V o l . 30. N o . 241. J a n u a r y 1944.
PETROLEUM REFINING TERMINOLOGY.
Be n z i n e Ma n u f a c t u r e a n d R e f i n i n g.*
B y M . E . K e l l y (Associate Member) and D . A . H o w e s (Fellow).
In t r o d u c t i o n.
T h e Petroleum Refining Industry has made many rapid advances during the past few years which are not so much advances in manufacturing and refining technique as the large-scale development of processes based on hydrocarbon reactions of recent discovery. Such advances have brought about the introduction o f a somewhat complicated terminology, and in writing this paper the authors have responded to a suggestion made to them by D r. Dunstan that this terminology might be simply described and explained for the benefit o f those who are not in daily touch with new refining developments.
The paper is arranged as follows : A . Recent Synthetic Processes.
1. Alkylation.
2 . Catalytic Cracking.
3 . Dehydrogenation.
4. Hydroforming.
5. Hydrogenation.
6. Isomerization.
7. Polymerization.
8. Thermal Cracking.
B . Recent Refining Processes.
1. Rem oval o f Hydrogen Sulphide from Gases.
2. Rem oval o f Mercaptans from Sour Benzines.
C. Recent Distillation Processes.
A . Recent Synthetic Processes.
Processes recently developed for the production o f hydrocarbons by synthetic means deal mainly with the production o f motor fuel and aviation fuel components o f high octane number, and similar processes for the production o f superior grade kerosines and high-speed diesel fuels have not as yet been adopted. Synthetic lubricating oils and lubricating oil addition agents are, on the other hand, well established.
1. Alkylation.
This is by far the most important synthetic process used for facture o f 100 octane number aviation spirit components, the
* I t is proposed to follow u p this review with others dealing with branches o f petroleum tech n ology. ( Ed i t o r s—J . In st. Petrol.)
■ the manu- products.Æçrri
the , „ _____
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2 K E L L Y AN D H O W E S : PETR O LE U M R E F IN IN G TE RM IN O L O G Y . obtained being termed alkylates. In a chemical sense the term alleviation denotes a process in which an alkyl group (CH3, C2H 5, C3H 7, etc.) is added to a reactive molecule, and the following are typical examples :
Benzene -f- Ethylene — > E th y l benzene Naphthalene -f- Pentenes — >- A m y l naphthalenes Phenol -f- Methyl alcohol — -> Cresols
Sucli alkylations m ay be either catalytic or m ay proceed in the absence o f catalysts, in which case they are termed thermal alkylations.
However, the term alkylation is now usually employed to denote the specific case o f the alkylation o f isobutane with propylene, butenes, or pentenes. This is effected using concentrated sulphuric acid or anhydrous hydrofluoric acid as the catalyst, and the products are named in terms o f the defines used in their manufacture— e.g., propylene alkylate, butene alkylate, or pentene alkylate. Cracked spirits m ay also bo alkylated with isobutane to give fully saturated products, and benzene m ay be alkylated with propylene to give the valuable material cumene.
A n important example o f thermal alkylation is the production o f neo- hexane b y the combination o f isobutane and ethylene— a process developed by Phillips Petroleum Company.
9 « 3
c h2= c h2 + c h3—9H — c h3 — > c h3—9— c h2— c h3
c h3 c h3
E thylene. isoButane. neoH exano.
A particular case o f alkylation, which has, however, not yet been adopted for large-scale operation, and in which simple alkylation is accompanied by decomposition o f hydrocarbons, is known as destructive alkylation. For example, when a mixture o f hexane and benzene is treated with aluminium chloride, the hexane decomposes into ethylene and isobutane, and the ethylene reacts with the benzene to form ethyl benzene :
c gh 14 — > c2h4 + c4hI0 c2h4 + C6H6 — > C2H5 C6H5
In tbis connection it should be noted that, in the production o f alkylates from isobutane and olefines b y the action o f sulphuric acid, products other than those which are formed by direct union o f the reactants result. Thus, in the reaction between butene-1 and isobutane a product is obtained which contains material boiling both below and above the isomeric octanes.
Clearly the term destructive alkylation should be applied to this reaction.
2. Catalytic Cracking.
Cracking processes involving the use o f catalysts— mainly silica-alumina compositions— have assumed considerable importance. The term catalytic cracking is applied to such processes in which gasolines are produced from higher-boiling oils, and is not used to describe the corresponding catalytic version o f naphtha reforming (see Hydroforming). Catalytic cracking processes are o f two main types : those in which the catalyst remains stationary in the reaction chambers or cases, and those in which the
catalyst moves through the reaction zone, either concurrent with the oil or counter-current. In the first case the term static or fixed bed is employed, and in the second case the corresponding description is continuous, fluid catalyst or moving bed. The H oudry catalytic cracking process is a good example o f the first category; in operation, coke is deposited on the catalyst, and must periodically be burned o ff; in the original form o f the process the heat generated in burning off was removed by a fluid circulated through the chamber-jackets, but very recently a new development has been announced, the adiabatic process, in which it appears that a catalyst o f very high heat capacity is used and the temperature variation over the whole cycle is kept low. The second category, in which the catalyst moves through the reaction zone, includes the fluid process o f the Standard Oil Development Company and the Thermofor process o f the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company. In the fluid process the catalyst moves with the oil-stream in a state o f fine division, the powder behaving very much like a fluid, and being handled as such, while in the Thermofor process— which takes its name from the peculiar type o f kiln used in revivifying the catalyst— the catalyst flow is against the oil-stream, and so a granular rather than a powdered catalyst must he used.
3. Dcliydrogenalion.
The dehydrogenation process is now used for the conversion o f the lower paraffin hydrocarbons ethane, propane, and butanes into the corresponding defines ethylene, propylene, and butenes.
C H3— CH3 — > C H2= C H2 + H2
E thane. E thylene.
This conversion is effected by the uso o f elevated temperatures, and in the case o f propane and butanes catalysts are usually employed to enable the reactions to be carried out at temperatures below those at which side re
actions occur.
The dehydrogenation process is also used for the production o f butadiene from butenes :
C H3— c h = c h2— C H3 — >- C H2= C H — c h = c h2
Butane-2. 1 : 3-Butadiene.
Dehydrogenation o f light distillates for the production o f aromatic hydro
carbons is mentioned below under “ Hydroforming.”
4. Hydroforming.
This process was originally developed as an improvement on conven
tional non-catalytic naphtha reforming operations for the production o f gasolines o f high anti-knock value, and for this reason was first described as catalytic reforming. Later it was found that the process could be improved by maintaining in the reaction zone a high partial pressure o f hydrogen, which was realized by the circulation o f product gas, and the term hydro
forming was generally adopted. The term catalytic reforming now refers to such catalytic processes carried out in the absence o f hydrogen. Feed-
K E L L Y AN D H OW ES I PETROLEUM R E FIN IN G T E RM IN OLOGY. 3
2 K E L L Y A N D H O W ES : PETRO LEU M R E F IN IN G TE RM IN O L O G Y . obtained being termed alkylates. In a chemical sense the term alkylation denotes a process in which an alkyl group (CH3, C2H 5, C3H 7, etc.) is added to a reactive molecule, and the following are typical examples :
Benzene -f- Ethylene — >- E th y l benzene Naphthalene + Pentenes — y A m y l naphthalenes Phenol + Methyl alcohol — > Cresols
Such alkylations m ay be either catalytic or m ay proceed in the absence of catalysts, in which case they are termed thermal alkylations.
However, the term alkylation is now usually employed to denote the specific case o f the alkylation o f isobutane with propylene, butenes, or pentenes. This is effected using concentrated sulphuric acid or anhydrous hydrofluoric acid as the catalyst, and the products are named in terms o f the defines used in their manufacture— e.g., propylene alkylate, butene alkylate, or pentene alkylate. Cracked spirits m ay also be alkylated with isobutane to give fully saturated products, and benzene m ay be alkylated with propylene to give the valuable material cumene.
A n important example o f thermal alkylation is the production of neo- hexane by the combination o f isobutane and ethylene— a process developed bv Phillips Petroleum Company.
Ç H 3
C H , = C H2 + CH3— Ç H — CH3 — >- CH3—9— C H2— CH3
c h3 c h3
E thylene. tsoButano. neoHexane.
A particular case o f alkylation, which has, however, not yet been adopted for large-scale operation, and in which simple alkylation is accompanied by decomposition o f hydrocarbons, is known as destructive alkylation. For example, when a mixture o f hexane and benzene is treated with aluminium chloride, the hexane decomposes into ethylene and isobutane, and the ethylene reacts with the benzene to form ethyl benzene :
c6h14 — > c2h4 + c4h10 c2h4 + C6H6 — > C2H5 C6H s
In this connection it should be noted that, in the production o f alkylates from isobutane and olefines by the action o f sulphuric acid, products other than those which are formed by direct union o f the reactants result. Thus, in the reaction between butene-band isobutane a product is obtained which contains material boiling both below and above the isomeric octanes.
Clearly the term destructive alkylation should be applied to this reaction.
2. Catalytic Cracking.
Cracking processes involving the use o f catalysts— mainly silica-alumina compositions— have assumed considerable importance. The term catalytic cracking is applied to such processes in which gasolines are produced from higher-boiling oils, and is not used to describe the corresponding catalytic version o f naphtha reforming (see Hydroforming). Catalytic cracking processes are o f two main types : those in which the catalyst remains stationary in the reaction chambers or cases, and those in which the
K E L L Y AND H OW ES : PETROLEUM D EFIN IN G TERM INOLOGY. 3 catalyst moves through the reaction zone, either concurrent with the oil or counter-current. In the first case the term static or fixed bed is employed, and in the second case the corresponding description is continuoiis, fluid catalyst or moving bed. The H oudry catalytic cracking process is a good example o f the first category; in operation, coke is deposited on the catalyst, and must periodically be burned o ff; in the original form o f the process the heat generated in burning off was removed by a fluid circulated through the chamber-jackets, but very recently a new development has been announced, the adiabatic process, in which it appears that a catalyst o f very high heat capacity is used and the temperature variation over the whole cycle is kept low. The second category, in which the catalyst moves through the reaction zone, includes the fluid process o f the Standard Oil Developm ent Company and the Thermofor process o f the Socony-Vacuum Oil Company. In the fluid process the catalyst moves with the oil-stream in a state o f fine division, the powder behaving very much like a fluid, and being handled as such, while in the Thermofor process— which takes its name from the peculiar type o f kiln used in revivifying the catalyst— the catalyst flow is against the oil-stream, and so a granular rather than a powdered catalyst must be used.
3. Dehydrogenation.
The dehydrogenation process is now used for the conversion o f the lower paraffin hydrocarbons ethane, propane, and butanes into the corresponding defines ethylene, propylene, and butenes.
CH3— CH3 — > C H2= C H2 + H2
E thane. E thylene.
This conversion is effected by the use o f elevated temperatures, and in the case o f propane and butanes catalysts are usually employed to enable the reactions to be carried out at temperatures below those at which side re
actions occur.
The dehydrogenation process is also used for the production o f butadiene from butenes :
C H3— C H — C H2— CII3 — > c h2= c h — c h = c h2
Butene-2. 1 : 3-Butadiene.
Dehydrogenation o f light distillates for the production o f aromatic hydro
carbons is mentioned below under “ Hydroforming.”
4. Hydroforming.
This process was originally developed as an improvement on conven
tional non-catalytic naphtha reforming operations for the production o f gasolines o f high anti-knock value, and for this reason was first described as catalytic reforming. Later it was found that the process could be improved by maintaining in the reaction zone a high partial pressure o f hydrogen, which was realized b y the circulation o f product gas, and the term hydro
forming was generally adopted. The term catalytic reforming now refers to such catalytic processes carried out in the absence o f hydrogen. Feed
4 K E L L Y AND H OW ES : PETROLEU M R E FIN IN G T ERM IN O LO G Y . stocks arc restricted to straight-run and cracked naphthas and low-boiling distillates.
The chemical reactions involved in such processes are complex, but are generally considered to consist mainly o f dehydrogenation and cyclization, although molecular breakdown (i.e., cracking) with the production o f hydro
carbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms, hydrogenation and desulphurization also occur to extents which depend on the actual process conditions employed. The dehydrogenation reactions involved are o f two types. Firstly the production o f defines from the corresponding paraffins, e .g .:
CH3= ( C H2)s— C H s — > CH3— c h2— C H2— C H = C H2 + H2
n-Pentane. Pontcno-1.
and secondly the production o f an aromatic hydrocarbon from the corre
sponding six-membered ring naphthene or hydro-aromatic, e.g. :
C H , CH
/ \ ~ / \
C H2 C H2 ___ . Ç H OH
C H2 C H2 CH CH
\ / W
C H2 CH
cycZoHoxane. Benzene.
This second reaction, involving the production o f aromatics, is also termed aromatizalion.
The cyclization reactions involved are also o f two types : those involving simple ring closure without loss o f hydrogen, and those in which loss of hydrogen takes place simultaneously. Thus, the conversion o f heptenes into mothylcyciohexane is an isomerization reaction which is known as cyclization or ring closure.
ç h3 ç h3
C H2 CH
/ / \
Ç H2 C H2 — >- Ç H , Ç H2 Cyclization.
C H , C H " C H2 C H ,
\ / \ /
c h2 c h2
H epten e-1. MothylcycZohexane.
Whereas the overall conversion o f heptane to toluene, involving in the first place the production o f heptenes and the eventual conversion o f methylcycZohexane to toluene, is referred to as dehydrocyclization.
Hydroforming operations are usually carried out on straight-run naph
thas with the object o f producing therefrom benzines o f high octane number
— i.e., 75 to 85. Such benzines are typified by high contents o f aromatic hydrocarbons and very low sulphur contents. The process m ay also be operated in such a manner that very little formation of aromatics takes place, but almost complete desulphurization results and unsaturateds are converted into other hydrocarbons. In this case the process is referred to as hydrofining.
K E L L Y AND H OW E S : PETROLEUM R E FIN IN G TERM INOLOGY. 5
5. Hydrogénation.
Very few new developments in the hydrogenation process have lately been reported. Hydrogenation reactions are o f two main kinds, one—
termed destructive hydrogenation— allows the production o f distillates o f lower average boiling point and molecular weight and having a smaller number o f carbon atoms per molecule than the feed-stock, whereas the other, termed saturation hydrogenation, is confined to the production o f paraffins or naphthenes from the corresponding defines or aromatics. Destructive hydrogenation is also referred to as hydrogenation cracking or hydro
cracking, and the word hydrogenation is often abbreviated to hydro, as for example in hydrospirit, hydronaphtha, hydro-butanes, hydro-lubes, etc., etc.
6. Isomerization Processes.
Isomerization, by which the chemical composition o f a hydrocarbon is changed without altering its constituent atoms or molecular weight, is now applied in petroleum refining for two different purposes. These are :
1. The conversion o f normal butane into isobutane. This is often necessary in order to provide increased supplies o f isobutane for the alkylation process.
2. The production o f high-octane number saturated isoparaffinic gasolines from straight-run gasolines.
The reactions involved are very simple. Thus
c h3— c h2— c h2— CH3 — > § { 3 > C H — C H3
n-Butane. teoButano.
c h3 c h2 c h2— c h2— c h2— CH3 — > q ^ ® > C H — c h2— C H2— CH3
n-H oxano. isoH exane (2-m ethyl-pentane).
£ 23> C H — CH 2— C H2— CH3 — =>- CH 3— ÇH — Ç H — CH3
3 CH3 c h3
2-M ethyl-pentane. 2 : 3 -D im ethy 1-butane.
The liquid product obtained as a result o f isomerizing a straight-run gaso
line is sometimes termed an isomate.
7. Polymerization Processes.
Although o f comparatively recent development, polymerization processes are now well established in the petroleum refining industry and, in order to meet demands for higher-quality products, the catalytic processes have advanced more rapidly than their non-catalytic or thermal counterparts.
In nearly all cases the processes have been applied to the production o f high-grade motor-fuel and aviation-fuel components from cracked gases.
The chemical reaction involved is the combination o f olefine molecules to form hydrocarbons o f higher molecular weight and boiling point, e.g. :
c h3— C H — c h2 — > c h3— c h2— c h2— c h2— C H = C H2 P ropylene (G as). H oxene (b.p . 63-7° C.).
c h3- c h2- c h = c h2 — > c h3- c h 2- c h2- c h2- c h 2- c h2- c h = c h2 Butene-1 (Gas). Octene (b.p. 121-6° C.).
6 K E L L Y AND HOW ES : PETROLE U M R E P IN IN G T E RM IN O LO G Y .
W h en the product is formed by the union o f two identical olefine molecules it is referred to as a dimer, and when it is formed by the union of three such molecules it is known as a trimer, etc., etc. Similarly, two unlike molecules m ay be combined together, e .g .:
c h3- c h = c h 2 + c h3^ c - _ CH2 — ^ c h3> ° — c h2— c h2— c h = c h2
Propylene. isoB u tylen o. isoH cpteno.
In this case the term co-polymerization is employed, and the products obtained are known as co-polymers.
Several polymerization catalysts are employed in commercial operations, o f which phosphoric acid, phosphates, sulphuric acid, aluminium chloride, and boron trifhioride are the most important. Particular mention must be made o f the polymerization o f butenes for the production o f polymers which, after saturation hydrogenation, yield valuable aviation spirit components.
For this purpose three processes are available :
1. Polymerization using cold sulphuric acid catalyst o f about 60 per cent, strength.
2. Polymerization using hot sulphuric acid catalyst.
3. Polymerization using supported phosphoric acid and phosphate type catalysts.
The first o f these is limited to the production o f diisobutylene and, when desired, o f higher polymers, from isobutylene— thus :
C P U c h 3 X x c h2
Y j — C H , — > CH3—7C— C H ,— Cy
C H / C H / " x -CH3
iso-octane.
m (2 :2 : 4 -Trimethylpentane) is produced from diisobutylene (D .I .B .) by hydrogenation. I t is often referred to as cold acid octane.
The second process, using hot sulphuric acid, effects a co-polymerization between isobutylene and the normal butenes to give a product known as hot acid octenes or mixed octenes, which on hydrogenation gives hot acid octanes or mixed octanes. The third process affects the same co-polymeriza
tion and yields codimer, which hydrogenates to hydro codimer. I t m ay, however, also be employed to produce the co-polymers o f propylene and normal butenes or o f propylene and isobutylene, and in this case the product is known as co-polymer or C3-C4 polymer, and the hydrogenated derivatives as hydro polymers.
W ith regard to the thermal polymerization processes now in use, some o f these are misnamed because they operate on saturated gaseous feed
stocks— e.g., straight-run butanes. Such processes should be named pyrolysis-polymerization because pyrolysis must occur as an initial step.
For ex a m p le:
C H3— C H2— CH2— CH3 — > CH3— C H = C H , + CH4
n-Butane. Propylene + Methane.
CH3— CH— C H , > Polymers, etc.
Propylene.
A further important point with regard to thermal polymerization pro
cesses is that the chemical reactions involved are most complex and the liquid products obtained contain, in addition to olcfines, aromatic, naph- thenic and paraffinic hydrocarbons. In this respect they differ markedly from the catalytic processes.
8. Thermal Cracking.
Although, to the chemist, cracking and pyrolysis are synonymous terms, it has become customary in petroleum technology to reserve the term pyrolysis to cracking reactions carried out under very high temperature conditions— e.g., above about 1300° F . Such reactions are employed for the production o f benzene, toluene, and higher aromatic hydrocarbons from straight-run and cracked gases and also from low-boiling naphthas. In the thermal cracking field, a recent development is a process in which con- densiblo gases, such as C3 and C4 hydrocarbons, produced in thermal cracking operations, are recycled to the cracking furnace. In such a manner it is possible to subject the oil feed-stock to higher temperatures and higher degrees o f conversion per pass than would be possible under otherwise similar conditions, without excessive coke formation in the cracking tubes. The process, known as polyforming or gas reversion, results in the production o f gasoline in higher yield and o f higher octane number than can be obtained by subjecting the same oil to a conventional thermal cracking or reforming operation. The operation m ay be either self-con
tained— i.e., operate entirely on recycle light hydrocarbons produced in the process itself, or extraneous light hydrocarbons m ay be introduced.
B . R e c e n t R e f i n i n g P r o c e s s e s .
Particular attention has been devoted to methods o f sulphur removal from gases and gasolines, the former because when the gases are used in synthetic processes such as polymerization it is desirable to render them sulphur-free before processing and the latter because o f the beneficial effect o f sulphur removal on lead response.
Processes for Removal of Hydrogen Sulphide from Gases.
The Shell Phosphate Process.— This comprises a regenerative liquid purifica
tion system for the removal and recovery o f hydrogen sulphide (H2S) from gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. It. consists essentially o f two steps : absorption or scrubbing with a solution o f tripotassium phosphate, and regeneration o f the spent solution by heating with steam.
The chemical reactions involved are :
Absorption. H 2S + K3P 04 — y K H S + K2H P 04 Regeneration. K H S -f- K jH P C ^ — >- H 2S + I^P C ^
The Am ine Processes o f the Girdler Corporation.— The three ethanol- amines, and particularly triethanolamine, are good solvents for hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, and are used for removing these substances from gases in counter-current operations. The dissolved gases are readily removed from the absorption liquids by heating.
K E L L Y AND H OW ES : PETROLEUM R E FIN IN G TERM IN O LO G Y . 7
8 K E L L Y A N D H OW ES : PETROLEUM RE FIN IN G T E RM IN O LO G Y .
Processes fo r the Removal o f Mercaptans from Sour Benzines.
Solutizer Process.— This is a process invented by the Shell Development Co. for the extraction o f mercaptans from gasoline, based on the fact that the presence o f sodium or potassium isobutyrate in caustic soda solution increases the solubility o f mercaptans therein. The sour gasoline is con
tacted with such a solution, and the solution regenerated by boiling and stripping with steam.
I t will be noted that this process effects removal o f mercaptans and not conversion to disulphides, as in plumbite and hypochlorite treating.
Caustic Methanol Process.— This process also effects the substantially complete removal o f mercaptans from benzines and employs an aqueous solution o f caustic soda and methanol, operating on the regenerative principle.
Copper Sweetening Processes.— These processes, developed by Perco Incorporated, do not effect removal o f mercaptans, but effect conversion o f mercaptans into disulphides, as in the well-known plumbite and hypo
chlorite treatments. They involve the use o f cupric chloride as a slurry mixed with clay, in the form o f an aqueous solution, or deposited from aqueous solution on a porous support such as fuller’s earth, bauxite, etc.
The reactions a r e :
2 R S H + 2CuC12 — -> R S— SR + Cu2Cl2 + 2HC1 M crcaptan. Cupric Chloride. Disulphide. Cuprous Chloride.
Cu2Cl2 + 2HC1 + | 02 — >- 2CuCl2 + H 20
The nett result is oxidation o f mercaptan to disulphide by oxygen in the presence o f cupric chloride catalyst.
Catalytic Desulphurization.
Processes have recently been introduced for the catalytic desulphuriza
tion o f gasolines in which the raw feeds are passed over a catalyst at about 6 0 0 -9 0 0 ° F . and at pressures up to about 200 lb. per square inch. Under these conditions, mercaptans, alkyl, and aromatic sulphides and disulphides are readily converted into H 2S and the corresponding hydrocarbons;
thiophanes and carbon disulphide react with more difficulty, and thiophenes least readily o f all. Reduction o f sulphur content achieved is therefore dependent on the original thiopheno content, and is generally at least 85 per cent, for straight-run gasolines, and at least 5 0 -6 0 per cent, for cracked gasolines.
C. R e c e n t D i s t i l l a t i o n P r o c e s s e s .
Despite the fact that distillation processes are the basis o f alljpetroleum refining operations and have been in universal use since the industry began, the past two or three years have seen impressive developments in this field.
In particular the degree o f separation obtainable by close fractionation has been improved considerably by the operation o f more efficient equipment.
Thus, fractionating columns having efficiencies equivalent to that o f 5 0 -1 0 0 theoretical plates are now being operated for the separation o f particular hydrocarbons from light gasoline fractions, and this new development has given rise to the term superfractionation.
Azeotropic Distillation.
This is also now being used commercially in the petroleum refining industry— particularly for the isolation o f aromatic hydrocarbons in a high degree o f purity. This process is based on the fact that m any organic compoimds— for example, methanol and acetic acid— form minimum boiling azeotropic mixtures with hydrocarbons, paraffin hydrocarbons giving the lowest-boiling mixtures, and aromatic hydrocarbons the highest- boiling mixtures. I t is thus possible by this means to separate paraffin and aromatic hydrocarbons boiling so close together that their separation by straightforward fractionation would be practically impossible.
K E L L Y A N D HOW ES : PETROLEUM R E FIN IN G T ERM IN O LO G Y . 9
1 0
THE INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM.
A m e e t i n g o f the Institute o f Petroleum was held at the Junior Institu
tion o f Engineers, 39, Victoria Street, London, S .W .l , on Tuesday, 29th September, 1942, at 3 p.m . The President, Mr. C. D a l l e y , occupied the Chair.
The following paper was presented by Dr. D . A . Howes :—
“ Petroleum Refining Term inology.” B y M . E . K elly, B.Sc. (Associate Member), and D . A . Howes, D .S c., F .I.C . (Fellow) (see pp. 1 -9 ).
D IS C U S S IO N .
I n presenting the paper D u. H o w e s said : A few weeks ago Dr. D unstan suggested th at a paper m ight bo prepared and read before the In stitu te explaining the m an y technical terms which have been developed during the past few years and have now been accepted b y the petroleum industry in referring to now processes and now products. T o those o f us who aro in m ore or less d a ily con ta ct w ith this industry, and particularly w ith these recent developm ents, I am afraid the paper w ill contain nothing that is n e w ; in fact, it will bo rather worso than that : it will bo incom plete.
On the other hand, i f the paper does prove to be o f any valuo to those w ho aro n ot intim ately con nected w ith the now developm ents, the authors wrill bo satisfied with their efforts on this occasion.
Y o u will notice that the paper is concerned entirely with nom enclature, and I am anxious that the discussion should be lim ited to this aspect o f the subject. Tho o b je ct o f tho paper was n o t to discuss the relative m erits o f processes or to describe the con ditions under w hich th oy operate, the materials which th ey em p loy, or the products w hich th ey give.
I t is rather rem arkable, in lookin g through tho names used in tho industry, to n otico how descriptivo th ey aro b u t how incorrect or indistinct th oy are from tho scientific p oin t o f view . F or instance, tho w ord “ c r a c k in g ” is certainly descriptive, b u t it does n ot really explain w hat is happening, and tho same applies to “ ro-running,”
“ sw eetening,” “ stabilizing,” and so forth.
Som e years ago a b o d y was set up called the International U nion o f Pure and A pplied Chemistry, which took u pon itself the task o f unifying chem ical terms, and it m ight be well to spend a few m om ents in m entioning the terms th at have now- been adopted or suggested for the h ydrocarbon s. These have not y et com e in to universal use, but th ey aro gradually gaining favour. Y o u rem ember that we used to classify the petroleum hydrocarbons as saturated on the one hand and unsaturated on tho other, and th at the saturated were subdivided in to paraffins and naphtlienes and tho unsaturated into olefines and arom atics. Those terms are still v ery w idely used, but they are gradually being replaced, and all the saturated h ydrocarbons are characterized b y tho suffix “ -ane.” Paraffin is n ow called “ alkane ” and naphtheno “ cyclo- alkane.” T h e olefines are characterized b y the suffix “ -eno,” and an olofino is now called an “ alkene.” A ty p ica l exam ple is th at ethylene is now called “ etlieno.”
These terms aro scientifically correct, and enable one to picture the com position o f the material from its nam e. Sim ilarly, the acetylenes aro called “ alkynes.” I m ention that because it m ight bo stated that this paper dealing w ith term in ology is n ot up to date, inasm uch as ethylene is referred to b y that nam e and n ot b y tho term “ ethene,” and so forth. The reason for that is th at these old term s are still in very wide use and w e w anted to keep the paper as sim ple as possible.
T h e P r e s i d e n t , in opening the discussion, said th at the curve o f petroleum refining progress had been for so m an y years a horizontal lino, that it was difficult to realize tho trem endous strides w hich had been m ade in the last few years, and th at the curve was now alm ost vertical.
PETROLEUM R E F IN IN G TE RM IN O L O G Y .— DISCUSSION. 11 A s was frequently the case w ith branches o f a developing industry, refining had n ow becom e a highly specialized subject, and ho, as a general practitioner, was therefore grateful to the authors o f tho paper for explaining some o f the terms w hich were now considered necessary to designate the processes that had been developed. Tho m em bers w ould understand that, as a general practitioner, ho was quite unable to discuss tho paper, and he w ould therefore ask Dr. Dunstan to open tho discussion.
Dr. A . E. Du n s t a n, before referring to the subject o f the paper, said that the present m eeting was the first dom estic m eeting o f the Institute which had been held for a considerable time, and ho thought tho thanks o f tho m em bers should b o tendered to the President and tho H on ora ry Secretary for tho efforts th ey had m ode to bring tho In stitu te ba ck from Birm ingham to the Im perial College o f Science, where tho members cou ld m oot from tim e to time in congenial surroundings, and discuss subjects o f general interest. T h o program m e w hich had been arranged b y the Publication Com m itteo for the n ext six m onths show ed th a t tho Institute, after having been m oribund for so long, had n ow becom e a live society again.
The present paper had arisen from a v ery inform al discussion at a recent Council m eeting, and a general fooling that m any o f the now expressions and terms that wore used freely in the technical Press m ight well bo defined. A t the present tim e they wore, ho supposed, the preservo o f a rather specialized com m u nity in the industry, b u t there was no reason w hy the general b o d y o f those engaged in tho industry should n ot understand tho language o f a com m u nity th at was a part o f themselves. W hen the m atter was discussed with D r. H ow es, w ho was fortunately able, with Mr. K elly, to step in to tho breach and prepare a paper, it was felt that there was a definite need for som e sort o f explanatory glossary o f com m on term inology on tho chem ists’ side o f tho industry. H o had then talked tho m atter over still further with Professor Illing, who had been delighted w ith the idea and thought that the geologists and geophysicists m ight return the com plim ent. Again, the President m ight feel that there w’ero certain terms used b y ou r engineering confreres every d a y w ith which chemists were n ot v ery familiar. The idea had therefore com e into his m ind, that ju st as a b o o k o f standard tests was published periodically, so the In stitu te m ight very well take upon itself tho task o f publishing from tim e to tim e an u p-to-date authorita
tive glossary o f term s in use throughout the whole industry, and ho thought there was a great deal to bo said in favou r o f that, because it was not desired that the Institute should b e to o specialized. T h e idea o f tho In stitu te all along h ad been to bring together the representatives o f the various technical departm ents concerned in the petroleum industry, and tho Institute should therefore speak as a com m unity, and n ot as several discrete groups.
H e th ou ght th at the authors’ paper gave a broad and general view o f the m odern chem ical jargon o f petroleum techn ology. H e did n ot know whether any o f tho mem bers present w ould care to am plify it. H e had been through it himself, and thought it was extrem ely g ood and com plete, and ho hoped the members w ould agree with him that the authors had done w ork o f substantial value. It was a pioneer effort, striking out a new line, and he thought it w ould be o f real value to the members o f the Institute.
Mr. T . D e w h u r s t agreed with tho com m ents m ade b y D r. Dunstan, and said that tw o small points had occurred to him in con nection with the paper.
H is first poin t was that Dr. H ow es had referred to new, exact and scientific names, and then explained that he had n ot used them in the paper, b u t had adhered to the old names that had becom e known in the industry. H e suggested th at that m ight be a mistake, and th at b oth terms should be given in tho p a p er; for instance, after tho w ord “ ethylene ” tho new, correct, and scientific term should be p u t in brackets.
I f that was done, when the m em bers saw a name that was n ot in the paper n ow they would kn ow w hat it m eant, and ho thought that w ould be very helpful.
H is second poin t was a v e ry small one. In Section 2 o f the paper, dealing with catalytic cracking, tho authors referred to a “ fluid ca ta ly st,” but it n ow appeared that that catalyst was n ot a fluid, but a pow der. I t seem ed to him th at it was not exa ct and scientific to use the w ord “ fluid ” i f the catalyst was really a pow der, and he thought the fact that it was a pow der ought to b e indicated in the paper.
12 FETROLEUM R E F IN IN G T E RM IN O L O G Y .— DISCUSSION.
M r. E . A . E v a n s said he had very m uch en joyed hearing D r. H ow es' address, w hich had expanded tho inform ation given in the printed paper, and lie h oped th at th e paper w ould be published in the form in w hich it had been delivered th at afternoon.
D r. D unstan had m entioned tho program m o w hich had been prepared for tho forth com ing session, and ho w ould liko to refer for a m om ent to w hat tho Institute h ad been doin g beforo its recent quiescent period. H e felt th at a stage had been reached when the m em bers were expected to know a great deal beforo they opened their J ou rn a l;
they were to o proud to adm it th at th ey did n ot know certain things, although it was v ery difficult to find the inform ation which was lacking. H o had recen tly been stu dyin g som e o f H ild itch ’s w ork on fa tty oils, and had been handicapped b y lack o f inform ation, and it is tho same with other literature on a n y subject. I t was alm ost im possible to follow H ilditch ’ s w ork unless ono kn ow tho u p-to-da te nom enclature.
H o felt th a t the m em bers should bo a little m oro open in acknowledging their diffi
culties. W ith regard to the paper on viscosity which was to bo read during the present session, some o f tho m em bers were v ery ignorant indeed a b ou t tho m odern view s on viscosity, and tho m eeting at w hich th at paper was read w ould p rovid e an opp ortu n ity for an open discussion on the subject. H e suggested that the discussions a t tho meetings o f tho In stitu te for tho n ext yea r or so should be m oro open, and that the m em bers should seek inform ation m ore freely than th ey had in tho past.
M r. R . J . Wa r d agreed with Mr. E vans, and h op ed that in future the Journal w ould givo m ore inform ation o f tho kind in question. H e h ad v ery m u ch appreciated the exp licit and sim ple w ay in which Dr. H ow es had dealt w ith the su b ject under discussion on tho present occasion.
H e was v ery glad th at tho In stitu te had returned to L on don and w ou ld be holding meetings there during the present session, and ho wished to express his thanks for tho announcem ent o f tho program m o w hich had been propared for th at session.
Dr. D . A . Ho w e s, in replying to the discussion, w elcom ed the suggestion m ade b y Mr. D ew liurst th at the new term s should b o p u t in brackets after the o ld ones in the papor. I t w ould b e a sim ple m atter to d o that, because in on ly three or fou r cases had tho old term s been used in tho papor to tho exclusion o f tho now ones.
H o agreed w ith Mr. D ow hurst that tho expression “ fluid catalyst ” in the pa ra graph to w hich Mr. Dew liurst had referred was misleading. T h e w ord 1 ‘ fluid ’ ’ was used becauso tho plant arrangement was such th at tho pow dered catalyst flow ed as a fluid. I t was so finely pow dered th at it flow ed as a fluid through pum ps, valves, meters, and so forth, and behaved as a fluid in alm ost v ery way.
W ith regard to Mr. E va n s’ poin t th a t w hat ho had said th at afternoon con stituted to a certain extent an expansion o f the papor as printed, tho paper had been rather hurriedly prepared, and the authors w ould be h ap py to oxpan d it i f th a t was perm issible.
H e wished to thank D r. Dunstan for tho kind rem arks he had m ade w ith reference to the paper.
On tho m otion o f the Pr e s i d e n t, a v ote o f thanks was accord ed to tho authors for their paper, which had given the m em bers a very pleasant afternoon and was a good augury for the com ing session, and the m eeting then term inated.
13
TWENTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT.
1942.
The Tw enty-Ninth Annual Report o f the Council, covering the activities of the Institute during 1942, is presented for the information o f the members.
Me m b e r s h i p.
Details o f membership are sot out in the Table below
T otal, 31st D ec., 1941.
Total, 31st D ec., 1942.
H on. Mem bers . . . . 1G 12
Follows 408 417
Members . . . . 507 538
Assoe. M embers . . . . 549 569
Students . . . 152 100
T otals . . . . 1G32 1690
A t the present time the above figures can only be regarded as approxi
mate, as contact has been lost with more than 150 members in enemy- occupied countries and the Far East, though their names are retained on the roll o f the Institute.
The Council has to record with deep regret the decease o f the following members during 1942 :—
D ate Class o f
elected. m em bership.
H . St a n d i s i i Ba l l . . . 1 9 2 3 Fellow T . M. Hi c k m a n . . . 1931 A ssoc. Member J. A . Ro m a n e s . . . . 1919 Member P . A . St i f f . . . . 1930 A ssoc. M em ber
E . R . St y l e s . . . . 1931 Fellow
Ho n o u r s.
His Majesty The K in g conferred the following honours upon members o f the Institute during 1942 :
K n igh t Bachelor : Frederick G odbor, Esq.
D istinguished Service Cross : W . M. W right, E sq.
and approved the following award :—
Greek D istinguished Service M e d a l: M ajor P ercy R . Clark.
14 T W E N T Y -N IN T H A N N U A L R E PO RT .
Me e t i n g s.
Four meetings were held in London during 1942, o f which one was a joint meeting with the Institution o f Chemical Engineers and the Chemical Engineering Group, and another with the Oil Industries Club. A liijfc o f papers presented is given below :—
D a te, 1942. S u bject. A uthors.
14th J u ly. “ The Separation o f Gases.” D r. M artin Ruhem ann.
5th N o v . “ N otes on the F ou rth E d ition o f Standard J . Cantor, E . P . D riscoll M ethods for Testing Petroleum and its Pro- and A . Osborn, d u cts.”
1st D ec. “ Engineering D evelopm en t in the Petroleum C. D ailey.
In d u stry.”
17th D ec. “ T h e Oilfields o f W estern Canada.” Cam pbell M. H unter, O .B .E .
The thanks o f the Council are tendered to the Imperial College o f Science and Technology, the Institution o f Chemical Engineers, the Insti
tution o f Mechanical Engineers, the Junior Institution o f Engineers and the R oyal Society o f Arts for the use o f meeting-rooms.
A Luncheon o f the Institute was held on Friday, 29th M ay, 1942, when Mi-. C. Dailey was inducted as President.
Pu b l i c a t i o n s.
In spite o f the difficulty o f obtaining contributions, combined with rationing o f paper supplies, it was found possible to issue the Journal each month. The Abstracts have been well maintained.
Ch e m i c a l St a n d a r d i z a t i o n.
During 1942 the Chemical Standardization Committee changed its name to the Standardization Committee. The deliberations o f the Committee were incorporated in the 4th edition o f “ Standard Methods for Testing Petroleum and its Products,” which ran into two editions owing to the enormous demand for the publication.
Su b-Co m m i t t e e s.
The Council desire to place on record their appreciation and thanks to the several members o f the Sub-Committees for the work carried out by them during 1942.
Fi n a n c e.
The audited accounts for the year, with the Balance Sheet, the accounts o f the Benevolent Fund, and the list o f contributors to the latter, are given in the following pages, and, as will be seen, the financial condition o f the Institute continues to be satisfactory.
The preparation o f the accounts has been somewhat delayed, chiefly in consequence o f the reduction and changes in staff created by war con
ditions, with the result that the auditors have not been able to devote the necessary time to them.
T W E N T Y -N IN T H A N N U A L RE PO RT. 1 5
Of f i c e s.
During 1942, on the recommendation o f the Past-Presidents’ Committee to Council, it was decided that the offices o f the Institute should be removed from Birmingham to London, and accommodation was eventually found at the Imperial College o f Science and Technology, Prince Consort Road, S .W . 7.
Co u n c i l a n d Of f i c e r s.
A s mentioned above, Mr. C. Dailey, M .I.E .E ., F.Inst.P et., was elected by the Council to be President o f the Institute for the year 1913—14.
Messrs. Ashley Carter, G. H . Coxon, F. H . Gam er, A . C. Hartley, V . C.
Illing, and F . B . Thole were elected Vice-Presidents, and Messrs. E . A . Evans, J. S. Jackson, H . C. Tett and A . W a d e were elected members o f Council at the Annual General Meeting.
Ac k n o w l e d g m e n t s.
The Council records its appreciation o f the services to the Institute o f the R t. H on. Lord Plender, G .B .E ., Hon. Treasurer; Messrs. Price W ater
house & Co., A uditors; Messrs. Ashurst, Morris, Crisp & Co., Solicitors;
Westminster Bank, L im ited ; and the members o f the Staff.
Approved fo r publication on behalf of the Council of the Institute.
C h r i s t o p h e r D a l l e y , President.
A r t h u r W . E a s t l a k e i t • i u o , • As h l e y Ca r t e r } J om fc H o n ' S c c r c t a n c s - F . H . C o e , Secretary.
9lh November, 1943.
T H E I N S T IT U T E (A Company limited by Guarantee
B A L A N C E S H E E T a s
C a p ita l o f th e In s t itu te u n d e r B y e - L a w S e c t io n 6, P a r a g r a p h s 14 a n d 15 :—
L ife M em bership Fund— £ s. d.
A s at 31st D ecem ber, 1941 . . . S19 14 0 A dd ition s during year . . . 79 10 0 Entrance and T ransfer F ees—
A s a t 31st D ecem ber, 1941 Additions during year—
E ntrance Foes . Transfer Foes
Profit on Sale o f Investments—
A s a t 31st D ecem ber, 1941 Donations—
A s at 31st D ecom ber, 1941 R e s e a r c h F u n d
T . C . J . B u r g e s s P r iz e F u n d A s a t 31st D ecem ber, 1941 W a r C o n t in g e n c ie s R e s e r v e
A s a t 31st D ecem ber, 1941
M e m b e r s ’ S u b s c r ip t io n s R e c e iv e d in A d v a n c e J o u r n a l S u b s c r ip t io n s R e c e iv e d in A d v a n c e S u n d r y C r e d it o r s , G e n e r a l A c c o u n t W o r ld P e t r o le u m C o n g r e s s . R e v e n u e A c c o u n t :—
Balance as at 31st D ecem ber, 1941
A dd Surplus for year as per separate statem ent . .3714 10 9 . 51 9 0
2 2 0
s. d.
899 4 0
3768 1 9 351 10 11 326 5 0
2735 473
5345 132
1 19 5 0 0 1764
75 202 964 235
1 0 12 6 1 5
3208 9 2
C. Da l l ev, President.
AitTnuR ) } ■ I'-ASTLAKE I Joint H onorary Secretaries.
A s h l e y C a e t k r )
£11,933 5 8
A U D IT O R S ’ W e report to the M em bers o f Th e In s t i t u t e o f Pe t r o l e u m th at w e have obtained all the inform ation and explanations w e h ave required. W e are o f the correct view o f the state o f the In stitu te’ s affairs as a t 31st D ecem ber, 1942, according th e books o f the Institute.
3 , Fr e d e r i c k’s Pl a c e,
Ol d Je w r y, Lo n d o n, E.C. 2 . 14tA October, 1943.
O F P E T R O L E U M .
and not having a Share Capital.) a t 3 1s t D e c e m b e r , 1 9 4 2 .
I n v e s tm e n ts :—
On Account o f Capital, at cost—
0 3 % Conversion Stock, 1948/53
6 3 % L on don County Consolidated Stock,
1920 . .
3 3 % M anchester Corporation Redeem able Consolidated Stock, 1958
6 2J % Bristol Corporation R edeem able Stock, 1955/65...
0 5 % W andsw orth and D istrict Gas Co. D e
benture Stock . . . . .
0 3 % M etropolitan W ater B oard “ A ” S tock, 1963... ...
0 5 % Great W estom R a ilw a y Co. Consoli
dated Preference Stock
0 3% L u ton Corporation Redeem able Stock,
1958 . . .
0 3% Sm ethwick Corporation Redeem able
Stock, 1956/58 . . . . .
0 3 % B ristol Corporation R edeem able Stock, 1958/63... ...
0 3% D efence B on ds . . . . 0 3 % Savings Bonds, 1955/65
(Market Value at 31st D ecem ber, 1942, £5392.) Cash awaiting In vestm en t on D eposit with Post Offico
Savings Bank . . . .
On Account o f Revenue, at cost—
£790 8 3 3% Conversion Stock, 1948/63 500 0 0 3% D ofence B onds . . . . 475 0 0 3% Savings Bonds, 1955/65
£461 12 0
664 6 6
806 8 3
867 8 6
150 0 0
400 0 0
125 0 0
150 0 0
150 0 0
600 0 0
500 0 0
525 0 0
£ s. d.
491 12 6 481 10 6
IQ
CO 17 7
845 17 7
154 8 6
346 10 7
105 4 9
151 6 7
151 4 9
597 7 3
500 0 0
525 0 0
5196 0 7
149 1 1
842 8 0
500 0 0
475 0 0
s. d.
5345 1 8
1817 8 0 (M arket Value at 31st D ecem ber, 1942, £1799.)
On Account o f Research Fund, at cost—
£336 5 10 3% Conversion Stock, 1948/53 . . 357 14 8 (Market Value at 31st D ecem ber, 1942, £348.)
O ffic e a n d L ib r a r y F u r n itu r e (e x c lu d in g P r e s e n t a tio n s ) :—
A s at 31st D ecem ber, 1941 . . . 1 0 0 A dd ition s during year . . . 33 15 0
34 15 0 L ib r a r y B o o k s (e x c lu d in g P r e s e n t a t io n s ) :—
A s at 31st D ecem ber, 1941 . . . —
S u b s c r ip t io n s In A r r e a r :—
N ot Valued . . . —
S u n d r y D e b t o r s , le s s R e s e r v e f o r D o u b t fu l D e b ts . 617 6 6 C a sh a t B a n k o n C u r r e n t A c c o u n t a n d In H a n d . 770 8 3 C a s h o n D e p o s it w ith P o s t O ffic e S a v in g s B a n k :—
General A ccou n t . . . 2754 15 11
W orld Petroleum Congress A ccou n t . . . . 235 15
2990 11 7
£11,933 5 8
R E P O R T .
exam ined the ab ove Balance Sheet with the books o f the Institute and bave such Balance Sheet is properly drawn up so as to exhibit a true and o f our inform ation and the explanations given to us, and as shown b y
P r i c e , W a t e r h o u s e & C o., Chartered Accountants.
A uditors.
T H E IN S T IT U T E R E V E N U E A C C O U N T f o r t h e
1941
£ s. d. £ ». d. £
To A d m in is t r a t i o n E x p e n s e s
S taff Salaries . . . 1440 1 4 1650
H onoraria to Staff . . . 73 10 0 —
Printing and Stationery . . . . 183 18 0 164
General Postages . . . 143 10 5 169
Telophono, Cables, and Telegrams 13 3 4 S
1854 9 1
„ E s t a b lis h m e n t C h a r g e s
R en t, R ates, otc. . . . 212 2 2 33S
Cleaning and Lighting . . . . 32 15 4 34
Repairs and R enew als . . . . -— 5
244 17 0
„ P u b lic a t io n s :—
Journal E xpenses . . . . 1363 12 6 1313
A bstractors’ Fees . 216 15 7 243
P ostage on Journals . . . . 133 10 7 167
Cost o f Other P u blications 656 13 11 442
2370 12 7 ,, M e e t in g s :—
H ire o f H all, Pro-prints, R eportin g 77 16 8 171
„ P r o fe s s io n a l F e e s : —
L egal E xpenses . . . 8 8 0 2S
A u d itor’s Fee . . . 47 5 0 42
55 13 0
„ S t u d e n t s ’ S c h o la r s h ip s a n d P r iz e s . 40 0 0 87
„ L ib r a r y E x p e n d itu r e . . . . 28 16 5 34
„ B r a n c h e s a n d S e c t io n s :—
Students Section . . . 20 0 0
T rinidad Branch . . . 20 0 0
46 0 0 34
,, S u n d r y E x p e n s e s . . . 105 19 7 196
„ W a r D a m a g e C o n t r ib u t io n a n d W a r R is k s
I n s u r a n c e . . . 27 2 0 76
„ D o n a t io n to R .A . F . B e n e v o le n t F u n d — 105
„ D o n a t io n to B ir m in g h a m B r a n c h , B r it is h
E m p ir e C a n c e r C a m p a ig n 26 5 0 —
,, E v a c u a tio n , R e m o v a l a n d T r a v e llin g E x
p e n s e s . . . 368 9 7 —
,, R e s e r v e f o r C la im f o r D ila p i d a t i o n s . 97 8 0 —
„ B a la n c e , b e in g S u r p lu s f o r Y e a r , c a r r ie d
to B a la n c e S h e e t . . . 473 0 0 210
£5876 15 11 £5525
R E S E A R C H F U N D I n c o m e a n d E x p e n d i t u r e
£ s. d.
T o G r a n t M a d e D u r in g Y e a r :—
British E lectrical and A llied Industries Research Association . 15 0 0 B a la n c e a s a t 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1942 . . . 132 19 7
£147 19 7
O F P E T R O L E U M .
Y E A R e n d e d 3 1s t De c e m b e r, 1 9 4 2 .
1941
£ s. d. £ s. d. £
3022 9 <5 3199
2 0 0 0 20
226 10 0 130 2304 15 6 192S 274 1 11 246 28 13 0 — 500 0 0
346 5 3 846 5 3 Less R en t payable to the A delphi for 1942
(Lease disclaim ed as o f 30th June, 1942). 846 5 3
£5876 15 11 £5525
Ac c o u n t f o r t h e Ye a r e n d e d 3 1s t De c e m b e r, 1 9 4 2 .
£ s . d.
B y B a la n c e a s a t 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1941 . . . 137 17 10 ,, In t e r e s t R e c e iv e d D u r in g Y e a r . . . . 10 1 9 B y S u b s c r ip t io n s f o r 1942 r e c e iv e d
,, S p e c ia l S u b s c r ip t io n . . . . ,, S u b s c r ip t io n s In A r r e a r , r e c e iv e d d u r in g
y e a r . . . .
,, P u b lic a t io n s . . . .
„ In te r e s t a n d D iv id e n d s ( G r o s s )
„ W a r D a m a g e C o n tr ib u tio n R e s e r v e n o t
r e q u ir e d . . . .
,, Com pensation R eceiv ed from M inistry o f W orks and Buildings for 1942
A dd Grant received in A id o f R en t
£147 19 7
B E N E V O L E N T FU N D .
R e c e i p t s a n d Pa y m e n t s A c c o u n t f o e Ye a r e n d e d 3 1s t De c e m b e r, 1 9 4 2 . Re c e i p t s.
£ 8. d. £ 8. d.
B a la n c e o n 1 s t J a n u a r y , 1942 . . . . 927 13 4 R e c e ip t s d u r in g 1942 :—
Subscriptions and D onations . . . . 89 10 11
Subscriptions and D onations received in advance 1 8 0
Interest . . . 20 10 1
In com e T a x recovered . . . 9 0 0
120 9 0
£1048 2 4
Pa y m e n t s. B e n e v o le n t F u n d :—
Grants in A id . . . 62 0 0
B a la n c e o n 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1942 * 986 2 4
£1048 2 4
* The Balance on 31st D ecem ber, 1942, was held as follow s :—
£ s. d.
Cash at B a n k on Current A ccou n t . . . . 65 17 9 Cash with the Institute o f Petroleum . . . 41 7 7
3 % D efence B on ds . . . 350 0 0
£600 0 0 3 % L oca l Loans at cost f 528 17 0
£986 2 4 f (Market Value at 31st D ecem ber, 1942, £583.)
W e have exam ined the ab ove R eceip ts and P aym ents A ccou n t with the books and vouchers o f the Fu nd and find it to b o in accordance therewith. W o have verified tho Investm ents and tho Balances with Bankers and tho In stitu te o f Petroleum com prising the Balance on 31st Decem ber, 1942.
3, F r e d e r i c k ’ s P l a c e , P r i c e , W a t e r h o u s e & Co.
L o n d o n , E.C. 2. 14ffc October, 1943.
A . E . D u n s t a n , Chairman, Benevolent F und Com mittee.
C h r i s t o p h e r D a l l e y , President.
L IS T OF D O N O R S A N D SU B S C R IB E R S D U R IN G 1942.
A d a m s, A . C . D ow n s, W . W . H u n tin g, E . A . R o b a th a n , T .
A u ld , S. J . M . D u ck , A . E . J am eson , J . R o g e r, A .
B ell, O. A . D u n k le y , G . W . J ew ell, J . C. Sam s, C. E . It.
B la k iston , J . H . D u n stan , A . E . K e n y o n , H . S c o tt, L . D . B o lto n , R . P . D y so n , G . M . K id d , T . G . S c o tt, T . R .
B o w re y , S. E . E llis, J. L c M csurler, L . J . S m a llw ood , W .
S m ith , T . A .
B ra iley , B . S. E v a n s, A . M cC reath, T . T .
B resscy , l t . J . E v a n s, E . B . M cC ue. C. F . S ou th w ell, C . A . P . B rod le, N . M . E v e s, H . B . ITcath. M ack illlgan . It. S. S pielm an n , P . B ro w n , C . B . F a rra n t, V . M. M cK in n e y , It. D . T a ltt, G . S.
T a y lo r , J . F . M.
B row n , l t . G . F a rth in g , V . L . M aclean, T . T .
B u sh e, L . A . F a y , E . M a cn lven , I I . B . T h om a s, 11. C. II.
C a m eron , I. F e rcm b rc, I t . G . de. M askell, L . O . T u lle tt, G . V . C arter, A sh le y . F o x , D . A . M asters, J . 8 . S. T w eed , R . R . C a tch p ole, W . G en t, E . L . M itch ell, It. G . U n d erw ood , A . J . V .
C h andler, It. G ottesm an n , M . M oon , C . A . W a lsh , D . M .
C h arlton , H . E . G ra nt, J . O dam s, It. C. W a lte r, G.
Chrism an, A . E . G ra y, W . O gston , A . R . W a tson , A .
C lem en t, L . G riffiths, P . M . O w en, I t. M . S. W e b b , J . F . N .
C lifford , J . H a w o rth , A . J . P erk s, A . J. W ig n e y , W . J .
C on n or, W . W . H e a to n , W . B . P in k , E . P . W ilson , W . J .
C o x . A . W . C rich ton , It.
H en son , F . It. S. P itk e th ly , It. W r a y , A . T . H ersch , L . H . P o rte r, P . N . D . Y o u n g , R . H .
D ailey, C. H o th a n i, E . R c d g ro v e , E . It. S ta ff o f Shell C en tra
D a v son , C . W . H o w a rd , G . P . E . R ich a rd s, G . A . L a boratories.
D ew h u rst, T .
