BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS
B.—A P P L I E D C H E M I S T R Y MARCH, 1938.
I.—G E N E R A L ; P L A N T ; M A C H IN ER Y.
H e a t in s u la tio n [p ro p e rtie s of F o ilte x ]. An o n. (Auto. Eng., 1938, 28, 38).—Foiltex (Al foil attached to a woven textile by an adhesive) has insulating properties superior to those of cork. R. B. C.
H e a t t r a n s f e r to b o ilin g liq u id s . W . Fritz
(Z. Ver. deut. Ing. Verfahrenstech., 1937, 149—
155).—A review. R. B. C.
H e a t s to r a g e i n s te a m b o ile rs . R. Orel
(Arch. W arm ewirts.,: 1937, 18, 297—300).—Curves showing the h ea t supplied by the burners of a gas- fired boiler an d the heat content of the steam indicate th a t correction factors are necessary for the heat absorbed by the m asonry an d boiler-H20 . The m ethod used fo'r determining these is described.
R. B. C.
S a v in g m o n e y in th e b o ile r h o u se . S. N.
Du g u id (Steam Eng., 1937, 7 , 58—60).—Smoke- density recorders are discussed, w ith special reference to the Micromax apparatus, in which the am ount of ra d ia n t heat passing through th e smoke is measured by means of a thermopile. R . B. C.
T r e a tm e n t of b o ile r fe e d -w a te r a n d p re v e n tio n of e n tr a in m e n t of s o lid m a t t e r . H . V a r i n o i s
(Caoutchouc e t G utta-Percha, 1937, 34, 362—363;
1938, 35, 21—22).—The qu an tity of dissolved salts entrained by steam and causing scaling of turbine blading etc. is largely dependent on the alkalinity of th e H 20 in the boiler, the crit. val. below which no entrainm ent occurred being 300 p.p.m . of NaOH.
Addition of certain F e " products to the H 20 elim inated 02 by absorption and prevented deposition of S i0 2.
A. K . G. T.
F o r m a tio n of c a lc iu m s u lp h a te h e m ih y d ra te sc a le . E. C. B . Bott (J.S.C.I., 1937, 56, 453—
4 5 6 t).—The form ation of CaS04,0>5H20 scale from brine containing suspended an d /o r dissolved CaS04 is measured and is shown to be a crystallisation process. The ra te of scale form ation under const, conditions decreases exponentially w ith tim e and is cc the tem p, of the heating surface; it is unaffected by changes in the velocity o f the liquor or by the roughness of the heating surface. Conditions for pptn. of glauberite as a sludge by addition of N a2S 04
to CaS04-N aC l solution are shown.
F ilm - ty p e a n d d ro p w is e c o n d e n s a tio n of w a te r v a p o u r . W. Fritz (Z. Ver. deut. Ing.
Verfahrenstech., 1937, 127— 132).—Available d a ta
are summarised. R. B. C.
C hoice of d r y in g a p p a r a tu s . F. A. M. W u lfin g -
h o ff (Brennstoff u. W armewirts., 1937, 19, 155—
163).—Various types of dryer are diagram m atically
described and their suitabilities for drying solid m aterials, e.g., coal, arc discussed. R. B. C.
D ry in g of s o lid s . X X IV . R e la tio n b e tw e e n r a t e of d r y in g a n d s h a p e of te s t-p ie c e . S.
Kam ei and S. Shiom i (J. Soc. Chem. Ind., Japan , 1937, 40, 366—37 4 r; cf. B., 1937, 1285).—Tests on soap test-pieces showed th a t the relation between the ra te of drying under controlled conditions and the shape o f the test-piece was satisfactorily expressed by th e theoretical equations representing the fluctu
ating flow of heat in bodies o f various shapes (cf.
Newman, B., 1932, 403). The ra te in the second (protracted) period o f drying decreased in tho order : for test-pieces of equal thickness, sphere, cylinder, slab; and for those of equal vol., cylinder, rectangular bar, cube, sphere. W ith rectangular hexagons the ra te o f drying was approx. cc 1/thickness.
A. L. R.
T h e o ry of d r y in g i n G a illa r d to w e r s . S. N.
Grem iatsch k in (J. Chem. In d . Russ., 1937, 1 4 , 1335— 1337).—The ra te of drying is determ ined by the diam eter of the droplets o f liquid sprayed into the tower. (Cf. B., 1937, 340.) R . T.
M ix in g a n d g rin d in g . K . F. Atw ood (Official Digest, 1937, No. 168, 252—255).—The use o f different types of p ain t mills is described. D. R . D.
D e te rm in a tio n of p a r tic le c h a r a c te r is tic s a n d s u rfa c e s of p u lv e ris e d p r o d u c ts d e m o n s tr a te d o n ry e flo u r. H . Sa u e r (Diss., Tech. Hochschule, Breslau, 1937; Bull. Iro n Steel Inst., 1937, No. 24, 55a).—An apparatus operating on th e principle of sedim entation analysis for determining the fineness of powders is described, th e concn. being measured optically. I t can be employed on all coarse disperse systems amenable to Stokes’ law and in which the light-absorption is independent of particle size. The absorption m ethod proved useless for th e determ in
ation o f the surface; the results of W itte’s reflexion m ethod agreed with those deduced from sedim entation
analyses. R. B. C.
W e ttin g c h a r a c te r is tic s of s o lid s a n d liq u id s . C. A. Mu r r a y and F. E. Bartell (Fed. P a in t Var.
Prod. Clubs, 1937, 370—379).—The w ettability of solids by pure liquids is discussed in term s of the adhesion tension, the interfacial contact angle o f the solid, and the interfacial tension of th e liquid.
F or liquid m ixtures certain qual. relations are also indicated. The wetting of “ silex ” by CC14, BuaOAc, and C6H G measured by the m ethod of sedim entation vols. is found to increase to a m ax. w ith increase in the proportion o f added H 20 and subsequently to decrease until th e powder is entirely w etted by th e H20 . I t is suggested th a t th e powder is rendered more 235
236 BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS.—B.
hydrophilic by preferential adsorption o f the H20 ; w etting by org. liquids is thus hindered. W ith further addition of H 20 orientation of the adsorbed H 20 mols. becomes less m arked and the hydrophilic character and sedimentation vols. are reduced.
S. M.
D e te rm in a tio n of w e ttin g c a p a c ity of c a p illa ry - ac tiv e s u b s ta n c e s . T. A. S o hm eleva (Kolloid.
Shurn., 1937, 3, 265—271).—The wetting capacity has been m easured by the distribution o f powdered m aterial between an oil and an aq. solution of the capillary-active substance. R abbit hair passes into CgHc, CC14, CHC]3, etc. completely even in presence of w etting agents. The distribution between H 20 and (CH2C1) 2 is m easurable; it is shifted towards H 20 by Igepon AR > saponin > “ oleonol ” >
“ contact oil,” etc. The interfacial tension between H 20 and (CH2C1) 2 is changed by these agents in a more complicated manner. J . J . B.
R a te of s e d im e n ta tio n of flo c c u la te d p a r tic le s . C. B. Eoolf and W. L. McCabe (Trans. Amer. Inst.
Chem. Eng., 1937, 33, 620—642).—The settling rates of five different m aterials (average radius 1-97—
16-7 (x., d 2-65— 4-89) were studied, using H 20 a t 20°, 30°, and 40° as the suspending liquid. The results have been analysed m athem atically and the correlation suggested is found to give an accuracy of ± 2 0 % in 80% of the cases. F . J . B.
D e te rm in a tio n a n d re g u la tio n of a m o u n ts of s u b s ta n c e s in s tr e a m s of g r a n u la r a n d p a s ty s u b s ta n c e s b y s e lf- a c tin g b a la n c e s . C. Hilburg
(Z. tech. Physik, 1937, 18, 409—417).—Various types o f apparatus are described and their accuracy is
examined. A. J . M.
S iz e-freq u e n cy d is tr ib u tio n of e m u ls io n p a r tic le s . F . A. Cooper (J.S.C.I., 1937, 56, 447— 453t ).—The results of size-frequency analyses of 60 emulsions of liquid paraffin in N a oleate solution are described. The composition was uniform, but tho treatm ent by colloid mill was varied. The type of size-frequency curve found was unifo rm ; for any given degree of fineness, the grading of the particles could no t be varied. No recognised ty pe of prob
ability equation fits the distributions, which arc probably composed of a com bination of two known types of distribution.
E q u ilib r a tio n of liq u id a n d v a p o u r o n a r e c ti
fy in g p a n . M. R u i i e m a n n (Physica, 1937, 4, 1157— 1168).—The tim e required for bubbles of vapour to a tta in equilibrium w ith liquid through which they are rising is calc, from Boznjakowic’s equations, and the resulting formulae are applied to compute the effectivity (actual change in concn. of vapour -f- max. change possible) of rectifying pans in a Linde air-separating plant. Comparison of the calc, with the observed effectivities indicates th a t the formulas employed are applicable to the pans in question as well as to annular pans in which the composition o f the liquid varies from place to place.
F . L. U.
E fflu x of g a s e s th r o u g h o rifice s : k in e tic th e o ry . B. V. K o r y i n - K r o u k o v s k y (J. Franklin In st., 1938, 225, SI—93).—A consideration o f the
kinetic theory o f gases shows th e possibility of a gas flowing through an orifice w ithout change in tem p.
Some simple quant, relations are derived.
F . J . L.
D u s t re m o v a l f r o m c h im n e y g a s e s . An o n. (Steam Eng., 1938, 7, 137— 139).—The H20-scrubbing installation of the Boston Edison Co., Mass., is
described. R . B. C.
M e c h a n ic a l w e t t r a p s fo r d u s t in b o ile r - f u r - n ac e g a s e s . A. J . t e r Li n d e n (Brennstoff u.
W armewirts., 1937, 19, 139— 143, 163— 167).—The theory of th e w et scrubber is discussed. A pparatus installed a t th e Hague power station is illustrated and performance d ata are given. R . B. C.
F lu e -g a s a n a ly s is . M e a s u re m e n t of c a rb o n d io x id e. An o n. (Beama J ., 1937, 41, 114— llfi).—
The Siemens C 02 recorder is diagram m atically
described. R . B. C.
S a tu r a tio n a n d c le a n in g of g a s e s in flu e -g a s te s tin g a p p a r a tu s . H e id tk a jip (Warme, 1937, 60, 783—785).—Measurements of th e k and d o f flue gas compared w ith those of air, as utilised in C 02 recorders, depend on th e H 20 content of tho gases, trustw orthy results being obtained only when they are of the same R .H . An apparatus is described in which th e flue gas and air are saturated b y passage through H 20 troughs before entering the comparison chambers. The dissolution o f S 02 obviates the
danger o f corrosion. R . B. C.
M e a s u re m e n t of s u rfa c e s . T. Schoon (Z.
Ver. deut. Ing. Verfahrenstech., 1937, 87—S9).—
Adsorption, geometric, and electron-diffraction
methods are reviewed. R . B. C.
T e c h n iq u e of p r e s s u r e r e g u la tio n in la r g e - sc a le c h e m ic a l in d u s tr y . H . Se if e r h e l d (Z.
tech. Physik, 1937, 18, 409). A. J . M.
D e te rm in a tio n of q u a n titie s a n d c u r r e n t s in c h e m ic a l a n d r e la te d in d u s tr ie s . R . Wit t e
(Z. tech. Physik, 1937, 18, 362—375).—A review.
A. J . M.
P h y s ic a l d e te r m in a tio n s in c h e m ic a l in d u s tr y . P. Gm e l in (Z. tcch. Physik, 1937, 18, 349—362).—A review of the application of physical and physico
chemical m ethods in chemical industry. A. J . M.
A sb e s to s : i t s a p p lic a tio n to jo in tin g m a te r ia ls . A. J . Du n k (Chem. and In d ., 1938, 69—71).—The uses of asbestos in bonded-type, textile-type, and acid-resisting jointings are described. Suitable tests and specification requirem ents are suggested.
T. W . P . E r r a t u m : I n B ., 1937, 1143, col. 2, line 19, fo r Br e it la n g read Br e it l in g.
See also A., I , 78, M e a s u r e m e n t of tu r b i d i ty i n c o lo u re d m e d ia .
C o m b u s tio n [in b o ile r fu r n a c e s ] . G a s b u r n e r . C r y s ta llis e r fo r c o a l- ta r fr a c tio n . P o w e r f r o m lo w -g ra d e fu e ls. U s e of o il i n p o w e r s ta tio n s . S e p a r a tin g a i r a n d g a s e s [fro m liq u id s ] .—See II . G la s s fib re a s [h e a t] i n s u la to r . G rin d in g c e r a m ic m a t e r ia ls . P r e p , of c o llo id a l m i n e r a l c o lo u rs .—See V III. P r o te c tin g b o ile r s te e l.
W e a r f r o m a u to m o tiv e v ie w p o in t a n d i n p o w e r
Cl. I.—GENERAL; PLANT; MACHINERY. 237
e q u ip m e n t. O x id isin g m e ta ls b y s te a m . R u b b e r -lin e d ta n k s .—See X . E x tr a c tin g s p e n t b le a c h in g m a t e r ia ls .—See X II. S y n th e tic r e s in b e a r in g s . P a i n t m ills .—See X III. G o o d ric h fle x o m e te r.—See X IV . D IN -s e n s ito m e te r.—See X X I. S u s p e n s io n of s o lid s in a tu r b u le n t s t r e a m . D e te rm in in g H 20 h a r d n e s s .—See X X III.
Pa t e n t s.
F u rn a c e s . Ne w En g in e Co., Lt d., and J . F . J.
Malone (B.P. 476,156, 7.7.37).—A solid-fuel furnace (suitable, e.g., for heating gases for use in a hot-air engine) is circular in plan, prim ary air being adm itted below the hearth, which is surrounded by annular inlets for secondary air and inert gases, the last to form a layer to protect the refractory walls.
B. M. V.
P u lv e ru le n t-fu e l fu rn a c e s . B. Kram er (B.P.
475,829, 24.8.36).—Pulverisation is effected in a chamber below the combustion chamber and in direct communication therew ith so th a t the ground solid fuel is flung up by the pulverisers and too coarse fuel drops back to be reg round; a minor p a rt of the air is adm itted tangentially to th e pulverisers.
B. M. V.
R o ta to r y - h e a r th fu r n a c e s . Meta llg e s. A.-G.
(B.P. 475,998, 1.2.37. Addn. to B.P. 428,967; B., 1935, 657).—To suppress dust the tuy6res in the neighbourhood of th e rabbling device are shut off in
succession. B. M. V.
F u r n a c e s . J . McDo n a l d, and G. W. B. El ec tric Fu r n a c e s, Lt d. (B.P. 476,897, 23.6.36).—In a roller-hearth furnace some of th e rollers ju st inside each door have alternative drive (with free wheels perm itting over-running) so th a t they can, a t times, be driven fast from the feed or discharge rollers outside the doors or, more usually, slowly by th e general bed o f th e furnace. B. M. V.
H e a t- tr e a tin g fu rn a c e . E. V. Gil b e r t (U.S.P.
2,064,532, 15.12.36. Appl., 24.12.31).—A muffle with m eans to project a screen o f combustion gases across the opening (or both openings) is described.
B. M. V.
T e m p e r a tu r e - c o n tr o lle d fu rn a c e s . B r i t . Thomson-HoustonCo., Lt d. (B.P. 475,706, 21.12.36.
U.S., 21.12.35).—In a therm ostatically controlled furnace the periods during which the heat is off or iower become longer as the charge becomes hotter, and as soon as two such periods become exactly equal a uniform tem p, throughout the charge is indicated and th e indication is rendered effective by a reversing m otor and re-set device so th a t the goods m ay be cooled and/or discharged w ithout unnecessary
loss of time. B. M. V.
A u to m a tic th e r m o - r e g u la to r s fo r fu rn a c e s . L. Rainc ho n (B.P. 476,246, 5.6.36. Belg., 15.6.35).—
An induced-draught fan regulated by the tem p, of the furnace or of the apparatus heated thereby is described.
B. M. V.
T h e r m a lly - o p e ra b le t e m p e r a tu r e - lim itin g d e
v ices. G. E . and Q. F. Gr e e n (B.P. 476,307, 3.6.36).—I n an apparatus in which a fusible alloy
norm ally restrains a spring-loaded striker, the con
struction o f the latch is described. B. M. V.
T h e rm o c o u p le . 0 . He r m a n n (U.S.P. 2,063,097, 8.12.36. Appl., 21.2.35).—The wires consist o f alloys o f (a) Ni 74—80, Cu 10—11, Mo 10— 16 an d (6) Ni 55, Cu 4 5% ; the e.m.f. is 0-00009 v ./l°.
F. M. L.
T e m p e r a tu r e - in d ic a tin g dev ices [for liq u id s ].
Ra yth eon M a n u fg . Co. (B.P. 476,847, 10.3.37.
U.S., 22.4.36).—A free float is provided with internal m eans to move tho relative position of the centres of gravity and of buoyancy on change of tem p., e.g., a wt. on the end of a bimetallic strip. B. M. V.
A p p lic a tio n of h e a t to c o n v e rte rs . T. B . Pric k e t t, Assr. to Ho u d r y Process Co rp. (U .S .P . 2.062.333, 1.12.36. Appl., 19.10.33).—F or exo- or endo-thermic reactions w ith regeneration in situ, the catalytic converter comprises an insulating jacket, a heating means, th e wall of th e converter, and a catalyst mass. The heating means is o f a type giving very uniform heating, e.g., upper and lower annular headers connected by a no. o f pipes. B. M. V.
S in te r in g m a c h in e . C. Sk i n n e r, Assr. to Am er. St e e l & Wir e Co. of Ne w Je r s e y (U .S .P . 2.061.333, 17.11.36. Appl., 26.3.35).—The m aterial is fed on to the grate through a distributing spout containing a freely-hanging F e bar depending from the centre of its lower end. A. R. P.
T u b u la r h e a t-e x c h a n g e a p p a r a t u s p a r tic u la r ly a p p lic a b le to fu e l o il h e a te r s . To d d Co m b u stio n Eq u ipm e n t, In c. (B.P. 477,239, 15.2.37. U.S., 15.2.36).—A sin gle, spirally-gilled tubo is con tain ed in a cylin d rical casing through w hich th e ou ter fluid flow s. Tho gills are section alised for con ven ien ce an d m ean s o f securing th em are described.
B. M. V.
T u b u la r h e a t-e x c h a n g e a p p a r a tu s fo r flu id s . H. V. Za n d e r (B.P. 475,806, 25.5.36. Addn. to B.P. 451,028; B., 1936, 960).—Dimensions of the ribs an d spacing of the pipes arc specified.
B. M. V.
P r o d u c tio n of h e lic a l-fm tu b u l a r h e a t-e x c h a n g e u n its . Ch a se Brass & Co ppe r Co., In c. (B.P.
476,211, 10.2.37. U.S., 26.10.36).—A plain tub e is surrounded by a continuous helical fin held in place by strands o f triangular, rectangular, or polygonal cross-section, coated w ith fusible metal if desired, wrapped tightly around th e tube. . B . M. V.
(A) T u b e s fo r h e a t e x c h a n g e rs . (B) T u b u la r h e a t e x c h a n g e rs fo r liq u id s . R . M o r t o n & Co., L t d ., and P. D. R o b in s o n (B.P. 476,111—2, 29.5.36).
— (a) The use of a two-ply com bination of stainless steel and Cu is claimed, (b) In an exchanger com
prising a no. of superposed, horizontal, stainless- steel tubes over which the outer liquid is dribbled, the tubes are formed with a longitudinal rib situated a t the lowest point and shaped so th a t two lines of drips aro formed on and from each tubo. B. M. V.
H e a t-e x c h a n g e tu b e s p a r tic u la r ly a p p lic a b le to s te a m s u p e r h e a te r s . Su p e r h e a t e r Co., Lt d., an d F. A. Bo yes (B.P. 475,890, 28.5.36).— T he tu b es are flattened or otherw ise d istorted an d lon gitu d in al
fins are w eld ed on. B. M. V.
238 BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS.—B.
T ube sy stem for b eat exch an ge. P-. Dmit-
r e v s k ij and D. Astrov (U.S.P. 2,064,246, 15.12.36.
Appl., 7.4.34. Czechoslov., 11.4.33).—An externally heated tube, especially for evaporation, comprises an idle core tube surrounded by a helical baffle, and th a t by the heat-transm itting tube. The liquid constituent of the inner fluid is flung centrifugally against the surface. The differential expansion of th e core and tube is caused to regulate the flow of inner fluid.
B. M. V.
T u b u la r w a lls fo r h e a tin g o r co o lin g a p p a r a t u s . Sa m esre ut iier & Co. G.m.b.H. (B.P. 476,171, 2.6.36. Ger., 31.5.35).—Especially in vessels con- tam ing stirrers, the spaces between the convolutions of the tube are filled with “ profile m etal rods ” (channels) secured by welding. The space between the tubes etc. and the inner wall of tho vessel is filled w ith heat-transm itting medium, e.g., alloy of low
m.p. B. M. V.
W a ste -h e a t re c o v e ry in s ta lla tio n s fo r p ro d u c tio n of p o w e r. Sp e n c e r- Bo n e c o u r t, Lt d., and W. Gregson (B .P . 477,285, 19.6.36).—The gases are passed through : (1) a hot-air engine or exhaust- gas turbine, (2) a boiler, (3) an induced-draught fan driven by (1) after starting by an electric or other separate m otor. A superheater prior to (1), and/or between (1) and (2), m ay be utilised. B. M. V.
[P la s tic h e a t- ]in s u la tin g m a te r ia l. J . Le p p ik, Assr. to Te lsit In sula tio n Co r p. (U.S.P. 2,062,996, 1.12.36. Appl., 22.4.33).—To form a plastic com
position on kneading with H 20 , a m ixture is m ade of pure clay 0-8— 1-3, hemp fibres 1-5—2-5, Balsa wood powder 4-5—S-0, milled paper 1-2—2-2, and asbestos
1-2—2-5 pts. by vol. B. M. V.
A n ti-fre e z in g a g e n ts . B. Le h m a n n (B.P.
476,264, 13.6.36).—Compositions having f.p. <
—50° and b.p. >120° and containing “ any no. o f pts.
by w t.” of the following constituents are claimed.
Examples are : three solutions mixed in order : H 20 34, CaCl2 54; any form of soap 2, H 3B 0 3 2, H o0 10;
H 20 72, N H 4C1 12, K N 0 3 12, KC1 4, and (optional)
N H 4N 0 3. B. M. V.
D ry in g of g r a s s o r th e l i k e . Kaloroil Bu r n e r s, Lt d., and A. Go ldberg (B .P . 477,279, 20.6. and 29.9.36).—Drying is effected in two countercurrent stages, the ho tter and drier stage comprising a rotary d ru m ; when the drum is being charged and discharged the fresh ho t gases are passed direct to the
other stage. B . M. V.
D ry e rs fo r g r a n u la r a n d lik e m a te r ia ls . E.
Ea l k e n st e in, Assee. of E . Barth elm ess (B .P . 476,025, 10.5.37. Ger., 11.5.36).—A dow ndraught of heated air is produced in a tower into which the m aterial is flung upwards from a centrifugal m ill; the m aterial and air pass out through the bottom , a hopper, and a deflexion-type “ sifting device,”
whence the oversize drops back into tho mill.
B. M. Y.
A p p a ra tu s fo r d ry in g of s lu r r y . M. Vogel- Jorgensen (B.P. 476,951, 18.6.36).—H o t gases are passed through a stationary, perforated, cylindrical casing within which are radial, perforated partitions
ro tated together w ith loose filling bodies on which the slurry is sprinkled. B. M. V.
D ry in g of s lu r r y . K . Mid d e l b o e (B.P.
475,879, 26.5.36).—A filling mass over which the slurry is spread comprises a m ultitude of loose, metallic helices having the ends of th e wire bent inwards or welded to the next tu rn . B. M. V.
C ru s h e r . H . W. Ril e y, Assr. to McNally- Pittsburg Ma n u t g. Co r p. (U.S.P. 2,063,829, 8.12.36.
Appl., 14.3.34).—A single-roll coal crusher is provided with a swingable breaker plate in two p arts hinged together, each p a rt being held independently up to the roll by tension rods and springs. B. M. V.
[F e e d -]c ru s h in g m a c h in e . A. R r u s h e l (U.S.P.
2,064,666, 15.12.36. Appl., 2S.11.34).—A mill for stock feed is provided with an oscillating screen a t the outlet of the feed hopper an d w ith a worm for forcing the m aterial into th e grinding discs.
B .M . V.
C ru s h in g a n d g r in d in g a p p a r a t u s . E. P. N . Gerard (B.P. 475,716, 16.2.37. Belg., 18.2.36).—
Rollers, on horizontal axes which ro tate about a vertical axis, are shaped to m atch a stationary grinding su rfa ce; e.g., both m ay be conical.
Pneum atic delivery is embodied. B. M. V.
R o ta ry d r u m s fo r g r in d in g a n d s i m il a r o p e ra tio n s. E. Kr u p p Gr u s o n w e r k A .-G . (B.P.
475,713, 8.2.37. Ger., 10.2.36).—The drum is divided into a no. of com partm ents by longitudinal walls which do no t extend th e full length between th e transverse walls or grids. B. M. V.
M u lti- c h a m b e r g r in d in g m ills . C. Po n t o p- p id a n (B .P . 476,950, 18.6.36).—The grinding cham bers are separated by double perforated partitions, and from each of the spaces th us formed a controllable discharge valve communicates w ith a passage through which ground m aterial m ay be discharged w ithout
further grinding. B . M. V.
P u lv e ris in g m ills of th e i m p a c t ty p e . E. B . Pa u s e y (B .P . 476,692, 15.6.36).—The disintegrator has several stages on one sh aft; a t each stage the inlet for m aterial and air is near th e axis and the outlet circumferential, attained, e.g., b y tw in diaphragm plates between the stages w ith suitable apertures.
B. M. V.
P u lv e ris in g a n d d r y in g d ev ice. W. W. Gr o v e s, Assee. of I. G. Fa r b e n in d. A.-G. (B.P. 475,888,28.5.36.
Ger., 28.5.35. Addn. to B .P. 439,968; B., 1936, 175).—The horizontal oscillating container is ex
ternally heated and h o t gases m ay be passed through via elastic inlet and outlet pipes. B . M. V.
A p p a ra tu s fo r d is in te g r a tin g a n d s c re e n in g p u lv e ru le n t m a t e r ia l. G. M. Ty l e r (B.P. 477,183, 2.10.36).—In an app aratus (for artificial m anures or the like) comprising beaters on a vertical shaft within an inverted conical or pyram idal screen, concentric annular fences are placed above the beaters to prevent lum py m aterial being centrifugally thrown until the lumps have been reduced by a shearing
action. B. M. V.
O re -re d u c in g m a c h in e . A. D. Ha d s e l (U.S.P.
2,064,109, 15.12.36. Appl., 18.11.32).—Ore is fed
Cl. I.—GENERAL; PLANT; MACHINERY. 239 into a tan k of H 20 containing a revolving frusto-
conical element which continuously draws in H 20 and ore a t the bottom and discharges it centrifugally over its upper edge against baffle plates, whereby the ore is disintegrated and classified. F. M. L.
(a ) A p p a r a tu s fo r (A, B ) p ro c e s s in g of m a te r ia l.
(a, b) C. W. Vogt and (a) W. E . Sn y d e r, Assrs.
to (a, b) Gir d l e r Co rp. (U .S .P . 2,063,065—6, 5.12.36. Appl., [a] 15.10.30, [b] 13.12.32).—(a) M aterial is treated to change its state, e.g., ice cream is frozen, in an annular space both interior walls of which are scraped by oppositely rotating scrapers.
(b) The process is effected in two devices in succession, the m aterial passing more slowly through the second, which is provided with only enough refrigeration to prevent rise of tem p, on solidification. B. M. V.
T r e a t m e n t of fin e ly -d iv id e d p o w d e rs . L.
Me l l e r sh-Jack so n. From J . M. Hu b e r Co r p. (B.P. 475,847, 10.2.37).—T he fine powder is formed into granules by light pressing, rolling, and tum bling in a dry state while being continually advanced, e.g., in a rotatin g drum with loose, light rollers.
B. M. V.
M ix in g m a c h in e s . J . Ae b i (B.P. 476,791, 21.6.37. Ger., 2.3.37).—A stationary bowl is provided with a hollow centrifugal rotor on a vertical shaft, th e passages w ithin th e roto r decreasing in size in th e direction of flow and term inating in a large no.
o f small, preferably star-shaped, apertures.
B. M. V.
J ig g in g s c re e n . E . Coppike & Co. (B.P. 475,633, 30.11.36. Belg., 26.10.36).—The small ends of the connecting rods are formed of flexible strip, and m ethods of securing it are described in detail.
B. M. V.
V ib ra to r y sie v e s. K. Gro ppel (B.P. 475,63S, 11.6.37).—A substantially horizontal screen is sup
ported by inclined hangers and vibrated by rigid connecting rods from a crankshaft; other cranks on the same shaft operate a balance wt. through springs, th e wt. being also connected to the screen through
springs. ' B. M. V.
S e d im e n ta tio n a p p a r a t u s . H . B. Co u l t e r, Assr. to Dorr Co., In c. (U.S.P. 2,064,151, 15.12.36.
Appl., 29.6.35).—Means for raising the rake arm s one a t a tim e w ithout stopping tho others are described.
B. M. V.
S e d im e n ta tio n a p p a r a tu s . A. J . Fis c h e r, Assr.
to Dorr Co., In c. (U.S.P. 2,064,792, 15.12.36.
Appl., 11.10.35).—The liquid is caused to flow horizontally through a rectangular tan k between nearly level shelves each of which is scraped by a conveyor running zig-zag, the sediment being all delivered to a sump below th e feed point. The upm ost run of the conveyor m ay serve to remove
scum. B. M. V.
M in e ra l s e p a r a t o r . W. L. Zeigler (U.S.P.
2,064,398, 15.12.36. Appl., 30.3.35).—A flotation apparatus comprising a circular vessel with shaped bottom, a rotating bowl, impeller, and conical screen
is described. B . M. V.
[O re] s e p a r a to r . J . P . Ma h o n e y an d L . E . Lo ng, A ssrs. to Benddc Av ia t io n Co r p. (U.S.P.
2,064,554, 15.12.36. Appl., 21.6.33).—A ro tary conical member having its axis substantially hori
zontal (adjustable slightly either way) and its upper an d lower faces steeper th an 45° is provided -with spiral grooves to tra p and lift the heavy constituent from a mass o f feed m aterial retained by a run a t
the base of the cone. B. M. V.
(A) S e p a r a tio n of so lid s , (b) S e p a r a tin g a p p a r a t u s . E. W . H a r tm a n , Assr. to H a r tm a n G o ld P l a c e r S y n d . (U .S .P . 2,063,926 and 2,064,000, 15.12.36. Appl., [a, b] 11.1.33).—(a) The m aterial (placer Au ore or th e like) is fed through a grizzly w ith nugget tra p on to a reciprocating table having walls a t the higher (feed) end and the sides. The deck is formed w ith riffles inclined to guide heavy m aterial to a central longitudinal gutter, th e action being rapid m ovem ent of the upper layer and dis
charge over th e end (with or w ithout the aid of H 20 ) and slower trav el o f the bottom layer, which is worked inwards, causing a corresponding outwards transverse com ponent of m ovem ent of the upper layers. I n (b) the bed is more particularly described.
B. M. V.
C o n tro l v alv es fo r h y d ra u lic c le a n in g a n d s e p a r a tin g a p p a r a tu s fo r t r e a t m e n t of co a l a n d lik e m a t e r ia ls . G. P . Win d s o r (B.P. 476,379, 21.7.36).—A valve for effecting oscillation of H 20 by means of compressed air is described. B. M. V.
S e p a r a tio n in to c la s s e s of m ix e d m a t e r ia ls of d ifie re n t e le c tric a l c o n d u c tiv itie s . Bir t l ey Co ., Lt d., K . C. Ap p l e y a r d, and S. D . Pollitt (B .P . 475,645, 18.4.36).—In th e apparatus described in B .P . 421,401 (B ., 1935, 259), the contact devices are autom atically adjusted to th e size o f the arriving
pieces. ^ ■
F ro th -flo ta tio n m a c h in e . J . M. Patek (U.S.P.
2,063,751, 8.12.36. Appl., 13.9.34).—Propellers (on horizontal shafts) are placed inside the lower side walls of the flotation cell; tho propellers aro sur
rounded by stationary shrouds, and in front of them (behind as regards delivery) are air inlets an d conical,
rotating deflectors. B. M. V .
P r o d u c tio n of m o u ld e d d e s ic c a n t. R . V.
He u s e r (U.S.P. 2,064,113, 15.12.36. Appl., 11.2.36).
—A porous inert carrier (mainly pptd. S i0 2) is im pregnated w ith a boric acid having less H 20 th a n is present in H 3B 0 3, the absorptive capacity a t 10%
R .H . being > 2 0 % of H 20 . R eactivation is described (not claimed) as being effected a t 200°/l hr. ^ ^
H y d ra u lic p re s s e s fo r c o m p re s s in g p o w d e re d c h a rg e s . De u t s. Wa e f e n- u. Mu n it io n s f a b r ik e n
A.-G. (B.P. 476,245, 4.6.36. Ger., 5.6.35).—Means for compressing a no. of capsules uniformly, slowly, and simultaneously are described. B. M. V.
C e n trifu g a l s p r a y in g a n d i m p r e g n a tin g a p p a r a tu s . F. H . Lo ring (B.P. 476,828, 1.9.36. Addn.
to B .P. 444,833; B., 1936, 480).—The apparatus described in th e prior p aten t is provided with a return feed for th e solid m aterial, th e effect being th a t for the same n e tt ou tp u t th e descending curtain of
m aterial is thicker. B. M . V.
240 BRITISH CHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS.—B.
T r e a tm e n t of g r a n u la r o r p u lv e ru le n t m a t e r ia l w ith g a s e s . N. Ah l m a n n (B.P. 476,594,12.6.36).—
F or the processes described in B.P. 404,818 and 470,013 (B., 1934, 225; 1937, 1147), a ro tary drum is utilised so th a t over p a rt of the circumference the m aterial is held on by gas pressure + gravity and on another p a rt by gas pressure — gravity. The m aterial is charged in two layers, th e outer being of
finer m aterial. B. M. V.
S tr a in e r s . Jo h n so n & Jo h n so n (B.P. 477,077, 15.4.37. U.S., 1S.4.36).—A corrugated strip is laid upon a flat strip and the two are wound to a flat spiral, several of which m ay be superposed.
B. M. V.
C e n trifu g a l s e p a r a to r s . Be r g ed o r fer Ei s e n w e r k A .-G . Astr a-We r k e (B .P . 476,823, 13.8.36.
Ger., 6.9.35).—A centrifuge for liquids a t least one of which m ay be impaired by contact w ith air is provided with a closed inlet (via a hollow shaft) and a t least one closed outlet fed by a paring device.
B. M. V.
C e n trifu g a l s e p a r a to r . J . F. Tr o ll, Assr. to Am e r. Tool & Ma c h in e Co. (U.S.P. 2,063,472, 8.12.36. Appl., 8.2.34).—A basket-type centrifuge with a hand-operated discharge scraper is described.
B. M. V.
C e n trifu g a l d is c h a r g e r. E . Ro be r t s, Assr.
to West e r n States Ma c h in e Co. (U.S.P. 2,064,766, 15.12-36. Appl., 22.7.35).—A plough for discharging centrifugally dried sugar or tho liko is described.
B. M. V.
[C e n trifu g a l] c lu tc h , e sp e c ia lly fo r c e n trifu g e s . Fu s io n-Mo teurs (B.P. 475,849, 23.2.37. Belg., 20.3.36).—Means for holding a centrifugal clutch out o f engagement is described. B. M. V.
(A) F il te r . (B) A p p a ra tu s fo r filte r in g so lid s f r o m liq u id s . D. II. Wells (U.S.P. 2,064,510— 11, 15.12.36. Appl., [a] 5.4.34, [b] 26.9.34).—(a) The filter medium comprises a no. of closely assembled wood strips formed w ith channels closed a t the inlet end, or crushed and twisted ra tta n reeds. I t is especially suitable for engine-fuel oil, preferably when heated a t 60°. (b) Tho filter elements comprise a granular coro wrapped spirally w ith fibrous m aterial, tho ends of the ropo-likc elements being fixed in a
tube plate. B. M. V.
F ilte r . S. B a r k e r , Assr. to C h e r r y - B urrell
C o st. (U.S.P. 2,064,403, 15.12.36. Appl., 24.6.35).—
An outward-flow, rotating, cylindrical screen with means for continuously removing d irt is described.
B. M. V.
L iq u id re fin e rs a n d re fin in g of liq u id s . J . K . Ru sse l l, W . B . Co llins, and W . W . Boggs (B .P . 476,422 and Addn. B .P . 476,421, 4.3.36. U.S., 4.3.35).—(a) F ilter aid and a large no. of wads or lumps o f fibrous m aterial are both mixed into used lubricating oil or other prefilt, tho first m aterial being deposited on tho very extended surface of the second by the a c t of filtration. The oil m ay subsequently pass through MgO, MgC03, or other neutraliser.
(b) The filter aid is acid-activated adsorbent m aterial.
A filter vessel adapted to be perm anently connected in a lubricating oil circuit is described. ” B. M. V.
F ilte r -b e d tu b e s . G. Ja e c k e l (B .P . 476,670, 11.3.36).—A ceramic tube intended for carrying away filtrate from th e filter bed is perforated -with elon
gated holes staggered in relation to each other and expanding inwardly in -width. Clips for connecting the tubes are described. B. M. V.
E m u ls ify in g a p p a r a tu s . Or m er od En g in e e r s, Lt d., and W . C. M. Matterson (B .P . 476,556, 25.2.37).—The seat of a spring-loaded emulsifying valve, or the valve itself, is formed w ith an annular recess on the delivery side to produce turbulence w ith a min. of continuous vortices. B. M. V.
C o n c e n tra tio n c o lu m n s . A. Sc h o n e b e c k (B .P . 476,334, 28.4.36).—The plates are concave and th e cylindrical walls provided w ith inspection apertures.
[Stat. ref.] B . M. Y.
F ilm e v a p o ra to rs . E . Sc h u s t e r (B.P. 476,466, 30.12.36).—In a film evaporator for millc or the like the hotter vapours from th e upper p a rt are removed separately from th e colder vapours an d air from the lower part'. Foam is directed to the n ex t lower heating tube. Construction of large doors (the whole sides of th e apparatus) is described. B. M. V .
B a tc h d is tilla tio n of liq u id m i x tu r e s . N. V.
d e Bataafsche Petroleum Ma a t s. (B .P . 476,280, 6.3.37. Holl., 12.3.36).—Feed m aterial which m ay v ary in composition is continuously supplied to an interm ediate point of a column, an d volatile and non
volatile products aro continuously withdrawn, as also is a stream of interm ediate com position; this latter stream is passed in h ea t exchange w ith feed m aterial an d returned either to th e storage ta n k for feed m aterial or passed to another feed ta n k for re-treatm ent in the same or another still.
B. M. V . F r a c tio n a tin g c o lu m n . H . S u ess, Assr. to Rh ein m eta ll- Borsig A.-G. (U.S.P. 2,064,390,
15.12.36. Appl., 7.1.36. Ger., 18.2.35).—A central, vertical shaft (constructed, e.g., of a pair of joists welded together) is provided w ith a no. of detachable pockets alternately on each side, both tho shaft and th e pockets being provided w ith sim ilar contact means. Tho pockets m ay be o f a t least th ree k in d s : (1) ordinary, (2) boiling, (3) draw-off, and the various kinds placed a t any desired level. B. M. V .
E x tr a c tio n of liq u id m i x tu r e s . N. V . d e Bataafsche Petroleum Ma a t s., Assees. of W . J . D . Va n Dijc k (B .P . 475,692, 26.10.36. U .S ., 26.10.35).
—I n th e extraction by selective solvent, th e prim ary raffinate and ex tra ct products are caused to flow countercurrent in a t least p a rt of the prim ary ex
tractor, and an interm ediate product is withdraw n and subjected to various separate treatm en ts to yield a third raffinate (or extract), th e other products being returned to the prim ary extractor a t suitable
points. B . M. V.
S o lv e n t e x tr a c tio n of liq u id m i x tu r e s . N. V . d e Bataafsche Petroleum Ma a t s. (B .P . 477,050, 25.6.36. U.S., 1.7.35).—The process relates to m ix
tures comprising miscible components A , B , an d G, A being th e least sol. in a selective solvent S . A simple extraction process is effected for pure C in S ; then A -r B and some S are extracted by another
Cl. I.—GENERAL; PLANT; MACHINERY. 241 solvent (T) under rectifying conditions, w ith in ter
m ediate backwash, during which the tem p, rises in th e same direction as the flow o f extract, to get pure B in T , the raffinate after the backwash returning
to the feed. B. M. V.
P r o d u c tio n of a i r fo a m . R . Stha m er (Fa b r. Ch em isc h er Praparate v o n Dr. R . St ha m er) (B.P. 476,552, 6.7.37. Ger., 6.7.36).—The foaming agent comprises degraded or dissociated proteins in combination w ith a salt of a m ultivalent m etal or one of variable valency, e.g., F eS 0 4. B. M. V.
D iffu sio n of g a s e s in liq u id s . Br it. Th o m so n- Houston Co., Lt d. From Al lg em. Elektricitats Ge s. (B .P . 476,857, 12.6.37).—The gas is injected into th e liquid through a rotating perforated cylinder and then impinges on stationary adjustable baffles.
B. M. V.
C e n trifu g a l d u s t s e p a r a t o r s . Ge n. Electric Co., Lt d., and C. H . W. and C. H . Ch eltnam (B.P.
476,711, 6.10.36).—In a prelim inary separator of the skimming type th e position of the dust ports is
specified. B. M. V.
S e p a r a tio n of d u s t a n d o th e r s m a l l p a r tic le s f r o m g a s e s . Br it. Un it e d Shoe Ma c h in e r y
Co., Lt d. From Un it e d Shoe Ma c h in e r y Co r p., and H . v a n Roo sen (B .P . 475,884, 28.5.36).—Tho solid m atter is separated in a power-driven centrifuge, the d ust being collected on nested driving elements, whence it slips off to discharge orifices a t the max.
periphery and thence to a non-rotating chamber.
B. M. V.
M a n u fa c tu re of filte r in g m a s s e s fo r re m o v in g a e ro s o ls a n d lik e m in u te s u s p e n d e d m a t t e r f r o m th e a tm o s p h e r e . Soo. Ital. Pir e l l i (B.P. 476,372,
1.6.37. Ita l., 10.6.36. Addn. to B .P. 433,190 and 434,700; B., 1935, 930, 1027).—A filter pack is formed of spun, woven, or k nitted m aterial, the plies being superposed a t an angle of 20—30° to each other, preferably by lapping a continuous band on
a rotating table. B. M. V.
M e th o d s f o r r e m o v in g th e s u b s ta n c e s c o n d e n s e d in c o ld a c c u m u la to r s i n th e c o o lin g of g a s e s . L . Me l l e r s h-Ja c k s o n. From L Air Liq u id e Soc. An o n, p o u r l’ISt u d e e t l’Ex pl o it. d e s Proc. G. Cl a u d e (B .P . 477,033, 18.5.36).—I f the substance, e.g., H 20 , is deposited a t the warmer end of the accum ulator, the outgoing gas near th a t p a rt is specially heated by m eans other th an the ingoing gas. I f th e substance, e.g., C 0 2, is deposited a t th e cool end, the ingoing gas near th a t p a rt is specially cooled by m eans other th a n the outgoing gas.
B. M. V.
A p p a r a tu s fo r d is c h a r g in g liq u e fie d g a s e s f r o m a v e s s e l b e lo w a tm o s p h e ric te m p e r a tu r e . W. L. De Ba u e r e (U.S.P. 2,062,781, 1.12.36. Appl., 12.8.35).—The discharge is norm ally regulated by a float valve, an d when th a t sticks an adjacent hand- operated valve is closed an d reopened, the latter having an elongated stem which in the last stage of the closing m ovem ent forces th e float valve off its
seating. B. M. V.
N o n -c o n d e n sib le g a s s e p a r a to r . L. Bu e h l e r, jun., Assr. to Frick Co. (U.S.P. 2,062,697, 1.12.36’.
Appl., 31.7.33).—In a refrigerating system a purging device comprises a cooled separating chamber, the m ixture of gas an d vapour being caused to. enter by th e drop in pressure due to cooling; en try is perm itted until accum ulated gas has forced the level of the liquid (condensed vapour) below a certain level, a t which point float- and electrically-operated valves cut oil entry and perm it blow-off of gas. B. M. V.
D e c o m p o s itio n of g a s e o u s m i x tu r e s b y liq u e fa c tio n a n d re c tific a tio n . Ge s. f. Li n d e’s Ei s- m ascju nen A.-G. (B.P. 476,015, 25.3.37. Ger., 19.5. and 29.7.36).—In th e operation of reversing cold regenerators working w ith m oist ingoing air, additional cold is supplied to th e warm end of the regenerators b y spraying H 20 into the outgoing decomp. products, a favourable balance being ob
tained because the outgoing gases are a t a lower pressure th an th a t of th e ingoing. B. M. V.
H ig h - v a c u u m p u m p s . W . Ga e d e (B.P. 475,840, 21.12.36. Ger., 21.12.35).—Additional gas is ad m itted to an exhausting m ixture of gas an d vapour to prevent condensation of th e latter on compression
up to atm . pressure. B. M. V.
M a n u fa c tu re of c h a r g e s a n d c a r tr id g e s fo r [slo w ] g e n e r a tio n of g a s p r e s s u r e s . J . M.
Holm, and Im pe r ia l Ch e m. In d u s t r ie s, Lt d. (B.P. 477,956, 6.7.36).—The charge or cartridge suitable for operating mechanical devices consists of one or more graded elements consisting o f nitro- guanidine which m ay contain a binding agent (> 7 -5% ) and has been compressed (d < 1 — 1-2) so th a t only self-propagating combustion takes place a t > 1 atm . The initial pressure is generated by a composite tra m (cf. B.P. 454,091; B., 1936, 1185), an d th e use of guanidine n itrate, gelatinised n itro cellulose, and cellulose acetate as binding agents is
claimed. A. H . C.
V a ts . W . Ca n n in g & Co., Lt d., and G. A.
Po pe(B.P. 476,904,4.9.36 an d 1 2.2.3 7).—R ectangular wooden v ats are constructed w ith vertical embedded bolts and metallic reinforcing bars in the horizontal joints, tho bars being H, T, + , L, or otber equiv.
cross-section. B. M. V.
P a c k in g s fo r jo in ts . A. Ry n e r (B.P. 475,967, 2.6.36).—A perm anently elastic packing for spigot or flange joints comprises a t least one helix of very flexible and elastic wire surrounded by fibrous m aterial im pregnated w ith bitumen. B. M. V.
M o is tu r e -te s tin g d ev ice. C. 0 . Fa ir c h il d and J . P . He n d e r s o n, Assrs. to C. J . Ta g l ia b u e (U.S.P.
2,063,840, 8.12.36. Appl., 25.8.33).—Loose fibrous or comminuted m aterial (e.g., tobacco) is compressed around electrodes under a measured load, and tho resistance is measured. The electrodes m ay comprise a no. of pins upstanding from a semi-circular plate, the two plates forming the bottom of the pressure
die. B. M. V.
C h e m ic a l h e a tin g c o m p o s itio n . F . R . Ta t e. From Ke n d a l l Co. (B.P. 475,411, 15.4.36).—See U.S.P. 2,040,406—7 ; B., 1937, 629.
S e p a r a tin g g a s e s b y fre e z in g .—See V II. L a m in a te d w o o d [fric tio n lin in g s ] .—See IX . G a l
