BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION: 1950-1200 B C JanuszCzebreszuk Ja ekGórski Mar in Igna zak Sªawomir Kadrow Vi torI. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko NikolayKovalyukh Mykola Kryvaltsevi h Vasyl Y. Kurylenko Sergyey Lysenko VitaliyV. Otrosh henko P rzemysªaw Makarowi z Vadim Skripkin Halina Taras 1 V O L U M E 6
•
1998w.Mar in78
Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373
EDITOR
AleksanderKo±ko
EDITORIALCOMMITEE
SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska
(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska
(ód¹), Vi tor I. Klo hko (Kiev), Vitaliy V. Otrosh henko
(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)
SECRETARY
MarzenaSzmyt
SECRETARYOFVOLUME
PrzemysªawMakarowi z
ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY
EASTERNINSTITUTE
INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY
Pozna«1998
BRONZE AGE CIVILIZATION: 1950-1200 B C JanuszCzebreszuk Ja ekGórski Mar in Igna zak Sªawomir Kadrow Vi torI. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko NikolayKovalyukh Mykola Kryvaltsevi h Vasyl Y. Kurylenko Sergyey Lysenko VitaliyV. Otrosh henko P rzemysªaw Makarowi z Vadim Skripkin Halina Taras 1 V O L U M E 6
•
1998CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider
Linguisti onsultation:PiotrT. ebrowski
PrintedinPoland
EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5
Ja ek Górski,THEFOUNDATIONSOFTRZCINIECCULTURE
TAXONOMYINWESTERNMAOPOLSKA ... 7
PrzemysªawMakarowi z,TAXONOMICFOUNDATIONSOFTHE
TRZCINIECCULTURALCIRCLEONTHELOWERVISTULA ... 19
Halina Taras,THEBASESFORTHETAXONOMYOFTHETRZCINIEC
CULTUREINTHESOUTHERNPARTOFTHEAREABETWEEN
THEVISTULAANDBUGRIVERS ...32
Vi torI.Klo hko,THEISSUEOFTHEEASTERNBORDEROFTHE
EASTERNTRZCINIECCULTURE(LOBOIKIVKAMETALLURGY) ...48
Mar in Igna zak,PrzemysªawMakarowi z, THESOUTH-WESTERN
BORDERLANDOFTHETRZCINIECCULTURALCIRCLE ...74
VasylY.Kurylenko,Vitaliy V.Otrosh henko,THESOSNYTSA
CULTUREOFTHEDESNAAREAANDITSLINKSWITHEASTERN
NEIGHBOURS ...87
Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,THEPROBLEMSOFIDENTIFICATION
ANDORIGINSOF"TRZCINIEC"INTHEPRYPETSBASIN ...103
Ja ek Górski,THEQUESTIONOFTHEDECLINEOFTRZCINIEC
CULTUREINWESTERNMAOPOLSKA.TRZCINIECCULTUREVS.
LUSATIANCULTURE ...115
NikolayKovalyukh,VadimSkripkin,Vi torI. Klo hko,SergyeyLysenko,
ABSOLUTE(RADIOCARBON)CHRONOLOGYOFTHEEASTERN
TRZCINIECCULTUREINTHEDNIEPERBASIN
(THEMALOPOLOVETSKEBURIALSITE) ...130
PrzemysªawMakarowi z,ABSOLUTECHRONOLOGYOFTHE
TRZCINIECCOMPLEXINTHEVISTULADRAINAGE
INTHELIGHTOF
14
CDATINGS ...141
SªawomirKadrow, THECENTRALEUROPEANDIMENSION
OFTHEDECLINEOFTHEEARLYBRONZEAGECIVILIZATION.
THETRZCINIECSOCIO-CULTURALSYSTEMATTHEOUTSET
EUROPE? ...190
Referen es ...203
TheTrz inie Culture,Trz inie CulturalCir leandTrz inie Horizonarethe
names of a ultural area in the borderland of Western and Eastern Europe at
the 2nd millenium BC. For over half a entury a dis ussion has been going on
overthetaxonomi identi ation( hronologi alandspatial)andgeneti andethni
interpretationofthis ulturalunit.
In thedebate, the1980'sand 1990'smark a signi ant ognitive turn aused
bythegrowthofthe orpusofsour es,theuseofsystemati methodsforthestudy
ofmobilesour esandtheproliferationofregional 14
Cdatings.
The present volume of "Balti -Ponti Studies" is an attempt to register this
breakthrough and a proposal fora new ttingof the Trz inie phenomenoninto
thesynthesisofEarly BronzeAge Europe.The re ordsin lude rudimentsofnew
regional systematizations,foundationsof their hronologiesbased onradio arbon
datings and a dis ussion of theme hanisms of so io- ultural hanges whi h gave
risetotheTrz inie ulturalarea andlater ontributedtoitsdisintegration.
Along-term intentionofthisvolumegiving a multifa etedview ofthee e ts
of thesaid ognitive breakthroughis to en ourage a areful s rutinyof the
deve-lopmentme hanisms oftheEuropeanEarlyBronzeAge Civilization,in parti ular
theroleplayedin thembytheso ieties inhabitingthedrainages oftheBalti and
1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe
nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.
2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of
theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t[e.g.
Mallory 1989℄. In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been
retained.
3. The pla e names lo ated in the Ukraine have been transliterat from the
versions suggested by the author(i.e. from theBelorussian, Ukrainian, Polish or
PLISSN1231-0344
Vi tor I.Klo hko
THE ISSUEOF THE EASTERNBORDER
OF THE EASTERNTRZCINIEC CULTURE
(LOBOIKIVKA METALLURGY)
Metallurgi altraditionsoftheBronzeAgehavebeenstudiedinsuÆ ientlyand
areparti ularlyhardtorelatetoindividualar haeologi al ultures.However,
deta-iled investigationsofmetalitems andremaindersof produ tionprovideadditional
dataforethno- ulturalstudies.
A ordingtoI.I.Artemenko [1987℄,theSosnytsaCulture,orrather,theKiev
andtheSosnytsaversionsof theEasternTrz inie Culture,as well astheL
ebedi-vkagroupofsites,a ordingtoS.S.Berezanskaya[1985℄,o upiedtheMiddleand
theUpperDnieper areas. Early-stagesitesdateba k tothe15-13th enturyBC
∗
,
middle-stage sites date ba k to the 13-11th entury BC, and late-stage sites
be-longto 11-9th enturyBC [Artemenko1987:106-113℄.The L oboikivka metallurgy
oftheL ateBronzeAgeis,ina ertainway, onne tedwiththatterritory[Klo hko
1994:123-124℄.
The L oboikivka metallurgi al entre was rst identi ed by E. N. Chernykh
[1976:190-195℄asaspe ialL ateBronzemetallurgi aldistri twithaspe i sele tion
oftypesofartifa tsandte hnology, typi aloftheleft-bankUkraine( rstreferred
to as Zavadovo-L oboikivka hearth). A.M. L es ov related the Zavadovo foundry
workshopto theBelozerka period, andin luded theHolovurivfoundryworkshop
inthe\hearth".Hebroadlyde nedits hronologi alandterritorialboundaries,and
was the rst oneto pointoutto theso- alled \foundryworkshops",i.e., omplex
nds of foundry moulds, having des ribed them as old produ tion entres. A.M.
L es ovbroadenedthespe i setofitems fromthat entreand proposeda thesis
aboutitsin lusionintheSrubnaya(timber-grave)Culture[L es ov1981℄,referring
toit as\Holovuriv-L oboikivka". Isuggestedthatthe entrebe given thename of
\L oboikivka"[Klo hko1993℄.
N.N.Cheredni henkoapproa hedtheissueof ulturalaÆliation ofthat
metal-lurgi al traditionrather autiously(referringtoitas \metal oftheSrubnayatribes
oftheDnieperarea"),pointingouttoasubstantialdi eren ebetweenitandmetal
items of theDon and theVolga Srubnaya Culture [Cheredni henko1986:44-82℄.
He quoted this di eren e between metal artifa ts of the Dnieper area and the
Don-VolgaregionasanargumentinfavoroftheneedtodividetheSrubnaya
Cul-ture-histori ommunityintoanumberoflo algroupswhi h,\mostprobablyshould
be alled independent ultures"[Cheredni henko1986:42℄.
S.I. Tatarinov[1990℄ onne tstheL oboikivkametallurgywith theDonets
mi-ning-metallurgi al entreoftheSrubnayaCulture,thoughhisopinionisbasedonly
onasingle nd,nearthevillageofP ylyp hatyno,ofafoundrymouldusedtomake
aKabakovka-type elt.
A lear di eren ebetween theL oboikivka,theKrasnyiMayak
(Noua-Sabati-novka)andtheSrubnayametalartifa ts,revealedbyE.N.Chernykh,aswell asthe
territoryoutlined by A.M. L es ov, on e allowed me to in lude this metallurgi al
traditionintheSosnytsaCulture[Klo hko1994℄,thoughthehypothesisprovedto
bea wrongone.
Takingintoa ountnew ndsoftheL oboikivkaartifa tsingravesofthe
Srub-nayaCulture, V.V. Otrosh henkoandY.Y. Rassamakin raised again theissue of
the\Srubnaya"aÆliationofthatmetallurgi altradition[Otrosh henko,Rassamakin
1997℄.Meanwhile, they pra ti ally ignoredthelo ation ofmostof theL oboikivka
foundryworkshops andthe ndsoffoundrymouldsin thesettlements, thus,
on-fusingthequestionof ulturalaÆliation ofmanufa turersofthemetalitems with
thatof onsumersofthosefoundryworkshops'produ ts.
Therefore,let us onsidertheL oboikivkametallurgi al omplexesindetail.
A. METALLURGICALCOMPLEXES
1. The largest olle tion of foundry moulds for manufa turing items of the
oldestL oboikivkatypes omesfromthevillageofHolovurivoftheBoryspildistri t,
theKievregion (theHolovuriv foundryworkshop)(Fig. 1:1). Alarger part ofthe
olle tion was published by I.N. Sharafutdinova [1973℄, and later on, ve more
fragmentsofmouldswerefoundatthesamesite.Someofthenewfragmentswere
su essfully glued to theold pie es. Mostof foundrymoulds from this workshop
were ut in bars of quality light tal slate, and only one of them | for asting
a single-lugged ornamented elt, hexahedral in se tion | was made of erami s.
The moulds are kept in the Boryspil Museum of L o al History, the Kiev region.
The ndsoftheHolovurivfoundryworkshopin lude:
Fig.1.TheL oboikivkaworkshopinUkraine.I.Foundry\workshops"andindividualmoulds:1.the
Holovurivworkshop;2.theZazymyesettlement;3.theDerevyaneworkshop;4.theMazepyntsi
work-shop;5.P ylyp hatyno;6.Ivannya;7.Vyazovok;8.Kapulivka;9.Zlatopol;10.theVovnygysettlement;
11.theSubotivsite.II.Hoards:12.Kabakovka;13.L oboikivka;14.Blahovish henka;15.Borysivka;16.
Tryokhizbenka;17.NyzhnyaKhortytsa;18.Tereshkovo.
usedformakingratherbigso ketedspearheadswithlugsonso ketsandsharp-leaf
orleaf-shapedblades.
Fragmentsofadouble-sided mouldformakingdartheadswithluggedso kets
ontheoneside,andsmallhat hets ontheother(Fig. 2:3,4).
Afragmentof adouble-sided matrixfor astinghat hetsandsome other at
items(Fig.2:5).
Fragmentsoftwopartsofatwo-foldmouldformakingasingle-lugged(?) elt,
hexahedralin se tion(Fig2:6).
Halfofa erami two-foldmouldfor astinga single-luggedornamented elt,
hexahedralin se tion(Fig2:7).
Atwo-foldfragmentedmouldforprodu inglarge double-luggedasymmetri al
elts(Fig. 2:8-9).
Abaroftal slate,re tangularinse tion,withapartiallypreservednegativeof
aKrasnyiMayaktypedaggerononeside,andapartiallygroundo ,old
Holovuriv--typeknife with a \belted" tange, andanotherHolovuriv knife, ut ononeofthe
widesides(Fig.3:2-4).
Ahalf anda fragmentoftheotherhalf ofa two-foldmouldformakingsmall
hat hets (orprobably, hisels (?). The ba kside of themouldbearsa arvedsign
(Fig.3:5,6).
Afragmentofadouble-sidedmouldformakingrazorsand hisels(Fig.3:7,8).
Afragmentofadouble-sidedmouldformaking hiselsanddaggers(Fig.3:9).
Asingle-sided mould for asting hoppers of theKabakovska type: a part of
a multi omponent set,in whi h every mould's ba kside was a overforthe next
one.The setwas xedwitha s aleontheba kside ofthematrix(Fig.3:10).
Afragment of a two-foldmouldfor makingitems of unknown purpose(Fig.
3:11).
Thefollowingtoolswerere onstru tedwiththehelpoftheHolovurivnegatives:
Spearheads,with leaf-like blades, rhombi inse tion,witha lug andarimon
theso ket|theHolovuriv-typespearheads(Fig.4:1,2).
TheHolovuriv-typespearheadsare theoldestintheL oboikivka metallurgi al
tradition. They are lose to spearheads of theBorodino hoard, the Seima burial
sitesandthePokrovkaburialmounds(spearheadsof theSeima type).Their
om-monfeaturesin ludegeneralshapesandformsoffeathers/bladesandlugsontheir
so kets.However,theHolovurivspearheadshavedi erentproportions,shorter
so -kets and rimsontheir so kets. L ater on, this line of development broughtabout
spearheadswith utsontheirblades(whi hhelpedsavemetalwithoutredu ingthe
size of items, and also served to strengthen the spearhead) | spearheads of the
Zlatopoltype [Klo hko1993:59-61℄.
L eaf-likedartheadswithalugandarimontheso ketaretheHolovuriv-type
dart heads (Fig. 4:5). I do notknowof any other similar heads whi h in general
representsmaller opiesofthespearheads.
Atangeddaggerwithaleaf-like blade,enhan ed,rhombi inse tion,andwith
aringstoponthetange|adagger oftheKrasnyiMayaktype(Fig.4:3).
DaggersoftheL oboikivkatraditionarerepresentedpredominantlybyversions
of theKrasnyi Mayak dagger that di ers from similar southerntools by itsmore
attened topand a broader andshorter tange. These features appear the in
le-arestwayinrelativelylateitems(Derevyane,Mazepyntsi).Daggersfromtheoldest
L oboikivka site, the Holovuriv workshop, are pra ti ally identi al to the Krasnyi
Mayak(OldSabatinovka)items |afa tthatallowstotra etheborrowingofthis
type of tools from theKrasnyi Mayak entre to L oboikivka at theearly stage of
theirdevelopment.
enhan-knives were found in the L oboikivka hoard and in several sub-mound, so- alled
\late Srubnaya",gravesattheleft-bankUkraine.
Edges of dagger blades and spear- and dart-heads are enhan ed with rims
thatwere attenedduringthefoundingpro ess|atypi alte hniqueoffounding
spe ialists ofUkraine's L ateBronze Age.Thete hnique wasusedforrivetingthe
toolblades inordertostrengthenthebronze[Klo hko1994℄.
Single-lugged elts,hexahedralinse tion,withovalso kets,oneofthem
de o-rated withanornamentundertheso ket(Fig. 4:6,8).Rather similartotheoldest
Sabatinovka elts,(forinstan e, theMaliKopaniworkshop)[Klo hko1993:37,55℄
fromwhi htheydi erbytheabsen eofa\ avity".
A double-lugged asymmetri elt, oval in se tion, ornamented with oblique
uts (Fig. 4:7) | the Holovuriv-type elt, theprototype of the Kabakovka elts.
These elts,alongsidewith utspearheads,arethemost hara teristi typesofthe
L oboikivkaweapons.Early elts ofthese typesdisplaysimilarityto theSeimaand
earlyKardashynkaforms,while laterones(infa t,theKabakovkaforms)are lose
totheBondarykhaandtheZavadovo eltsoftheBelozerkaperiod,whi hrepresent
afurtherdevelopmentofthisline.
A hopperof theKabakovkatype(Fig. 4:9). Sometimessu htoolsare alled
si kles, buttheir blades are almost straight,and, therefore, in terms of use,these
de nitelyagrariantoolswere,mostprobably, losetosmalls ythesand hoppers.
Smallhat hetsor hisels(?)(Fig.4:11,14).
Arazor,withathindoublese tionandadeepgrooveintheupperpart|the
L oboikivkatype(?)(Fig.4:13).
Artefa tsofinde nitepurpose(Fig.4:10,12,15).
2.ThemouldfromtheZazymyesettlementoftheBrovarydistri t,theKievregion
(Fig. 1:2) dates ba k to approximately the same period [Berezanskaya 1985:Fig.
119:11℄. It represents a four-sided matrix made of tal slate, with arved moulds
of a elt, a at axe (or a hat het), a so keted hisel and a half- nished bar,
ra-ther large indiameter (Fig. 5).The elt, arvedin themould,is theoldest eltin
theKardashynkametallurgi al tradition(whi hexistedintheMiddleDnieperarea
pra ti allysyn hronouslywiththeL oboikivkatradition)[Klo hko1994℄.Itisa
do-uble-lugged elt,hexahedralinse tion,withtwowidely-setrollersontheso ketand
an ornamentin theform oflowered\mousta he" ords(Fig.5:4),similar in form
andproportionstotheSeima elts [Chernykh1970℄.The assumedearlydating of
theZazymye eltis supportedbytheSeima appearan e of the eltand theitems
arvedonothersides of themould: a so keted hiseland a ataxe-hat het (Fig.
5:2, 3). Asimilar so keted hisel was arvedon a foundrymould from theEarly
SabatinovkafoundryworkshopMali Kopaniwhi hIrefer tothe16th enturyBC.
Flataxes, similartotheZazymyeitem, omefromtheOdaili-Podari hoardin
Srubnaya" type, whi h a tually is the prototypeof the Kabakovka si kles. A at
axe, verysimilar in formandsize to theaxe foundin Zazymye, wasdis overedin
thetolosgraveinZaferPapoura,Knoss,onCrete, datedba ktothe15th entury
BC [M uller-Karpe 1980:Taf. 199:4℄. The latter omplex is parti ularly important
fordetermining absolutedates ofthoseartifa ts be auseitsdatingis basedonthe
histori alEgyptian hronology.
FindsofprototypesoftheKardashynka eltsintheMiddleDnieperareaallow
ustoidentifythatregionasthe entreoftheir origin and, hen e,as the entre of
origin of the whole Kardashynka metallurgi al tradition whi h requires a spe ial
study.However, the ndofthemouldintheZazymyesettlement(i.e. rather lose
to theHolovurivworkshop) explainsthe relationbetween these two metallurgi al
traditionsthatisre e tedinaratherlargenumberof ommonfeaturesintheforms
ofitemsandte hnologies.
3.Aworkshopin thevillage ofDerevyane,Obukhivdistri t,Kievregion(Fig.1:3)
[Tallgren 1926; Bo hkarev, L es ov 1979:Taf. 1:14, 16; 2:15, 17℄. All moulds were
madeofquality lighttal slate.Currently,they arekeptin theUkrainianNational
HistoryMuseum(Kiev). Thesite ontainedthefollowing nds:
Part of a uthalf of a two-foldmould of a dagger with a leaf-like blade and
a attenedstopatthetange.Twopendants|\du ks"are arvedattheba kside
of thebar(Fig. 6:1). Apartof the utotherhalf ofthe same two-foldmouldfor
making daggersdisplays part ofa dagger bladeand half- nisheditem; a negative
ofa athat hetis arvedontheba kside (Fig.6:2).
Half ofa two-foldmouldformakingtanged razors.There isa arvedgroove
ontheba kside ofthematrix,thepurposeofwhi hisunknown(Fig.6:3).
Afragmentof a single-sidedmould fortwo hoppers ofthe Kabakovkatype
(Fig.6:4).
Halfofatwo-foldmouldfor astingdouble-lugged eltsoftheKabakovkatype
(Fig.6:5).
Themouldsfoundat theDerevyane workshopmay be usedto reprodu ethe
followingitems:
A athat hetwitha slightlywidened blade; hoppers,most likely, ofthe
Ka-bakovka type; a double-lugged elt, oval in se tion, of theKabakovka type (Fig.
6:6);a tangedrazorwitharingstop|the\Derevyane"versionoftheL oboikivka
type, whi h di ers from theL oboikivka razors by theabsen e of a grooveat the
topoftheblade(Fig.6:7);adaggerwithaleaf-likeblade;a attenedstop;a
atte-nedshorttangeandathinrhombi se tion|the\Derevyane" versionofKrasnyi
Mayakdaggers(Fig.6:8).
4. Aworkshopinthevillage of Mazepyntsiof theVelyko-Polovetskydistri t,Kiev
ofdark tal slate. The olle tion in ludes: a two-foldmouldfor makinga
double--lugged elt,ovalinse tion,ornamentedwitha\ ord"ontheso ket(Fig.7:1),and
halfofatwo-foldmouldformakingdaggerswithringstops(Fig.7:2).Themoulds
of the Mazepyntsi workshop an serve to reprodu e a double-lugged elt of the
Kabakovkatype (Fig. 7:3) anda dagger with a leaf-like blade anda ring stopon
thetange,i.e., adaggeroftheKrasnyiMayaktype(Fig.7:2).
5. Half ofa two-fold,double-sided mouldfromthevillage ofP ylyp hatynoofthe
Artemivsky distri t, Donetsk region (Fig. 1:5) [Tatarinov 1977:Fig. 2:1℄ designed
formaking double-lugged elts, hexahedral inse tion,of theKabakovkatypeand
so ketedhooks(Fig.7:4-5).
6. Half of a two-fold, double-sided mould from the village of Ivankovy hi
(pre-viouslyYankovy hi)of the Vasylkiv distri t, Kiev region (Fig. 1:6) [Tallgren 1926;
Bo hkarev,L es ov1979:Taf.13:118℄,madeofdarktal slate.Theupperpartofthis
mouldiskeptattheKharkivHistoryMuseum,anditslowerpartisintheUkrainian
National HistoryMuseuminKiev. Thismouldwasusedto ast utspearheads of
theZlatopoltype;an artifa t,thepurposeofwhi hisunknown(Fig. 7:6-8).
7.AmouldfromthevillageofVyazovokofthePavlograddistri t,Dniepropetrovsk
region(Fig.1:7)[Bo hkarev,L es ov1979:Taf.2:22℄|halfofatwo-foldmouldfor
makingdaggersoftheKrasnyiMayaktypewitha attenedringstop,andatanged
razor with an additional hole in the upper part of the blade | the \Vyazovok"
versionoftheL oboikivka razors(Fig.8:1-3). Theitem, made oftal slate,is kept
intheDniepropetrovskHistoryMuseum.
8.MouldsfromthevillageofKapulivkaoftheNikopoldistri t,theDniepropetrovsk
region(Fig.1:8)[Sharafutdinova1960℄,madeoftal slate:afragmentofatwo-fold
mouldformakingahexahedralornamented eltofinde nitetype(Fig.8:4);halfof
atwo-foldmouldformakingdouble-lugged elts,ovalinse tion,oftheKabakovka
type(Fig.8:5,6);alidofamouldformakingKabakovka-type hoppers(identi ed
bytheshapeofthesnu smear)(Fig.8:7).Theitemsarekeptinthestoragefa ilities
oftheInstituteofAr haeologyoftheNationalA ademy ofS ien eofUkrainein
Kiev.
9.Two-foldmouldfromthevillageofZlatopoloftheVasylivkadistri t,Zaporizhya
region (Fig. 1:9) [Bodyansky, Sharafutdinova1967℄, made of dark tal slate;
ur-rentlykeptinthestorageoftheInstituteofAr haeologyoftheNationalA ademy
of S ien e of Ukraine in Kiev. This matrix was designed for making spearheads
with ut sharp-leaf feather, rhombi in se tion, and three rims on the so ket |
spearheadoftheZlatopoltype(Fig.9:1,2,3)[Klo hko1993:61℄.
VovnygysettlementintheDniepropetrovskdistri t(Fig.1:10).Currentlyit iskept
inthestorageoftheInstituteofAr haeologyoftheNational A ademyofS ien e
ofUkraineinKiev.
11.Fragmentofatal mouldformakingtheKabakovka-type elts(Fig.9:4).From
theSubotivsite,theChyhyryndistri toftheCherkasyregion(Fig.1:11).Currently
it iskept in thestorage of theInstitute ofAr haeology of theNational A ademy
ofS ien eofUkraineinKiev.
B. HOARDSOFMETALARTEFACTSOFTHELOBOIKIVKATYPES,FOUND
TOTHESOUTHANDTHESOUTH-EASTOFTHEMAINCENTRESOF
MANUFACTURE
12.The Kabakovkahoardwas foundin1915in thenorth-westernse torofa
majorbarrowsituatedontherightbankoftheOrelrivernearKabakovkakhutorsin
theKobelyakydistri t,Poltavaregion[Rudynsky1928:Fig.1:12℄.Thehoardiskept
at the Poltava Natural History Museum. The items were foundin a sharp-edged
potof theSrubnayatypewith ashortstraightedge andtra esofstripysmoothing
onthesurfa e.
The hoard onsisted of six si kles, three elts and a dagger. The si kles |
with hooks, urvedba ks, widesalient pointsandslightly on ave, almost straight
blades|infa tare notsi klesbut hoppersoftheKabakovkatype.The hoppers
were ast in a losed mould, but after further smith nishing the shape of the
mouldings was hanged substantially:themouldings were given re tangular hooks
andstret hedblades. Afterthat,the hopper ouldbe slightly urved. Due tothe
furthersmith nishing, hoppersoftheKabakovkahoard,although astinthesame
mould,di ersubstantiallyindetails (Fig.10:1-6).
Celts | double-lugged, with oval so kets | belong to the Kabakovka type.
In pla eswhere lugs join the so ket, elts of thistype oftendisplay tra es of one
ortwo ut-o orground-o stalksofadditional nozzles(ukr.term litnik).Theuse
ofsu hadditional nozzlesisa distinguishingfeatureoftheL oboikivka elt- asting
te hnology. Two elts are oval in se tion; the third one is hexahedral in se tion,
ornamentedwith arelief \ ord"undertheso ket(Fig.10:8-10).
Thedagger withan oval stoponthetange,with a attenedtangeand awide
leaf-like blade, rhombi in se tion (Fig. 10:7) is a version of the Krasnyi Mayak
dagger. Daggers of the Krasnyi Mayak type were also typi al of the Sabatinovka
andtheNoua ultures[Klo hko1993℄.
dwellerswhowerediggingawellnear theChaplynkariver,theoldbedoftheOrel
river. A ording to the men who found the hoard, the items were overed with
\somedust",i.e., thehoard, mostprobably,hadbeenkeptina wooden ontainer.
CurrentlythehoardiskeptintheDniepropetrovskHistoryMuseum.Itisthelargest
oftheL oboikivkahoardsfoundtodate:itin ludedeightKabakovka hoppers(two
ofthempreserved inta t,thethirdbroken intothree pie es, andfra tionsofba k
sides of ve other hoppers) (Fig. 11:1-8).The hoard also in luded twelve more
fragmentsof hoppers of inde nite type (mostlikely, thosewere also Kabakovka
hoppers),mostofthemarefragmentsofthemiddle partoftheblade.
Thehoardalso ontainedtwodouble-lugged elts,ovalinse tion,ofthe
Kaba-kovkatype,oneofthemde oratedwithasophisti atedornamental ompositionin
theso ket(Fig.11:9,10,13);adouble-lugged elt,hexahedralinse tion,ofthe
Ka-bakovkatype,de oratedwithtworollersontheso ketandobliquelines(Fig.1:12);
asingle-lugged elt, ovalinse tion,withtwo\ ords"ontheso ket(Fig.11:11).
Arrowheads | a so keted bullet-shaped head with a four-petal point (Fig.
11:15) and so keted head with a wide, triangular body, rhombi in se tion, with
well-hammeredblades(Fig.11:14).Similar arrowheadswerefoundintheleft-bank
Ukraine, aswellasintheVolgaandtheUral regions[Klo hko1993:31℄.
Theupperpart ofalarge spearhead (Fig.11:16),whi hallows re onstru tion
of therestof thehead: a wideleaf-like blade with large oval utsand a rhombi
se tion|aspearhead oftheZlatopoltype.
Two athat hets,trapeziforminse tion,with urvedblades(Fig.12:1,2).The
trapeziformse tionindi atesthatthebladeswere ast inasingle-sidedmouldwith
a lid.Su hhat hetsare rather ommonintheKrasnyiMayakandtheL oboikivka
metallurgi al traditions.
Three so keted beak-axes [Klo hko 1993:62℄ with hammered folded so kets
andalongnarrowblade(Fig.12:3-5).
Nine small tanged knives with leaf-like or triangularblades, rhombi oroval
inse tion(Fig. 12:6-12,15).All ofthemare heavily groundo .Similar knivesare
rather ommon in the L ateBronze sub-barrow tombs in theright-bank Ukraine:
theso- alled\Srubnayagraves".
Threetangedkniveswith\belts"ontheirtangesnearleaf-likeblades,rhombi
inse tion(Fig.12:14,16,17)are theHolovuriv-typeknives.
TwodaggerswithringstopsoftheKrasnyiMayaktype(Fig.12:18,19);oneof
thedaggershasa stronglyground-o blade.
Fragmentsofknivesofinde nite type(Fig.13:1,2).
Arazor ona shorttange with a ring stop,an oval, strongly hammered blade
withagroovein itsupperpart,andrhombi inse tion(Fig.13:4)isarazor ofthe
L oboikivkatype.
Fig.15.TheNizhnyaKhortytsahoard.
Bronze bondage of wooden vessels of the Srubnaya type; some of them are
like rampons,others like staples or bra es with polished surfa es (Fig. 13:9-21).
Oneoftheitemsisde oratedwithapoinsonornament,theothersdisplaynailsup
to1 mlong.
Aminiaturering, rolledfromanarrowplate. (Fig.13:20)
A ast bronze pendant of sophisti ated form. Its urved petals are wrapped
in a golden sheet andde orated with a poinsonornament (Fig.13:22).No items,
similartoit,areknowntotheauthor.
Eighthammered shinghooks,madeofafour-edgedrod,sixofthemare tted
withonerolledlug ea h(Fig.13:24-31).
Seventeensawing needles, hammered fromarod(Fig.13:32-48).
Nineteenhammeredawls,re tangular orsquareinse tion(Fig.13:49-61).
Also,thehoard ontainedagrindingstone,3.3 mindiameter(Fig.13:3).
14.The Blahovish henkahoard, foundnear thevillage ofBlahovish henka ofthe
Kamaynka-Dnieprovskydistri t,Zaporizhyeregion(Fig.1:14).Currentlythehoard
withthree\ ords"ontheso ket(oftheBlahovish henkatype)(Fig.14:1),a
double--lugged ornamented eltoftheKabakovkatype,hexahedral inse tion(Fig. 14:2),
anda ast so keted hisel(Fig.14:3).
15. The Borysivka hoard was found in 1928 near the village of Borysivka of the
Nikopol distri t, Dniepropetrovskregion (Fig. 1:15), at the north-westernside of
amajorburialmoundundera1-tonstoneblo k.Thehoard ontainedaknifewith
\belt" on theHolovuriv-typetange (Fig. 14:7), a hopperof theKabakovka type
(Fig.14:8),andahammered so ketedhook(wasnotpreserved).
16.The Tryokhizbenkahoard, foundnear thevillage ofTriokhizbenka of the
Slo-vyanoserbsk distri t, Lugansk region (Fig. 1:16), is urrently kept in the Poltava
Natural HistoryMuseum. Thehoard ontaineda ast so keted hisel witha
gro-ovedblade,andadouble-lugged eltoftheKabakovkatype,hexahedralinse tion,
de oratedwithatriangularornament(Fig.14:5,6).
17. The NizhnyaKhortytsya hoard, found near the village of Nizhnya Khortytsya
at theright bank of theDnieper (Fig. 1:17), is urrently kept in the Zaporizhye
Natural HistoryMuseum. Itin ludedthree hoppers ofthe Kabakovkatype(one
of themwith a brokenedge), and twodouble-lugged elts of theKabakovkatype
(Fig.15).
C. CONCLUSIONS
Metal artifa tsoftheL oboikivka enterweremade ofhigh-qualityPbbronze
[Chernykh1976℄withtheuseofafoundryte hnologyofpouringmetalintomoulds
madeoftal slate.Theartifa tsin ludeavarietyoftoolsandweapons:tanged
kni-ves,awls,needles,hat hets,so keted hisels, hoppers,arrowheads,dartheadsand
spearheads, elts, so ketedbeak-axes, anddaggers. All thoseartifa ts haveno
o-unterpartsamongartifa ts oftheCarpathianmetallurgi al entres;moreover, they
di ersigni antly from metalitems oftheSrubnayaCulture. Meanwhile, theL
o-boikivkametallurgi al tradition,bothintermsofte hnologyandformsofartifa ts,
is losetolo alPonti types:theKrasnyiMayakandtheNoua-Sabatinovka)aswell
astheKardashynka[Chernykh1976℄metallurgi al traditions.
The omplexes that ontainartifa ts of the L oboikivka and the Sabatinovka
types (the Holovurivand theMali Kopani workshops,the Khrysty hand theL
obo-[Klo hko1993℄.Therefore, themajority ofhoardsthat ontainitemsoftheL
obo-ikivkatypeswere foundalongthelower partoftheDnieperfromKremen hukto
Zaporizhya, further to thesouth thanmost of foundryworkshops,the most
nor-thern of whi h | Holovuriv, Derevyane and Mazepyntsi | were lo ated in the
Kievregion(Fig.1).Thedevelopmentofthatprodu tion entre,judging fromthe
situationoftheoldestworkshops,beganintheKievregion.Gradually,itsprodu ts
begantospread downtheDnieperbasin andfurthertotheeast.
Thismetallurgi al traditiondoesnot t thetraditional on epts ofeither the
EasternTrz inie ortheSrubnayaCultures.Presently,itappearsthatamorelikely
hypothesisis presentedby theview of V.V. Otrosh henkoaboutthe existen e of
two lines of developmentof ultures of theSrubnaya ommunity, andthe
distin-guishing,withinthat ommunityoftribes, oftwoar haeologi al ultures:Pokrovka
andBerezhnivka-Mayivka [Otrosh henko1994:150-153℄.IlinktheL oboikivka
me-tallurgi al tradition with the latter. The an ient produ tion indi ates that in the
se ondhalf ofthe2ndmillennium BCtheMiddleDnieperarea waspopulatedby
thepeoplewhoseoriginwasnotlinkedeithertotheCarpathianregionortheEast.
Hen e,theL oboikivkametallurgy,togetherwiththenewMalopolovetskeburial
mound,openedintheFastivdistri t oftheKiev region[Lysenko1998℄,showthat
theeasternborderoftheEasternTrz inie Culturedidnotrea htherightbankof
theDnieper,butranfurthertothewest.
Theissueoftheeastern boundariesofdissemination ofthismetallurgi al
tra-ditiondeservesto beaddressedseparately. Someartifa ts oftheL oboikivkatypes
and whole hoards of su h items have been found rather far to the east, on the
territoryof Russia, e.g. the Tereshkovohoard in the Voronezhregion [Pryakhin,
Siniuk,Matveev 1981℄,theKarmanovohoardin theTrans-Kamaarea [Kuzminykh
1981℄,theIlderyakovoandtheDerbedeniovohoards,andanumberofother nds
in theVolgaregion [Chernykh1970℄, ndsofartifa ts ofthe L oboikivkatypesin
thefeatures oftheAndronovoCulturein theTrans-Ural region[Chernykh1983℄.
AllthoseitemsbelongtorelativelylateversionsoftheL oboikivkatypes;therefore,
I regard the dissemination of the L oboikivkametallurgi al traditioneastwards as
a relativelyre entphenomenon[Klo hko1994℄,whi hpointsouttothe
parti ipa-tionofeasternUkrainian ultureelementsinthe ulturalpro essofthelateBronze
AgeattheeastofEasternEurope,namelyintheVolgaregionandWestern
Kaza-khstan,primarilyinthedevelopmentoftheKazanCulture,aswellastheFedorovka
andtheSargarafeaturesoftheAndronovoCulture.
Findsofmetalitems oftheL oboikivka typesalsomakeusre onsider ulture
aÆliations of many settlements and graves of the L ate Bronze Age in the
left--bank Ukraine that have been traditionally referred to the Srubnaya Culture. At
the late stage of their development, Srubnaya tribes borrowed this metallurgi al
be impossible without the integration of Berezhnivka-Mayivka Culture elements
intotheSrubnayaCultureandtheirmigrationfareastwards,asfarastheWestern
Kazakhstan. It was this migration that, in my view, was linked to the formation
of the ommunity of roller erami s ulture of the L ateBronze Age in Eurasian
steppes,asmodelled byE.N.Chernykh[1983℄.Thereason ofthatmigration,most
probably, was theeastbound movement of ultures of theCarpathian ir le that
beganintheearly12th enturyBCandresultedin theformationoftheChornolis
Culture.
AP { Ar heologia Polski,Warszawa
APL { Ar haeologia Polona,Warszawa
AR { Arkheologia,Kiev
BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«
ESA { EurasiaSeptentrionalisAntiqua,Helsinki
KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USRR,
Kiev
MANH { Materiaªy Ar heologi zne NowejHuty,Kraków
MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii SSSR,Moskva
PBF { Praehistoris heBronzefunde,M un hen
SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.
SPA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.
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