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The problem of additivity of creep and shrinkage in concrete under tension

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i) i: u

COMITE EURO-INTERNATIONAL DU BETON

2 7 !h p l e n a r y s e s s i o n CONTRIBUTION OF THE POLISH NATIONAL GROUP

RUMS SE P T E M B E R > » » 0

Z d z is ła w SULIKOWSKI W iesław ZAL'QRCSSKI 2 )

1HE PR03L35 CF ADDITIVITY OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE Di CONCRETE UNDER TENSION

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

When a n a l y z in g e v e r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n on t h e s t r a i n o f c o n c r e t e s u b j e c te d t o lo n g - t e r m o p e r a t i o n o f s t r e s s e s , t h e r e a r i s e s t h e p ro b le m o f e v a lu a tin g t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s . The f r e q u e n t l y u s e d m ethod of sepa­

r a t i n g t h e c r e e p s t r a i n s c o n s i s t s o f s u b t r a c t i n g th e s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s mea­

s u r e d i n tw in e x p e r i m e n t a l e le m e n ts n o t s u b j e c t e d t o e x t e r n a l lo a d s . The b a s i s f o r t h i s i s th e a s s u m p tio n o f a d d i t i v i t y o f c r e e p and s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s , im p lie d by t h e c o n c e p t o f in d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e s e phenom ena. T h is a s'su m p tio n i s c r i t i c i z e d by m o st o f a u t h o r s . S o v i e t r e s e a r c h e s in trc o d u C e d t h e c o n c e p t o f th e s o - c a l l e d " s t r e s s s h r in k a g e " ( s e e ite m 2 .1 ), su p p o o s e d ly c a u s e d by f a s t e r d r y in g o f lo a d e d c o n c r e t e . I n t u r n , a c c o r d i n g t o tith e p r e - v e i l i n g o p in io n o f r e s e a r c h e r s i n th e W est, t h e d r y in g o f c o n c r e te : i n c r e a ­ s e s t h e c r e e p by t h e q u a n t i t y c a l l e d " t h e c r e e p a t d r y i n g " ( s e e ite m a 2 . 2 ) .

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o th e above t h e r e a r e tw o q u e s t i o n s : w h e th e r th e s i n t e r ­ d e p e n d e n c e o f c r e e p a n d s h r i n k a g e a c t u a l l y ta k e s p l a c e , an d on w hat; i t de­

p e n d s , and a l s o w h e th e r t h e e f f e c t o f t h i s p o s s i b l e i n t e r a c t i o n i s m e a s u ­ r a b l e an d s i g n i f i c a n t . I n th e p r e s e n t p a p e r , on th e b a s i s o f t e s t i n g o f th e e x p e r i m e n t a l e l e m e n t s , th e a u t h o r s a t t e m p t t o an sw e r o n ly th e l a t t e r q u e s t io n .

2. S t a t e o f a r t r e p o r t

2 . 1 . E f f e c t o f l o n g - te r m l o a d s on d r y in g and s h r in k a g e o f c o n c r e t e The d e p e n d e n c e o f d r y i n g and s h r in k a g e o f c o n c r e t e on lo n g - te r m lo a d s h a t n o t b e e n much i n v e s t i g a t e d . The r e s u l t s o b ta i n e d from an i n s u f f i c i e n t

1) A s s o c . P r o f e s s o r D o c to r S i l e s i a n T e c h n ic a l U n i v e r s i t y u l . P s t r o w s k i e g o 5 i 44—1100 G l iw ic e , P o la n d

2) D o c to r Eng. S i l e s i a n T e c h n ic a l U n i v e r s i t y

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num ber o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s do n o t w a r r a n t e x t e n s i v e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s p ro b le m - t h e m ore s o , a s . t h e o p i n i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s a u t h o r s on th e s u b j e c t a r e d i f f e r e n t .

AlEKSANDROV/SKI [ 1 '] e x p l a i n e d t h a t lo n g - te r m lo a d c a u s e s t h e c h a n g e s o f t h e d im e n s io n s o f c o n c r e t e p o r e s , t h u s c h a n g in g th e c o n d i t i o n s o f i t s d r y i n g w h ich s h o u l d a f f e c t t h e s h r i n k a g e .

MEIER a n d NILSON [2J e x p l a i n e d t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f s h r in k a g e on l o n g - - t e r m l o a d s a s f o l l o w s : i n t h e c a s e when a c o n c r e t e sp e c im e n i s s u b j e c ­ t e d t o t h e a c t i o n o f e x t e r n a l l o a d s , t h e n a p a r t fro m t h e im m e d ia te s t r a i n s w h ic h a r e f o l lo w e d by c r e e p s t r a i n s , t h e l o a d a l s o c a u s e s a ch an g e i n t h e w a te r v a p o u r p r e s s u r e i n t h e c o n c r e t e . T h is change r e s u l t s , i n t u r n , i n a p r o c e s s a im in g a t l e v e l l i n g t h e w a t e r v a p o u r p r e s s u r e i n s i d e t h e c o n c r e t e t o th e w a t e r v a p o u r p r e s s u r e o f t h e s u r r o u n d in g e n v ir o n m e n t, a s a r e s u l t o f w h ich m o i s t u r e s t r a i n s a r e c r e a t e d . S i m i l a r o p i n i o n s on t h i s s u b j e c t v.ere o f f e r e d by ROSS, SEED, LA VIS and HAMILTON ' a c c . t o [ 3 j .

I n t e r e s t i n g i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e d r y i n g o f e le m e n ts u n d e r l o s e (c o m p re ss e d o r s t r e t c h e d ) a n d l o a d - f r e e w ere made by ALEKSANLROV.'SEI ( 4 , 5 ] . H is r e s u l t s w ould p ro v e e . g . , t h a t t e n s i o n e d s p e c im e n s d r y up more q u ic k l y th a n th e sp e c im e n s n o t lo a d e d w i t h t h i s e f f e c t b e in g n o r e e v i d e n t a t h i g h e r s t r e s s e s an d p o s s i b l y ( a c c . t o t h e a u t h o r o f t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s ) a t s m a l l e r d im e n s io n s o f t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f t h e s p e c i ­ men. The r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e s t s do n o t p e r m i t a d i r e c t c o m p a ris o n o f th e

q u a n t i t y o f s h r in k a g e i n lo a d e d an d l o a d - f r e e c o n c r e t e a s t h e q u a n t i t y o f c r e e p i s n o t known. S u ch c o m p a r is o n s g iv e n i n i n v e s t i g a t i o n s [ 4 , 5 ) a r e n o t a c c u r a t e (com p, ite m 2 . 2 ) s i n c e th e a u t h o r assum ed t h a t t h e c re e p o f th e d r y i n g sp e c im e n s i s e q u a l t o t h e c r e e p o f th e i n s u l a t e d r e f e r e n c e s p e c im e n s , an d on t h i s b a s i s e v a l u a t e d t h e c r e e p s t r a i n ( t h e same in a c c u r a c y i s fo u n d i n t h e w ork o f KITZEL [6 ] ). I n a m ore r e c e n t w ork ALEKSANDROV,'SKI h a s shown t h a t th e q u a n t i t y o f s h r i n k a g e i n lo a d e d c o n c r e ­ t e may be e s t i m a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f th e d e p e n d e n c e b e tw e e n th e am ount o f w a te r e v a p o r a t e d from t h e c o n c r e t e an d t h e v a lu e o f t h i s c. r i n k a g e . Such a d e p e n d e n c e was p r e s e n t e d b y AEEKSAEDROii’SKI i n p a p e r s [ 1 , ? ] . As a r e ­ s u l t , t h i s p e r m i t t e d , i n a n i n d i r e c t w ay, a c o m p a r is o n o f t h e d i s c u s s e d

- 1 1 4 -

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q u a n t i t i e s o f s h r in k a g e [ 1 ] . I n t h i s w ay, t h e a u t h o r d e m o n s tr a te d t h a t t h e s h r i n k a g e o f a n e le m e n t u n d e r lo a d i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e s h r in k a g e o f a n e le m e n t w i th o u t l o a d . The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e s e tw o v a l u e s was c a l l e d " t h e s t r e s s s h r i n k a g e " . A c c o rd in g t o ALEKSAKDROWSKI [ 1 , 4 , 5 3 an d MITZEL [ 6 ] , t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h i s d i f f e r e n c e shows t h a t s h r in k a g e and

c r e e p a r e n o t a d d i t i v e v a l u e s . I n t h e i r o p i n i o n , th e c a l c u l a t e d v a lu e o f c r e e p e . g . , f o r t e n s i o n , a s t h e sum o f t h e s t r a i n s m e a su re d ( i n a lo a d e d and d r y i n g s p e c im e n ) a n d o f th e s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s ( i n a d r y i n g c o m p a r is o n - - s p e c im e n w i t h o u t l o a d ) i s b u rd e n e d w i t h a n e r r o r e q u a l t o t h e v a lu e o f

" t h e s t r e s s s h r i n k a g e " , F i g . 1.

- 1 1 5 -

F ig . 1

The a u t h o r s o f o t h e r s t u d i e s MAMILLAK, MAHEI, ¡SEVILLE a c c . t o [ 8 ] , a s o p p o se d t o ALEKSAKDROWSKI [ 4 ] , d i d n o t f i n d an y e s s e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e l o s s o f m o i s t u r e i n t h e s p e c im e n s s u b j e c t e d t o lo n g - te r m , c o m p r e s s iv e l o a d s an d i n l o a d - f r e e s p e c im e n s . HAESEK [.8 J e x p r e s s e d an o p in i o n t h a t th e m e th o d s o f m e a s u r in g m o i s t u r e l o s s e s (m e a su re m e n ts o f w e i g h t ) i n t h e a b o v e -m e n tio n e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s w ere n o t v e r y a c c u r a t e . CEE-FIE M odel Code 1990 ( B u ll .N o 1 9 0 a ) d o e s n o t c o n t a i n an y r e l a t i o n s d e s c r i b i n g t h e e f f e c t o f l o a d s on th e d r y i n g and s h r in k a g e o f c o n c r e t e .

m easu red s tra in of lo a d e d (te n s io n e d ) sp ec im e n

sum m ing d efin itio n

s tr e s s s h rin k a g e acc to A lek san d ro w sk i to ta l c re e p w ith c o n sid e -

time s h r ink age of n o t

lo a d e d specim en

a c tu a l s h r in k a g e in a lo a d e d specim en a c c to Aleksandrow ski

/ ration of th e e ffe c t of A leksandrow ski

2 . 2 . C re e p a t d r y i n g

Some r e s e a r c h e r s , l i k e e . g . , VOGT T 9 J « PICKET [ 1 0 ] , HAliSEN £ 8 ] ,

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SEVILLE [ 1 1 ] , BROOKS L 1 2 ], ILISTOH [1 3 ] and o t h e r s make u se o f th e n o t io n o f th e s o - c a l l e d " creep a t d r y in g " . T h is i s th e q u a n t it y by w hich th e creep r e s u l t i n g from th e d r y in g o f c o n c r e t e , i s in c r e a s e d , J i g . 2.

a)

- 1 1 6 -

b)

A c c o rd in g t o t h e s e a u t h o r s , t o t a l c r e e p i s t h e sum o f t h e c r e e p o f t h e e le m e n t p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e l o s s o f m o i s t u r e ( i n s u l a t e d ) , and t h e c r e e p a t d r y i n g , a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e l o s s o f m o i s t u r e , f i g . 2 a . The c r e e p o f t h e i n s u l a t e d e le m e n t i s c a l l e d t h e s p e c i f i c c r e e p o r b a s i c c r e e p . F o r th e t e n s i o n e d e le m e n ts , f i g . 2 b , t h e sum o f t h e s t r a i n s m e a s u re d i n a lo a d e d a n d d r y i n g sp e c im e n an d t h e s h r i n k a g e s t r a i n s i n a d r y i n g r e f e r e n c e s p e ­ cim en w it h o u t l o a d r e p r e s e n t s t o t a l c r e e p .

VOGT [ 9 ] e x p l a i n e d i n t h i s t h e o r y , t h a t s h r in k a g e i n f l u e n c e s t h e c r e e p a s a r e s u l t o f i n t e r n a l s t r e s s e ^ w h ich i t c a u s e s . As a r e s u l t o f t h e d r y i n g o f t h e c o n c r e t e e le m e n t, n o n - u n if o r m f i e l d s o f m o i s t u r e a n d s h r i n ­ k ag e s t r a i n s a r e c r e a t e d i n i t . T h e se a r e t h e c a u s e o f t h e f o r m a t i o n o f

i n t e r n a l s h r in k a g e s t r e s s e s o f n o n - u n if o r m d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e a r e a o f

I

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t h e s p e c im e n s e c t i o n . The t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s a r e c r e a t e d more q u i c k l y i n t h e d r y i n g , e x t e r n a l l a y e r s , w h ile t h e c o m p re s s iv e ones - i n th e d e e p e r l a y e r s . T h ese s t r e s s e s a r e summed up w i th t h e s t r e s s e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e e x t e r n a l l o a d . As a r e s u l t , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , o f s t r e s s changed on a c c o u n t o f d r y i n g i s r u l i n g t h e c r e e p .

PICKET [1 0 1 s u g g e s te d t h a t th e c a u s e s o f t h e i n c r e a s e d c r e e p i n t h e d r y i n g s p e c im e n i n c o m p a ris o n w i t h th e s p e c im e n p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t l o s s o f m o i s t u r e a r e n o t t o be fo u n d o n ly i n t h e i n c r e a s e o f s t r e s s e s , b u t a l s o i n th e p o s s i b i l i t y e f e x c e e d in g th e l i n e a r i t y o f c r e e p a s a r e s u l t o f th e i n c r e a s e o f t h e s e s t r e s s e s .

L 'kermITE [ 1 4 ] s u g g e s t e d th e l i n k i n g o f s h r in k a g e and c r e e p by e q u a t i o n :

2 .1 7 o P - * (1 + a 4 - f ; } *

w h e re : -q0^ i s t h e t o t a l d e la y e d s t r a i n , ¿ - c r e e p w i t h o u t s h r i n k a g e , a i c o n s t a n t s p e c i f i c to t h e g i v e n c o n c r e t e , t h e o r e t i c a l s h r in k a g e a t r e l a t i v e m o i s t u r e e q u a l t o z e r o , jUa s h r in k a g e a t a c t u a l m o i s t u r e .

CEB-FIP M odel Code 1990 ( B u l l . No 1 9 0 a) i n c l u d e s th e e f f e c t o f th e c o n c r e t e d r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s on t h e q u a n t i t y o f c r e e p : h o w e v e r, t h e r e l a ­ t i o n s h i p s g i v e n r e f e r i n p r i n c i p l e t o c o m p re sse d c o n c r e t e o n ly .

J . F o r m u la t io n o f t h e p ro b le m , aim o f own i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

Summing up t h e re v ie w o f l i t e r a t u r e , i t may be s t a t e d t h a t th e o p in io n o f t h e r e s e a r c h e r s a s to , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f l o n g - te r m l o a d s on t h e d ry in g an d s h r in k a g e o f c o n c r e t e , an d h e n c e a s t o th e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s o - c a l l e d

" s t r e s s s h r in k a g e " a r e n o t u n i v o c a l . T h u s, i t s h o u ld be b e l i e v e d t h a t the p ro b le m h a s n o t b e e n s o l v e d . An i n s u f f i c i e n t num ber o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and a s s o c i a t e d w ith i t , d i f f e r e n c e s o f o p in i o n s p ro m p te d t h e , c o n d u c tin g o f e x p e r i m e n t s i n t h i s f i e l d .

H ow ever, i t may be assum ed t h a t t h e r e i s a u n if o r m i t y o f v iew s on th e s o - c a l l e d " c r e e p a t d r y i n g " . A c c o rd in g t o th e a u t h o r s o f th e a r t i c l e , the e x i s t e n c e o f a n e x c e s s o f c r e e p c a u s e d by t h e d r y i n g o f c o n c r e te d o es n o t n e g a t e t h e p r i n c i p l e o f a d d i t i v i t y o f s h r in k a g e and c r e e p o f c o n c r e t e f o r a p r o p e r ly co n d u cted t e s t . T h is i s an ex p erim en t i n w hich th e sp ecim en s

.• 1 1 7 -

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- 1 1 8

u n d e r l o a d an d r e f e r e n c e s p e c im e n s a r e i n t h e same t h e r m a l - m o i s t u r e con­

d i t i o n s . T h is m e a n s , among o t h e r s , t h a t t h e i n s u l a t e d lo a d e d sp e c im e n c a n n o t be t h e c o m p a ris o n s p e c im e n ( u s e f u l f o r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f th e s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s) f o r t h e d r y i n g sp e c im e n u n d e r l o a d . The i n s u l a t e d s p e ­ cim en i s i n d i f f e r e n t th e r m a l - m o i s t u r e c o n d i t i o n s t h a n t h e sp e c im e n w hich h a s n o t b e e n i n s u l a t e d s o t h i s i s a n a d d i t i o n a l f a c t o r i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t . The a u t h o r s o f t h e a r t i c l e made th e f o l l o w i n g h y p o t h e s i s :

11 The c r e e p o f t e n s i o n e d c o n c r e t e may be p r e s e n t e d a s a n a l g e b r a i c sum o f s t r a i n s m e a s u re d on t h e same s p e c im e n s , lo a d e d and lo a d f r e e w h ich a r e i n t h e same th e r m a l - m o i s t u r e c o n d i t i o n s ( b o th e n v ir o n m e n ta l a n a th o s e i n s i d e t h e s p e c im e n f .

To v e r i f y t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , t h e p ro b le m o f t h e s o - c a l l e d " s t r e s s s h r i n ­ k a g e " h a d t o be s o l v e d . I n o t h e r w o rd s , i t s h o u l d h a v e b e e n fo u n d w h e th e r t h e r e e x i s t s a n i n f l u e n c e o f l o n g - te r m l o a d s on t h e d r y i n g an d s h r in k a g e o f c o n c r e t e . L ack o f s u c h h n a n i n f l u e n c e f a v o u r s t h e a s s u m in g o f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , w h ile i t s e x i s t e n c e w o u ld s u g g e s t s r e j e c t i n g i t . The a u t h o r s o f t h e a r t i c l e c a r r i e d o u t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s d e s c r i b e d f u r t h e r on and t h e s e p e r m i t t e d t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e p ro b le m i n th e c a s e o f a x i a l l y t e n s i o ­ n e d c o n c r e t e .

4 . M eth o d , p l a n and d e s c r i p t i o n o f own i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

A d i r e c t m e a s u re m e n t o f t h e s h r in k a g e o f c o n c r e t e e le m e n ts s u b j e c t e d t o t h e o p e r a t i o n o f l o n g - te r m lo a d s i s n o t p o s s i b l e . I n v iew o f t h i s , i t h a s b e e n assum ed t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o c o n c lu d e a b o u t t h e q u a n t i t y and p r o g r e s s o f t h e m o i s t u r e s h r in k a g e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e c h a n g e s o f th e c o n c r e t e m o i s t u r e [ 1 , 7 , 11 J ; an d t h e m o i s t u r e o f t h e c o n c r e t e may be a s s e s s e d by m eans o f i t s e l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y ¡(11, 1 5 , 1 6 J. The h ig h m u tu a l c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e s e phenom ena h a s n o t b e e n q u e s t i o n e d .

P i g . 3. Scheme o f t h e m e a s u r in g d e v ic e

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n c e rn e d t h e c o n c r e t e o f t h e c o m p o s itio n : 243 kg o f P o r t l a n d cem ent " 3 5 " . 20S4 k g s a n d - g r a v e l m ix , 174 kg o f w a te r . The s h a ­ p e o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

(7)

e le m e n t i s p r e s e n t e d i n P i g . 3 . On a c c o u n t o f t h e s m a ll d im e n s io n s of th e c r o s s - s e c t i o n (1 0 0 x 1 0 0 mm) an d a r e l a t i v e l y lo n g t e s t i n g t i m e , i t has b e e n assum ed t h a t a t e a c h p o i n t o f t h e m e a su re m e n t a r e a t h e m o is tu re i s t h e same [ 1 7 J . The sp e c im e n s w ere s h a p e d a f t e r one d a y and n e x t sto re d an d t e s t e d a t th e te m p e r a t u r e 2 0 ^ 1 °C.

Two s e r i e s o f s p e c i­

mens w ere p l a n n e d , each o f w h ic h was d iv id e d i n t o two g ro u p s ( T a b le 1) - lo a d e d sp e c im e n s in c r e e p - - t e s t i n g m a c h in e s and l o a d - f r e e . The s e l e c t i o n o f sp e c im e n s was a random o n e. I n " a " s e r i e s the s t r e s s was m a i n ta i n e d f o r 28 d ay s a t t h e r e l a t i v e l e v e l 6 ( t ) / f c t n i t ) =

= 0 , 6 and f o r t h e n e x t 304 d ay s r> = 0 , 6 f ^ ^ = 0 , 8 MPa ( a t r e l a t i v e a i r h u m i d ity RH = 7C>ilO%). The im m e d ia te mean t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h f c t m ^ h a d b een d e te r m in e d e a r l i e r on o t h e r e le m e n ts o f t h e same s h a p e [ 1 8 J . In " b "

s e r i e s , a p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s t a n t p r im a r y l e n g t h o f t h e e le m e n ts was fo r c e d in d u c i n g i n t h i s way th e s h r in k a g e s t r e s s e s ■€>-b s ( t ) u n t i l t h e f r a c t u r e o f t h e c o n c r e t e a t RH = 85% L l8 j .

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f t h e c o n c r e t e m o i s t u r e w ere b a s e d on t h e method o f m e a s u rin g th e e l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y a c c . t o th e schem e shown i n f i g . 3.

A l t e r n a t i n g c u r r e n t s u p p l y ( 5 0 H z) was u s e d w hich e x c lu d e s t h e p o s s i b i l i ­ t y o f c r e a t i n g t h e phenom ena o f e l e c t r o l y s i s an a p o l a r i z a t i o n . C o r r o s io n - - r e s i s t a n t c a rb o n e l e c t r o d e s ( E ) o f s t a b l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere used.

The e l e c t r o d e s o f c y l i n d e r sh a p e ( <S7 mm , 1 = 10 mm) w ere p l a c e d in th e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s o f t h e e le m e n t, 150 mm from e a c h o t h e r . The power l e a d was g lu e d ( t o t h e o p e n in g d r i l l e d i n t h e e l e c t r o d e ) by m eans o f a s p e c i a l c o n d u c ti n g g lu e .

The m e a su re m e n t c o n s i s t e d i n f o r c i g i n t h e c i r c u i t o f th e c u r r e n t i n ­ t e n s i t y o f c o n s t a n t v a lu e an d r e g i s t e r i n g o f th e v o l t a g e d ro p U b e tw e e n t h e e l e c t r o d e s . The v o l t a g e s 0 ^ ( t ) — f o r t h e l o a d - f r e e ele m e n ts an d T J * (t) - f o r th e lo a d e d o n e s , c h a n g in g i n th e c o u r se o f t h e d ry in g o f

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c o n c r e t e , w ere m e a s u re d . The r a t i o o f t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s t o t h e c o r r e s p o n ­ d in g t o th em i n i t i a l v o l t a g e s ) /U p » ^ ( " t j / U p w as t h e "b a sis f o r t h e c o m p a ris o n o f t h e p r o c e s s e s o f d r y i n g o f b o th g ro u p s o f e le m e n ts . The m e a su re m e n t v a l u e s fro m th e t e s t i n g o f t h e g ro u p s o f sp e c im e n s lo a d e d an d l o a d - f r e e i n " a " s e r i e s w ere a s f o l l o w s : t h e m ean p r i m a r y v o l t a g e fro m b o th g ro u p s Dp = 0 ,1 3 0 V a t c u r r e n t i n t e n s i t y J = 0 ,0 5 mA ( w i t h t h e man v a l u e s i n g r o u p s n o t d i f f e r i n g m u ch ). The a v e r a g e t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h = 1 .7 9 ® a .

To a v o id s h u n t i n g o f t h e e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n t h e s y s te m was i n s u ­ l a t e d fro m t h e h a n d le o f t h e c r e e p - t e s t i n g m a c h in e i n w h ich t h e t e s t s w ere m ade. I t w as a l s o fo u n d t h a t t h e r e i s n o d i r e c t e d r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e e l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y o f t h e c o n c r e t e a n d t h e v a lu e o f t e n s i ­ l e s t r e s s e s ( a n a d d i t i o n a l s e p i e s o f e le m e n ts u n d e rw e n t im m e d ia te t e s t s ) .

The s t r a i n s w ere m e a s u re d by m eans o f f r a m e s , r o d s and d i a l i n d i c a t o r s 1 on a b a s e o f 400 mm i n l e n g t h . F o r t h e m e a s u re m e n ts o f f r e e s h r i n ­ k a g e ZB , e le m e n ts o f th e same s h a p e w ere u s e d w h ic h w ere p l a c e d i n a T h e o lo g i c a l ch am b er o f t h e same h e i g h t a s t h e e le m e n ts i n t h e c r e e p - - t e s t i n g m a c h in e s . A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a n be f o u n d i n p a p e r [ 1 8 ] .

5« T e s t r e s u l t s

On e l a b o r a t i n g th e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d , s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s a t s i g n i f i ­ c a n c e l e v e l 0 ,0 1 h a v e b e e n a ssu m ed . M aking u s e o f v a r i a n c e a n a l y s i s t o t h e v a lu e f^® ( acc o m p a n y in g t e s t s ) , i t h a s b e e n fo u n d t h a t t h e e x p e r i ­ m e n ta l m a t e r i a l i n e a c h s e r i e s i s a hom o g en eo u s s e t . I t h a s a l s o b een c h e c k e d , by m eans o f D ix o n t e s t [l9 3 > w h e th e r t h e e x tre m e v a l u e s o f th e r e s u l t s a r e n o t b u rd e n e d w ith g r o s s e r r o r s . The g r a p h i c i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s o f " a " s e r i e s i s g iv e n i n f i g . 4 , 5 an d 6 . The b ro k e n l i n e s i n t h e s e f i g u r e s c o n n e c t th e mean v a l u e s o b t a i n e d from t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

The d ia g ra m s from f i g . 4 p r e s e n t t h e c o u r s e o f v a r i a t i o n s ( i n l o g a ­ r i t h m i c s c a l e ) o f th e q u a n t i t y /U ^ a n d o f t h e s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s £ = , d e p e n d in g on t h e tim e f o r t h e lo a d —f r e e e le m e n ts . The v a lu e o f t h e r a t i o Uj^/Up i n c r e a s e s w i t h t i m e , w i t h g ro w in g i n t e n s i t y i n t h e c o u r s e o f t h e

d r y i n g o f c o n c r e t e . I n t h e l a s t p e r i o d o f t i m e , when t h e in c r e m e n t s o f

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s h r in k a g e a r e s m a l l , t h e v a lu e o f t h é r a t i o I n c r e a s e s v i o l e n t l y . T h is d e n o te s a r a p i d d ro p o f t h e e l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y o f c o n c r e t e i n t h i s p e r i o d , and a t t h e same tim e a n i n c r e a s e o f s e n s i t i v i t y i n t h e mea­

s u r i n g m ethod u s e d .

The d i r e c t d e p e n d e n c e b e tw e e n t h e r a t i o U^/Up an d t h e s h r in k a g e o f l o a d - f r e e c o n c r e t e i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n f i g . 5 . The p l o t s i n th o s e f i g u r e s show t h a t , o f t h e tw o q u a n t i t i e s g i v e n , m ore s e n s i t i v e t o d r y i n g i s t h e r a t i o ^ ¿ / tJ ' ( w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e i n i t i a l p e r i o d ) . I n f i g . 6 t h e

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c u re d u n d e r l o a d * p

d e p e n d e n c e o f th e r a t i o n TJv/U* on t h e ag e o f c o n c r e t e f o r th e sp e c im e n sk p c u r e d u n d e r l o a d i s p r e s e n t e d . The com pared mean v a l u e s o f t h e r a t i o s : Ulr/U_ - f o r t h e l o a d - f r e e s p e c im e n s , and IV P “ U ?/U * - f o r t h e sp e c im e n s u n d e rIV p l o a d do n o t d i f f e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y . The v e r i f i c a t i o n made by m eans o f t h e t e s t o f t h e h y p o th e s e s c o n c e r n i n g t h e mean v a l u e s ( s e v e n in d e p e n d e n t c a s e s f o r d i f f e r e n t t ) i n no c a s e j u s t i f i e d t h e r e j e c t i o n o f t h e z e ro

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h y p o t h e s i s a b o u t t h e e q u a l i t y o f t h e tw o m ean s. The o b s e r v e d s n a i l m u tu a l d e v i a t i o n s ( t o b o t h s i d e s ) o f th e v a l u e s s t u d i e d s h o u ld be r e l a t e d t o th e n a t u r a l d i s p e r s i o n o f e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a . A q u a l i t a t i v e l y i d e n t i c a l r e s u l t was o b ta i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e " b " s e r i e s . B e c a u se o f t h e s h o r t p e r i o d o f i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e sp e c im e n s from t h i s s e r i e s - a b o u t 6 w eeks - t i l l t h e tim e o f c r a c k i n g , t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e t e s t s a r e n o t g iv e n i n t h i s a r t i c l e .

The r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d mean t h a t n o e f f e c t o f lo n g - te r m te n s io n s on t h e

•changes o f t h e q u a n t i t i e s a n d , d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o th e e l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y o f th e c o n c r e t e , h a s b e e n a s c e r t a i n e d . On t h e b a s i s o f t h i s i t h a s b e e n assum ed t h a t th e i n f l u e n c e u n d e r d is c u s s i o n d o e s n o t e x i s t o r i s n e g l i g i b l e . As i t h a s a l r e a d y b e e n m e n tio n e d , th e c h a n g e s i n th e e l e c t r i c c o n d u c t i v i t y o f c o n c r e t e an d o f i t s ( m o is t u r e ) s h r in k a g e a r e c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e h u m id ity of t h i s ma­

t e r i a l ; t h u s , i t s h o u ld he assu m ed t h a t no su c h i n f l u e n c e e x i s t s i n th e c o n c r e t e i n v e s t i g a t e d - a l s o w i th r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d r y in g and s h r in k a g e .

The c o n c l u s i o n s o f ALEKSAliDROWSKI w h ic h a r e c o n t r a r y t o th e above t e s t r e s u l t s £ 1 , 4 , 5 J a r e c o n t r o v e r s i a l . As i t h a s b e e n shown i n c h a p te r 2 . 1 ,

Irtlf • t h e t e s t r e s u l t s o f t h i s a u t h o r do n o t p e r m i t d i r e c t c o m p ariso n s o f th e s h r in k a g e o f lo a d e d and l o a d - f r e e c o n c r e t e s i n c e t h e v a lu e o f c re e p a t d r y i n g i s unknown ( t h e c r e e p o f th e i n s u l a t e d r e f e r e n c e specim ens i s n o t e q u a l t o t h e c r e e p o f n o t - i n s u l a t e d s p e c im e n s ) . T h is i s th e cause o f e r r o r i n t h e c o m p a r is o n s c a r r i e d o u t i n p a p e r [ 4 , 5 ] . I n t u r n , th e r e s u l t s d e m o n s tr a t in g a h i g h e r l o s s o f m o i s t u r e by t h e specim ens u n d e r lo a d i n c o m p a ris o n w i t h l o a d - f r e e o n e s may h av e d e p e n d e d , p e r h a p s , on th e d i f f e r e n t d r y i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r b o th g ro u p s o f sp e c im e n s ( i n t e r f e r e n c e s c a u s e d by t h e p r e s e n c e o f r e i n f o r c e m e n t and d i f f e r e n t s h a p e s of sp ecim en s) w h ic h a r e n o t g i v e n by ALEKSARDROfiSEI.

6 . C o n c lu s io n

W ith t h e a s s u m p tio n s m ade, t h e c o n d u c te d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s d id n o t demon­

s t r a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o f t h e t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s i n c o n c re te on i t s s h r in k a g e s t r a i n s . T h u s, i n th e e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s d e s c r ib e d , t h e r e i s no b a s i s f o r r e j e c t i n g th e t h e s i s o f th e a d d i t i v i t y o f th e c r e e p

- 1 2 3 -

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an d s h r i n k a g e s t r a i n s .

I n t e c h n i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s , a s w e l l a s s c i e n t i f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n w h ic h t h e c o n d i t i o n s a r e n o t much d i f f e r e n t from th e e x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i­

t i o n s q u o te d i n t h e a r t i c l e , t h e a u t h o r s s u g g e s t t h e a ss u m in g a s t r u e , t h e f o l l o w i n g th e o re m :

The c r e e p o f c o n c r e t e a t t e n s i o n may by p r e s e n t e d a s a n a l g e b r a i c sum o f th e s t r a i n s m e a s u re d on t h e same s p e c im e n s , lo a d e d and l o a d - f r e e , s t o r e d i n t h e same t h e r m i c - m o i s t u r e c o n d i t i o n s .

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . S.ALEKSANDROVSKIJ, R a s c e t b e to n n y c h i ź e le z o b e to n n y c h k o n s t r u k c i j n a iz m e n e n ij a te m p e r a t u r y i v l a i n o s t i s udetom p o l z u c e s t i , S t r o j i z d a t , Moskva 1973

2 . M.MEIER, NILSON, Novye dannye p o u sa d k e b e to n a . I I L 'e z d u n a ro d n y j k o n g r e s s p o b e to n u , GIISA i SM, Moskva 1 9 6 0 , 1 1 6 -1 3 9

3 . A. BRANDT, K .THIEL, O d k s z t a ł c e n ia po w o ln e b e to n u , R ozpraw y I n ż y n i e r s k i e 7X11, 3 , 1 9 6 0 , 4 6 4 -5 0 8

4 . S.ALEKSANDRO VSKIJ , 0 v l i j a n i i d l i t e l n o g o d e j s t v i j a v n e s n e j n a g r u z k i na r e ż im v y s y c h a n i j a i u sa d k u b e to n a . T ru d y HIŻB v y p .4 , GILSA i SM,

• M oskva 1 9 5 9 , 1 5 4 -1 8 3

5 . S.ALEKSANDROVSKIJ, 0 v l i j a n i i d l i t e l ' n o g o v n e sn e g o r a s t j a ż e n i j a na r e ż im v y s y c h a n i j a i u sa d k u b e t o n a , I s s l e d o v a n i j a p o t e o r i i ż e l e z o b e t o - n a N IIŹ B , G o s s t r o j i z d a t , Moskva 1 9 6 0 , 1 2 8 -1 4 5

6 . A.MITZEL, R e o lo g ia b e t o n u , A rk a d y , W arszawa 1972

7 . S.ALEKSADROVSKIJ, N e k o to ry e o s o b e n n o s ti u s a d k i b e t o n a , B e to n i ż e l e z o - b e t o n 4 , 1 9 5 9 , 1 6 0 -1 7 4

8 . T .HANSEN, C reep an d s t r e s s r e l a x a t i o n o f c o n c r e t e , S w e d ish Cement and C o n c re te I n s t i t u t e , P r o c e e d i n g s n r 3 1 , S to c k h o lm 1960

9 . P.VOGT, N o te s on t h e E f f e c t o f S h r in k a g e on t h e D e f o r m a tio n o f C o n c re ­ t e u n d e r S u s t a in e d L o a d s. O slo 1949

1 0 .G.PICKETT, S h r in k a g e S t r e s s e s i n C o n c re te c z . 1 , 2 , J .A m e r .C o n c r e te I n s t . 1 7 , 3 - 4 , 1 9 4 6 , 1 6 5 -2 0 4 i 3 6 1 -3 9 8

1 1 . A.NEVILLE, W ła ś c iw o ś c i b e to n u , A rk a d y , W arszaw a 1977

1 2 . J.BROOKS, A.NEVILLE, A c o m p a r is o n o f c r e e p e l a s t i c i t y and s t r e n g t h o f c o n c r e t e i n t e n s i o n and i n c o m p r e s s io n . M ag azin e o f C o n c re te R e s e a r c h , 2 9 , 1 0 0 , S e p te m b e r 1 9 7 7 , 1 3 1-141

1 3 : J.ILLSTON , C re e p , P a r t 1 , 2 , C o n c r e t e , v . 1 0 , N o ,2 9 , 3 0 , 1 9 7 6 , 3 9 -4 1 i 3 7 -3 8

- 1 2 4 -

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- 1 2 5 *

1 4 . R.L.HERMITE, Que s a v o n s - n o u s de l a d e f o r m a tio n p l a s t i q u e e t du f l u a g e du b e t o n , Ann. ITETP, 1 1 7 , S e p te m b re 1 9 5 7 , 7 7 9 -8 0 9

15. J . HUNDT, J . BUSCHMANN, M o i s tu r e me a s re m e n t i n c o n c r è t e , M a te r , e t C o n s tr . 4 , 2 2 , 1 9 7 1 , 2 5 3 -2 5 9

1 6 . PRACA ZBIOROWA, B udow nictw o b e to n o w e , t . V I I I , B a d a n ie m a t e r i a łó w e l e ­ m entów i k o n s t r u k c j i . A rk a d y , W arszawa 1970

1 7 . J.KASPERKIEW1CZ, D y fu z ja w i l g o c i i d e fo r m a c je sk u rczo w e w b e t o n i e , Państw ow e W ydawnictwo N aukowe, 'Warszawa 1972

18. W. ZAMOROWSKI, O d p o rn o ść n a z a ry s o w a n ie sk u rczo w e elem en tó w betonow ych d o jr z e w a ją c y c h b e z swobody o d k s z t a ł c e ń . P r a c a d o k t o r s k a , G liw ic e , 1983

19. W.VOLK, S t a t y s t y k a s to s o w a n a d l a in ż y n ie r ó w , Wydawnictwo Naukowo-

—T e c h n ic z n e , W arszawa 1973

ZAGADNIENIE ADDTTIWNOŚCI PEŁZANIA I SKDRCZO W HETONIE ROZCIĄGANI»

S t r e s z c z e n i e

Omówiono b ad an ia wpływu d łu g o tr w a ły c h r o z c ią g a ń na w y sy ch a n ie t skur­

cz b e to n u . W ilg o tn o ść b eton u o c e n ia n o na p o d sta w ie pomiarów w ie lk o ś ­ c i e le k t r y c z n y c h . K ie s tw ie r d z o n o is t o t n y c h r ó ż n ic m ięd zy wysychaniem prób ek o b c ią ż o n y c h i n i e o b c ią ż o n y c h . W o p isa n y c h warunkach n i e b y ło pod staw do o d r z u c e n ia z a ło ż e n i a o a d d y ty w n o ści o d k s z t a łc e ń p e łz a n ia i s k u r c z u .

IIPOEJIEMA AOTTHBHOCTH DCBISnECTH H yCAZIKIT

B PACTflrilBAEMOM EETOHE

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O O o y s a a e T C E n c c j i e n o B a n k e b jih r h k h m iH T e jiŁ H o r o p acT SK eH H H Ha B H C u xaH «e

u y c asicy C e r o a a . B jia ra o c T t óeT oua oueraiBaeTCH Ha 0CH0B8HHSt HSMepeHHH ajieKTpHveoKHx napaM eTpoB. He oóaapyHeHO cymecTBeHHinc pa3HHvali Mensy BHCbixaHHeM HarpyaeKHbDC h He HarpyKeHHNx oC p a3uoB .

B OIlilCaHHŁDC yOJiOBHHX He (5HJ10 OCHOBaHHH 0TKa3hIBaTBCH o t n p e s n o c u - jiok 06 aaaaTKBHOCTH setbopMazyiii noasynecT H u ycasK H .

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