Discover Discover the energy the energy of hydrogen of hydrogen
Grzegorz Karwasz
University Nicolaus Copernicus
This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826246.
The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Italy, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Switzerland.
Energy: Carriers and transformations
3/15
The picture shows „pure” forms of energy: solar radiation, electric current, chemical energy.
Hans. U. Fuchs,
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells.
How, What for, and Why?
Didactical Materials FCHGo, 2019
From a theoretical point of view, some forms can be transformed to others with high
efficiency. Say, the potential energy of water in a lake can be transformed into the kinetic energy of the water coming to the turbine with 98% and the kinetic energy of water into the electric energy with some 90%.
This is not the case of thermodynamic engines
Experiments from other lessons
- Experiments with „Energy box” on different energy forms.
- Experiment with solar constant and absorption of solat radiations, see Lesson 1.
- Experiments with energy carriers and „alternative energies”” see Lesson 2.
- Experiments with electrochemisty, see Lesson no. 3.
- Experiments with hydrogen (and ethanol) fuel cells, Lesson 4
- Hydrogen production in chemical reactions
NCU Group: A. Karbowski, K. Wyborska, K. Fedus, K. Rochowicz, A. Kamińska, G. Karwasz
This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826246.
The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Italy, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Switzerland.
Heat engines
3/15
The efficiency of gas engines depends on the difference of temparature between the soruce of the heat and the sink of the heat (radiator)
η = (T 1 - T 2 ) / T 1 .
where T 1 is the temperature of the heat source and T 2 – of the radiator (i.e. the heat sink).
This holds in general for all heat engines, from water vapour, gas (i.e. Otto cycle), oil
(Diesel) to modern gas turbines.
Candle Stirling engine
This machine needs a heat source (a candle) and the piston: the movement makes the
dynamo rotate and creates the electrical current that makes flash a LED
This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826246.
The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Italy, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Switzerland.
Stirling engine
3/15
Stirling’s engine consists of a piston and the termic separator: it works with very small temperature differences (pieces of ice or hot tea cup)
dydaktyka.fizyka.umk.pl/zabawki1/files/termo/silnik-en.html
„Drinking” bird
Also the „drinking bird” is a thermodynamic engine: it uses the difference of temperatures between a cooled „head” (being cooler because of water evaporating) and „hot” (i.e. room temperature) body. The efficiency is very small <1%.
dydaktyka.fizyka.umk.pl/zabawki1/files/termo/kaczka_big-en.html
This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826246.
The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Italy, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Switzerland.
Hand electricity generators
3/15
The mechanical work (squizing the handle, or translational movement of the magnet inside) [work= force x translation] makes the magnet move inside wires: the electrical
current is generated, which lasts as long as the movement lasts and/or, if a condensor is
present – as long as it is charged.
Hand electricity generators
This device allows to make also a quasi-quantitative experiment on conservation of energy (and its dissipations).
1. Squeeze the handle five times, stop squeezing and count how many
seconds the rotor goes on before a stop [it is usually some 6-7 seconds]
2. Now remove the lamp and repeat the experiment: now the rotor goes for some 12-13 seconds before it stops:
energy „loses” are smaller.
3. These energy „loses” are the frictions,
and the electrical power consumed by
the lamp.
This project has received funding from the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 826246.
The JU receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and Italy, Denmark, Poland, Germany, Switzerland.
