ALINA K ABATA-PENDIAS
IN FLU EN C E OF INCUBATION OF SO IL SA M PLES AND GROW TH OF CLOVER ON THE CONCENTRATION OF M ICRO NU TRIENTS IN SOIL
SOLUTION
Trace Elem ents Laboratory,
Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation in Puław y
M echanism of n u trie n t u p tak e b y p la n t d iffer b u t in m any cases th e m ass flow of soil solution in response to tra n sp ira tio n stress play an im p o rta n t role [12]. T he pow er of a given soil to supply th e p a rtic u la r n u trie n t is ch aracterised by b o th th e to ta l am o unt of n u trie n t p re se n t and th e in te n sity a t w hich it is eq u ilib ra te d in th e soil solution. Changes in th e soil en v iro n m en t m ay in flu en ce th e so lub ility of a given chem ical com pound or m in e ral [1, 2]. T he m ost im p o rta n t role in th e solubility of m ic ro n u trie n ts play th e com plexed form s [3, 4, 5].
The influence of various periods of incu bation of soil sam ples and g ro w th of red clover on th e co n cen tratio n of m ic ro n u trie n ts in soil solution w as investigated.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sam ples w ere selected from vario us soil horizons of ren d zin a and bro w n soil deriv ed from g ran ite, described elsew here in details [7, 8]. Soil solution w as e x tra c te d by th e c e n trifu g a tio n m eth od [10]. 250 g of each soil sam ple w as placed in 4 plastic tu b es and m oistened to th e calcu lated m o istu re co ntent (Tab. 1). Closed tu b es w ith soil sam ples w ere in cu b ated in aerobic conditions a t 25°C for 3, 7, 14 and 28 days and cen trifu g ed for 20 m in. a t 3000 r.p.m . Besides, th e e x p e rim e n t w ith gro w th of re d clover
(T rifoliu m P ratense L.) w as carried out on th e sam ples of ren dzina horizons
in th e m ix ed so il-w a te r c u ltu re for 8 m onths. T he sam ples from th e various ren dzin a horizons w e re e q u ilib ra te d for 3 days and th e solution w as cen trifu g ed a fte r th e te rm in a tio n of th e ex perim ent.
D irectly a fte r th e c e n trifu g a tio n th e con tent of th e m icroorganism s in soil m a te ria l w as d eterm ined . The co n cen tratio n of m ic ro n u trie n ts in th e
T a b l e 1 C e n tr ifu g a tio n o f th e s o i l s o lu t io n S o i l and h o r iz o n Depth cm M oisture co n te n t i n per c en t o f a i r - dry s o i l Days o f incub a t i o n pH o f s o i l s o lu t io n S o lu tio n o b ta in ed from 1 kg o f s o i l i n ml in p er cen t o f s o i l m oistu re co n te n t Rendzina A1 5 -1 5 5 9 .6 3 7 .5 184 3 0 .8 7 7 .7 221 3 7 .1 14 7 .4 193 3 2 .4 28 7 .6 160 26c8 R .C .* 8 .5 262 44o0 / В / 2 0 - 3 0 6 9 .6 3 8 .2 248 3 5 .6 7 8 .1 243 3 4 .9 14 7 .8 240 3 4 .4 28 8 .1 214 3 0 .7 R.C. 8 .0 327 4 6 .9 С 50 3 0 . 0 3 7 .9 80 2 6 .7 R .C .* 7 .9 116 3 8 .7 S o i l d e r iv e d from g r a n ite A1 5-2 5 4 9 .0 3 7 .3 314 6 4 .1 7 7 .3 296 6 0 .4 14 7 .4 286 5 8 .4 28 7 .3 235 4 7 .9 / В / 30-4 5 4 0 .2 3 6 .2 277 6 8 .9 7 6 .2 268 6 6 ,7 14 6 .4 264 6 5 .7 28 6 .3 240 5 9 .7 С » 2 2 .0 3 7 . 4 170 7 7 .2
* S o i l sample in cu b a ted f o r 3 days a f t e r grovrth o f red c lo v e r
soil solution w as an aly sed by th e spectrop h oto m etric m ethods (Cu, Co, B, Mo and Fe) and b y atom ic absorption spectroscopy (Zn, Mn).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The volum es of obtained soil solution v aried for d iffe re n t soil sam ples and its pH w as r a th e r co n stan t for each sam ple (Tab. 1). T he prolongation of th e periods of e q u ilib ratio n influen ced a sm all decrease of th e volum e of soil solution w hile th e gro w th of clover caused about double increase of th e obtained volum es.
Influence of incubation..,
p articles w h a t w as especially pron o u nced for th e p a re n t lim estone. Some changes in th e m in e ral com position of clay fractio n se p ara te d from th e soil sam ples u n d e r th e influence of clover g ro w th w ere observed [9]. The m entio ned above changes in th e soil m ate ria l w e re responsible for th e easier cen trifu g atio n of th e solution.
In cu b atio n of th e soil sam ples in aerobic condition stim u la te d th e g ro w th of m icroorganism s (Tab. 2). A n in ten se g ro w th of actinom ycetes an d r a th e r a sm all in crease of b a te ria w as noticed for A Y horizon of rendzina, w hile for th e (B) horizon th e p ic tu re w as reversed . T he b eh av io u r of m icroorganism s in th e m a te ria l of g ran itic soil w as not reg u lar. A m ount of b ac te ria has grow n w ith th e tim e of in cu b atio n in th e A x horizon and have decreased in th e (B) one. A ctinom ycetes, on th e o th er hand, seem ed to be co n stan t in th e A Y horizon and decreased also in th e (B) one.
T a b l e 2 M icroorganism s i n s o i l m a te r ia l a f t e r in c u b a tio n f o r th e c e n t r if u g a t io n o f th e s o lu t io n / i n thousand p er 1 g o f a ir d r y s o i l / -S o i l and h o r iz o n Days o f
in c u b a tio n B a c te r ia A ctin o m y cetes Fungi
R endzina A1 0 4 100 660 7 .7 5 20 400 2740 1 4 .9 7 14 400 58 2 0 9 .1 14 10 500 6 5 1 0 9 .1 28 10 050 6680 9 -4 R .C .* 51 653 8134 0 .4 / В / 0 1 114 0 0 3 54 000 930 2 . 0 7 7 9 500 0 1 . 8 14 107 ooo 0 2 . 6 28 186 0 00 0 1 . 2 R .C .* 70 195 7 8 1 1 0 S o i l d e r iv e d from g r a n ite A1 0 373 2240 0 .3 3 6 182 2 2 9 2 1 .4 7 5 1 20 2881 1 .7 14 3 846 1166 0 . 1 28 3 0 10 2028 1 . 1 / В / 0 3 254 1248 0 .3 3 1 6 50 536 0 7 1 951 119 О.ОЗ 14 1 2 50 128 0 23 597 659 0 . 1
T he in flu en ce of th e g ro w th of clover caused th e m o d era te increase of b o th b a c te ria and actinom ycetes in th e ren d zin a sam ples.
T a b l e 3
C o n c e n tr a tio n o f t r a c e ele m e n ts i n th e s o i l s o l u t i o n a f t e r d i f f e r e n t p e r io d s o f in c u b a tio n and p la n t growth / i n p p b /
S o i l and h o r iz o n Days o f in cu b a t i o n Fe Un Zn Cu Со Mo В R endzina A1 3 150 760 2 7 0 135 5 . 4 2 .7 880 7 158 860 90 99 5 . 4 3 .5 680 14 163 1710 128 152 3 . 4 3 .9 500 28 437 310 161 86 1 .6 9 .5 512 R .C .* 1430 458 359 84 4 . 0 3 . ! 1840 / В / 3 202 81 209 73 1 .9 8 .0 360 7 564 41 152 39 2 .0 1 2 .0 400 14 208 42 92 52 1 . 4 5 .0 280 28 640 23 126 38 0 . 9 1 3 .0 270 R .C .* 1070 306 165 67 4 . 1 2 1 .0 890 С 3 875 125 2 2 5 86 1 .0 6 .3 39 R.C. 3230 379 724 199 1 7 .8 3 . 4 340 S o i l d e r iv e d from g r a n ite A1 3 398 32 150 78 0 .6 6 . 4 2 9 0 7 304 68 142 74 0 .8 1 1 .1 295 14 437 70 182 77 0 .7 9 .1 293 28 553 94 221 72 1 .0 2 .6 319 / В / 3 1260 108 116 55 0 . 4 2 .3 318 7 41? 112 138 47 0 . 6 0 .9 299 14 379 114 140 52 0 . 4 0 .8 209 28 313 125 92 52 0 .9 1 .0 333 С 3 1680 59 129 67 0 .3 0 .8 448
* S o i l sample in c u b a te d f o r 3 days a f t e r grow th o f red c lo v e r
T he co n cen tratio n of m ic ro n u trie n ts in th e soil solution did not v a ry significan tly for th e eq u ilib ratio n periods (Tab. 3). Le R oux and S u m n er [11] also did not notice any v a ria tio n of co n cen tratio n of m ajo r elem ents in th e soil solution w ith th e tim e of equilib ratio n. N ev ertheless th e re could be observed some tre n d s of changes for a given m ic ro n u trie n t and soil. C oncen tration of Fe and Mo in th e solution of bo th th e A x and th e (B) horizons of th e ren d zin a increased irre g u la rly w ith th e tim e of incubation. This is p resu m a b ly connected w ith som e changes of oxidation stage of th e
Influence of incubation..,
soil m aterial. F о 11 e 11 an d B a r b e r [2] rep o rted also an in crease of solubility of Mo com pounds in soil u n d e r th e influence of th e prolonged incubation. T he c o n cen tratio n of F e in th e solution of gran itic soil w as ra th e r stable, w ith an exception of re la tiv e ly high v alu e for th e sam ple of th e (B) horizon in cu b ated for 3 days only. T he so lub ility of Mo in this sam ple w as also h ig h er at 3 days of in cu b atio n th a n a fte r a longer period. C o ncen tratio n of Mo in th e solution of th e A 1 horizon of th e g ran itic soil was r a th e r high and seem ed to decrease w ith th e eq u ilib ratio n periods. V ery low solu bility of iron com pounds in th e soil solution is influ enced m ost pro b ab ly b y a re la tiv e ly high pH of soil suspension and high oxida tio n stage.
T he so lubility of Mn, Zn, and Cu in th e sam ples of rendzina horizons decreased slig htly w ith th e p rolongation of in cu b atio n periods, ind icated o ften th e h ig hest level a t 14 days. T he co n cen tratio n of th ese elem ents in th e solution of gran itic soil gave v a ry stab le v alues for Cu, sm all variatio n s for Z n an d v ario us changes of M n for th e solution fro m th e А г and (B) horizons.
T he co n cen tratio n of Zn in th e in v estig ated soil solution is high w hen com pared to those re p o rte d by H o d g s o n et al. [6], for th e calcareous soil, b u t is sim ilar to th e figures obtained by th ese a u th o rs for th e acid soils.
T he solubility of Co and В in th e solution of ren dzina decreased w ith th e perio d of eq u ilib ratio n w h ile in th e solution of gran itic soil it w as m ore stable.
In th e rend zina soil m a te ria l used for th e c en trifu g atio n of th e solution a fte r th e gro w th of clover th e in crease of th e so lub ility of som e m icro n u trie n ts w as observed (Tab. 3). T he m ost pronounced increase w as for Fe w hich co n cen tratio n in th e solution w as 9, 5 and 3 folds h ig h er resp ectiv ely for th e A l (В) an d С horizons. The solubility of В increased about 2 folds for th e u p p er ren d zina horizons and 8 folds for th e Cone. T he co n centra tio n of th e o th er m icro n u trien ts, on th e o th er hand, did not v a ry signifi c an tly a fte r th e g ro w th of clover in th e m ate ria l of A x and (B) horizons, b u t increased v e ry m uch for th e С horizon. Mo is an exception and its solubility in th e lim estone is r a th e r constant.
G en eral tend ency to sm all in crease of th e co n cen tratio n of c e rtain m ic ro n u trie n ts in th e soil solution a fte r th e g ro w th of clover, especially in th e p a re n t m aterial, seem ed to be connected w ith biochem ical a c tiv ity of rh izosph ere r a th e r th a n w ith a c tiv ity of m icroorganism s them selve.
*
The author is grateful to the U. S. D epartm en t of Agriculture for financial su p port b y the grant under P. L. 480. Dr. J. Kobus is thanked for microbiological analy ses and Mr. P. Tarłow ski for analytical assistance.
REFERENCES
[1] C o t t e n i e A., G a b r i e l s R.: T race-elem ent fractions and their availability. Int. Soc. Soil Sei., Aberdeen, Trans. Comm. II a. IV, p. 247-253, 1966.
[2] F o l l e t t R. F., B a r b e r S. A.: Properties of the available and soluble m olybdenum fractions in a Raub silt loam. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc., 31, p. 191-192, 1967.
[3] G e e r i n g H. R., H o d g s o n J. F.: Micronutrient cation com plexes in soil solution. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc., 33, p. 54-61, 1969.
[4] G e e r i n g H. R., H o d g s o n J. F., S d a n o C.: Micronutrient cation com p lexes in soil solution. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc., 33, p. 81-85, 1969.
[5] H o d g s o n J. F.: Contribution of m etal-organic com plexing agents to the transport of m etals to roots. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc., 33, p. 68-75, 1969.
[6] H o d g s o n J. F., L i n d s a y W. L., T r i e r w e i 1 e r J. F.: Micronutrient cation com plexing in soil solution. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc., 30, p. 723-726, 1966. [7] K a b a t a - P e n d i a s A.: Leaching of some chem ical constituents from columns
w ith rendzina soil. Polish J. Soil Sei., 1, p. 111-117, 1968.
[8] K a b a t a - P e n d i a s A.: M odelowe doświadczenie z ługowaniem m ikro- i m a- kroskładników chem icznych z gleby wytworzonej na granicie. Pam. puł., 38, p. 11-137, 1969.
[9] K a b a t a - P e n d i a s A.: Pobieranie m ikroelem entów przez koniczynę z róż nych poziom ów glebow ych. Pam. puł. (in press).
[10] K a b a t a - P e n d i a s A., T a r ł o w s k i P.: W ydzielanie roztworów glebow ych m etodą w irowania. Rocz. glebozn. 21, 1970, 217-221.
[11] L e R o u x J., S u m n e r M. E.: Studies on the soil solution of various Natal soils. Geoderma, 1, p. 125-130, 1967.
[12] O l i v e r S., B a r b e r S. A.: An evaluation of the m echanism s governing the supply of Ca, Mg, К and Na to soybean roots. Soil Sei. Soc. Am. Proc., 30, p. 83-86, 1966.
A. K A B A T A -P E N D IA S
WPŁYW INKUBACJI PRÓBEK GLEBOWYCH ORAZ WZROSTU KONICZYNY NA ZAWARTOŚĆ MIKROELEMENTÓW W ROZTWORZE GLEBOWYM
L ab oratoriu m M ik ro elem en tó w IU NG w P u ła w a c h
STRESZCZENIE
Oznaczono zawartość m ikroelem entów w roztworach glebowych, otrzymanych m etodą wirowania. Próbki różnych poziom ów rędziny oraz gleby brunatnej w ytw o rzonej z granitu nawilżono wodą do określonej pojemności oraz trzymano w okresie od 3 do 28 dni w termostacie, w tem peraturze 25°C, w warunkach tlenow ych. Ponad to przeprowadzono doświadczenie z koniczyną czerwoną Trifolium pratense na prób kach rędziny w okresie 8 m iesięcy.
Przedłużanie inkubacji próbek rędziny nie spowodowało istotnych zmian w stę żeniu Mn, Zn i Cu, w płynęło natom iast na wzrost zaw artości Fe i Mo oraz na m niej szą ilość Co i В w roztworze. Zmiany w zawartości m ikroelem entów w roztworze gleby brunatnej pod w pływ em przedłużania okresu inkubacji są na ogół bardzo małe.
Otrzymane w yniki wykazują, że przedłużanie okresu inkubacji próbek ponad 3 dni nie powoduje istotnych zmian w zawartości m ikroelem entów w roztworze g le bowym. Ilościow e odchylenia mogą być także spowodowane błędami doświadczal nymi, związanym i z trudnością oznaczania bardzo m ałych stężeń m ikroelem entów w ograniczonej objętości roztworu.
Wpływ koniczyny rosnącej na próbkach różnych poziomów rędziny na rozpusz czalność m ikroelem entów w roztworze glebow ym okazał się na ogół duży, szczegól nie w przypadku próbek skały m acierzystej. W pływ ten należy łączyć przypuszczal nie z biochem iczną aktywnością korzeni roślin.
А. К А БА Т А -П Э Н Д И А С ВЛИЯНИЕ ИНКУБИРОВАНИЯ ПОЧВЕННЫХ ОБРАЗЦОВ И ВЫРАЩ ИВАНИЯ КЛЕВЕРА НА СОДЕРЖАНИЕ МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТОВ В ПОЧВЕННОМ РАСТВОРЕ Л аборатория М икроэлем ентов И нститута А гр отехн и ки У добрени я и П оч вов еден ия в П улав ах Р е з ю м е Определено содерж ание микроэлементов в почвенных растворах получаемых по методу центрефугирования. Образцы почв, отобранные из разных горизонтов рендзины и образованной на граните бурой почвы, увлажненные до определенной их влагоемкости, хранили от 3 до 28 дней в термостате при температуре 25° по Ц. в аэробных условиях. Кроме того был проведен опыт с выращиванием красного клевера Trifolium pratense L. на образцах рендзины в течение 8 месяцев. Более длительное инкубирование образцов рендзины не вызывало сущ ествен ных изменений в концентраци Mn, Zn и Си, способствовало однако увеличению содеражния Fe и Mo а уменьшению содержания Со и В в растворе. Содержание микроэлементов в растворе из бурой почвы мало изменялось под влиянием д и ф ференциации времени инкубирования. Полученные результаты показывают, что продление периода инкубации об разцов превышающее 3-дневный срок не вызывает существенных изменений в содержании микроэлементов в почвенном растворе. Количественные отклонения могут быть в некоторой части обязаны такж е аналитическим погрешностям в связи с осложнением определения ничтожно малых концентраций микроэлемен тов в небольшом объеме раствора. Выращивание клевера на образцах рендзины оказывало сильное влияние на растворимость микроэлементов в почвенном растворе, особенно в образцах материнской породы. Это влияние по-видимому связано с биохимической актив ностью корней растений. W płynęło do PTG w m aju 1970
r-D oc. dr hab il. A lin a K a b a ta -P en d ia s Zakład Ż y w ie n ia R oślin
IU N G -P u ła w y
