T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
There’s a Type of
" U N IV E R S A L "
Mixing Apparatus
for Your Purpose
T HE illustrations herewith show only a few of th e types of “ Universal” Mixing Apparatus w hich we make. For instance, a type for Laboratory and Experimental use is shown; also a Mixer and Incorporator for handling stiff m a
terials, such as G utta Percha, Rubber, etc.
We show a type for kneading and m ixing under vacuum, th en extracting and recovering the sol
vent, and also a mixer th at has no center shaft to which m aterials can cling.
We can supply you w ith a type of “ U niversal”
which will satisfy you—absolutely, and we will be pleased to take this m atter up w ith you.
M ix e r T ille d for E m p ty in g — Cover R a is e d
We m a n u f a c t u r e: —
K N E A D I N G A ND M I X I N G M A C H IN E S A U T O M A T I C W E IG H IN G SC A LE S V A C U U M K N E A D E R S
F I L T E R PRES SES R U B B E R WASHERS M A S T I C A T O R S and
S O L U T I O N M A K I N G M A C H IN E S Flap Door R a ise d
T ilte d P o s itio n — P ow er T iltin g A rra n g e m e n t
WERNER & PFLEIDERER COMPANY
* A M A IN O F F IC E A N D F A C T O R Y M A h
SA G IN A W , W . S., M IC H IG A N
NEW Y O R K , 41 P ark R o w SA N FR A N C ISC O , P a c ific B u ild in g P H IL A D E L P H IA , D rexei B u ild in g Cannstatt-Stuttgart, Wuertemburg, Berlin, Cologne, Hamburg, Frankfort, Dresden, Vienna, London, Peterborough, Pari«, Zurich, Hague, Milan, Moscow, Buenos Ayres
4 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . 7, No. 8
L e t u s s e n d o n e o f o u r e n g i n e e r s to l o o k o v e r y o u r c o n d i t i o n s to d e t e r m i n e t h e t y p e b e s t s u i t e d to y o u r r e q u i r e m e n t s
g w E N S O N p l a P O R a T O R ( ?
945 Monadnock Bldg. CHICAGO, ILL.
A N Y CAPACITY ANY LIQUOR
S in g le a n d M u lt ip le e f f e c t s d e s ig n e d t o m e e t c o n d it io n s a s w e fin d t h e m .
S t a r t t h e n e w y e a r b y p l a n n in g a c a m p a ig n t o r e d u c e y o u r c o s t o f m a n u f a c t u r e ( s a v in g c o a l, la b o r , r e p a ir s , e t c .) b y t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f m o d e r n e q u ip m e n t d e s ig n e d fo r y o u r w o r k b y e v a p o r a t io n e n g in e e r s w h o h a v e t h e e x p e r ie n c e n e c e s s a r y t o w a r r a n t y o u r c o n f id e n c e .
S T A N D A R D S W E N S O N E V A P O R A T O R S for straight concentration. H undreds of installations have proved the m erit of this design.
P A T E N T E D SE C O B A S K E T T Y P E E V A P O R A T O R S for crystallizing solutions.
Also used w here scale is ap t to form on heatin g surface. M axim um circulation of b o t h steam and liquor. E asily cleaned. F o r salt caustic, calcium chloride, glycerine, distilled w ater, etc.
S T A N D A R D V E R T IC A L T U B E P A N S for large installations, eq u ip p ed for crystallizing solutions, also for straight w ork. A ll pans fitted w ith our paten ted vap o r an d steam controlling device, giving a perfect and uniform distribution of vapor to a ll the tubes, thereby increasing the amount of w ork possible w ith a given tube area.
S P E C IA L L E A D E V A P O R A T O R S (patent granted) for acid concentration. A design w hich is du rab le and efficient. I\’c>t lined or coated, but a substantial lead p an built for h ard and con
tinuous service.
E V A P O R A T O R S F O R S P E C IA L S O L U T IO N S m ade of bronze, copper, aluminum, steel, cast iron, etc. A ny of our stan d ard type pans can be lined w ith brick, tile, cement or metal—a proven success for a good m any years.
A N E W E V A P O R A T O R F O R H I G H D E N S I T Y W ORK
— our latest and most im portant im provem ent. W ith this ap paratus you can econom ically concentrate solutions (w hether crystallizing or not) much heavier than is possible in any com m ercial equipm ent previously offered.
W e h av e successfully an d continuously boiled d ow n in this equipment calcium chloride to a 6 8 p er cent solution w ith steam . S im ple operation, easy cleaning, uniform results and sm all repairs m ake this an id eal design for high density work.
E c o n o m y , d u r a b ilit y , a c c e s s ib i lit y , lo w r e p a ir s , easy o p e r a t io n a n d m a x im u m s i m p l i c i t y in d e s ig n ( c o n s is t e n t w i t h t h e a t t a i n i n g o f t h e s e r e s u lt s ) c h a r a c t e r iz e S w e n s o n S e r v ic e . W e c a n r e fe r t o m o r e t h a n 600 i n s t a l l a t i o n s — f u l l y h a lf o f w h ic h h a v e b e e n “ r e p e a t ” o rd e rs. A s s is ta n c e g iv e n in p r o c e s s e s u t i l i z i n g w a s t e s o l u t i o n s o r n e w c h e m i
c a l p r o d u c t s .
T H E ste a d y , rap id g r o w th o f our bu sin ess in M e t a llic B is-
*
m u th , n o w su rp assin g, b y m o re than o n e -h a lf, th e e n tire q u a n tity so ld in this c o u n try , in d ic a te s e m p h a tic a lly that m a n u fa c tu rin g ch em ists h a v e at a ll tim es fo u n d th e stan d ard o f p u rity a n d refin e m en t o f our p ro d u c t u n e x c e lle d b y o th er bran d s o f B ism u th .
6 X S M U T *
U - 5 M R C 0
M A D E IN U .S .A .
H ighest P u r i t y - A r s e n i c F r e e
' Aug., 1 9 1 5 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
The Test of Time
In assaying (U .S .M .R .C O .) B ran d Bismuth, m anufacturing chemists find m aterial saving in the cost of producing Bism uth S ubnitrate and other Bism uth salts, because B is
m uth (U .S .M .R .C O .) is singularly free from A rsenic or other deleterious ingredients diffi
cult to elim inate in m eeting ( U .S .P .) standards.
Bism uth ( U .S .M .R .C O .) is guaranteed uniform in quality. M anufacturing chemists and m anufacturers of P h arm aceu tical P reparations w ould find it advantageous to specify Bism uth ( U .S .M .R .C O .) w hen ordering supplies.
UNITED STA TES METALS REFINING COMPANY
42 Broadway, New York
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y ' V o l . 7, No. 8
EVAPORATOR
INSTALLATIONS OF MERIT
A N Y SIZE A N Y S E R V I C E
Special Types for Special Work
See our E xh ib it at the
N ational E xposition o f Chem ical Industries to be held at the
G rand C entral Palace, New York City, Week o f Septem ber 20th.
ZAREMBA COMPANY
BUFFALO, U. S. A.
New York O ffice: 95-97 Liberty St.
Aug., 19 1 5 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y 7
S a n b o r n
M U L T I P L E E F F E C T
E/VAPORATOR
U n d e r this system , tru e film e v a p o ra tio n is o b ta in e d w ith o u t th e a id o f a n y m e c h a n ic a l d e v ic e s , b y m ean s o f th e sh a p e a n d g ro u p in g o f th e h e a tin g ele m e n ts. T h is g iv e s an e x tr e m e ly h ig h e ffic ie n c y un der c o m m e rcia l o p e ra tin g co n d itio n s, m a in ta in e d in d e fin ite ly b e c a u s e o f th e s im p lic ity o f th e ap p aratu s a n d its fre e d o m from parts s u b je c t to w e a r .
NOTE:—T h e Sanborn System is applicable to many types of existing installations at small expense, reducing up-keep costs and increasing the efficiency from 5 0 to 1 0 0 per cent.
Send for the Bulletin
SANBORN EVAPORATOR COMPANY
81 W A L L S T R E E T , NE.W Y O R K C I T Y
DORR CYANIDE MACHINERY AT TH E EXPOSITION
You áre invited to visit our exhibit in the Palace of M ines and M etallurgy at th e P a n a m a -P a c ific In te rn a tio n a l Exposition, San Francisco, where you will find D o rr C la s s ifie rs , A g ita to rs and Th icken ers in practical operation. An inspection m ay suggest uses to which these machines can be adapted, in ad
dition to their established uses in cyani- dation, concentration and flotation. O ur engineer In charge will take pleasure in g iv in g you te ch nical inform ation and engineering data.
THE DORR CYANIDE M ACHINERY GO,
733 First National Bank Building
DENVER; COLORADO / :
17 Battery,Place ! ji 16 South St.
New York City London. England / j - - «£<¿>'..1'-^1,. - -* -£-V
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . 7, N o . 8
Temperature Regulator
“ S A R C O ”
A d e p e n d a b ility of a c tio n a n d th e a v o id an ce of tro u b le in re g u la tin g te m p e ra tu re s of liq u o rs is assu red b y th e use of th e " S A R C O .”
T e m p e ra tu re R e g u la to r “ S a rc o ” is a n in s tru m e n t of few p a rts . Its design is sim ple a n d its a c tu a tin g force relies u p o n th e expan sio n of a se n sitiv e liq u id w hich is c o n ta in e d in a h e rm e ti
cally sealed ch am b er. N o d ia p h ra g m s m ad e from le a th e r, ru b b e r o r m etal are used in th e c o n stru c tio n of th e “ S a rc o .” T h e se h a v e a ten d en cy to ch an g e in sh ap e, th u s cau sin g inaccuracies in th e p e rfo rm an ce of a n y in s tru m e n t of w hich th e y are a p a rt.
Temperature Regulator "Sarco” maintains any desired temperature of any liquids, or a variation between certain lim its— as desired.
W e guarantee highly efficient service from its use, and can recommend it as being a very superior instrument.
We also ma nufactu re Stea m Trap “ Sarco,” Vacuum Valve "S a r c o ,” and A u to m a tic Co mbustion Recorder
“ Sarco,” all o f which are fully described in our Bulletins
S A R C O E N G IN E E R IN G CO.
O ld Colony Building, Chicago South F erry Building, N ew York
YOU CANNOT AFFORD TO MISS America’s First
National Exposition of Chemical Industries
Grand Central Palace New York City
W e e k o f S e p t e m b e r 2 0 t h
This Exposition w ill show to the
—M a n u f a c t u r e r s E le c tr o C h e m is t s F in a n c ie r s M e t a llu r g ic a l E n g in e e r s W o r k s M a n a g e r s M in in g E n g in e e r s
S u p e r in t e n d e n t s C iv il a n d M e c h a n ic a l E n g in e e r s , a n d C h e m is t s T h o s e w h o s e w o r k or i n t e r e s t is C h e m ic a l E n g in e e r s d e p e n d e n t o n c h e m is t r y
W here in A m erica sup p lies and equipm ent (or th e C h em ica l Ind ustries can b e o b tained. W here in d ustries are d ev elo p ed . A n d what in d ustries n e e d d ev elo p m en t.
T h is is a “ get to g eth er” of m anufacturers w ho in v it e your inspection. D em onstrations of their latest im proved products, processes and ap p aratu s w ill b e m ade.
O nly m anufacturers of such articles as h av e actual merit an d are of real service in the chem ical industries are adm itted.
T h e program of the Exposition w ill com prise conferences, lectures an d discussions by men of prom inence in the industrial w orld. T h e re w ill b e stereopticon an d m otion pictures of plants and processes in operation. T h e w hole field of chem ical industry w ill b e covered.
To M a n u fa c tu re r s: ---
D o n ’t w a it until it is too late to engage a choice space at this Exposition, but w rite t o - d a y and arrange to s h o w your goods to over 1 00,000 interested business men from all parts of the country, every one of w hom is a prospective customer.
Y ou have the further ad v an tag e of t a lk in g d ir e c t to the entire C hem ical W orld, an swering all questions, overcom ing all criticisms, regaining old customers a n d opening up hundreds of new trad e opportunities, an d extending your business into new fields.
T h is is Y O U R opportunity to increase your sales.
F loor plan show ing sp a ces available, with cost and fu ll inform ation, fu rn ish ed [upon r equ est.
/Is
space for this E xposition is being so ld rapidly, se le ctio n s sh o u ld b e m adea t o n c e to se cu r e preferred positions.
For further particulars, etc., address
NATIONAL EXPOSITION OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES
G R A N D C E N T R A L P A L A C E , N E W Y O R K C IT Y
T e le p h o n e — M u r r a y H ill 6990
IO T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . 7, No. 8
THE BRAUN IRON ORE GRINDER No. 7
A M ACHINE FOR A SPECIFIC PURPOSE
E q u ip p e d w ith c a rb o n steel g rin d in g p la te s a n d p u l
verizes iro n ore to 100 m esh or finer w ith one o p e ratio n . T h is rep re se n ts o n ly one of o u r p ro d u c ts. W e are sp ecialists in.
LABORATORY L A B O R -S A V IN G DEVICES
C R U S H E R S F U R N A C E S C U P E L M A C H IN E S
G R IN D E R S B U R N E R S E L E C T R O L Y T IC O U T F IT S P U L V E R IZ E R S For All F u e ls O IL A N D A S P H A L T
T E S T IN G A P P A R A T U S
Y o u sh o u ld have our C alalog N o . 5 0 C . W r ite f o r it today.
THE BRAUN CORPORATION, Los A n g e l e s
--- E A ST E R N A G E N T S ---
E . H . S A R G E N T & C O . A R T H U R H . T H O M A S C O . E IM E R & A M E N D
C h ic a g o P h ila d e lp h ia P it t s b u r g h a n d N e w Y ork
CRUSHERS and GRINDERS
W H E N IN N E E D O F C R U S H E R S , G R IN D E R S o r S H R E D D E R S
N O . 10 N O . 10-A N O . 10-B N O . 10-C N O . 10-D N O . 10-E 1 0 -F SPECIAL
L im e sto n e L im e G y p s u m C oal O chres D ry C olors
S h a le C lay A sp h a lt S a n d A ll C lay
M a te ria l
T a n k a g e B o n e S h e lls P o u ltr y F o o d
a n d a ll F e r tiliz e r M a teria l
O il C ake L in see d C o tto n S eed C a sto r, N itre S a lt C ake S o y B ea n C op ra, E tc.
S t o c k Food C ereals A lfa lfa
a n d a ll B y P r o d u c ts
fr o m F lo u r M ills
C oal C ru sh ers fo r C ok e O ven s G a s P la n t s
a n d a ll I n d u s tr ia l
P la n t s
S h red d ers B ark , C h ip s W ood P u lp L ic o r ic e -R o o t
a n d a ll F ib r o u s
M a te ria l
S o a p Pow der A ll D ru g
M a teria l P a p er S to ck
a n d a ll C h e m ic a ls
The W illiams Pat. Crusher & ,'Pulverizer Co.
O ld C o lo n y B ld g ., C h ic a g o , I llin o is
Works: S T . L O U IS , M IS S O U R I. Offices: N EW Y O R K C IT Y , P H IL A D E L P H IA , P IT T S B U R G H , SAN FRAN CISCO O V E R 3 0 0 0 W IL L IA M S
G R IN D E R S IN U S E
W rite to WILLIAMS
F or 18 years w e have furnished this class of m achinery for P o rtlan d C em ent P lants, Brick Y ards, O il M ills, Fertilizer P lants, F eed M ills, C o al and Iron O perations, P a p e r and P u lp M ills, T u rpentine an d W ood E xtract P lants, Coke O perations and m any other Industries.
W e is s u e 7 C a ta lo g s a n d m a n y B u lle t in s W r ite to d a y fo r t h e o n e y o u a r e in t e r e s t e d in
The Journal of Industrial and Engineering Ghemistry
Pub l i s he d b y T H E A M E R I C A N C H E M I C A L S O C I E T Y
A T B A S T O N , P A .
Volume V II A U G U S T , 1915
BOARD OF EDITORS E ditor: M . C . W h i t a k e r A s s is t a n t Edito r: L e o l a E . M a r k s
Associate E ditors: G . P . A d a m s o n , E . G . B a ile y , H . E . B a r n a r d , G . E . B a r t o n , Ä
7
V . B lc in in g e r , W m . B lu m , Wm. B r a d y , C . A . B r o w n e , F . K . C a m e r o n , W m . C a m p b e ll, F . B . C a r p e n t e r , C . E . C a s p a r i, V . C o b le n t z , W. C . G e e r, W . F . .H ille b r a n d , W . D . H o rn e , T . K a m o i, A . D . L it t le , C . E . L u c k e , P . C . M c l l h i n e y , J. M . M a tt h e w s , T . J . P a r k e r , J . D . P e n n o c k , C liffo r d R ic h a r d s o n , W . D . R ic h a r d s o n , G . C . S to n e , E. T w it c h e ll, E .. W a h l, W . H . W a lk e r , W . R . W h itn e y , A . M . W r ig h t.N o. 8
Published m onthly. Subscription price to non-members of the American Chemical S ociety, $6.00 yearly.
Foreign postage, seventy-five cents, Canada, Cuba and M exico excepted.
Entered as Second-class M atter D ecem ber 19, 1908, a t th e Post-Office a t E aston, Pa., under the A ct of M arch 3, 1879.
C ontributions sh o u ld be addressed to M. C. W hitaker, Columbia U n iv ersity , N ew York City
Communications c o n cern in g a d v ertisem en ts should be se n t to T h e A m erican C hem ical S o c ie ty , 42 W est 39th St., N ew York City S u b scrip tion s and c la im s lor lo s t c o p ie s sh ou ld be relerr etfto Charles L. P arsons, B ox 505, W ashington, D. C.
E s c H E N B A c n Pr i n t i n g Co m p a n y, Ea s t o n. Pa.
Ed it o r ia l s:
T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S Ad d r e s s e s:
Seattle and the Puget Sound... 650
Food for T h ou gh t... 651
The Second Pan-American Scientific Congress... 651
Original Pa p e r s: Toxicity of Various Wood Preservatives. II. B y Ruth M. Fleming and C. J. H um phrey... 652
A Study of Some Recent Methods .for the Determina tion of Total Sulfur in Rubber. B y J. B. T uttle and A. Isaacs ... 658
Preliminary Experiments on the Effect of Tempera ture Control on the Y ield of Products in the D e structive Distillation of Hardwood. B y R. C. Palmer... 663
The Determination of Benzol in Gas M ixtures. B y G. A. Burrell and I. W . Robertson .’ ... 669
' The Potash Situation. B y Edward H a rt... 670
Availability of Organic Nitrogen. B y J. E. Brecken- ridge... 671
The Destructive Distillation of Pacific Coast Kelps. By D. R. H oagland... 673
N ote.on Identifying Amido-H-Acids. B y Bernhard C. Hesse... 674
Indigotin Content of Some Japanese Indigoes. B y Shinjiro S a to ... 675
Experimental D ata Comparing the Delicacy of Different Tests for Hydrogen Peroxide in M ilk. B y Irwin T . Darlington... 676
The Official MeUiod for Determining Crude Fiber as Applied to Cottonseed M eal. B y C. K . F ra n c is.. . . 676
The Apparent Effect of Acetic Acid upon the Constants of Butter F at. B y Clarence Bahlm an... 680
Studies in Synthetic Drug Analysis. IV . Estimation of Phenacetin and Salol in Admixture. B y W . O. Emery, G. C. Spencer and C. C. L eF eb vre... 681
The Production, Botanical Composition and Volatile Oil Strength of American W ild M ustard Seed. B y A. L. W inton and J. H. B om m ann ... 684
The Determination of Sulfates in Soils. B y P. E. Brown and E. H. K ellog g ... 686
Composition of the Salines of the United States. IV — A Correction. B y J. W . Turrentine... 687
Laboratory and Pl a n t: A Modified Burette Calibrating Pipette and Certain Points in the Use of Such Instruments. B y C. W . Foulk... 689
An Adjustable Burner Support for Condensation A p paratus. B y H. E. B ishop... 693
A New and Improved Form of Kjeldahl Distillation Apparatus. B y Arthur D. H olm es... 693
L e st W e F o rg et! W h o K ille d C o c k R obin ? T h e U . S. T ariff-H istory of C o a l-T ar D yes. B y B ernhard C . H e sse ... 694
T h e H eating of C otton seed — I ts C auses and P rev e n tion. B y E. H. R . B a rr o w ... 709
Ob i t u a r i e s: Joseph A . H o lm e s ... 712
A lb e rt P la u t ... 715
Cu r r e n t In d u s t r ia l Ne w s: W orld T ra d e in F e rtilize rs... .•... 716
T olerances in T ests of Perm issible E x p lo siv e s... 716
T h e R ise in Prices in the G erm an C elluloid In d u s tr y ... 717
E n g lan d ’s T ra d e in M a y , 1 9 1 5 ... 717
A m erican S teel R a ils ... 717
T h e R u ssian Petroleum In d u s try ... 718
A lcoh ol in G e r m a n y ... 718
C o k e-B reeze B r iq u e tte s ... 718
C an ad ian R a ilw a y s ... 718
N ick elp latin g of A lu m in u m ... 719
P rod uction of T u n g sten and M olyb d en u m in England. 719 P alm K ern el C a k e and M e a l... 719
Marble! for E le c tric L ig h t S h a d e s... 719
P rod uction of P latin u m in R u ss ia ... 719
T an n in g E x tr a c t for Sulfite L y e ... 719
No t e s a n d Co r r e s p o n d e n c e: T h e S eattle M eetin g of the A. C . S ., A u g u s t 31 to S eptem ber 2 ... 720
E xp osition of C hem ical In d u stries... 720
P rizes Offered b y the T ech n ical Section of the A m er ican P ap er and P u lp A sso cia tio n ... 720
Progress of B ureau of M in es R ad iu m W o r k ... 720
N o te s on th e G ala ctan D eterm in atio n ... 721
N o te on S tarch -F orm in g E n zym e from M a l t ... 722
C olu m b ia U n ive rsity E stablishes a S ep arate D e p a rt m ent of C hem ical E n g in eerin g... 722
Possible Sterilizin g Properties of D en tal C e m e n t s .. . . 723
N o te s on the D eterm in ation of H yd rocarbo n s and H ydrogen in G a s ... 723
N o te on the D eterm in ation of F a t in M olasses F eed ing S tu ffs ... 723
Pe r s o n a l No t e s... 724
Go v e r n m e n t Pu b l ic a t io n s... 724
Bo o k Re v i e w s: C h em istry of Com m on T h in gs; A m erican F ertilizer H and B o o k ... 730
Ne w Pu b l ic a t io n s... 731
R e c e n t I n v e n t i o n s ... 732
Ma r k e t Re p o r t... 734
T E E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l. 7, No. 8
EDITORIALS
SE A TTLE AND T H E P U G E T SOUN D
A tt e n d a n c e a t t h e S e a t t le m e e tin g o f t h e A m e r ic a n C h e m ic a l S o c i e t y m e a n s v a s t l y m o re t h a n t h e t e c h n ic a l fe llo w s h ip o f o r d in a r y m e e tin g s . I t w ill b e a n in tr o d u c tio n t o th e g r e a t u n d e v e lo p e d e m p ire o f t h e P a c ific N o r t h w e s t , ric h in re s o u rc e s a n d a b o u n d in g in la t e n t in d u s tr ia l o p p o r tu n itie s . I t w ill b e a s c e n ic t r e a t n o w h e re e q u a lle d on t h e c o n tin e n t— t h e e v e r c h a n g in g v is t a s w ill fo r m a n e v e r - to - b e - fo r g o tte n s eries of scen e s w h ic h th e t r a v e lle r w ill e v e r ch e rish .
O f fo r e m o s t im p o r ta n c e a re t h e p o te n tia litie s , w h ic h a rise fr o m r a p id d e v e lo p m e n t o f n a t u r a l r e s o u rc e s . W a s h in g to n is t h e “ E v e r g r e e n S t a t e ,” b e c a u s e it s h ills a n d m o u n ta in s ' a re a lm o s t c o m p le t e ly e n v e lo p e d w ith g r e a t fo re s ts o f fir, c e d a r , h e m lo c k a n d s p ru c e . I t is tr u e t h a t t h e lu m b e r m a n h a s g o n e in to t h e s e fo re s ts a n d c u t d o w n la r g e p o r tio n s o f th e m , b u t t e n m illio n a c re s are lo c k e d u p in e le v e n n a tio n a l re s e r v e s a n d six m illio n a c re s m o re a re u n d e r p r iv a t e o w n e rs h ip . A n n u a lly fo u r b illio n fe e t o f lu m b e r a re m a n u fa c tu r e d in t h e s t a t e a n d t h e s u p p ly w ill la s t fo r a c e n t u r y m o re. T h e c h e m is t w ill n o t o n ly b e c h a rm e d b y th e ric h n e s s a n d s w e e tn e s s o f g r e a t fo re s ts b u t h e w ill b e in te r e s te d in s t u d y in g t h e g r e a t n e e d s o f th is in d u s t r y . T h e w a s te w o o d o f W a s h in g to n a n n u a lly e x c e e d s t w o a n d a h a lf m illio n c o rd s, m u c h o f w h ic h is c o n su m e d in t h e w a s te w o o d b u r n e rs o f s a w m ills a n d in la n d - c le a r in g o p e r a tio n s . T h e lu m b e r m e n a n d c o m m e rc ia l in te r e s ts o f th e re g io n h a v e n o t b e e n in d iffe re n t t o t h e p ro b le m o f u t i li z a tio n . T h e y h a v e in v e s t e d o v e r a m illio n d o lla r s in th e ir a t t e m p t s t o u tiliz e t h is w a s te a n d — fa ile d . T h e m o s t e n d u r in g s y m p o s iu m w h ic h t h e c h e m is ts c a n a c h ie v e w ill b e o n e w h ic h w ill p o in t t h e w a y to s u c c e s s in t h is o n e lin e o f e n d e a v o r . T h e lu m b e rm e n a re lo o k in g fo r a “ M o s e s ” t o le a d th e m o u t o f th e w ild e rn e ss.
O th e r n a t u r a l re s o u rc e s lik e w is e c o m m a n d th e in te r e s t a n d a ss is ta n c e o f th e c h e m is t. F r o m th e w a te r s o f P u g e t S o u n d a n d th e N o r t h P a c ific m o re t h a n a h u n d r e d th o u s a n d to n s o f fish eries p r o d u c ts a re t a k e n e a c h y e a r a n d a n e q u a l q u a n t i t y o f fish o ffa l is p ro d u c e d , o f w h ic h o n ly t w e n t y p e r c e n t is u t iliz e d fo r t h e m a n u fa c tu r e o f oil a n d fe r tiliz e r . F lo a t in g o n t h e s a m e w a te r s a re t h e g r e a t k e lp s or s e a w e e d s w ith th e ir w e ll-k n o w n p o ta s h c o n te n t;
fr o m th e s e c a n b e e x t r a c t e d 750,000 to n s o f p o ta s s iu m c h lo r id e , o r n e a r ly t w ic e th e q u a n t i t y a n n u a lly im p o r te d b y t h e U n ite d S ta te s . A t S e a t t l e ’s b a c k d o o r, in I d a h o , a re th e g r e a t p h o s p h a te r o c k d e p o s its in w h ic h a re fo u n d o v e r t w o b illio n t o n s in t h e a re a s t h u s f a r s u r v e y e d . A lm o s t w ith in t h e c i t y lim its b e g in t h e W a s h in g to n c o a l field s w h ic h c o n ta in n e a r ly t w e n t y b illio n t o n s o f c o a l, o ' w h ic h o n ly fo u r m illio n to n s a re c o n su m e d a n n u a lly . O f n o t le s s im p o r ta n c e is th e f a c t t h a t w ith in e a s y r e a c h o f t h e P u g e t S o u n d d is t r ic t lies o n e -fifth o f t h e p o ss ib le w a t e r p o w e r o f th e U n ite d S t a te s . S u c h is t h e n a t u r e o f t h e r e
s o u rc e s o f t h e P a c ific N o r t h w e s t w h ic h are aw aiting r a tio n a l d is p o s a l b y s k ille d te c h n ic a l m en an d to the p ro b le m s t h a t a rise fro m th e m t h e a tte n tio n of the c h e m is t is d ir e c te d .
S e a t t le a n d t h e P u g e t S o u n d re g io n are worth s e e in g fro m t h e s t a n d p o in t o f t h a t b re a d th of ex
p e r ie n c e w h ic h t h e te c h n ic a l m a n is e x p e c te d to pos
sess. T h is c i t y o f 300,000 p o p u la tio n h a s become m e tr o p o lita n f a r b e y o n d its n u m b e rs . L o c a ted on r u g g e d h ills o v e r lo o k in g E l l i o t t B a y , a n a rm of Puget S o u n d , i t w a s h e d a p o r tio n o f th o s e h ills in to th e sea t o m a k e w a y fo r e x te n s iv e s ite s o f co m m erce and m a n u fa c tu r in g . O th e r p o rtio n s le n t th e ir natural b e a u t y t o t h a t o f th e la n d s c a p e a r t is t a b o u t th e homes t h a t c r o w n th e m o r in t h e n e t w o r k o f p a r k s and boule
v a r d s w h ic h , w ith c o m m e n d a b le fo r e s ig h t, h a v e been c o n s t r u c t e d b y it s c itiz e n s . W it h in t h e shadow o f t h e O ly m p ic m o u n ta in s , b e sid e th e w estern sea, s u r ro u n d e d b y la k e a n d fo r e s t, w ith blossom s arid g r e e n s w a r d t h e y e a r ro u n d , S e a t t le in v it e s th e reader to c o m e a n d see h e r a s sh e is.
P u g e t S o u n d h a s b e e n d e s c rib e d as
" A land-locked sea with harbors deep and wide Where all the navies of the world could hide.”
U p o n it s w a te r s th e a tt e n d a n ts o f th e S e a ttle meet
in g w ill s p e n d a n e n tire d a y on a c h a rte re d steamer.
T h o s e f o r t u n a t e e n o u g h t o a t t e n d w ill b e h o ld a great in la n d s e a o f n e a r ly t w o th o u s a n d s q u a re m iles with as m a n y lin e a l m iles o f s in u o u s g re e n w o o d e d shore lin e s e n c o m p a s s in g it. R is in g g e n t ly fro m th e w ater’s e d g e in m a n y p la c e s , l i t t le fa r m s of m ead o w s and o rc h a r d s h a v e r e p la c e d t h e fo r e s t d é b ris le ft b y the lo g g e r , b u t f r e q u e n t ly to o , m a y b e see n p atch es of t im b e r o f v ir g in g r o w th w h ile f u r th e r b a c k to the e a s t a n d w e s t t h e r u g g e d a n d s n o w -c la d mountains s t a n d g u a r d . S o p ic tu r e s q u e a re th e scen es th a t it see m s a lm o s t a n in tr u s io n to n o te t h a t even now s ix t y - f o u r s te a m s h ip lin e s p l y in a n d o u t o f Seattle o n th e s e w a te r s , c a r r y in g n e a r ly six m illio n tons of s h ip p in g p e r y e a r , v a lu e d a t o v e r o n e h u n d red and f i f t y m illio n d o lla rs . H e re , th e n , m a y w e expect o n e o f t h e g a t e w a y s to b e b u ilt th r o u g h w h ich the c o m m e rc e a n d t r a d e o f t h e O rie n t a n d o f Alaska s h a ll p a s s in e v e r - in c r e a s in g v o lu m e .
S p a c e d o e s n o t p e r m it s p e a k in g o f th o s e romances w h e r e b y d e se rts h a v e b e e n tr a n s fo r m e d in to orchards rio to u s in t h e ir p r o fu s io n o f g re e n le a v e s , blossoms a n d f r u it , n o r o f th e m in e ra l w e a lth y e t la r g e ly locked u p in m o u n ta in fa s tn e s s e s . A g a in a n d fin a lly it must b e u r g e d u p o n e a c h in d iv id u a l m e m b e r of th e society t h a t if h e e n jo y s g r e a t a n d b e a u t ifu l scen e s o f nature, if h e is in te r e s te d in t h e w ise u s e o f d im in is h in g natural re s o u rc e s , if h e is e a g e r to in fo r m h im s e lf concerning t h e o p e n in g o f t h e la s t d o o r t o t h e c o m m e rc e o f a new O rie n t— th e n h e m u s t jo in t h e t h r o n g t h a t w ill gather t o m a k e t h e S e a c i e m e e tin g a g r e a t su cce ss.
U n i v e r s i t y o p W a s h i n g t o n JJ. K . B E N S O N Se a t t l e
Aug., 191 5 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
F O O D F O R T H O U G H T
There is m u c h fo o d fo r t h o u g h t , b o t h fo r o u r in d u s trie s and for o u r e d u c a tio n a l in s titu tio n s , in t h e p re s id e n tia l address r e c e n t ly g iv e n b e fo r e th e L o n d o n C h e m ic a l Society, b y D r. W illia m H e n r y P e r k in , o n t h e p re se n t position o f E n g la n d in t h e O r g a n ic C h e m ic a l I n d u s t r ie s .1 Dr. P e rk in h a s m a d e a m o st f r a n k a n d c le a r a n a ly sis of E n g la n d ’s p re s e n t p r e d ic a m e n t, h a s u n c o v e r e d the u n m is ta k a b le c a u s e s w h ic h le a d to s u c h a c o n d i
tion of in d u s tr ia l s t a g n a t io n a n d h a s p o in te d w ith incisive cle a rn e s s to th e r e m e d ia l m e a su re s w h ic h w ill have to b e a p p lie d b e fo r e r e c o v e r y o r s u b s t a n t ia l g r o w t h will ever b e p o ss ib le .
T he s itu a tio n a s a p p lie d t o th e o r g a n ic c h e m ic a l industries in E n g la n d is h o w o rse a s a r e s u lt o f th is war th a n i t is in A m e r ic a a n d D r . P e r k in ’s a n a ly s is applies w ith e q u a l fo r c e t o o u r u n d e v e lo p e d o r g a n ic industrial p ro b le m s, w ith t h e im p o r t a n t d iffe re n c e that for E n g la n d th e a n a ly s is is a ft e r t h e f a c t — a p o s t mortem— w h ile fo r u s h is r e a s o n in g a n d s u g g e s tio n s come in tim e fo r g u id a n c e . T h r e e p o in ts o f p a r t ic u lar force a s a p p lie d t o A m e r ic a n c o n d itio n s m a y b e selected fro m D r . P e r k in ’s a d d re s s:
(1) “ in almost every direction, and to a far greater extent than has been the case in any other country, Germ any has recognized the value of the closest possible contact between the industries and the universities. In Germ any the m ajority of the professors and Privatdocenten are in close touch with the large factories, and spend part of their time in solving technical problems which they either devise themselves or which m ay be submitted to them by the manufacturer. I have it 011 the authority of several of the best known directors of German works that the atmosphere of the University laboratory is much more suitable for discovery than that of the works, and that, as a fact, many of the most valuable discoveries which subse
quently proved to be of the highest technical importance have been made in university laboratories and transfe red to the works. Close association of the universities with the indus
tries does not exist to any extent in this country, and is one of the things we have to aim a t in the future. It must be of great advantage to industry and cannot fail to be of great value also to the university, for it must result in the manufacturer taking a keen interest in the welfare of the department with which he is associated. Contact with the research department of a large works must always be stimulating; problems are encoun
tered, many of them of great scientific interest, which would never suggest themselves in strictly academic circumstances, and as one of the results, the tendency, which is always present under existing university conditions, for the professor to become an academic fossil and unproductive, is postponed. Again, contact with the research departments of a flourishing works cannot fail to suggest subjects for investigation which are emi
nently suitable to occupy the attention of research students, many of whom will ultim ately take up technical work. I look forward to the time when the scientific staffs of our universi
ties and technical schools will not only be available for industrial research, but will be encouraged b y those in authority to under
take such work.”
(2) "It is scarcely necessary to point out that, if a chemical works is to be successful, the first essential is that it must be under chemical control, and th at every department must be in the hands of an expert; the board of directors m ay then be a mixed board, provided that'steps are taken to ensure th at chem
ical opinion is largely represented on it. The recognition of 1 Published in full in th e J o u rn a l o f the Chemical Society, 107 (1915), 557-578. E xtended a b s tr a c t J o u r. Soc. Chem. In d ., 34, 474.
651
th e soundness of this principle is one of th e m ain reasons for th e success of the G erm an w o rk s.”
(3) "Failure to develop on research lines is scarcely conceiv
able if the works is in charge of a highly trained chemical staff, but, on the other hand, if it gets into the power of the business man who wants an immediate return for his outlay, is not w ill
ing to w ait for results, and fails to appreciate the importance of scientific control, then no tariff can avert disaster.”
TH E SE C O N D PA N -A M E R IC A N SC IE N T IF IC C O N G R E SS M a n y m a tte r s o f in te r n a tio n a l c h a r a c t e r w ith p a r t ic u la r s ig n ific a n c e t o t h e c o lle g e w o rld h a v e h a p p e n e d d u r in g th e s c h o la s tic y e a r n o w c lo s in g . T h e p re s e n t E u r o p e a n w a r h a s p r e c ip it a t e d a g e n e r a l in te r e s t t h r o u g h o u t th e n a tio n in fo re ig n t r a d e ; an in te r e s t, h o w e v e r , t h a t h a s s lo w ly b e e n d e v e lo p in g fo r y e a r s th r o u g h th e v is io n a n d c o u r a g e o f a n o r g a n iz a t io n lik e th e P a n - A m e r ic a n U n io n , c o n fe re n c e s a n d s o c ie tie s w ith p e a c e a n d in te r n a tio n a l c o m it y p r o p a g a n d a , la r g e b u s in e s s c o n c e rn s w ith fo re ig n t r a d e c o n n e c tio n s , a n d v a r io u s in d iv id u a ls w h o , b y v ir t u e of th e ir p o sitio n in t h e s e r v ic e o f th e G o v e r n m e n t o f th e U n it e d S t a t e s or in t h e in te r n a tio n a l a n d b u s in e s s w o r ld , h a v e n o t o n ly s e e n t h e t e n d e n c y in th e U n ite d S t a te s t o v ie w a ll t h in g s fro m a n e n la r g e d o r in te r n a tio n a l v ie w p o in t b u t h a v e m a te r ia lly a s s is te d in d ir e c tin g , th r o u g h t h e p re ss a n d in p u b lic u tte r a n c e , a n e v e r - g r o w in g c u r r e n t o f s e n tim e n t fo r a la r g e r c o m m e rc e a n d c o m it y o f th e U n it e d S t a te s in r e la t io n w ith t h e o th e r c o u n tr ie s o f th e w o r ld . A m o n g th e s e n o n e s t a n d p o t e n t ia lly in clo ser r e la tio n w ith u s t h a n t h e c o u n tr ie s o f L a t in A m e r ic a . L in k e d t o u s b y p r o p in q u it y , a c o m m o n o rig in and p o lit ic a l d e s tin y , P a n - A m e r ic a n is m is n o t a v is io n a r y d r e a m , b u t is p u rp o s e d w ith im m e d ia te a n d p r a c tic a b le r e s u lts fr a u g h t w ith u n to ld a d v a n t a g e s t o t h e e n tire w o rld th r o u g h t h e in c re a s e in c u ltu r e a n d c o m m e rc e a m o n g t h e p a r t ic ip a t in g c o u n trie s o f th is n e w w o rld g r o u p o f n a tio n s .
D u r in g t h e p re s e n t y e a r tw o g r e a t P a n - A m e r ic a n g a th e r in g s c o n v e n e in W a s h in g to n u n d e r th e a u sp ic e s o f th e G o v e r n m e n t of t h e U n ite d S t a te s . T h e firs t o f th e s e , t h e P a n - A m e r ic a n F in a n c ia l C o n fe r e n c e , o c c u r re d th e w e e k o f M a y th e 24, 1 9 1 5 . In t h is c o n fe r e n c e d e le g a te s fro m th e L a t in A m e r ic a n c o u n tr ie s c o n fe rr e d w ith r e p r e s e n ta tiv e b a n k e r s a n d b u s in e s s m en fro m o u r n a tio n a t t h e P a n - A m e r ic a n U n io n , o n in v it a t io n o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e T r e a s u r y , o n fin a n c ia l q u e s tio n s o f p e r tin e n t in te r e s t t h a t m u s t h a v e fa r- r e a c h in g b e n e fic ia l r e s u lts to P a n - A m e r ic a n b a n k in g a n d c o m m e rc e .
O f g r e a te r in te r e s t t o th e e d u c a tio n a l w o r ld , h o w e v e r , is t h e S c ie n tific C o n g r e s s t h a t w ill c o n v e n e in W a s h in g to n b e g in n in g D e c e m b e r 27, 1 9 1 5 , a n d c o n c lu d in g it s sessio n s o n J a n u a r y 8, 1 9 1 6 . T h r o u g h t h e s p le n d id c o o p e ra tio n o f t h e L a t in A m e r ic a n c o u n tr ie s t h e s e c o n d P a n - A m e r ic a n S c ie n tific C o n g r e s s , lik e w is e h e ld u n d e r t h e a u s p ic e s o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s G o v e r n m e n t th r o u g h t h e D e p a r tm e n t o f S t a te , b id s fa ir t o b e n o t o n ly t h u s f a r t h e g r e a t e s t P a n - A m e r ic a n C o n g r e s s , b u t t h e m o s t im p o r t a n t in te r n a tio n a l s c ie n tific c o n g re s s e v e r h e ld in t h e U n ite d S ta te s . T h e first c o n g re s s o f t h is n a m e w a s h e ld in S a n tia g o , C h ile , in 1908. I t h a d it s o rig in in e a r lie r L a t in A m e r ic a n S c ie n tific C o n g r e s s e s ; a n d
T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y V o l . 7, No. 8
a t th e tim e o f th e S a n tia g o c o n g re ss w a s e n la rg e d th r o u g h th e g e n e ro u s i n it ia t iv e o f th e L a t in A m e r ic a n c o u n tr ie s t o in c lu d e th e U n ite d S ta te s . T h is C o n g r e s s w a s w e ll a tt e n d e d b y v is it in g d e le g a te s fro m th e U n ite d S t a te s . O n its a d jo u r n m e n t, e n t ir e ly u n s o lic ite d on th e p a r t o f th e la t t e r , W a s h in g to n w a s d e s ig n a te d as th e p la c e o f m e e tin g o f th e S e c o n d C o n g re s s .
T h is h o n o r h a s a s in g u la r a p p e a l to o u r n a tio n a t th is tim e . T h e p re se n t E u r o p e a n w a r h a s b r o u g h t th e W e s te rn H e m is p h e re s u d d e n ly fa c e t o fa c e w ith g r a v e e c o n o m ic p ro b le m s t h a t in v it e th e s e rio u s a tt e n t io n of s c ie n tis ts a n d e x p e r ts in th e v a r io u s fie ld s o f a p p lie d sc ie n c e . T h e S c ie n tific C o n g r e s s w ill c o n c e r n its e lf w ith t h e c o n s t r u c t iv e d is c u s s io n o f th e se a s w e ll a s w ith t h e c o n tr ib u tio n s in t h e d o riiain o f p u re sc ie n c e w h e r e in g r e a t a d v a n c e h a s b e e n m a d e sin c e th e la s t C o n g r e s s in S a n tia g o , C h ile . S c ie n c e is c o m p r e h e n s iv e ly d e fin e d b y th e C o n g r e s s a n d in c lu d e s , u n d e r n in e h e a d s, s u c h m a in s u b je c ts a s: A n t h r o p o lo g y ; A s t r o n o m y , M e te o r o lo g y , a n d S e is m o lo g y ; C o n s e r v a tio n o f N a tu r a l R e s o u rc e s , A g r ic u lt u r e , I r r ig a t io n , a n d F o r e s tr y ; E d u c a t io n ; E n g in e e r in g ; I n t e r n a t io n a l L a w , P u b lic L a w , a n d J u r is p r u d e n c e ; M in in g a n d M e t a l
lu r g y , E c o n o m ic G e o lo g y , a n d A p p lie d C h e m is t r y ; P u b lic H e a lth a n d M e d ic a l S c ie n c e ; T r a n s p o r t a tio n , C o m m e r c e , F in a n c e a n d T a x a tio n .
T h e s ig n ific a n c e o f t h e C o n g r e s s , th r o u g h th e im p o r ta n c e o f th e a b o v e s u b je c ts , is g r e a t ly e n h a n c e d th r o u g h th e in te r n a tio n a l r e p u t a t io n o f th e p erso n s ch o se n to a r r a n g e fo r th e p r o g r a m of t h e d iffe r e n t s e c tio n s o f t h e C o n g r e s s , m o st of w h o m h a v e an
T O X IC IT Y OF VAR IO U S W O O D P R E SE R V A T IV E S. II B y R u t h M . F l e m i n g a n d C. J . H u m p h r e y
R eceived J u n e 21, 1915
S in c e F e b r u a r y , 19 1 4 , w h e n an a r tic le o f s im ila r n a tu r e w a s p u b lis h e d b y u s in T h i s J o u r n a l , 6 , 1 2 8 , th e s e n io r a u th o r h a s ru n a p p r o x im a te ly 2 3 0 0 P e t r i d is h t e s t s u p o n 4 6 w o o d p r e s e r v a t iv e s .1 T h is p a p e r w ill s u p p le m e n t t h a t a r tic le b y g iv in g fu r th e r re s u lts on s e v e r a l n e w p r e s e r v a tiv e s a n d b y lim it in g th e to x ic p o in ts o f so m e o f th e e a r lie r s u b s ta n c e s 'm o re c lo s e ly , a lso b y a d d in g a fe w s tu d ie s o n a c c o m m o d a tio n to t o x ic m e d ia a n d v i t a l i t y o f c u ltu r e s as a ffe c te d b y th e a g e o f t h e fu n g u s tra n s fe rs . F o r a fu lle r d iscu ssio n o f th e lit e r a t u r e u p o n th e v a r io u s p h a se s o f t o x i c i t y a n d fo r a m o re c o m p le te d e s c rip tio n o f' th e e ffe c t o f e a c h p r e s e r v a tiv e u p o n Fom es a nn osu s a n d F om es p in íc o la , t h e a u th o r s w o u ld re fe r th o s e in te re s te d to U n it e d S t a te s D e p a r tm e n t of A g r ic u lt u r e , B u ll. 2 2 7, e n t it le d “ T h e T o x i c i t y to F u n g i o f V a r io u s O ils a n d S a lts , P a r t ic u la r ly T h o s e U se d in W o o d P r e s e r v a t i o n .” R e s u lt s o f te s t s on o th e r p ro p e r tie s o f th e se p r e s e r v a tiv e s are re p o rte d in D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i
c u ltu r e , B u ll. I
45
> “ T e s t s o f W o o d P r e s e r v a t iv e s .”T h e s u b s ta n c e s r e p o r te d u p o n in th e p re s e n t p a p e r w ere s u b m it t e d b y v a r io u s c o o p e ra to rs , t h e t o x ic it y
1 S ev en teen of th e se p re serv ativ es are co al-ta r creosote a n d w ater-gas- ta r distillates. R esu lts from th ese w ill be published elsew here in con
nection w ith a n o th e r stu d y .
in tim a t e fir s t- h a n d a c q u a in t a n c e as w ell w ith th e local re so u rc e s, d e v e lo p m e n t a n d s c ie n tific in te re s t in the v a r io u s L a t in A m e r ic a n c o u n trie s.
W a s h in g to n o ffers u n u s u a l a d v a n t a g e s fo r a Congress o f th is n a tu r e . I t e n jo y s a n e n v ia b le distinction a m o n g th e w o r ld c a p it a ls fo r th e k e e n s c ie n tific interest a n d in v e s t ig a t io n in its v a r io u s F e d e r a l B u rea u s, the v a r ie d a n d e x te n s iv e n a tu r e o f its lib ra rie s and m u se u m s, t h e b e a u t y o f it s b u ild in g s a n d th e growing im p o r ta n c e o f d e ta c h e d b u t se m i-o ffic ia l institutions a n d b u r e a u s e n g a g e d in w o r k o f in te r n a tio n a l scope.
A m o n g th e se n o n e o c c u p y a p o s itio n o f g rea ter im
p o r ta n c e t h a n th e P a n - A m e r ic a n U n io n , th e G overn
in g B o a r d of w h ic h , c o m p o s e d o f th e d ip lo m a tic rep
re s e n t a t iv e s o f th e p a r t ic ip a t in g L a t in Am erican c o u n tr ie s w ith t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e o f th e United S t a te s a s Ex-O fficio C h a ir m a n , h a s s ig n a lly honored th e S e c o n d P a n - A m e r ic a n S c ie n tific C o n g ress by a u t h o r iz in g th e u se o f it s b e a u t ifu l b u ild in g fo r the o ffice a n d sessio n s o f th e C o n g r e s s . T h e B o a rd also, in re sp o n se t o t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e P r e s id e n t an d Secre
t a r y o f S t a te o f t h e U n ite d S t a te s , a u th o r iz e d to act as S e c r e t a r y - G e n e r a l o f t h e S c ie n tific C o n g ress, the D ir e c to r - G e n e r a l o f t h e P a n - A m e r ic a n U n ion , the H o n o ra b le J o h n B a r r e t t , w h o h a s d o u b tle s s done more th a n a n y o n e A m e r ic a n in t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t of com
m e rc e a n d c o m it y a m o n g th e r e p u b lic s o f th e Western w o r ld ; w h o se g o o d fo r t u n e it h a s a lso b een to see, th r o u g h t h e s e e m in g a c c id e n t o f w a r, th e potential p ro m ise o f h is g r e a t w o r k b e c o m in g r e a liz e d so soon.
Gl e n Le v i n Sw i g g e t t
te s t s b e in g c a r r ie d o u t a t th e F o r e s t P r o d u c ts Labora
t o r y , M a d is o n , W is c o n s in . T h e te s ts w ere confined to th e t o x ic e ffe c t o f th e s u b s ta n c e s w h e n te s te d out in n u tr ie n t a g a r b y th e P e t r i d ish m e th o d .
M E T H O D
T h e m e th o d o f t e s t in g is e s s e n tia lly th e sam e as w a s q u ite f u lly e x p la in e d in th e e a r lie r p a p e r ,1 there
fo re o n ly a s u m m a r y o f th e p ro c e ss is n e c e s s a ry here.
T h e c u ltu r e m e d iu m w a s p re p a re d a c c o rd in g to the fo llo w in g fo rm u la :
E x t r a c t o f 1 lb . le a n b e e f in 1 0 0 0 cc. d is tille d w ater.
2 5 g r a m s L ô fflu n d ’s m a lt e x t r a c t . ■ 2 0 g r a m s a g a r - a g a r .
( M ix t u r e c a r e fu lly filte re d b u t r e a c tio n n o t adjusted;
s lig h t ly a c id .)
I n m a k in g th e c u ltu r e s , 1 7 cc. o f th e a b o v e medium w ere m e a s u re d in to 5 0 cc. g la s s -sto p p e re d bottles.
T h e oil p r e s e r v a tiv e s w ere w e ig h e d »and th e sa lt solu
tio n s m e a s u re d in to s im ila r b o t tle s , a ft e r w h ich the s to p p e r s w e re s e a le d in to th e p r e s e r v a tiv e bottles w ith a r u b b e r - g ly c e r in e m ix tu re a n d all w ere capped w ith m u slin . I f n e c e s s a ry , s u ffic ie n t d is tille d water w a s a d d e d t o th e p r e s e r v a tiv e t o m a k e 3 cc ., th e com
b in e d m e d iu m a n d p r e s e r v a tiv e a lw a y s equaling 2 0 c c . A ll th e b o t tle s w e re th e n p la c e d in clamp fra m e s ( P a g e 6 5 4 , F ig . 1 ) a n d s te r iliz e d w ith steam at
> T h i s J o u r n a l , 6 ( 1 9 1 4 ) , 128.
ORIGINAL PAPERS
Aug., 19 15 T H E J O U R N A L O F I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G C H E M I S T R Y
ioo° C . fo r 35, 30 a n d 30 m in u te s , r e s p e c t iv e ly , on three s u c c e s siv e d a y s .
A fter s te r iliz a tio n , b o th a g a r a n d p r e s e r v a tiv e bottles w ere h e a te d in a w a t e r b a t h a n d t h e c o n te n ts of the fo rm e r w ere p o u re d in to th e la tt e r , th o r o u g h ly shaken a n d t h e m ix tu re p o u re d in to s te r ile P e tr i d ish es 100 m m . in d ia m e te r. U p o n c o o lin g , e a c h p la t e w as inoculated a t t h e c e n te r ( P a g e 654, F ig s . 2 a n d 3) w ith a tran sfer of m y c e liu m 6 m m . s q u a re fro m c u ltu r e s of Fames a nn osu s F r . 2 to 3 w e e k s o ld . F o r e a c h se t of tests a c h e c k c u ltu r e ( P a g e 6 54 , N o . 109) o f 17 cc. a g a r and 3 cc. w a t e r w a s p re p a re d a t th e sa m e tim e . T h e s e cultures w ere th e n p la c e d in a n in c u b a to r a n d h eld at a p p ro x im a te ly 2 5 0 C . fo r 6 w ee k s.
T h is m e th o d h a s p r o v e n q u ite s a t is f a c t o r y in t e s t in g the t o x ic it y o f m o s t o f th e o ils, b u t in ca se o f th e s a lt solutions, it is q u ite p ro b a b le t h a t so m e o f th e c o n stituents o f t h e c u ltu r e m e d iu m c o m b in e w ith th e p reserv a tiv e, t h u s m o d ify in g its t o x ic it y . M a n y studies b y v a r io u s in v e s t ig a t o r s h a v e b e e n m a d e u p o n this s u b je c t w h ic h s t r o n g ly in d ic a te t h is p o s s ib ility . For in sta n c e , H a w k in s 1 fo u n d t h a t th e g e rm in a tio n of spores o f th e fu n g u s G loeosporiu m cin g u la tu m was in flu en ced b y c h a n g in g th e c o n s titu e n ts o f th e medium a lth o u g h t h e a m o u n t o f th e to x ic a g e n t n ee d not be a lte re d . T h e t o x i c i t y o f c e r ta in h e a v y m e ta ls , as copper, le a d , a n d z in c w a s th u s d im in is h e d b y th e addition of c a lc iu m , m a g n e s iu m , a n d p o ta s s iu m n i
trates to th e c u ltu r e s o lu tio n s .
L ik ew ise, K u n k e l2 fo u n d , fro m h is n u m e ro u s e x p e r i
ments u p o n th e in flu e n c e o f s ta r c h , p e p to n e , a n d s u g a r s on the t o x ic it y o f v a r io u s n itr a te s to M o n i l i a sil o ph ila , that th e c o n c e n tr a tio n a t w h ic h v a r io u s in o r g a n ic salts are to x ic t o th is fu n g u s d e p e n d e d on th e k in d of organ ic s u b s ta n c e s c o n ta in e d in th e m e d ia to w h ic h those sa lts w ere a d d e d . F o r in s ta n c e , h is t e s t s s h o w e d that b a riu m n itr a t e w a s m o re to x ic in p e p to n e m e d ia than in s ta r c h m e d ia , w h ile a lu m in u m n itr a t e a n d ferric n itr a te w ere m o re to x ic in s ta r c h m e d ia t h a n in peptone m e d ia.
T o x ic ity v a r ie s n o t o n ly w ith th e m e d iu m in to w h ic h the p re se rv a tiv e is in tr o d u c e d b u t a lso w ith th e o rg a n is m . In gen eral, y e a s t s a n d m o ld s are less s e n s itiv e to to x ic substances th a n th e w o o d - d e s tr o y in g fu n g '. T h e re is also a d ifferen c e b e tw e e n th e v a r io u s w o o d - d e s tr o y in g species, as sh o w n b y o u r fo rm e r s t u d y .
In th ese te s t s F o m e s a nn osus w a s s e le c te d b e c a u s e of its v e r y d e s t r u c t iv e e ffe c t u p o n c o n ife ro u s w o o d , p artic u larly in m in es, b e c a u s e o f it s w id e d is tr ib u tio n in the U n ite d S t a te s , a n d sin c e it g r e w w e ll o n th e a g a r culture m e d iu m u se d
V A RIA TIO N I N G R O W T H D U E TO A G E O F T R A N S F E R 3 It w as n o te d in t h e d e s c rip tio n o f o u r m e th o d that o n ly cu tu r e s b e tw e e n 2 a n d 3 w e e k s o ld w ere used for tra n s fe rs . T h e im p o r ta n c e o f th is p re c a u -
1 Lon A. H aw kins, " T h e Influence of C alcium , M agnesium , a n d P o tassium N itra te s upon th e T o x icity of C erta in H e av y M eta ls to w ard s Fungus Spores,” Physiol. Researches, 1 (Aug., 1913), 57-92.
* O tto K unkel, “ T h e Influence of S ta rc h , P e p to n e a n d Su g ars on th e Toxicity of V arious N itra te s to M o n ilia silophila (M o n t.) S a c c . ' Bull.
Tort. Bol. Club, 40 (1913), 624.
1 The term " tra n s fe r” th ro u g h o u t th is p a p er refers to th e sm all sq u are of fungus m ycelium , w ith its a d h erin g agar, which w as used for in o cu latin g the Petri dishes.
653
tio n w ill b e m a d e e v id e n t b y a s t u d y of T a b le s I a n d I I , w h e re th e a g e of t h e fu n g u s u s e d fo r in o c u la tio n s v a r ie s fro m 6 to 55 d a y s .
T h e p r e s e r v a tiv e s re c o rd e d in T a b le I a p p a r e n t ly a lw a y s g r e a t ly in h ib ite d g r o w t h , a llo w in g o n ly a n a rro w m a rg in a l d e v e lo p m e n t to a p p e a r , e v e n w h e n lo w e r c o n c e n tr a tio n s w ere u se d . S in ce th e o ld e r a n d th e y o u n g e r tr a n s fe r s w e re p la c e d u p o n th e s a m e p la te c o n ta in in g a c e r ta in c o n c e n tr a tio n , th u s b e in g k e p t
Ta b u? I — Va r i a t i o n i n Gr o w t h i n To x i c Cu l t u r e s Du e t o Ac e o p Tr a n s f e r
(M o st of th ese te sts were d u p licated w ith q u ite sim ilar results) M arg in al g ro w th of Fomes ainiosus F r. after P e r c e n t 2 w eeks 4 w eeks 6 weeks
P r e s e r v a t i v e in Age of tra n sfe r (days)
S o l d a s m edium 15 28 15 28 15 28
C o al-ta r creosote, F r a c - ) 0. 125 * N one 8 m m . * 14 m m . 3 mm.
tio n I I I , N o. 1107 i 0 .2 N o n e N o n e * N o n e 2 m m . N one C o al-tar creosote, F r a c - ) 2 . 2 N o n e N o n e N o n e N one *(a) N one
tio n IV , N o. 1108 J
Age o f transfer (days) 16 37 16 37 16 37
C o al-tar creosote. N o. > 0 .1 5 N one N o n e 3 m m . * 7 m m . 1 mm.
1800 ... ) 0 .1 7 5 N o n e N o n e * N o n e 1 m m . *
W atcr-g a s-tar distil- j 3 0 * N o n e * » 2 m m .*
late. N o. 2233 )
* G row th on tra n sfe r only.
(a) In la te r te sts several cu ltu re s show ed m arg in al g ro w th on 3 p er cen t co n cen tratio n s.
u n d e r th e sam e c o n d itio n s , a n d a lso sin c e th e te s ts w ere d u p lic a te d w ith q u ite s im ila r re s u lts , it is a lm o s t c e r ta in t h a t v a r ia t io n o f g r o w th is d u e p r in c ip a lly t o t h e a g e o f th e tra n s fe r s . I t is t o b e n o te d t h a t in e v e r y c a s e th e y o u n g e r c u ltu r e h a d th e a d v a n t a g e .
In T a b le II th e v a r ia t io n in g r o w th fro m d iffe r e n t- a g e d tr a n s fe r s o n n o n -to x ic m e d ia is s till m o re e v id e n t t h a n in T a b le I . T h is t a b le s h o w s t h a t t h e th r e e fu n g i te s t e d a ll e x h ib ite d a m a r k e d d iffe re n c e ( P la t e I, F ig . 4) fo r t h e first te n d a y s . A ft e r 20 d a y s b u t one
T a b l e I I —V a r i a t i o n i n G r o w t h i n N o n - T o x i c C u l t u r e s D u e t o A g e o f T r a n s f e r
(E ach cu ltu re consisted of 15 cc. of 2 per c en t m a lt-e x tra c t ag ar, sterilized w ith 12 lbs. steam -p ressu re for 40 m in u tes a n d po u red in to sterile P e tri dishes 100 m m . in d iam eter, one inocu latio n being m ade a t th e c en ter of each p late. T h e c u ltu re s were th e n k e p t in an incu b ato r held a t a p p ro x im a te ly 20° C .)
Age of M arg in al g ro w th in m m . after
tra n sfe r ✓ * *
F u n g u s D ay s 4 7 10 14 20 d ay s
Fomes annosus... 6 5 15 20 30 40(a)
Fomes an n o su s... 53 N one 5 10 24 35
Fomes p inícola... 6 5 15 23 40 40
Fomes p inícola ... 48 1 8 17 32 40
L en tin u s lepideus 6 N one 8 20 30 40
L en tin u s lepideus 55 N one 3 12 24 35
(a) 40 m m . m argin reach ed th e lim it of th e p la te , so no fu rth e r g row th w as possible.
sp e c ie s s h o w e d t h e sa m e g r o w th o f 40 m m . fro m th e 6- a n d 4 8 -d a y c u ltu r e s , a n d h e re p r o b a b ly th e size of th e . p la te lim ite d th e g r o w th , sin c e t h e y o u n g e r t r a n s fe r g r o w th re a c h e d th e lim it (40 m m .) in 14 d a y s , w h ile th e o ld e r s h o w e d b u t a $2 m m . m a rg in .
A C C O M M O D A T IO N O F F U N G I TO T O X IC S U B S T A N C E S S tu d ie s on t h e a c c o m m o d a tio n o f fu n g i t o to x ic s u b s ta n c e s h a v e y ie ld e d so m e in te r e s tin g re s u lts . P u l s t 1 fo u n d t h a t th e gree n m o ld , P e n i c i l l i u m g laucum , ca n g r a d u a lly g a in re s is ta n c e to a t o x ic s u b s ta n c e . H e s h o w e d t h a t an in d iv id u a l ca n g r a d u a lly in c re a s e its re s is ta n c e , w ith o u t p a s s in g to a n o th e r g e n e r a tio n , if s u ffic ie n t tim e b e g iv e n . In h is e x p e r im e n ts w ith c o p p e r s u lfa te , h e c la im e d t h a t sp o re s p la n te d fro m g e n e ra tio n to g e n e ra tio n u p o n c o n s t a n t ly in c re a s in g c o n c e n tr a tio n s o f th is s a lt g r a d u a lly a c q u ir e d a r e s is ta n c e , so t h a t th e la s t g e n e ra tio n e n d u re d a m u c h s tr o n g e r s o lu tio n th a n th e first.
1 C arl P u lst, “ Die W id erstan d sfäh ig k eit einiger Schim m elpilze gegen M e ta lg ifte ,” Jahrb. w iss. Bot. von Pringsheim . 37 (1902), 205-263.
