cnoBeCHOe 3CTeTH'leCKOe TBOp'leCTBO 6hITh TaKHM BHemHe "npHMHTHBHhIM"' KaK MHOrHe o6pa3QhI, no,n:o6Hhie pyccKOMY pa3rOBOpy no .n;ymaM H .n;pyrHM )l{aHpaM 6bITHHHOro AHCKypca?

,[{yMaeTCSI, rnaBHOe MSI HaC - nonO)l{HTellbHhIH OTBeT Ha Bonpoc

(1):

OTBeTHB Ha Hero, Mhl .n;enaeM npaBOMepHblM BCe Hame Hccne.n;oBaHHe.

Co6CTBeHHO, 3TOT BOnpoc CTaBHnH 3a,n:onro .AO Hac - H 3a.n;onro ,AO Hac OH 6hr n nonO)l{HTenhHO pemeH -

A.A.

IloTe6HeH,

M.M.

BaxTHHhI M ,

P.

}lKo6coHoM.

CnoBeCHOe 3CTeTH'leCKOe TBOp'leCTBO MO)l{eT 6hITh ,n:11anor11ąecKHM :

AHanorH'leCKOe TBOp'leCTBO, TBOp'leCTBO xopa eCTh KOHQepTHOCTh.

B

cooTBeTCTBHH c 11,n:eS1MH

M.M.

EaxTHHa, ,n:11anor11ąHoCTh Bcer,n:a npe,n:no­ naraeT CO-TBopąeCTBO, a 3Ha'IHT, TaK CKa3aTh, Y.ABOeHHe TBOp'leCTBa. XOTSI 3llrMeHT KaTapCHCa "nporpaMMHpyeTCSI" aBTOpOM npOH3Be,AeHHSI, HCTHHHOe cnoBeCHOe TBOp'leCTBO He cyll.{eCTByeT OT.n;enhHO OT MOMeHTa CBOero

npo•łTeHIHI, HHTepnpeTal..{HH. B KOHe'łHOM C'łeTe xy,UO)KeCTBeHHbie CMbICJlbl, KaK mo6b1e MHOrOMepHbie K0MMYHHKaTHBHbie CMblCJlbl, onpe.n.emUOTCSI norry'łaTeJie M TeKCTa (cp. Il OJIO)KeHl-r n HHTepaKl..{HOHHOH MO,UeJIH K O M MYHHKa l..{IHI ) , a C H Jia B n e 'ł a T Jl eHH SI 3aB H CHT OT ero Jl H 'łHbIX oco6eHHOCTeH: o6pa30BaHHSI, BKyca, Ha•mTaHHOCTH, yMemrn 6bITb rpaMOT­ HbIM H KYJibTYPHhlM 'łHTaTerreM/crrywaTeJieM . . . HO Mbl BH0Bb BCTynaeM B o6naCTb JlHTepaTypoBe,UeHHSI. KcTaTH, IlHCb MeHH0e CJlOBeCHOe 3CTeTH'łeCKOe TBOp'łeCTBO TO)Ke He BCer.n.a on11paeTCSI Ha OKOH'łaTeJibHYIO, 3aCTbIBWYIO <pOpMy. lfaBeCTHbl MHOrHe cny'łaH, Kor.n.a aBTOp nepe,ueJlbIBaJI CBOe npOH3Be,UeHHe C y'łeTOM MHeHHSI 'łHTaTeneił, KpHTHKH, HOBOH HHq>OpMal..{HH HJIH B CHJIY co6cTBeHHOro H3MeHHBWeroCSI MHpOB033peHHSI. Cp.:

Atttta Att,npeeatta [ ... ) npo,nHKTOBaJia MHe MeJIKHe nonpaBKH K CTHXOTBOpeHHIO "He 6y,ueM

nHTb H3 O,UHOro CTaKatta".

- M1-1xa1m JleoHH.U.OBl1'-ł 061-1.u.encll, YBH)].aB, '-łTO li nepeMeH1ma, c.u.enana He TaK, KaK 6b1Jl0 B MOJ1O)].OCTH. l1 BOT, BOCCTaHaBJlHBaIO no-CTapoMy ,- 06bllCHlma O Ha. "KaK? 3Ha'-łHT, 3TO eMy!" - no.u.yMana li, HO He npOH3Hecna. (Jl. lJyKOBCKall, 3anucKu

06

A1me AxMamo6ol'i)

y

MHOrHX "npeKpacHaSI pe'łb" acC0l..{HHpyeTCSI npe)K.n.e Bcero C HeKHMH 6rreCTSIU\HMH CJIOBeCaMM, npMXOTJ IHBbIMH Il0BOpOTaMH OCTPOYMHoro yMa. BcnoMHHM 6rr11cTaTerrhHb1e napa,uoKChI nop.n.a reHpH YoTToHa m "IlopTPe­ Ta ,ll;opHatta rpeSI" OcKapa YaHrrh,ua H no.n.o6HhIX eMy .n.ett.n.H, l..{HHHKOB, OCTPOCJIOBOB:

Being natura! is simply a pose, and the most irritating pose I know;

I like persons better than principles, and I like persons with no principles better than any­

thing else in the world.

11:HTepeCHO, 'łTO rrop.n. reHpH caM no.n.Me'łaeT ny oco6eHHOCTb CBOMX BbICKa3bIBaHHH: B HHX "'łHCTOe HCKYCCTBO", TO eCTb H30I.QpeHHaSI cpopMa pe'łH, He BCTynaeT BO B3aHMO,UeHCTBHe C TaKHMH <paKTOpaMH, KaK IlCH­

XH'łeCKHe COCTOSIHHe JIH'łHOCTH:

The value of an idea has nothing whatsoever to do with the sincerity of the man who expresses it.

lndeed, the probabilities are that the more insincere the man is, the more purely intellectual will the

idea be, as in that case it will not be coloured by either his wants, his desires, or his prejudices.

O no3muKe 'łenoee1JecK020 o6

u,e

H.UR.

B.B . .LIEMEHTbEB ECTb, OAHaKO, He'-!TO Ba)l<HOe, OTJIH'-!aIOl.l.\ee napaAOKCaJibHbie CY)l(AeHHSI JIOpAa f'eHpH OT IlO3THKH '-leJIOBe'-!eCKOro 061.l.\eHHSI B HarneM IlOHHMaHHH. KcTaTH, Mpa'-! HblH , yrny6rreHHblH B ce6si, AaJieKO He "3q>q>eKTHbIH" XYAO)l(HHK D33HJI XonnyopA 1rnorAa npOH3HOCHT penJIHKH, no CTeneHH CBOeH COAep)l(aTeJibHOCTH BilOJIHe COilOCTaBHMbie C napaAOKCaMH JIOpAa f'eHpH (pa3MbllllJieHHSI o APY)l(6e, Bb!CllleM CBeTe, HaType XYAO)l(HHKa H, KOHe'-IHO, 06 HCKYCCTBe). Pe'-!b D33HJia H JIOpAa f'eHpH 061,eAHHSleT OAHO sa)l(HOe Ka'-!ecrno. KpHTHKH HHOrAa o6BHHSIJIH nepcoHa)l(eH YaHJihAa (KaK H ero IlHCaTeJibCKYIO MaHepy B QeJIOM) B HeKOTOpOH "nnoCKOCTH". ,ll.yMaeTCSI, pe'-!H 06011x SIBJISIIOTCSI B paBHOH CTeneHH IlJIOCKHMH B TOM CMbICJie, "!TO OHH paBHO MOHOJIOrH'-!Hbl. TiapaAOKCbl JIOpAa f'eHpH, TaK )l(e KaK H pa3Mbl­ lllJieHHSI D33HJia, He MHOro TepSIIOT B BHAe aq>opH3MOB, JIHllleHHble KOHTeKCTa csoero npOH3HeCeHHSI, AJISI HX BilOJIHe aAeKBaTHOH HHTepnpeTaQHH B npHHQHne He Ba)l(Ha peaKQHSI napTHepa no aKTyaJihHOH CHTyaQHH o6ll.(eHHSI.

TI03THKH 06ll.(eHHSI B HHX HeT; KaK HH CTpaHHO, OHa IlOSIBJISleTCSI, KOrAa BCSI 3Ta HHq>OpMaQHSI o6pyurnBaIOTCSI Ha HeHcKyrneHHYIO AYlllY ,ll.opHaHa f'pesi -Mpa'-!Hall, )l(eCTOKall IlO3THKa ero HHTepnpeTaQHH, Bb!SIBJISIIOl.l.\all HX H3HaHKy: CKpb!Tbie 3a 6neCTSll.l.\HMH nepHOAaMH OAHOro H yrpIOMOH OTKpOBeHHOCTblO Apyroro 3rOH3M, 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOCTb, 6e30TBeTCTBeHHOCTh, CTpeMJieHHe nopa6oTHTh '-IY)l(YIO .zzyrny (cp. npH3HaHHe o33HJia:

I/ind a strange pleasure in

saying things to him that I know I shall be sorry for having said).

,ll.oKa3aB ( ! ), M bl BHAHM , '-!TO pa3JIH'-!He Me)l(AY "coseprneHHbIMH" o6pa3QaMH H "He BilOJIHe COBeprneHHbIMH" TaKoe )l(e, KaK Me)l(AY pa3Hb!MH IlHCbMeHHblMH XYAO)l(eCTBeHHblMH npOH3BeAeHHllMH. TipH 3TOM Mbl HMeeM B BHAY He CTOJlbKO CTeneHb TaJiaHTa IlHCaTeJISI, cnoco6HOCTb nopO)l(AaTb 6orree COBeprneHH hie TeKCTbl , CKOJibKO OTHOCHTeJi h HOCTb caMHX rpaH H Q , BO3MO)l(HOCTb cyll.\eCTBOBaHHSI pa3Hb!X KpHTepHeB. B 3TOM OTHOllleHHH "coseprneHHbie" H "He BilOJIHe COBeprneHHbie" o6pa3Qbl OTHOCllTCSI Apyr K Apyry npH6JIH3HTeJibHO TaK )l(e, KaK TeKCTbl KJiaCCHQH3Ma C ero crporOCTblO npaBHJI K TeKCTaM poMaHTH3Ma. KaK H3BeCTHO, npHBep)l(eHQbl KJiaCCHQH3Ma O'-leHb OTpHl(aTeJibHO BOCnpHHHMaJIH "HeAonycTHMO BOJibHbIH" poMaHTH3M , peanH3M (cp. rnoK 3pHTerreił Ha npeMbepax

Peeu3opa

H. f'ororrll HJIH

Ha OH.e

M. f'opbKoro).

PaCCMOTpHM HHTepnpeTaTHBHYIO AeSITeJibHOCTb aApecaTa ('-IHTaTeJISI) CTHXOTBopeHHSI

A.

TiyrnKHHa

Il'łena 3a OaH.bJO noneeou nemum

U3

Kenbu

BOCKOBOU. llHTepnpeTaTHBHaSI AellTeJibHOCTb HMeeT MHorocTyneH'-laThIH xapaKTep. IloHHMaHHe CMblCJia Tpona OTTaJIKHBaeTCSI OT CTaHAapTHblX

ąeHHH rreKCeM, HO B C03H8HHH ąHTaTeIT.ll AeHCTByeT HeKHH MexaHH3M, no3BOIT.llIOLQHH "Ao6aBIT.llTb" CMbICITbl K 6yKB8ITbHOMY COAep)l(aHHIO BbICK83bIBaHH.ll.

B

Apyroił CHTyaQHH 3TOT MexaHH3M "oTKITIOąeH", no3TOMY, BCTpeTHB Bbipa)l(eHH.ll none8a5l i>aHb H 80CK08a5l Kellbfl He B n03THąecKOH peąH, ąerroBeK cKopee Bcero 6yAeT o6ecKypa)l(eH.

B

QerroM BocnpHHTHe TeKCTa ll'lena 3a i>aHb/0 noneeou nemum U3 Kenbu eocKoeou B 3HaąHTerrbHOH cTeneHH 38BHCHT OT aKTyarrbHOH KOHcjmrypaQHH 3ITeMeHTOB C03HaHH.ll aAPeCaTa. 3Ta QHTaTa MO)KeT HaTOITKHYTb ero Ha oąeHb pa3Hble Mb!CITH, ąyBCTBa, acCOQHaQHH, npe,ll;nOIT0)l(eHH.ll. B 0CHOBe HHTepnpeTaQHH rre)l(HT CMblCITOB8.ll AHaAa, K0T0pyro MO)l(H0 onpeAeITHTb KaK "3nHTeT

~

Tpon" mrn "3ttaąeHH.ll rreKceM H rpaMMeM ~ cpaCQHH8QH.ll (XYAO)l(eCTBeHHbIH CMbICrr)".

EcrrH cąHT8Tb 0CHOBonorraraIOLQHM npH3HaKOM XYAO)l(eCTBeHHOH K0MMYHHK8QHH HarrHąHe AH8AHOro MexaHH3Ma, npHXOAHTC.ll npH3H8Tb, ąTO 3T0 B03MO)l(H0 He T0ITbK0 B nHCbMeHHOH peąH H, TeM 6orree, He TOITbKO B )l(aHpe ITHpHąecKoro CTHXOTBOpeHH.ll.

O6LQee y l!BITeHH.ll, o KOTOp0M Mbl roB0pHM, c XYAO)l(eCTBeHHbIM npoH-3BeAeHHeM - He TOITbKO 061.Qa.ll CITOBeCHa.ll npHp0Aa, HO H 061.Qa.ll a 6 C o n IO T H a .li 3HaąHMOCTb cpopMbl BbICKa3hIBaHH.ll. CornacHO P . .51K0-6coHy' "Tio3THąecKa.ll cpyHKQH.ll npoeQHpyeT npHHQHn 3KBHBarreHTHOCTH C OCH cerreKQHH Ha 0Cb KOM6HHaQH11" (.51Ko6coH

1 975: 204).

TI03THąecKa.ll cpyHKQH.ll .ll3b!Ka onpeAerr.lleTC.ll ąepe3 OTHOllleHHe BbICKa3bIB8Hl1.ll K caMOMY Bb!CK83b!B8HHIO, BO BCex crryąa.llX 3CTeTHąecKH 3HaąHMOH K0MMYHHK8QHH CMbICITbl npOHCTeKaIOT H3 cpopMbl BbICKa3bIBaHH.ll.

B

crryąae 3CTeTHąeCKH 3HaąHMOH ycTHOH AHarrorHąecKOH KOMMYHHKaQ1111 Ha nepBbIH nrraH T8K)l(e Bb!X0AHT cpopMa Bb!CK83b!B8HH.ll, HO Bb!CK83b!B8HH.ll B QerroM: TeKCTa H CHTyaQHH. 3TO .llBITeHHe xoporno H3BeCTHO B n03THKe CQeHHąecKOH peąH (CM. pa6oTbI K.C. CrnHHcrraBcKoro, E. Epexrn H AP,). KoHeątto, 3T0 He Ta "3aCTbIBllla.ll", AeC.llTKH pa3 BbIBepeHHall aBTOp0M cpopMa, KaKyIO HMeIOT nHCbMeHHbie XYAO)KeCTBeHHbie np0H3BeAeHH.ll - ee 11 He M0)l(eT 6hITb B )l(HBOH HenocpeACTBeHHOH peąH. KaK cpopMy BbICKa3bIBaHH.ll crreAyeT n0HHMaTb Bee 3HaąHMbie K0MnoHeHTbl KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH CHTyaQHH, B TOM ąHcrre HeBep6arrhHbie (oco6eHHO ecrrH Bep6anbHbIH P.llA HeAOCTaToąeH - cp. npHBOAHBllIHHC.ll npHMep H3 3acma8bl 11llbU'la). CyI.QecTByeT MH0ro pa6oT o nonHKe "cKynoH AeTarrH", no33HH MorrąaHHll (ApyTIOHOBa

1994;

Semantyka milczenia

1 999;

KopHHITOBa

2002).

O no::>muKe l./.eJ1oeel./.ecK020 06U{,eHUJ1

B.B . .l{EMEHTbEB

ąpe3Bbl'łaHHO rrry6oKHMH nepe)l(HBaHH51MH HanorrHeHbl MHOrHe pa3rOB­ Opbl Bmo6rreHHbIX, KOTOpblM TTOCB51J.neHbl COTHH Tb!C51lf CTpaHHU. MHpOBOH xy.n;o)l(eCTBeHHOH JIHTepaTypbi. Porrb TT03THKH Me)l(JIHlfHOCTHOrO o6i.neHH51 B HHX OlfeHb BeJIHKa:

[ •.. ] c Toił lKe CBeTJioił 11 nyKaBoił ycMellJKoił Ha qyn,-'łyn, pacKpbITbIX ry6ax [ ... ] o Ha Ha 'lana HaMaTbIBaTb lllepCTb Ha neperHYTYJO KapTy 11 B,upyr 03ap11J1a Mem1 TaKHM llCHblM 11 6bICTPblM B3fJlll,!lOM, 'ITO li HeBOJlbHO norynHJICll. Kor,ua ee rna3a, 60JibllleIO 'łaCTHJO nonynpmuypeHHble, OTKpbIBaJIHCb BO BCJO BeJIH'IHHY CBOIO,- ee JIHUO 113MeHllJIOCb COBepllleHHO: TO'IHO CBeT npOJIHBaJICll no HeM. [ •.. ]

.51

CMyTHJICll ell(e 6onee, O,UHaKO no,UHllJI Ha Hee rna3a. OHa YJibi6HyJiaCb, TOJlbKO He npei1rneił, a ,upyroił, o,uo6p11TeJibHOił YJibI6Koił. - rnll,UHTe Ha MeHll, - npoMOJIBHJia OHa, JiaCKOBO ITOHHlKall fOJIOC, - MHe 3TO He HenpHllTHO ... MHe Ballle JIHUO HpaBHTC.11; li npe,u'łyBCTBYIO, 'ITO Mbl 6y,ueM APYJbllMH. A li BaM HpaBJIIOCb

? -

np116aB11Jia OHa nyKaBO. [ ... ] XoTll MHe O'łeHb 6bIJIO npHllTHO, 'ITO OHa TaK OTKpOBeHHO co MHOił fOBOpHJia, 0,!lHaKO li HeMHOfO 0611,ueJICll .

.51

XOTeJI noKa3aTb eił, 'ITO OHa HMeeT ,ueJio He C MaJib'IHKOM, 11, npHHllB no B03MOlKHOCTl1 pa3Bll3Hblił 11 cepbe3Hblił BH.U, npOMOJIBHJI:

-KoHe'IHO, Bbl O'łeHb MHe HpaBHTeCb, 311Ha11,ua AJieKCaH,upOBHa; li He XO'IY3TO CKpbIBaTb. OHa C paccTaHOBKOił noKa'łaJia fOJIOBOił. [ ... ]

.51

BOCnOJib30BaJICll TeM, 'ITO OHa He nO,UHHMaJia rna3, 11 npHHllJICll ee paccMaTPHBaTb, cnepBa yKpa,uKoił, ITOTOM Bee CMeJiee 11 CMeJiee. JlHuo ee noKa3aJIOCb MHe ell(e npeJieCTHee, 'łeM HaKaHyHe: TaK Bee B HeM 6blJIO TOHKO, YMHO H MHJIO. OHa CHlleJia CnHHOił K OKHY, 3aBellJeHHOMY 6enoił CTOpoił; COJIHe'IHblił JIY'-1, npo611Bal1Cb CKB03b 3TY CTopy, 06JI11BaJI MllfKHM CBeTOM ee nylllHCTble 30JIOTHCTble BOJIOCbl, ee HeBHHHYIO llJeIO, noKaTble nJie'-111 11 HelKHyJO, CITOKOHHYIO rpy,ub .

.51

fJI.!l,!leJI Ha Hee - 11 KaK .uopora 11 6JIH3Ka CTaHOBHJiaCb OHa MHe! MHe c,uaBaJIOCb, 'ITO 11 ,uaBHO-TO li ee 3HaJO 11 HH'łero He 3HaJI 11 He lKHJI .UO Hee... (11. TypreHeB. fI ep6{lf/ JII0606b ).

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60-70

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Ka'leCTBe ,noKa3aTeJibCTBa ,!l.aHHO­ ro noJIO)l(eHH.!I P. EapT npHBO,!I.HT TOT q>aKT, 'ITO He MO)l(eT 6b!Tb YAOBJI­ eTBOpHTeJibHbIX OTBeTOB Ha "� mo6mo Te6si", B 'laCTHOCTH, OTJ)HUaHHH. Corna­ CHO P. EapTy' Bee BH.li.bi HCnOJib3yeMblX Bep6anbHbIX OTJ)HUaHHH llBJI.!IIOTCll "He HaCTO.!lll.\HMH" - "cBeTCKHMH": "Pa3JIH'IHbl CBeTCKHe OTBeTbl Ha .!I-JIJ06JIJO-Te6ll: "a

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-3TO "oTBeTa HeT"; Jl Ha)].e)l<Hee Bcero aHHyn11poBaH, ecn11 OTBeprHyT He TOnbKO KaK

npeTeH)].eHT, HO eme 11 KaK rOBOpJlll.\11H cy6'beKT (KaK TaKOBOH Jl o6na.u.an, no Kpa­

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JIJbIK ... (EapT

1999: 4 1 2-413).

K

OilHCbIBaeMbIM SIBJieHHSIM 6JIH3KH no CBOeH npnpo.n.e 3a.n.yweBHbie

pa3-r o B O p bl .n.py3 e H , H a n o n H e H H bie O 'ł eH b 3 H a 'ł HMbI M H CMbICJI­ aMH-nepe)ł(HBaHHSIMH (:nn CMbICJihl pe.n.Ko Bep6aJIH3YJOTCS1). MoMeHTbl BeJI­ HKOro .n.yweBHOro e)],HHeHirn, CO'łYBCTBHSI, B3aHMOilOHHMamrn, 6e3yCJIOBHO, SIBJieHHSI IlO3TH'łeCKHe. 3TO O'łeHb TOHKO OT06pa)ł(aJOT HeKOTOpble nncaT­ eJIH, HanpnMep, 3.M. PeMapK (Ha wnaoHoM {j)poHme 6e3 nepeMeH):

So sitzen wir uns gegentiber, Kat und ich, zwei Soldaten in abgeschabten Rocken, die eine Gans

braten, mitten in der Nacht. Wir reden nicht viel, aber wir sind vo11 zarterer Rticksicht miteinander,

ais ich mir denke, daB Liebende es sein konnen. Wir sind zwei Menschen, zwei winzige Funken

Leben, drauBen ist die Nacht und der Kreis des Todes. Wir sitzen an ihrem Rande, getahrdet und

geborgen, liber unsere Hande trieft Fett, wir sind uns nahe mit unseren Herzen. und die Stunde ist

wie der Raum: Uberflackert von einem sanften Feuer, gehen die Lichter und Schatten der Empfin­

dungen hin und her. Was weiB er von mir -was weiB ich von ihm, frtiher ware kei ner unserer Ge­

danken ahnlich gewesen -jetzt sitzen wir vor einer Gans und fiihlen unser Dasein und sind uns so

nahe, daB wir nicht darli ber sprechen mogen. [ ... ] Ich sehe im HałbschłafKat den Loffeł heben und

senken, ich liebe ihn, seine Schułtern, seine eckige, gebeugte Gestalt -und zu głeicher Zeit sehe

ich hinter ihm Wałder und Sterne, und eine gute Stimme sagt Worte, die mir Ruhe geben, mir,

einem Sołdaten, der mit seinen groBen Stiefełn und seinem Koppeł und seinem Brotbeuteł kłein

unter dem hohen Himmeł den Weg geht, der vor ihm łiegt, der rasch vergiBt und nur selten noch

traurig ist, der immer weitergeht unter dem groBen Nachthimmel. Ein kłeiner Sołdat und eine gute

Stimme, und wenn man ihn streichełn wilrde, konnte er es vie11eicht nicht mehr verstehen, der Soł­

dat mit den groBen Stiefełn und dem zugeschiltteten Herzen, der marschiert, weil er Stiefel tragt,

und a11es vergessen hat auBer dem Marschieren. Sind am Horizont nicht Blumen und eine Land­

schaft, die so stili ist, daB er weinen mochte, der Sołdat? Stehen dort nicht Bilder, die er nicht ver­

loren hat, weil er sie nie besessen hat, verwirrend, aber dennoch fur ihn vorilber? Stehen dort nicht

seine zwanzig Jahre? 1st mein Gesicht naB, und wo bin ich? Kat steht vor mir, sein riesiger gebilc­

kter Schatten fli11t Uber mich wie eine Heimat. Er spricht łeise, er łachełt und geht zum Feuer zur­

Uck. Dann sagt er: "Es ist fertig".

"Ja, Kat".

Ich schilttele mich. In der Mitte des Raumes leuchtet der braune Braten. Wir hołen unsere zusam­

menkłappbaren Gabeln und unsere Taschenmesser hera us und schneiden uns jeder eine Keule ab.

Dazu essen wir KommiBbrot, das wir in die Sofie tunken. Wir essen langsam, mit vollem GenuB.

"Schmeckt es, Kat?" "Gut! Dir auch?" "Gut, Kat".

O

noJmuKe T./efloBeT./ecK020 o6u,emm B.B . .l\EMEHTbEB

Wir sind BrUder und schieben uns gegenseitig die besten StUcke zu. Hinterher rauche ich eine Zi­

garette, Kat eine Zigarre. Es ist noch viel Ubriggeblieben. "Wie wiire es, Kat, wenn wir Kropp und

Tjaden ein StUck briichten?"

"G emacht", sagt er. Wir schneiden eine Portion ab und wickeln sie sorgfaltig in Zeitungspapier.

Den Rest woli en wir eigentlich in unsere Baracke tragen, aber Kat lacht und sagt nur: "Tjaden".

Ich sehe es ein, wir mUssen alles mitnehmen ...

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repo11 qrnrrhMa

Poniedziałek

(reż. Witold Adamek) Maniek 11 Dawid BMeCTe 3aHHMaJIHCh p3KeTOM H nepe)ł(HJIH KpyUJeHHe Bcex Ha,n:e)ł(,n:.

B

HX pa3rOBOpe ­ OH CTaHOBHTCSI 3MOLI;HOHaJlbHOH KYJThMHHa1.1;11eJ;i: q>HJlbMa - eCTh 3JieMeHT HC­ noBe,n:11, XOD! rrraBHOe B HeM CKOpee C006Il.laeTC51, 'łeM OTKpbrnaeTC51, Y3-HaeTC51 11rr11 po)ł(,n:aeTc51 B pe3yrrhTaTe caMoro pa3r0Bopa. EcTb 3neMeHT no­ yąeHHH co CTOpOHhl rrraBHOro repo51, KOTOphIH He Hll.leT B pa3rOBOpe HCTHHhl Jl:JlSI ce651: OH y)ł(e npHH51Jl peweHHe H J:J:OJI)KeH CKJIOHHTh K HeMy co6ece,n:HHKa:

- Szluga masz?

- A ogień?

- Wiesz co? Ty to paranoik jesteś. Ja, kurwa, myślałem, że ty się zmieniłeś.

- Teraz już jest dobrze. Myślę że tego chciałem. Jest szmal. Ty też go masz. Niezadowolony

je-steś?

- Ja to chcę żyć. A ty chcesz się zabić.

- Żyjesz?

- Żyję.

- Ja żyję?

-Nie.

-Wyjeżdżam stąd.

- Gdzie?

- Gdziekolwiek.

- Gdzie?

- Na przykład za tamtą górę. Rzecz jest zrobiona.

- I tyle?

- Jedziesz ze mną?

- � kto następny? Uh! Kto? (uderza go w ramię)