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Wiedza o stanie zdrowia a jakość życia związana ze stanem zdrowia osób po urazie rdzenia kręgowego

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Metoda˛ atomowej spektrometrii emisyjnej z plazma˛ wzbudzona˛ indukcyjnie (ICP-AES) oznaczono zawartos´c´ Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr i Zn

Zawartos´c´ azotano´w(III) w badanych pro´bkach kształtowała sie˛ na niskim poziomie z wyja˛tkiem buraka c´wikłowego i sałaty w roku 2003.. Hasła kluczowe: azotany,

Tak więc ani gnozeologia, ani logika nie występują jako dyscypliny naukoznawcze, jako teorie działalności naukowej, jeżeli tylko nie utożsa- mia się tej działalności z myśleniem