The Analyst : the journal of The Society of Public Analysts and other Analytical Chemists : a monthly journal devoted to the advancement of analytical chemistry. Vol. 69. No. 816

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T h e above analysis Is based o n the results, n o t o f o u r o w n C o n tr o l L a b o ra to rie s alone, b u t also on the c o n firm a to ry A n a ly tic a l C e rtific a te issued by independent

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C h e m i c a l M a n u f a c t u r e r s , J u d e x W o r k s , S u d b u r y , M i d d l e s e x

MARCH, 1944 Vol. 69, No. 816

T H E A N A L Y S T

P R O C E E D I N G S O F T H E S O C I E T Y O F P U B L I C A N A L Y S T S A N D O T H E R A N A L Y T I C A L C H E M I S T S

A Me e t i n g o f t h e S o c ie t y w a s h e ld a t 3 .3 0 p .m . o n W e d n e s d a y , F e b r u a r y 2 n d , 1944, a t th e C h e m ic a l S o c i e t y ’s R o o m s , B u r l i n g t o n H o u s e , L o n d o n , W . l . T h e P r e s id e n t , M r . S . E r n e s t M e llin g , o c c u p ie d t h e c h a ir . T h e f o llo w in g p a p e r s w e re p r e s e n te d a n d d is c u s s e d : “ A R e v i e w of M i c r o - V o l u m e t r i c A p p a r a t u s , " b y G . H . W y a t t , B . S c . , P h . D . , F . I . C . ; " T h e A n a l y s i s o f C o m m e r c ia l L e c i t h i n , ” b y H . H . H u t t , A . I . C . , a n d H . W e a t h e r a ll, F . I . C . ; “ A M ic r o - m e t h o d fo r t h e Q u a n t i t a t i v e D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f T a n n i n , " b y M . N ie r e n s t e in , D . S c . , P h . D . ; " A n A m p e r o m e t r ic C e l l , ” b y J . T . S t o c k , B . S c . , A . I . C . , a n d M . A . F i l l .

N E W M E M B E R S

J a m e s A l f r e d B e a r d a l l , F . I . C . , P h . C . * ; H e n r y J o h n C a llo w , B . S c . ( L o n d .) , A . I . C . ; L e s lie H i l t o n E a s s o n , B . S c . , P h . D . * ; G e r a l d I n g r a m ; J o h n M a t h e r J o n e s , A . I . C . ; H e r b e r t S w ee n ey , A . I . C . * ; G e r a l d B o w l i n g T h a c k r a y , B . S c . ( L o n d . ) ; R e g i n a l d H a r o l d T h o m p s o n , B .S c . ( L o n d .) , A . R . C . S . , D . I . C . , A . I . C . ; W i l l i a m C h a r le s W a k e , B . S c . ( L o n d . ) , A . I . C . ; T h o m a s W a l t e r W h i t e , B . S c . ( L o n d .) , A . I . C .

N O R T H O F E N G L A N D S E C T I O N

Th e N i n e t e e n t h A n n u a l G e n e r a l M e e t i n g o f t h e S e c t io n w a s h e ld a t M a n c h e s t e r o n S a t u r d a y , J a n u a r y 2 9 th , 1944 . T h e C h a i r m a n ( M r . W . G o r d o n C a r e y ) p r e s id e d . T h e r e were t h i r t y - s i x m e m b e r s p r e s e n t , i n c l u d i n g t h e P r e s id e n t ( M r . S . E . M e llin g ) .

T h e H o n . S e c r e t a r y p r e s e n t e d t h e R e p o r t a n d F i n a n c i a l S t a t e m e n t , w h i c h w e re a d o p te d .

A p p o i n t m e n t s w e re m a d e a s f o l l o w s : —

Chairman,

Vice-Chairman,

E . G a b r i e l J o n e s ;

Committee,

Hon. Auditors,

Hon. Secretary and Treasurer,

S e v e r a l s u b je c t s o f s c ie n t if ic in t e r e s t w e re a f t e r w a r d s d is c u s s e d .

O b i t u a r y

J O H N G O L D I N G

Jo h n Go l d i n g, D . S . O . , F . I . C . , w h o s e d e a t h i n h i s 7 3 r d y e a r o c c u r r e d s u d d e n l y i n R e a d i n g on S e p t e m b e r

22

G o l d i n g w a s b o m a t P l a x t o l , n e a r S e v e n o a k s , o f a w e ll- k n o w n K e n t i s h f a m i l y t h a t h a d ow ned a n d f a r m e d l a n d i n t h a t n e ig h b o u r h o o d f o r s e v e r a l g e n e r a t io n s . H e h a d , h o w e v e r , m ade u p h is m i n d t o b e a c h e m is t , a n d a f t e r le a v i n g Q u e e n E l i z a b e t h ’s G r a m m a r S c h o o l, b e v e n o a k s , h e w e n t t o L o n d o n t o p u r s u e h is p r o f e s s io n a l t r a i n i n g . I t w a s p e r h a p s n a t u r a l th a t, w it h h is f a m i l y a n d b a c k g r o u n d , h e s h o u ld le a n t o w a r d s t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of h is c h o s e n fie ld , a n d h is f ir s t p a i d p o s t w a s t h a t o f a s s is t a n t , i n t h e la b o r a t o r ie s o f t h e R o y a l A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y , t o D r . J . A . V o e l c k e r . H e r e m a in e d t h e r e f o r a r e l a t i v e l y

* Through the North of England Section.

69

70 O B I T U A R Y

s h o r t t i m e , b e in g a p p o i n t e d le c t u r e r i n a g r i c u l t u r a l c h e m i s t r y a t U n i v e r s i t y C o lle g e , N o t t i n g ­ h a m , a t t h e e a r l y a g e o f 23. H e r e h e m e t F l o r e n c e M u n d e l l a , w h o w a s t o b e h is p a r t n e r t h r o u g h a lo n g a n d h a p p y lif e . H i s n e x t c a l l w a s t o t h e M i d l a n d A g r i c u l t u r a l C o lle g e a t K e g w o r t h , w h e r e a t 29 h e b e c a m e h e a d o f t h e C h e m i s t r y D e p a r t m e n t .

T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a s o u n d k n o w le d g e o f c h e m i s t r y f o r e v e r y f u t u r e f a r m e r w a s b e in g i n c r e a s i n g l y r e a lis e d , a n d G o l d i n g ’s r e s p o n s i b ilit ie s s t e a d i l y g r e w . T h o u g h h i s t e a c h in g d u t ie s b e c a m e h e a v ie r , h e k e p t i n t o u c h w i t h t h e a d v a n c i n g f r in g e o f h is s c ie n c e b y s p e n d in g h i s l o n g v a c a t i o n s i n d if f e r e n t E u r o p e a n r e s e a r c h la b o r a t o r ie s , i n D e n m a r k , S w e d e n a n d G e r m a n y . S o m e o f t h e c o n t a c t s h e t h u s m a d e , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e D a n i s h o n e s , w e re m a i n ­ t a i n e d u n t i l t h e o u t b r e a k o f t h e p r e s e n t w a r .

T h e D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m is s io n e r s a n d t h e M i n i s t r y ( t h e n t h e B o a r d ) o f A g r i c u l t u r e , e s t a b lis h e d i n 19 12 t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e f o r R e s e a r c h i n D a i r y i n g a t R e a d i n g , a n d G o l d i n g ’s w a s t h e f ir s t a p p o i n t m e n t m a d e t o t h e r e s e a r c h s t a ff. T h e w o r k o f t h e y o u n g i n s t i t u t e h a d , h o w e v e r , h a r d l y g o t u n d e r w a y w h e n t h e w a r b r o k e o u t i n 1914. G o l d i n g v o lu n t e e r e d f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v ic e a n d w e n t o v e r s e a s i n 1915. H e s e r v e d w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n in F r a n c e , w a s a w a r d e d t h e D . S . O . a n d a ls o a F r e n c h d e c o r a t io n , a n d r e t ir e d f r o m t h e A r m y i n 19 19 w i t h t h e r a n k o f C a p t a i n . H e r e s u m e d h i s w o r k a s H e a d o f t h e s m a l l C h e m i s t r y D e p a r t m e n t a t t h e I n s t i t u t e w i t h r e n e w e d e n e r g y , e n g a g in g h i m s e lf p a r t i c u l a r l y in w o r k o n t h e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f m i l k a n d it s v i t a m i n c o n t e n t . I n t h e n e x t 18 y e a r s h e p u b lis h e d m a n y o r i g i n a l p a p e r s , s o m e i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h w o r k e r s e it h e r a t S h in f ie ld o r i n o t h e r la b o r a t o r ie s . T h e s e p u b l i c a t i o n s d e a l w i t h a w id e v a r i e t y o f t o p ic s , i n c l u d i n g t h e b r o m - c re s o l p u r p le t e s t f o r m a s t it is , f a t - s o lu b le a n d o t h e r v i t a m i n s i n c o w ’ s m i l k , m e t h o d s of d r y i n g w h e y , u t i l i s a t i o n a n d n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f w h e y , w h e y s ila g e , t h e r e l a t i v e v a lu e o f ra w a n d h e a t e d m i l k i n n u t r i t i o n , t h e f r e e z in g p o i n t o f m i l k , t h e v i t a m i n r e q u ir e m e n t s o f p ig s, a n d t h e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s it io n a n d a n a ly s is o f m i l k .

T h r o u g h o u t th e s e y e a r s G o l d i n g ’s e a r l y e n t h u s ia s m f o r t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a c c u r a te a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s d i d n o t d i m i n i s h , a n d h e s p e n t m u c h t i m e i n w o r k in g o u t q u i c k e r a n d m o r e p r e c is e m e t h o d s f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n , i n m i l k , o f th o s e c o n s t it u e n t s w h o s e v a lu e s are m o s t n e e d e d i n p r a c t i c a l d a i r y i n g . I n h is l a b o r a t o r y w a s c a r r ie d o u t m u c h o f t h e f u n d a ­ m e n t a l w o r k o n w h i c h a r e f o u n d e d t h e B . S . I . s t a n d a r d m e t h o d s f o r t h e G e r b e r a n d B a b c o c k t e s t s a n d f o r t h e s a m p l i n g o f d i a r y p r o d u c t s , a n d s p e c if ic a t io n s f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s of a p p a r a t u s f o r u s e i n d a i r y i n g a n d t h e d a i r y la b o r a t o r y .

H i s d e p a r t m e n t s t e a d i l y g r e w i n s iz e . A n a n a l y t i c a l s e c t io n u n d e r W . L . D a v ie s ( la t e r a p p o i n t e d D i r e c t o r o f D a i r y R e s e a r c h t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d ia ) a n d a n u t r it io n s e c t io n u n d e r S . K . K o n ( n o w H e a d o f t h e P h y s i o l o g y a n d B i o c h e m i s t r y D e p a r t m e n t o f the I n s t it u t e ) w e r e a d d e d . S e v e r a l m e n w h o a re n o w i n s e n io r d a i r y a n d i n d u s t r i a l res ea rch p o s t s b o t h a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d s p e n t lo n g e r o r s h o r t e r p e r io d s a s p o s t - g r a d u a t e re s ea rch s t u d e n t s e it h e r i n G o l d i n g ’s o w n l a b o r a t o r y o r i n o n e o r o t h e r o f t h e t w o s e c t io n s o f his d e p a r t m e n t , a n d h is in f lu e n c e o n t h e d is s e m in a t io n o f a c c u r a t e a n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s i n the d a i r y i n d u s t r y w a s t h e r e b y in c r e a s e d .

S t i l l a f it a n d a c t i v e m a n , G o l d i n g r e t ir e d l a t e i n 19 37 , h a v i n g s e r v e d o n e y e a r b e y o n d t h e n o r m a l a g e o f r e t ir e m e n t . H e h a d i n t e n d e d t o t a k e a lo n g h o l i d a y a b r o a d , a n d th e n t o r e t u r n t o h is o l d h o m e i n K e n t , w h e r e h e w a s f i t t i n g u p a s m a l l la b o r a t o r y . T h e first p a r t o f t h i s p r o g r a m m e w a s d u l y c a r r ie d o u t , a n d h e s p e n t w i t h M r s . G o l d i n g t h e g re a te r p a r t o f a y e a r t o u r i n g i n S o u t h A f r i c a . T h e s e c o n d p a r t w a s in t e r f e r e d w i t h a f t e r a few m o n t h s b y t h e o u t b r e a k o f w a r , a n d h is k e e n s e n s e o f d u t y m a d e h i m a c c e p t t h e c a ll to j r e t u r n t o R e a d i n g , t h is t i m e a s L e c t u r e r i n A g r i c u l t u r a l C h e m i s t r y i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y , fillin g o n e o f t h e g a p s le f t b y t h e d e p a r t u r e o f y o u n g e r m e n t o t h e F o r c e s . H e w a s s t i l l e n g a g e d i n t h i s w o r k a t t h e t i m e o f h is d e a t h .

J o h n G o l d i n g w i l l lo n g b e r e m e m b e r e d b y h is m a n y f r ie n d s a n d c o lle a g u e s n o t o n l y for h i s w o r k a s a d a i r y c h e m is t b u t a ls o f o r h is u n f a i l i n g c o u r t e s y a n d k in d lin e s s , h is c h e e r fu l­

n e s s i n f a i r o r f o u l w e a t h e r , h is p e r s e v e r a n c e i n fa c e o f d if f ic u lt ie s a n d , w i t h M r s . G o ld in g , f o r h i s h o s p i t a l i t y . H e d ie d as h e w o u l d h a v e w is h e d , a f t e r a .fu ll lif e , b u t b e fo r e t im e had

s a p p e d h i s e n e r g y t o o s e v e r e ly . H . D . Ka y

D R U M M O N D : N A T U R A L N U T R I E N T S O F F R E S H A N D M A N U F A C T U R E D F O O D S 71

N u t r i t i o n o f t h e P u b l i c a n d F o o d L e g i s l a t i o n

Th i s w a s t h e g e n e r a l s u b j e c t o f t h e J o i n t M e e t i n g o f t h e S o c i e t y w i t h t h e F o o d G r o u p o f th e S o c i e t y o f C h e m i c a l I n d u s t r y , o n D e c e m b e r 1 s t, 19 43 , a t w h i c h t h e f o llo w in g t h r e e p a p e rs w e re r e a d a n d d is c u s s e d .

N a t u r a l N u t r i e n t s o f F r e s h a n d M a n u f a c t u r e d F o o d s By Pr o f e s s o r (n o w Si r) J . C . D R U M M O N D , D . S c . , F . I . C .

[Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Food)

A s a b a c k g r o u n d f o r d is c u s s io n i t w i l l b e h e l p f u l t o c o m p a r e t h e n u t r i t i o n a l p o s it io n in t h is c o u n t r y t o - d a y w i t h t h a t o f t h e y e a r s b e fo r e t h e w a r . T h e s t u d i e s o f L l o y d a n d S ir J o h n O r r r e v e a le d t h a t p a r t i t i o n o f t h e f o o d s u p p lie s o n t h e b a s is o f a b i l i t y t o b u y le d to d i s t u r b i n g d is p a r it ie s o f c o n s u m p t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r i c h a n d t h e p o o r . I t w a s e s t im a t e d in 1 9 3 5 - 6 t h a t a t le a s t o n e - t h ir d o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f G r e a t B r i t a i n w a s u n a b le t o a f f o r d the q u a n t i t i e s o f t h e h i g h e r - p r ic e d p r o t e c t i v e f o o d s r e q u ir e d f o r t h e i r h e a lt h , w h i l s t t h e lo w e r in c o m e g r o u p s s h o w e d m o r e o r le s s s e r io u s d e fic ie n c ie s i n r e s p e c t o f g o o d q u a l i t y p r o t e in , c a l c i u m , ir o n , a n d a l l t h e v i t a m i n s . T h e r e w a s a n a t u r a l t e n d e n c y a t t h a t t i m e t o r e g a r d t h e s e d e fic ie n c ie s i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e in c r e a s e d p r o d u c t i o n a n d c o n s u m p t i o n o f a n u m b e r o f f o o d s r e q u i r e d t o b r i n g t h e i n t a k e fig u r e s f o r t h e lo w e r in c o m e g r o u p s u p t o t h a t of th o s e w h o s e c o n s u m p t i o n o f p r o t e c t i v e fo o d s w a s s a t is f a c t o r y . S o f a r as I a m a w a r e , no o n e l o o k e d i n t o t h e q u e s t io n o f t h e t o t a l f o o d s u p p l y o f t h e c o u n t r y c o n s id e r e d i n t e r m s o f n u t r i e n t s p e r h e a d o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , a n d o n t h e a s s u m p t io n t h a t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e m o r e im p o r t a n t f o o d s w a s c o n t r o l l e d o n t h e b a s is o f p h y s io lo g ic a l n e e d s . H e r e is t h e p r e - w a r p ic tu r e a s r e v e a le d b y a n u t r i e n t a n a ly s is .

Ta b l e I— Nu t r i e n t s p e r H e a d p e r Da y Group I. Orr’s Group VI. Orr’s

Survey, 1935 Survey, 1935

U p to 4/- per Over 14/- per Estimated Available head per week head per week daily in pre-war on food on food requirement food supply

Calories 2317 3326 2550 2978

Protein, total, g 63-4 98-3 65 80

Protein, animal, g 22-5 57-8

—

Calcium, g 0-37 0-95 0-91 0-67

Iron, m g 8 13-7 11-7 12

Vitamin A, I.U. 774* 2875* 4700 3510

Vitamin Bj, m g 0-87

—

Vitamin C, mgf 42 116 71 94

* The figures for vitamin A are probably low. They are not strictly comparable with that given in the third column, as different values for individual foodstuffs were used,

t N o allowance for cooking losses.

A lt h o u g h th e s e d a t a s h o w e d t h a t , g iv e n e q u a b le d i s t r i b u t i o n , t h e p r e - w a r f o o d s u p p l y w o u ld h a v e g o n e a l o n g w a y t o p r o v i d e a n a d e q u a t e d i e t f o r a ll, t h e r e r e m a in e d c le a r - c u t d e fic ie n c ie s i n r e s p e c t o f c a l c i u m a n d v i t a m i n s A , B j a n d C .

W i t h o u t g o in g i n t o a d e t a ile d a c c o u n t o f t h e c o m p l e x s y s t e m o f f o o d a llo c a t io n s b u ilt u p b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f F o o d o n t h is s c i e n t i f i c a l l y s o u n d f o u n d a t i o n , I m a y r e f e r t o t h e efforts t h a t h a v e b e e n m a d e t o m a k e g o o d t h e a b o v e - m e n t io n e d m a j o r d e fic ie n c ie s . I n ­ creased c o n s u m p t i o n o f m i l k s o lid s a n d a d d i t i o n o f c a l c i u m c a r b o n a t e t o f lo u r h a v e m a d e the c a lc iu m p o s it io n s o u n d e r f o r a l l a g e s a n d c la s s e s . W h e a t m e a l f lo u r h a s d is p e lle d a l l n s k o f B j d e f ic ie n c y . A d d i t i o n o f v i t a m i n A t o m a r g a r i n e a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f t h e e a t in g of c a r r o t s a n d g r e e n v e g e t a b le s h a v e d o n e m u c h t o i m p r o v e t h e in t a k e s o f v i t a m i n A .

• fin a lly , t o in c r e a s e a s c o r b ic a c id in t a k e s , t h e c o n s u m p t i o n o f v e g e t a b le s a n d , w h e n o b ­ ta in a b le , f r u i t , h a s b e e n e n c o u r a g e d b y i n t e n s iv e p r o p a g a n d a .

I n s p e c t io n o f t h e fig u r e s i n T a b l e I I c l e a r l y s h o w s t h a t t h e p o s it io n h a s b e e n g r e a t l y im p r o v e d , i n s p it e o f a r e d u c t i o n o f a b o u t 5 0 % i n t h e t o n n a g e o f i m p o r t e d f o o d s tu ffs .

S u r e ly i t c a n n o t b e c o n t e m p l a t e d t h a t w h e n t h e d a y s o f r e la t iv e p l e n t y r e t u r n w e sh all e v e r r e t r a c e o u r s te p s , h a v i n g a d v a n c e d s o f a r a lo n g t h e p a t h t h a t O r r a n d o t h e r

72 D R U M M O N D : N A T U R A L N U T R I E N T S O F F R E S H A N D M A N U F A C T U R E D F O O D S

p io n e e r s h a v e o p e n e d u p . I t is a r e a s o n a b le a s s u m p t io n t h a t t h is c o u n t r y w i l l c o n t in u e t o h a v e a b a s ic n u t r i t i o n a l p o l i c y , w h ic h w i l l e n s u r e t h a t t h e p o o r e s t f a m i l y c a n g e t t h e e s s e n t ia ls o f a g o o d d ie t . O n t h a t a s s u m p t io n i t is r e a s o n a b le t o t h i n k t h a t t h e p r o b le m s o f f o o d m a n u f a c t u r e r s a n d p r o c e s s o r s a re l i k e l y t o b e fe w e r a n d le s s c o m p l i c a t e d t h a n t h e y m i g h t o t h e r w is e h a v e b e e n . T h e i r m a i n o b j e c t iv e w i l l b e t o p r e s e r v e a s m u c h a s p o s s ib le o f t h e o r ig in a l n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e fo o d s t h e y h a n d le . M a n y m a n u f a c t u r e r s h a v e a lr e a d y d o n e a g r e a t d e a l i n t h is d ir e c t io n .

Ta b l e I I — Nu t r i e n t Co n t e n t o f Fo o d Pu r c h a s e d b y t h e Mi d d l e Cl a s s a n d W o r k i n g Cl a s s. Sa m p l e s, c o m p a r e d w i t h Es t i m a t e d Re q u i r e m e n t s

A m o u n t available Estimated requirements Middle class Working class Middle class Working cl

Calories 2224 2240 2314 2356

Protein, total, g . . 74-3 73-4 60 62

,, animal, g 37-9 33-7 — . —

Fat, g 89-0 86-9 — —

Calcium, g . . 0-82 (0-94) 0-71 (0-85) 0-82 0-88

Iron, m g 13-5 13-7 11 11

Vitamin A, I.U. .. 3650 3140 4420 4360

Vitamin Bj, m g .. 1-54 1-55 1-38 1-41

Vitamin C, m g 132 (40) 128 (38) 06 67

T h e in d i s c r i m i n a t e e n r i c h m e n t o f fo o d s w i t h v i t a m i n s d u r i n g t h e w a r p e r io d b e e n d is c o u r a g e d , p a r t l y t o e c o n o m is e s u p p lie s o f t h e s e v a l u a b l e m a t e r ia ls , b u t m o r e f r o m a d e s ire t o g u id e t h e p u b l i c i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f s e le c t in g g o o d fo o d s a n d c o o k i n g t h e m w e ll.

I n m y o p in io n , t h e p e o p le o f t h e U . S . A . w i l l o n e d a y r e g r e t h a v i n g c a p i t u l a t e d a lm o s t w it h o u t a s t r u g g le t o t h e “ B l i t z k r i e g " o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l in t e r e s t s w h i c h i n 5 y e a r s h a v e p u s h e d th e s a le s o f v i t a m i n p r o p r i e t a r y p r e p a r a t io n s u p t o t h e f a n t a s t i c l e v e l o f a b o u t 150 m i l l i o n d o lla r s p e r a n n u m ; p r o b a b l y a t le a s t t h r e e - q u a r t e r s o f t h e s e v a s t q u a n t i t i e s o f m a t e r ia ls a r e c o n s u m e d b y w e ll- f e d a n d w e ll- n o u r is h e d p e o p le . I a m n o t d e c r y i n g v i t a m i n s in a r t i f i c i a l f o r m s . T h e y h a v e t h e i r u s es o u t s id e t h e fie ld o f m e d ic in e . T h e m o v e b y th e U . S . a u t h o r i t i e s t o e n r ic h n o t o n l y w h e a t e n f lo u r b u t c o r n f l o u r w i t h t h i a m i n , r i b o f l a v i n a n d n i c o t i n i c a c i d m a y g o a lo n g w a y t o w a r d s w i p i n g o u t t h e b l a c k r e c o r d o f d e f ic ie n c y d ise a se s t h a t h a s f o r s o m a n y y e a r s d is t r e s s e d th o s e w h o h a d t h e w e lf a r e o f t h e S o u t h e r n S t a t e s at h e a r t . W h e t h e r t h is s t e p is t h e b e s t m e a n s o f d o i n g s o o r n o t is a r g u a b le . T h e ris e in t h e w a g e le v e ls h a s a l r e a d y c a u s e d a b i g d r o p i n t h e in c id e n c e o f p e lla g r a a n d o t h e r d e ­ f i c i e n c y c o n d it io n s , a n d e n r i c h m e n t o f fo o d s m a y w e ll p r o v e t o b e a v e r y i m p o r t a n t w e a p o n in o u r f ig h t a g a in s t m a l n u t r i t i o n i n t h e p o s t - w a r y e a r s . I h o p e , h o w e v e r , t h a t t h e r e m a y

1933

Ta b l e I I I — Kn o w l e d g e o f t h e Vi t a m i n s

1943 1943

Chemical H u m a n Chemical H u m a n Chemical H u m a n

nature needs nature needs nature needs

Vitamin known known Vitamin known known Vitamin known known

A + ? — A + + Pyridoxine + ^?

B t .. - f ? — Aneurine, B, .. + + Pantothenic acid + ^■>

B t[G].. ^— Riboflavin, B, + + Choline + ?

P P .. — — Nicotinic acid.. + + Inositol + 5

C — — Ascorbic acid, C + + Biotin (H) ₊ ?

D + ? _ I), and Dj

Tocopherol, E

+ + £-Aminobenzoic

E ^{— —} + + acid + 5

K

Hesperidin, P, Filtrate factor,

W Folic acid

+ + ?

+ ?

5

?

•>

P b e n o r e c u r r e n c e o f t h e ig n o r a n c e o r i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w h i c h l e d t o ill- d e v is e d s c h e m e s for

" i m p r o v i n g ” m a n u f a c t u r e d fo o d s b y e n r ic h m e n t . W e p a s s e d t h r o u g h a n u n h a p p y p e rio d s o m e y e a r s a g o w h e n t h e n o v e l t y o f p u r e c a lc if e r o l a n d i t s r e a d y a v a i l a b i l i t y le d t o its h a p h a z a r d a d d i t i o n t o e v e r y k i n d o f f o o d p r o d u c t . F u l l e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n b y m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f t h e in flu e n c e o f t h e i r p ro c e s s e s o n t h e n u t r i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e i r p r o d u c t s is n e e d e d . T o o o f t e n t h e r e is a t e n d e n c y t o f o c u s a t t e n t i o n o n a fe w — t h e b e s t k n o w n n u t r ie n t s . T h e f ie ld o f v i t a m i n s i n 10 y e a r s is s t r i k i n g l y s h o w n i n T a b l e I I I .

D R U M M O N D : N A T U R A L N U T R I E N T S O F F R E S H A N D M A N U F A C T U R E D F O O D S 73

T h e m o r e r e c e n t l y d is c o v e r e d f a c t o r s i n t h e f o r e g o in g t a b le a r e o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e to f o o d t e c h n o lo g is t s . T o c it e o n l y t w o e x a m p le s ': S in c e t h e o r i g i n a l s t u d ie s o f H a r d e n a n d Z i l v a , so f a r b a c k a s 19 18 , i t h a s b e e n a s s u m e d t h a t t h e f o o d v a l u e o f b e e r c o u l d b e e x ­ p re s s e d s o le ly i n t e r m s o f t h e c a lo r ie s p r o v i d e d b y it s c a r b o h y d r a t e s a n d b y s u c h o f t h e a lc o h o l a s w a s o x id is e d i n t h e b o d y . S i m i l a r l y , b e c a u s e i t w a s f o u n d t h a t m e a t e x t r a c t s c o n t a in e d n o v i t a m i n B — i n t h e d a y s w h e n o n l y o n e B v i t a m i n w a s r e c o g n is e d — t h e y h a v e e v e r s in c e b e e n r e g a r d e d a s p o s s e s s in g l i t t l e o r n o n u t r i t i v e v a lu e . B u t , i f o n e re fle cts t h a t w i t h i n t h e p a s t y e a r b a r l e y a n d m a l t h a v e b e e n f o u n d to c o n t a i n s ig n if ic a n t a m o u n t s o f r i b o f l a v i n a n d n i c o t i n i c a c id , a s w e ll a s o t h e r “ B - g r o u p ” v i t a m i n s , a n d t h a t fresh m e a t w a s s h o w n t o b e a n e x c e lle n t s o u r c e o f n i c o t i n i c a c id , t h e r e w a s a

prima-facie

case f o r r e - e x a m in in g t h e s e m a t e r ia ls i n t h e l i g h t o f t h is k n o w le d g e .

T h e r e s u lt s o f t h is r e - e x a m i n a t i o n i n t h e la b o r a t o r ie s o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f F o o d C e r e a ls R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n ( f o r m e r ly t h e L a b o r a t o r i e s o f t h e B r i t i s h F l o u r M i l l e r s ’ R e s e a r c h A s s o ­ c ia tio n ) a r e in d e e d s t r ik in g . D r . M o r a n h a s g iv e n m e u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a w h i c h h is c o lle a g u e s h a v e r e c e n t ly o b t a in e d . Ta b l e I V

R ib ofla v in N ico tin ic acid

mg/100 g mg/100 g

L ig h t ales . . . . . . . . 0-1 p robably good source*

■'Old” ales 0-12 to 0-15

M a lt vinegar . . . . . . 0-04 to 0-08 „

A rtificial vinegar . . . . 0 0

M ea t extracts . . . . . . probable good source 30 to 90

Y east extracts . . . . . . . ,, 60

Cocoa . . . . . . . . 0-25 —

* F u ll details are not yet available, b u t there are indications th a t beers contain nicotinic acid to the extent of about 1-5 mg per 100 ml.

T h e r e is m u c h t o be s a id f o r c o n t i n u i n g t o p l a n o u r n u t r i t i o n p r o g r a m m e i n t h is c o u n t r y o n g o o d n a t u r a l fo o d s . B y t h is I d o n o t m e a n fo o d s t h a t h a v e n o t b e e n p r o c e s s e d . O b v i o u s l y t h a t is n e it h e r d e s ir a b le n o r p r a c t ic a b le . F o o d t e c h n o lo g y c le a r ly h a s a g r e a t fu tu r e , a f u t u r e t h a t c a r r ie s e v e n g r e a t e r r e s p o n s i b ilit ie s f o r t h e f o o d m a n u f a c t u r e r th a n in t h e p a s t . N o n e is g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f p r o v i d i n g t h e c o n s u m e r w i t h p r o d u c t s as n e a r ly a s p o s s ib le o f t h e n u t r i t i v e v a lu e o f t h e fre s h fo o d s . I n a ll c o n s id e r a t io n s of v i t a m i n lo s s e s i n f o o d p r o c e s s in g , t h a t o f a s c o r b ic a c id lo o m s la r g e . I t m a y b e t h a t lo s s in t r e a t in g fo o d s is n o t p r e v e n t a b le . Is a p p r o p r i a t e e n r i c h m e n t b e fo r e t r e a t m e n t t h e s o lu t io n ? C a n w e m a k e b e t t e r u s e o f s o m e o f t h e n a t u r a l p r o d u c t s o f u n u s u a l l y h i g h v it a m in v a l u e ?

B y w a y o f il l u s t r a t i o n I s u g g e s t t h a t a l l ja m s m i g h t h a v e a m i n i m u m a s c o r b ic a c id c o n te n t, m a k i n g t h e m e q u i v a l e n t i n t h is r e s p e c t t o “ fre s h f r u i t , ” p r o v i d i n g , s a y , 5 t o 10 m g p e r o u n c e . W o u l d i t b e p r a c t i c a b l e f o r t h is p u r p o s e t o m a k e u s e o f in g r e d ie n t s o f r e l a t i v e l y v e r y h i g h a s c o r b ic a c id c o n t e n t ? H e r e a r e a fe w t h a t h a v e c o m e t o o u r a t t e n t io n s in c e t h e o u t b r e a k o f t h e w a r .

Ta b l e V

Ascorbic acid Ascorbic acid

mg/100 g mg/100 g

Kose hips (various species) . . 500-2500 W in te r strawberries . . . . 135

Green walnuts . . . . . . 700-3000 Cape gooseberries (dried) . . 50

Dried guava . . . . . . 500-1000

I h a v e a d d e d d r i e d C a p e g o o s e b e r rie s t o t h e lis t b e c a u s e , a l t h o u g h t h e a c t u a l c o n t e n t of a s c o r b ic a c id is n o t h i g h , i t is u n u s u a l t o f in d a d r i e d f r u i t o f t h i s t y p e w i t h so m u c h a s c o rb ic a c id . T h e m a i n i n t e r e s t i n c o n n e c t io n w i t h d r i e d C a p e g o o s e b e r r ie s is t h e i r r e ­ m a r k a b ly h i g h c a r o t e n e c o n t e n t . S a m p le s r e c e n t l y e x a m i n e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f F o o d c o n ta in e d a s m u c h as

6

B u t I h o p e w e s h a ll k e e p a b a la n c e d o u t l o o k i n t h e f u t u r e . W e d o n o t w a n t v i t a m i n s , m in e ra ls , e tc ., a d d e d w h e n s u c h a d d i t i o n s a r e i n a p p r o p r i a t e . W e d o n o t w is h t o h a v e v it a m in s A a n d D a d d e d t o s u c h p r o d u c t s as b is c u it s o r c u s t a r d p o w d e r s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t is a r e a s o n a b le a im t h a t fo o d s e s s e n t ia lly c a r b o h y d r a t e in c h a r a c t e r s h o u ld c o n t a in an a p p r o p r ia t e q u a n t i t y o f t h e v i t a m i n s r e la t e d t o c a r b o h y d r a t e u t i l i s a t i o n , w h e t h e r p r o v id e d .b y t h e u s e o f n a t u r a l f lo u r s o r b y e n r ic h m e n t . F o o d t e c h n o lo g is t s w i l l h a v e a mg p a r t t o p l a y i n a c h i e v i n g a r a t i o n a l n u t r i t i o n p o l i c y i n t h e y e a r s t o c o m e .

74 COX: T H E R Ô L E O F F O O D LEGISLATION IN S E C U R I N G A D E Q U A T E N U T R I T I O N

T h e R o l e o f F o o d L e g i s l a t i o n i n s e c u r i n g A d e q u a t e N u t r i t i o n

By H . E . C O X , Ph.D . , D . Sc., F . I . C .

Th e F o o d a n d D r u g s A c t is m a i n l y a c o n s o lid a t io n , w i t h a m e n d m e n t s , o f o ld le g is la t io n ; m o s t o f i t w a s f r a m e d n e a r l y 70 y e a r s a g o w h e n t h e o b j e c t w a s s t a t e d t o b e t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f f r a u d . T h e f o o d le g is la t io n w h i c h w e n o w e n v is a g e n o t o n l y a im s a t t h e p r e v e n t io n o f f r a u d a n d g r o s s a d u l t e r a t i o n , b u t is i n t e n d e d t o p r e s e r v e a n d i m p r o v e t h e s t a n d a r d o f n u t r i t i o n . I t is t o p r e v e n t o r r e s t r ic t e x p l o i t a t i o n o f t h e n e w e r k n o w le d g e b y b o g u s o r e x a g g e r a t e d c la im s a n d t o s t o p th o s e in s id io u s , b u t n o n e t h e le s s r e a l d a n g e r s w h i c h m a y r e s u lt f r o m t h e c o n t i n u e d in g e s t io n o f i m p u r e m a t e r ia ls , o r e x c e s s iv e o r i n s u f f ic ie n t q u a n t it ie s o f i m p o r t a n t c o n s t it u e n t s . M o s t o f t h e r e g u la t io n s m a d e u n d e r t h e F o o d a n d D r u g s A c t s f r o m 1 8 7 5 o n w a r d s h a v e s t o o d w e ll t h e t e s t o f t im e , b u t s o m e o f t h e m a r e q u it e o u t o f a c c o r d w i t h m o d e m k n o w le d g e . C o n s id e r ,

e.g.,

t io n , o r o t h e r d e c o m p o s it io n o f f o o d . . . " W i t h a fe w s t a t e d e x c e p t io n s , n o s u c h s u b s ta n c e s m a y b e a d d e d t o f o o d . A p r e s s in g p r o b le m t o - d a y is t h e m a in t e n a n c e o f t h e v i t a m i n c o n t e n t o f m a n y fo o d s a n d t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f i n c i p i e n t r a n c i d i t y i n r e f in e d f a t s . W e n o w k n o w t h a t t h e n a t u r a l v i t a m i n s a n d p ig m e n t s i n m a n y a r t ic le s o f d ie t a r e o f m u c h p h y s i o ­ l o g ic a l i m p o r t a n c e a n d w e d e s ir e t o r e t a in t h e m . Y e t t o t a k e s t e p s t o r e t a in t h e s e t h in g s m a y b e a c r i m i n a l o ffe n c e . W e k n o w t h a t s o m e o f t h e n a t u r a l q u in o n e s , a n t h o c y a n s , fla v o n e s a n d t h e l i k e i n m i n u t e q u a n t i t i e s a re t h e b e s t a n t i o x i d a n t s ; t h e y p r e s e r v e v i t a m i n c o n t e n t a n d p r e v e n t o x i d a t i v e r a n c i d i t y . T h e s e i n n o c e n t s u b s t a n c e s d o t h e v e r y t h i n g t h e R e g u l a ­ t io n s s a y s h a ll n o t b e d o n e — t h e y i n h i b i t , r e t a r d o r a r r e s t t h e p r o c e s s o f a c id if ic a t io n . N o d o u b t w e a re b e t t e r w i t h o u t s u c h p r e s e r v a t iv e s as b o r i c , b e n z o ic o r s a l i c y l i c a c id , b u t le t us h a v e r e g u la t io n s n o t i n c o n f l i c t w i t h w h a t is n o w k n o w n t o b e d e s ir a b le . A n o t h e r a n a c h r o n is m is t h e r u le a b o u t a d d e d c o l o u r i n g m a t t e r s ; s ix a r e f o r b i d d e n ; s o m e o f t h e s e a r e n o lo n g e r m a n u f a c t u r e d a s c o lo u r s a n d h a v e n o t b e e n f o u n d i n f o o d th e s e 4 0 y e a r s . T h e i n v e s t ig a ­ t io n s o n w h i c h t h is r e g u la t io n w a s b a s e d a r e m o s t l y 5 0 y e a r s o ld , a n d s o m e a t le a s t w ere d e f e c t iv e o w in g t o t h e u s e o f i m p u r e c o lo u r s . S in c e t h e n o t h e r c o lo u r s h a v e b e e n used a n d a r e u s e d t o - d a y . A fe w o f th e s e h a v e b e e n i n v e s t ig a t e d p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y a n d t h e v e r d ic t o n s o m e is a d v e r s e , y e t t h e u s e o f th e s e is n o t p r o h i b i t e d . S u r e l y a p e r m i t t e d l i s t o f p u re s y n t h e t i c d y e s w h ic h h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t e d a n d p r o v e d s a t i s f a c t o r y s h o u ld b e d e v is e d , a n d p r o v i s i o n s h o u ld b e m a d e f o r t h e in c l u s i o n o f o t h e r c o lo u r s w h e n t h e y a r c s h o w n to b e h a r m le s s .

T h e s ig n ific a n c e o f t r a c e s o f a c t i v e c o m p o u n d s is n o w r e a lis e d a s i t w a s n o t re a lis e d 25 y e a r s a g o , a n d e x p e r i m e n t o n t h e la r g e s c a le u p o n t h e p u b l i c s h o u ld n o t b e a llo w e d . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e t h e la w o n l y s t e p s in i f i t c a n b e p r o v e d t h a t t h e s u b s t a n c e is in ju r io u s i n a p a r t i c u l a r c a s e ; t h e f a c t s m u s t b e a r g u e d b e fo r e a b e n c h o f ju s t ic e s , w h o m a y b e ill e q u ip p e d f o r a s s e s s in g t h e m e r it s o r d e m e r it s o f a c o m p l e x c h e m ic a l c o m p o u n d i n t h e lig h t o f c o n t r o v e r s ia l e v id e n c e . I s i t n o t t im e t h a t t h is r e lic o f a b y e g o n e a g e s h o u ld b e d e le te d ? I n i t s p la c e w e n e e d a r e g u l a t i o n l i k e l y t o e n c o u r a g e t h e u s e o f n a t u r a l l y o c c u r r i n g p ig m e n t s t h a t h a v e a n t i - o x i d a n t v a lu e , a n d w h i c h p r o v id e s f o r o f f ic ia l a p p r o v a l o f s u b s t a n c e s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r o p e r l y i n v e s t ig a t e d . A n t i - o x i d a n t s a n d t h e li k e a r e p r im e n e c e s s it ie s for v i t a m i n - c o n t a i n i n g fo o d s , s u c h a s f a t s a n d c a n n e d f r u it s .

W h a t o f t r a c e e le m e n t s ? W h i c h a re v a l u a b l e a n d w h i c h a r e o b j e c t i o n a b l e im p u r it ie s .’' H o w l o n g a r e w e t o b e d o s e d w i t h c r u d e p h o s p h a t e s c o n t a i n i n g a: p e r c e n t , o f f lu o r id e o r w it h je llie s c o n t a i n i n g

y

S u c h r e f le c t io n s p o i n t a m o r a l. O u r f o o d l e g is la t io n n e e d s t o b e a liv e a n d p ro g re s s iv e a n d t o b e i n t h e h a n d s o f a c o m p e t e n t a u t h o r i t y w h i c h t a k e s a n a c t i v e in t e r e s t i n t h e s u b je c t, o n e t h a t is a c c e s s ib le t o t h e t r a d e a n d t o t h e f o o d a n d d n i g s a u t h o r i t y a n d is in m o r e o r less c o n s t a n t s e s s io n . T h e c h e m i s t r y o f f o o d a n d n u t r i t i o n is a c t i v e a n d r a p i d l y d e v e lo p in g :