RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OF THE CORDED WARE CULTURE ON GRZĘDA SOKALSKA. A MIDDLE DNIEPER TRAITS PERSPECTIVE

(1)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(2)

w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

(3)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(4)

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(6)

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

(7)

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

PLISSN1231-0344

JanMa hnik

RADIOCARBON CHRONOLOGY OFTHE CORDED

WARE CULTURE ON GRZDA SOKALSKA.

AMIDDLE DNIEPER TRAITS PERSPECTIVE

1. INTRODUCTION

Dis overed in the early 1970's, the barrows in the southern part of Grzda

Sokalska[Gurba,Wojtanowi z1974℄waiteduntilthelate1980'stobesystemati ally

ex avated. With the barrows being heavily damaged, theex avations were learly

ofa res uetype[Bagi«ska1988;Koman,Ma hnik 1993℄.Thebarrows, numbering

a few dozenand o urring in small groups, most oftenin pairs200-300 m apart,

stret hE-Wfor about15km alongthe restsofloess hillo ksforming(Fig. 1, 2)

thedividebetween theHu zwa andRze zy aRivers (lefttributaries ofthe Bug).

The survivingheightof thebarrowsisgenerally from 0.5to 2.0m(in forest)with

thediameteros illating between10and30m.Nexttothem, therearesingle large

barrowsinthisarea (whi hmustbeyoungerthantheNeolithi )a fewmetershigh

and upto 50 m indiameter at thebase [Koman, Ma hnik 1993:41,42;Fig. 1℄.So

far,twenty-fourbarrows,in variousstages of destru tion,havebeenex avated. In

most ases their mounds have barely been preserved. Almost all of them turned

outtobe kurgansof theCorded Ware ulture (CWC)from dierentphases ofits

existen e[Bagi«ska1998;Koman1998℄.Someofthesekurgansin ludedmorethan

one human burial with most of theburials being pla ed o thekurgan enter or

frequentlyevenattheedgeofitsmound.Theywere skeletoninhumationsingrave

pits,sometimesofani hetype.Insomebetterpreservedkurgans,asymboli groove

(intwo ases a double one),dugintotheundisturbedsoil,was foundunderneath

their mounds.The grooveen ir ledoneof theburials, usually the entralone. In

(10)

Fig.1.Ageneral mapofsingleCordedWare ulturegravesandtheir lustersintheinter uvialarea

oftheUpperVistula,UpperBugandDniesterRivers:a- lustersandsingleCWCkurgans,b- lusters

andsingle atgravesoftheKraków-SandomierzgroupoftheCWC, - lustersandsingleGACgraves,

d-siteof apresumedMDCgraveassemblage(Mªodów-Zak¡ ie),e-kurganswithCWCtraitsfrom

thelate3rdmillenniumBC,f-zoneseparating ompa trangesoftheCWCandGAC,g-dire tionsof

movementof ulturaltraits(movementofshepherds)withintheCWCareabetweentheUpperVistula,

UpperBugandDniester,h-dire tionsoffar-rea hingintrusionsintotheCWCareabetweentheUpper

Vistula,UpperBugandDniester,i-dire tionsofthespreadingofkurganswithCWCtraitsinthelate

3rdmillenniumBC,j-mainrange ofthe CarpathiansandSudetes,over 500mabove thesealevel.

L ettersGSstandforGrzdaSokalska.

foundnumerousgrave-goods,in luding omplete vessels.Thismade itpossible to

thoroughlyanalyze, bothtypologi ally and stylisti ally, the ultural ontentof the

kurgans. Asaresultwehaveobtainedeviden eofagreatdiversityofartifa tforms

as well as of pottery ornament patterns. The patternshave farrea hing analogies

notonlywithintheCWCbutalsototheMiddleDnieper ulture(MDC). This, as

wellas ertainstratigraphi observationsand 14

C datesareaproofof onsiderable

hronologi aldierentiationbetweenindividualkurgans(evenneighboringones)as

well asbetweengraveslo atedwithinthemor nearby.

(11)

om-Fig.2. Kurgansand tra esof Neolithi settlements Funnel Beaker ultureinthe southernpartof

GrzdaSokalska(Podkarpa ieProv.):1-CordedWare ulturekurgans,2-largekurgansofunknown

hronology,3-tra esofNeolithi settlements.Themapgivesnumbersofsitesdis ussedinthetextwith

theiraÆliationtoagivenlo alityshownwithaline.

therightbank oftheUpperVistulain thewestandtheGniªaLipaand Bystrzy a

Soªotwinska Rivers in theeast (see map). The area also in ludes ertain foothill

regions of the Carpathians with theOndawa and L abore Highlands in the

dra-inageoftheUpperTisa.Tothenorthandeast ofthearea(Fig.1),there stret hes

a zoneofthe ompa trange oftheGlobularAmphoraCulture(GAC),foralong

time ontemporaneouswith the bran h of theCWC of interest to us here whi h

o upied thearea between theUpperVistula,UpperBug andDniester [Kadrow,

Szmyt1993℄.

The fa tthatit has beenpossible in thelast de adeto ex avate su ha large

number of CWC kurgans on Grzda Sokalska, a onsiderable number of whi h

havebeen assignedabsolutedates, allows usto investigate this ulturebetter and

to study the behavior of its founders in greater detail also in the ontext of the

spatially distantMDC. Thisispossible be auseamong theex avatedCWC graves

on Grzda Sokalska there are some whi h ontained pottery with traits more or

less typi al of the latter (i.e. MDC). The MDC is also ountedamong the wide

(12)

2. GRAVEASSEMBLAGESFROMGRZDASOKALSKAWITHMIDDLE

DNIEPERLINKS

Outof aboutthirtydis overed CWChumanburials in thearea under

dis us-sion,six ontainedpottery(atleastonevessel)with learMiddleDnieperlinks. In

addition, two othergraves ontained mortar-like beakers thatmight be a distant

e hoofin uen es oming fromthatdire tion.Amongtheformer,twoburials

le-arlystandoutwithvesselsthathavevery lose ounterparts,bothinrespe tofform

andornament,inMDCpottery.Thesearegravesnos.2and3dis overedduringthe

ex avationofakurganonsiteno.3atHubinekin1997[Koman1998℄.Bothgraves

(Fig.3:A,B),dugintotheundisturbedsoil,werelo atedattheoriginaledgeofthe

mound of the kurgan (Fig. 3:A1). In grave no. 1, lo ated underneath the mound

(however, notexa tly in the enter of thekurgan), there wasa re ordnumber of

seven vessels, onsideringwhatistypi al oftheCWC. All thevessels were typi al

onlyofthesaid ulture(Fig.3C),spe i ally ofitslate phasewithonevessel(Fig.

3:C6)displaying learresemblan e toGACamphorae 1

.

Interesting MiddleDnieper traitsare parti ularly learly visible in oneofthe

two beakers foundin grave no. 2mentioned before (Fig. 3:B1). The walls of the

beaker are slightly urvedinwards while thebottomse tionis roundedandhas a

regularly ir ular on avityinthebottom.Theupperse tionofthevesselis

de ora-tedwiththreehorizontalbandsofin isedherringboneswiththemiddlebandbeing

onsiderablywiderthantheothertwo.Theshapeofthebeaker bears lear

resem-blan e tovessels ofthesame type(being a ertain varietyof\hourglass" beakers)

in theMDC,forinstan e toa spe imen from graveno. 3in kurganno. 1in

Kho-dosovi hiandevenmorespe i allytoaspe imen fromgraveno.12inStreli aon

theUpperDnieper[Artemenko1967:17,Fig. 4:2,3℄. Alesstypi alofthis ulture,

althoughappearing in its assemblages, e.g. in Belynets ontheDesna [Artemenko

1987:168,Fig. 12:27℄,istheotherspe imen fromthegrave underdis ussion,i.e. a

beakerofasinusoidprolewithastronglyprotrudingbellywhosegreatest

protru-sionisin thelower se tionofthevessel(Fig. 3:B2).Itdiersfrom MDC beakers

of thistype bythepresen e ofa marked, slightly on avebottom, howeversmall,

whereasinitsMiddleDnieper ounterpartsthebottomisnotusuallymarked,being

roundedoreven onvex[Artemenko1967:87,Fig.49:6℄.

Theotherartifa tsfromgraveno.2inHubinek,i.e. atetrahedral int elt,

he-art-shapedarrowhead,retou hed hip,broken akeandabonepun h(Fig.3:B3-7),

o urring in the whole ir le of orded ware ultures do notindi ate learly any

1

Inaddition,withinthiskurgan(Fig.3A1),twootherfeatures(nos.5and7)weredis overed.Thesearesettlement

features ontainingpotsherdsofpainted erami softheVolhynia-Lublin ultureandtheFunnelBeaker ulture.In

featureno.7anunpublishedvesselfragmentwasfound(probablyofanamphora)de oratedinaway hara teristi

(13)

Fig.3.Hubinek,Podkarpa ieProv.,site3(A,B,C-Kurgans),kurganA,graveno.3:1-kurganoutline,

2- int,3,4-pottery;kurganB,graveno.2:1,2-pottery,3-5,7- int,6-bone;kurganC,graveno.

(14)

taxonomi unitofthe ir le. The same anbesaidaboutthe hara teristi s ofthe

burialriteobservedinthegrave(thede easedispla ed onhisrightsideina exed

position,alongtheSW-NEaxis,withtheheadpointingSWandgravegoodspla ed

at his legs and hips) whi h are ommonto at least a few units of the said ir le,

twoofthembeingtheCWCbetweentheUpperVistula,UpperBugandDniester

[Ma hnik1998℄andasigni antportionoftheMDC [Artemenko1967:82℄.

In hildgraveno.3atsite3inHubinek,bothvesselsfoundthere(Fig.3A3,4)

bearastrikingresemblan etoformsofthistypeintheMDC.Therstofthetwois

asmallbeaker(Fig.3A4)similartothespe imenfromgraveno.2onthesamesite

(Fig. 3B1),butdiering from thelatter inthefa t thatthe inwardindentationof

itswallsismovedup,whi hbringsit losertoMDC beakersfromSyabrovi hiand

Khodosovi hi[Artemenko 1987:167,168, Fig. 12:32;13:27℄ oreven to a squattier

variety from Ja kowi a ( urrently Dolinka) near Vinnitsa [Bydªowski 1905: Tab.

II, 2℄.Additionally,itis de oratedwitha ombination ofpatternsfrequent inthe

MDC, namely a horizontalin ised herringbone in theupperse tion of thevessel

and a verti al one in its lower se tion separated by a dotted zigzag. Thus, the

patterns overalmost thewholesurfa eofthevessel, asisthe asein themajority

of beakers of the ulture in question. The othervessel from the said grave is a

beaker (Fig. 3:A3) with almost straight walls that slightly bendin underthe rim.

The walls smoothly hange intothebottomwhi h is at only in themiddle. The

beakerisde oratedatthetopwithahorizontalpatternofalarge asualherringbone

and an in omplete row of slanting in isions (Tab. Fig. 3:A3). This form type has

not found yet any a urate ounterparts in CWC assemblages; it refers partially

to some spe imens of the Kawsko type (a small group of nds from the Upper

Dniester) whi h are believed by some authors to be a manifestation of eastern

in uen es,i.e.oftheYamnaya(PitGrave) ulture(YC)ortheMDC [Berniakovi¢

1959; Sveshnikov 1974:33℄. From the latter ones, however, our spe imen diers

in boththeshapeof thebottomandin the ornament.Kawsko-typebeakers (Fig.

8:25, 26), mostprobably dating fromtheEarly Bronze Age[Ma hnik 1979℄,have

rounded bottomsand are de orated with horizontal impressions of a thi k ord

at thetop. A loser similarity toour spe imen isshownin this respe tby ertain

MDC vessels of this type. What is meant here is, e.g. a beaker from Stretovka

with a attenedbottomanda slightnarrowing of wallsde orated at thetopwith

a horizontalpattern ofan in ised herringbone [Artemenko 1967:28,Fig. 16:2℄. A

patternofalarge, asuallyin isedherringbone overingonlytheupperportionof

the vessel, analogous to the spe imen from Hubinek, is en ountered on a small

MDC mug/ up with bulging walls from kurgan no. 5 in Ry»anówka 2

. The third

artifa t from thegrave, i.e. the retou hed ake of Volhynia reta eous int (Fig.

3:A2) hasnodiagnosti traits. To a ertainextent thesame an besaid aboutthe

arrangement of the skeleton of a four-year-old hild in grave no. 3 (on itsside,

(15)

along the E-W axis, with the head pointing E, exed, with hands bent in elbows

and pointing to thefa e). The arrangement o urs bothin theCWC, spe i ally

inthedrainage oftheUpperDniester[Sulimirski1968:Plan35℄,andin theMDC

[Artemenko1967:86℄.

Intheneighborhoodofthekurganonsite3inHubinek,duringtheex avation

ofwhi htwogravesnumbered2and3weredis overed,anotherkurganwasfound

knownas site4[Bagi«ska 1998:70et all.℄. Underthekurgan'smound, tra es ofa

ir ulargroovewerefoundand, toallappearan es, ashaftofani hegrave dugin

it.Withinthespa een ir ledbythegroovenogravehasbeenfound 3

.However,on

theedgeofa laypit,fromwhi hsoilwastakentomakethekurgan'smound,aFBC

settlementpitwasdis overed(Fig.4:A1).The ni hegravemighthavebeendugin

theloessundisturbedsoilfromtheshaft uttingintotheedgeofanalreadyexisting

kurgan mound 4

. Approximately in the middle ofthe ample hamber of theni he

grave(Fig.4:A2),aman'sskeletonlyingalongtheSE-NWaxisonitsrightsidewith

its legs strongly exed and the head pointing NW was found. In addition, at the

southernwallofthe hamber,bonesofanotherindividualformingaheapwithout

any anatomi al orderwere dis overed.Below thelegs of therstskeletonandat

thesametime losetotheotherone,atthesouth-easternwallofthe hamber,two

largeamphoraelay.Twobeakers(displaying MiddleDniepertraitsasweshallsee)

were lo atedsomewhat furtheraway, behindtheba koftherstskeleton, onthe

level ofitslegs(Fig. 4:A2,6,7).Alsobehindtheskeleton'sba ka stoneaxe (Fig.

4:A2,3),twostone elts(Fig.4:A2,9,11)andasides raperofVolhynia reta eous

int(Fig.4:A2,4)werefound.Anothersides raperofthesamematerial(Fig.4:A2,

5)laybelowthelegs,intheproximityofthetwoamphorae.Nexttothetoesofthe

rst individual,a small bone hisel was found (Fig.4:A2, 12). At theeast wall, a

hipofsandstoneandafragmentofpearloystershell(Margaritiferamargaritifera?)

were dis overed[Bagi«ska1998:69℄.

Takinginto onsideration onsiderable s atteringof relativelyquite numerous

artifa tswithinthegrave hamber,itseemsthatsomeofthemmighthavebelonged

to an older human burial.The bones of theolder burial might havebeen moved

totheSEwall whenanewbodywasinterred. Consequently,theartifa tsmaynot

make upa temporallyhomogeneous assemblage belonging to one individual. We

are notable,however, todeterminewhi hoftheartifa ts areolderandwhi hare

younger.Ontheotherhand,astoneaxe(Fig.4:A3)refersba ktoolder boataxes

oftheCWC, while a lenti ular int elt(Fig.4:A8) maybe an indi atorofa very

late horizon of that ulture, but also, as we shall see, of the MDC. Tetrahedral

stoneaxes(Fig.4:A9,11),whi hareveryrareintheinter uvialareaoftheUpper

Vistula,UpperBugandDniester,again wouldratherrefer totheearlier formsof

3

Alreadybeforetheex avations,thekurganhaditsmound ompletelyleveledobyploughingandshowed

damages ausedbyfoxburrows[Bagi«ska1998:69℄.Consequently,the entralgravemayhavebeen ompletelydamaged.

(16)

Fig.4.Hubinek,Podkarpa ieProv., site4,kurgan(A):1-kurganoutline,2-horizontalproje tion

and- rossse tionoftheni hegrave, (Arabi numeralsonthe horizontalproje tionrefertonumbers

ofartifa tsinthegure.)3,9,11-stone,4,5,8- int,6,7,10,13-pottery,12-bone.Foll.Bagi«ska

(17)

thesaid ultures.Other intartifa tsandthebone hiseldonothaveanydiagnosti

traitsin the hronologi al sense.

Asfarasthepotteryis on erned,thetwovesselslo atedbehindthefeetofthe

rstskeleton(i.e. theone preserved intheanatomi al order),next totheeastern

wallofthe hamber,arebeakers(Fig.4:A6,7)havingatypi alformof lassi

\ho-urglass" beakersof theMDC. Several varieties ofthese beakers are knowninthe

said ulture[Artemenko 1964:56,Fig. 18:1;1967:36,53,75,80,Fig. 25:12; 39:1-4;

44:1,3,5,7-9;45:2-5,6;Ma hnik,Pil h1997:154,Fig.8:6-10,13,15,16,18,20,28,

30℄, of whi h themost frequent is a squatty,\wasp-waisted" beaker, i.e. strongly

narrowedapproximately in themiddle ofits heightor slightlyhigher [Artemenko

1967:36,Fig.25:12℄.Itswallsare almoststraightorslightly onvexinthelowerhalf

while thebottompartis wide andbow-like shaped, thediameter of whi h equals

thediameteroftherimandthevesselheightfrequentlyex eedsboththesevalues.

Sometimes, thebottomis barely markedby a small and regular dent. Beakers of

thisvarietyareusuallyde oratedalloveritssurfa e,sometimesevenin ludingthe

bottom[Artemenko1967:96,Fig.62:9℄,withtheupperpartofavesselbeing

ove-redwithhorizontalpatternswhiletheloweronebeingpredominantly overedwith

horizontalones,frequentlymetopi allyarranged[Artemenko1967:80,Fig.45:2,5℄.

Curiouslyenough,oneofthesmallbeakersfromtheni hegrave inHubinek(Fig.

4:A6) almost fully ts the des ription of the main variety of \hourglass" beakers

of the MDC given above. It diers from the latter in that it has a handle and

thatitsornament,spe i ally intheupperpart ofthevessel, israther simple and

made only with a ordwhile in a lear majority of its ounterpartsthe ornament

ismade by in ision ands rat hing using rather more ompli ated patterns

[Arte-menko 1967:53, Fig. 39:4℄. The beaker also la ks a sharp transition between the

upperand thelower part,whi h is learly markedin a majority of MDC beakers

ofthevarietyinquestion.Thetransitionisquitevisible, however,inanother,

slen-dererbeaker(Fig.4:A7) orrespondingtoaslightlydierentvarietyof\hourglass"

beakers, i.e. with slightly onvex walls in the lower part of a vessel, represented

in one of the kurgans of the ulture under dis ussion lo ated near Khodosovi hi

[Artemenko1964:56, Fig. 16℄.Onour spe imen, a simple ornament ofhorizontal

ordimpressions overs onlytheupperpartof thevessel, whi hisveryrare inits

MiddleDnieper ounterparts.

Thetwo large amphorae(Fig.4:A10,13)lying intheSEpart ofthe hamber

oftheni hegrave in Hubinek, losetotheheapofhuman bonesfoundat oneof

the hamber walls, are nottypi al of theMDC. However, the ornament overing

the upperpart of one of them(Fig. 4:A10) and onsisting of dense, horizontally

in ised herringbones is frequently en ountered on dierent types of beakers in

graveassemblagesofthis ulture.Duetoitsshape,theamphoramustbesubsumed

undertypeIIb(a ordingtoJ.Ma hnik's lassi ation)known,apartfromGrzda

(18)

area [Ma hnik1966℄.Theotheramphora(Fig.4:A13),beingavarietyofthesame

type,isrelatedtosome spe imensfromGermany[Bagi«ska1988:75,76℄.

Themajorityofotherartifa tsfoundinthegravehavenodistin tive hara ter

sin etheyareen ounteredbothintheCWCandMDC.Thestone elts,represented

in the grave under dis ussion bytwo dierent types (Fig. 4:A9, 11), while being

extremelyrareintheinter uvialareaoftheUpperVistula,UpperBugandDniester

andonlysporadi allyfoundinthegraveassemblages fromtheareasontheMiddle

andUpperDnieper[Artemenko1967:50℄area ommon omponentofCWC

grave--goodsintheAlps-SudetenZone[Bu hvaldek1986a℄.

It is worth mentioning in this ontext that one of the two amphorae (Fig.

4:A13)fromtheni hegrave onsite 4in Hubinekhas ertainanalogies inCentral

Germany.Whereas MDCgraveswere veryfrequentlyfurnishedwithrivermollusk

shells,su hshells havenotbeen foundsofar in CWC gravesbetween theUpper

Vistulaand Dniester[Artemenko1967:81℄.Onesu hshell pie e wasfoundinthe

dis ussedgrave.

For thepurpose of analyzing ultural traits, thearrangement of thebody in

the ni he grave is of little importan e. The form of ni he grave itself, however,

has not been registered so far in the MDC, whereas in the CWC it o urs not

onlyin theKraków-Sandomierzgroup, ofwhi hitisquite typi al, [Ma hnik1966,

Wªodar zak 1998℄,but alsoinsome CWCkurgans onMaªopolskaloesshighlands,

e.g.inPaªe zni a nearProszowi e [Liguzi«ska-Kruk1975℄andevermore oftenon

GrzdaSokalska 5

.

Summingupthedis ussionoftheni he graveinthekurganonsite4in

Hubi-nek,thefollowing anbesaid.Mostprobably,wedealhere withtwohumanburials

thattookpla esome time apart. Theskeleton, possiblyof aman, preserved inan

anatomi al order and lying in themiddle of the grave hamber, would belong to

anindividualpla edse ondinthegraveaftermovingasidethebonesremainingof

a human bodythatwas pla ed there earlier andforwhi h, inthis ase, thegrave

hamber hadbeen dug. It seems less probable thatthe last mentioned body was

pla ed in thegrave in thestateit wasfoundatthesame time as theinterment of

theotherbody(arrangedin theposition onsistentwiththeprevailingrite)afterit

hadbeenexhumedfromanotherpla e [Bagi«ska1998:75℄.Inany ase,takinginto

a ountthefa tthatremainsoftwoindividualswere foundinthegrave,itisquite

possiblethatsome grave-goodsbelongedtooneofthemwhiletheremaining ones

totheother.Adividing riterion ould bethelo ationofindividual obje tseither

loser to the anatomi ally arranged skeleton or to the heap of bones at the SE

wall oftheni he.Fromthispointofview bothbeakersdisplayingMiddleDnieper

traits(Fig.4:A6,7),thestoneaxe andtwostone elts wouldbelongtotheformer

while the two amphorae and the int elt to the latter. Adopting, however, the

5

(19)

orderofintermentofthetwo individualssuggestedaboveasbeingmoreprobable,

bothamphorae wouldhavetobetakentobe older thanthebeakers,whi h isnot

impossiblefromthetypologi aland hronologi alpointsofview,asistakingallthe

fourvessels tobe ontemporaneous.

InanotherearthmoundonGrzdaSokalskalo atedapprox.4kmtotheWof

thekurgansdis ussedabove(Fig.2),namelyinkurganno.2onsite2inthelo ality

named ub ze, a grave was dis overed [Koman 1990℄ in whi h two of thethree

vessels foundthere display MiddleDnieper traits. The grave,designated asno. 2,

was dug into one (inner) of two symboli grooves en ir ling the entral pit (Fig.

5:A1) lo ated underneath the mound of a heavily ploughed-over kurgan. Onthe

bottomofthisgrave,askeletonofan adultindividualpla edonitsrightsidealong

theE-Waxis wasfound,withitsheadpointingWandslightly exedlegs,withthe

lefthandbentin theelbowandpla ed onthe hestwhile theright onewas raised

in thedire tionof thefa e [Koman,Ma hnik 1993:44,Fig. 3A℄.Attheskeleton's

feet, three vessels were pla ed (Fig. 5:A4-6)in ludingthetwo beakersmentioned

above(Fig.5:A4, 5).Behindthede eased's ba k,athisknees,aplano- onvex elt

ofVolhynia reta eous int(Fig.5:A2)waslo atedwhileatthepelvisabone hisel

(Fig.5:A3)wasdis overed.Therstofthementionedbeakers(Fig.5:A4) ouldbe

a varietyofslender spe imens ofMDC \hourglass" beakers,e.g.fromthealready

itedgravesofthis ultureinStrelitsa[Artemenko1967:95,Fig.61:3℄,ifitwerenot

for itspointed bottom part ending in a marked, verysmall and at bottom. This

shapeofbottompartsis, however, hara teristi of other,more pot-likevesselsin

theMDC [Artemenko 1967:66,126, Fig. 62:5;76:14℄,whi h in their ase may be

takentobearesultofanimpa toftheYamnaya ulture 6

.Atypi altraitoftheMDC

isthezonearrangementofornamentonthebeakerinquestion(Fig.5:A4)stressed

byin isedlinesseparatingthepatternsofhorizontalin isedherringbonesand losed

atthebottomwithaband onsistingofadoublezigzagbeing,asitwere,asimplied

versionofthepatternofthes alledinterla edtriangles.Theotherbeakerfromthe

dis ussedgrave (Fig. 5:A5),of whi honly thelower half has survived,is learly a

varietyofsquattier,MDC\hourglass" beakers;itisalsozone-de oratedbutinthis

asewithimpressionsofathin ordmakingratherwidehorizontalbands(Fig.5:A5).

Thistype ofde orationwhile being ratherrare in theMDC [Artemenko1967:75,

Fig. 44:2℄ is typi al of the proto-Mierzanowi e ulture [Kadrow, Ma hnik 1997℄.

Thelarge amphoraa ompanyingthebeakers(Fig.5:A6) representsa typethatis

6

However,onemustrememberthatbeakerssimilartothedis ussedspe imenfromub ze,howeverhavinga

slightlywiderbottomandalessbulginglowerpart,butde oratedinaverysimilarway(patternsofin ised,horizontal

herringbonesseparatedbyhorizontalbandsofgrooves),arealsoknownfromJutland[Siemen1991:92,Fig.1B11℄.

Thesesimilarities,exhibitedalsobyotherbeakerforms,nottomentiontypeAamphorae[Ma hnik,Pil h1997:164℄,

existingbetweenthesouthS andinavianandsouth Balti zones,ononepart,andthedrainageoftheMiddleand

UpperDnieper,ontheotherpart,mustberelatedtothefa tthatitwasfromtherstareaanda rosstheL owlands

thattheoldestCWCtraitsspread(togetherwithpopulationmigrations)towardstheDniepergivingrisetotheMDC

(20)

quite ommononMaªopolska loess soils [Wªodar zak1998:43, Fig. 1℄ andin the

CWC, inparti ularinitsearlier hronologi alphases. Theplano- onvex eltofan

irregularlylenti ular ross-se tion(Fig.5:A2)belongstothetypeknownfromboth

CWCkurgans(mostlyfromolderones)andMDC graveassemblages.Itdoeso ur

in thelatter ulture,though onlyin some ofits hronologi al phases [Artemenko

1967:43,Fig.29:4℄.A ompanyingthevesselsinthedis ussedgrave,thebone hisel

(Fig.5:A3)isanartifa tofaninter ultural hara ter.Asfarastheformofthegrave

is on erned,i.e.thepositionofthede easedandthearrangement ofgrave-goods,

althoughthe burial doesnotdierfrom some graves in CWC kurgans, espe ially

older ones, it has many traitsin ommon with MDC graves. Inthe latter ulture

weknowofgraveswith asimilararrangementofhandstothatinub zeandwith

vessels pla ed at the de eased's feet while theremaining grave-goods (frequently

in ludingaxes) aredepositedbehindtheskeleton'sba k[Artemenko1967:81,83℄.

Thestratigraphi situationinkurganno.2onsite2inub ze(Fig.5:A1)seems

toindi ate thatgrave no. 2 ouldhavebeen dugintotheedge of alreadyexisting

kurgan raised over entrally lo ated grave no. 1en ir led byat least one internal

groovemarking theoriginal base of this rather small barrow.As far as theother

grooveis on erned,onemay nottotally reje tthepresumption [Koman1999:13,

14℄thatitwasmadeaftergraveno.2hadbeenex avated,hen ebeforethepossible

enlargement ofthewholekurgan, i.e. of itsmound.In any ase, the entralgrave

hadtobepla edinthekurganearlierthangraveno.2.The entralgrave ontained

remainsofaheavilydamagedskeleton?orientedalongtheE-Waxis,similarlyasit

seemstograve no.2,andwasequipped withthreevessels (Fig.5:B1-3),displaying

traits of a rather early CWC phase, and a tetrahedral int elt (Fig. 5:B4). It is

worth mentioningalready here (it shall be dis ussed later) that the stratigraphi

relations of bothgraves dis ussed above fully agree with absolute dates obtained

forthem. Grave no. 2with vessels displayingtraits relatedto MDC pottery is, in

thelight of these dates, younger thanthe entral grave byat least half a entury

(Table 1).

About4kmtotheWofthedis ussedkurganin ub ze (Fig.2),in aheavily

damaged barrow (no. 2) on site 22 (Fig. 5:C) in Nede»ów, two human burials,

lo ated in the enter of the barrow, one over the other, were found [Bagi«ska

1996℄.Inthelowergrave,orientedE-W,therewerefound,apartfromtheremains

of a skeleton of a young individual pla ed, as it seems, onits side in the exed

position [Bagi«ska1996:63℄, only a at elt with a re tangular ross-se tion (Fig.

5:D2)madeofVolhynia halk intandaretou hed akeofthesame material(Fig.

5:D1). The upper grave ontained remains of a skeleton, most likely of an adult

man, pla ed onhis right sidein the exedpositionwith theheadpointing Wand

thefa eturnedS[Bagi«ska1996:59℄.Attheeastern wall ofthere tangular grave

hamber,a large amphorawas found(Fig.5:C3) while near theSW orner a int

(21)

Spe i ation of radio arbon datesobtained forgrave assemblagesfrom thekurgans onGrzda

Sokalska ontainingMDCtraitsorforfeatures(alsomainlygravesones)stratigraphi allyrelatedto

theseassemblages.

No. Site L ab.No BP BC(Calib3.0.3)

1 Hubinek,site3,grave2 Ki-6889 3995

±

55 1

σ

2581-24551.0 2 Hubinek,site3,grave3 Ki-6890 4070

±

60 1

σ

2855-2820.16 2662-2635.12

2627-2550.43

2549-2491.29

3 ub ze,site2,kurgan2,grave2 Ki-6298 4160

±

50 1

σ

2872-2852.12 2824-2800.13

2777-2713.37

2708-2657.28

2641-2623.10

2863-2810.30 2746-2725.11

2698-2589.59

Nwallofthegrave,asmallbeakerwasdis overedwhiletheremainingobje ts,i.e.

another elt(Fig. 5:C5),a retou hed aketoolandother intgoods(Fig.5:C5-8,

10,11),were foundin theNE orner[Bagi«ska1996:61℄.Whereasoneofthetwo

vessels found in the grave, namely the amphora, shows ertain analogies to the

amphorae of thelate (III)phase oftheCWC inBohemia [Bu hvaldek, Koute ky

1970:110, Fig. 49:1;Tab. II), in theotherone a lear impa t of theMDC an be

dete ted. What is primarily meant here is not the form itself of this

(22)

Fig.5.ub ze,LublinProv.,site2,kurganno.2(A,B-graves):A-graveno.2:1-kurganoutline,

2- int,3-bone,4-6-pottery;B-graveno.1:1-3pottery,4- int.Foll.Koman,Ma hnik[1993℄.

(23)

Fig.44:2℄,butratheranornamenttypi alofthis ulture overingthewholesurfa e

ofthevesseland onsistingofhorizontalherringbone patterns(on thetoppart of

thevessel) aswellasverti alonesandazigzag losingitfrombelow(Fig.5:C4).Of

parti ularimportan eisthepatternofadouble,verti al herringbonewhi hisone

ofthede orativetraitsofMDC beakers.However, onthelastmentionedvesselsit

usuallyo ursin amore developedform in orporatingverti al lines inthemiddle

[Artemenko1967:27,96,Fig.14:3;62:9℄.The intartifa tsfromthedis ussedgrave

areofmore inter- ultural hara ter.Thesame anbesaidoftheformofthegrave

itself,itsorientationandthearrangementoftheskeleton[Bagi«ska1996:61,Fig.3℄.

The modest grave-goods foundin the lower grave (no. 2) onsistingof a

te-trahedral int elt (Fig. 5:D2) and a int tool(Fig. 5:D1) of the same Volhynia

raw-materialdonothaveanydistin tivetraitsandmay omefrom,despitethefa t

oftheirearlierpla ementinthekurganthantheuppergraveno.1,thesame

hro-nologi alphaseoftheCWC.Thismaybe onrmed, asweshallsee below,bythe

absolutedatingofbothburials.

Onlya distantanalogy, fromthetypologi al pointof view,to the\hourglass"

MDCbeakersmay bemortarpot-likespe imensfromgravesdis overedinanother

two kurgans on Grzda Sokalska, i.e. onsites 1 and 30 in Wersz zy a [Bagi«ska

1990;1997℄.Thekurganswerelo atedinthespa ebetweenthebarrowinNede»ów

andthealreadydis ussedkurgansfromub ze(Fig.2).Thesmallbeakerfromthe

rst ofthese sites(Fig. 6:A4), almost ompletely overed with a ompa t pattern

of horizontal in ised herringbones, was found in grave no. 1 oriented E-W and

en ir led by a symboli groove [Bagi«ska 1997:50 .℄. In the eastern part of this

grave poorlypreservedleg bones were foundwhile thegrave-goods(in ludingthe

beaker) were lo ated in its western and entral parts[Bagi«ska 1997:50℄.Besides

thebeaker,thegrave-goods omprisedasmallunde oratedamphoraofthe\older

type" (Fig. 6:A5), a stoneaxe (Fig. 6:A2) of type VI (a ording to J. Ma hnik's

lassi ation) anda broken ake of Volhynia halk int(Fig. 6:A3). Three other

graves were dis overed in this barrow, of whi h one, i.e. grave no. 2, was pla ed

underthemound, loseto the enter of itsapex thatwas preserved untilthe

be-ginning of ex avations (Fig. 6:A1). The grave, oriented also along the E-W axis,

was,intheopinionofthedis overerofthiskurgan, dugintothegrooveen ir ling

grave no. 1 [Bagi«ska 1997:50℄. The grave-goods of the de eased, of whom only

few bones havesurvived, omprised a small slender beaker (Fig.6:B1) nding an

analogytoitsornamentforminsomespe imensfromGermany[Bagi«ska1997:51℄,

a large amphora withtwo handles (Fig.6:B2) ofthetypeof theso- alledCentral

Europeanhorizon[Ma hnik1979:342.℄andaboataxe(Fig.6:B3)reminis entof

spe imens subsumed byK. Struve [1955℄under type A. A ru ial issue (to whi h

we shall return) is the very early dating of the other grave whi h supposedly is

stratigraphi ally younger than grave no. 1 with the mortar-like beaker [Bagi«ska

(24)

in questionasgraves no. 3and4[Bagi«ska 1997:50℄,duetotheir modestartifa t

inventory(Fig.6:C,D) annot ontributemu htothisdis ussion.Therstofthem

(grave no. 3), lo ated onthesouthernedge of thekurgan mound, ontained ne

remainsoftwohumanskeletons,asitseems,abonependant(Fig.6:C1)andaring

made of round-se tion wire (Bagi«ska 1997:50). The other one, grave no. 4, is a

small ovalfeaturedugintothegrooveen ir linggrave no.1. Inside,three human

vertebraeandatetrahedral eltmadeofVolhynia reta eous int(Fig.6:D1)were

found.The eltwasdis overed lyingpartiallyinthe ontents(?)ofthegroove.

Onthe othersite in Wersz zy a (site 30), in a kurgan seriously disturbed by

manydug-ins,in ludingmodernones,andwithalmost ompletely attenedmound

(Fig.4:B1),asymboli groovewasdete tedthatmusthaveon een ir ledatotally

damaged entralburial[Bagi«ska1990:20.℄.Intothegroove,a gravewasdugin,

orientedalongtheENE-WSWaxis, ontainingpoorlypreserved bonesofahuman

skeleton.Inside,besidestwo intartifa ts(Fig.4:B2,3),a ower-pot-likebeakerwas

found(Fig.4:B4).Thebeakerhasastronglywidenedbottompartandis ompletely

overed- from theliprim to thebottomedge -with in isedlines making haoti

patterns of large horizontal herringbones (Fig. 4:B4). They resemble somewhat

theornament onthealready itedMDC beaker from kurgan no.55 in Ja howi a

[Bydªowski1905,Tab.II2℄.

Amongdierentfeatures dis overed withinthear haeologi al ex avation

en- ompassingthedis ussedkurgan anditsimmediate surroundings,atrapezoidalpit,

laterdesignated asno.3,wasexposed. Itwas lo atedoutsidetheoriginalrangeof

themound(Fig. 4:B1) and ontaineda large pile ofanimal bones, mostly attle's

[Bagi«ska 1990:23℄. The feature was dated using the radio arbon method, whi h

shall be dis ussed below. However, there are no data to determine its relation,

in luding temporal one, to the above dis ussed grave and groove. It ould have

pre ededtheraisingofthebarrowoverthepresumed(notsurviving) entralgrave,

surrounded bythe grooveor it ould have been ontemporaneousto or younger

thanthegrave.

Finally, to omplete thereviewof theassemblages ontaining MDC traitson

GrzdaSokalskaonemustmention graveno.3inthekurgan onsite37in ub ze

(Fig. 2).The grave, 14

C dated,must havebeen pla ed ontheedge of thebarrow

(Fig. 7:A1)and ontainedbones of twoor three individualsforminga pile 90 m

indiameter. Amongthemthere wereitems thatmusthavebeengrave-goods(Fig.

7:C1-5),namely:abeaker(Fig.7:C5), intimplement(Fig.7:C1), opperringmade

of attened wire with overlapping ends(Fig. 7:C2) and two bonependants (Fig.

7:C3, 4) [Bagi«ska 1997:45℄. The beaker has a slightly marked protrusion(relief

strip)andisde oratedwithdense,horizontalandin isedherringbonesonitsupper

part(Fig. 7:C5).What strikesthevieweristhedisproportionatelysmallbottomof

thisartifa t, whi hmay be,together withthewholeform andornament,a ertain

(25)

Fig.6.Wersz zy a,Lublin Prov., site1,kurgan (A,B, C,D,-graves):A-grave no.1: 1-kurgan

outline,2-stone,3- int,4-5-pottery;B-graveno.2:1,2-pottery,3-stone;C-graveno.3:1

(26)

Fig.7.ub ze,LublinProv.,site37,kurgan(A,B,C,-graves):A-graveno.1:1-kurganoutline,2

-pottery,3-stone,4-6- opper,7,8- int;B-graveno.2:1,2-pottery;C-graveno.3:1- int,2

(27)

Inthis ontext,of ertainimportan emaybethe opperringofhammered-out

wirefoundinthedis ussedgrave.Ornamentsintheformofsimpleringsareknown

fromsome,mostlyyounger,CWCgraves[Kempisty1978:73,Fig.88;1982:68℄,but

are made of wire of round ross-se tion andonly their endsare attened. Inthe

MDC,however,ornamentsareoftenen ountered,asforinstan einStrelitsaorina

lo ality alledProletariat,thataremadeof ompletelybeaten-outwire[Artemenko

1967:37,38,Fig. 26:1;27:1℄.

In the dis ussed kurgan, themound of whi h has been ompletely attened,

no entral grave has been found.None of the two remaining human burials an

be taken to be one. The most entrally lo ated grave no. 1(Fig. 7:A1), dated by

theradio arbonmethod,belongstotheproto-Mierzanowi e ulturewhiletheother

(Fig. 7:A2-8), lo ated learly o- enter, was a ni he grave ontaining two vessels

(Fig.7:B1,2)anddating,asit seems,toaratherlate CWCphase.

3. CATEGORIESOFGRAVEASSEMBLAGESDISPLAYINGAMIDDLE

DNIEPERCULTURETRAITSONGRZDASOKALSKA

From theabove review of thegrave assemblages onGrzda Sokalska, whi h

to a lesser or greater degree display Middle Dnieper traits, we an see that the

assemblages anbe dividedintothree ategories.Therst ategory omprisestwo

assemblages fromgraves no.2and3inthekurganonsite3inHubinek(Fig.3:A,

B). In this ategoryall vessels donotdierradi ally, either in form orornament,

fromMDCpottery.These ond ategoryismadeupofthreeburials, i.e.grave no.

2 in kurgan no. 2 on site 2in ub ze (Fig. 5:A), grave no. 1in kurgan no. 2on

site22inNede»ówandthegraveonsite4inHubinek(Fig.4:A),inwhi hbeakers

of denite Middle Dnieper traitso ur togetherwith vessels typi alof theCWC.

Finally, the third ategoryin ludes also three assemblages, i.e. grave no. 1in the

kurgan onsite1inWersz zy a, thegrave onsite30in thesame lo ality(Fig.4:B)

andgraveno.3inthekurganonsite37inub ze(Fig.7:C)inwhi hthemortar-like

beakers (Fig. 4:B4; 6:A4) andthesinusoid-prole beaker (Fig. 7:C5) were found.

Thelast ategoryonlyvaguelyremindsusoftheMDCpottery.

Ithasbeenfoundthatinthe aseof thersttwo ategories,thegraves from

whi h theassemblages ome annothavebeen entral graves or,in any ase, the

oldestin agiven kurgan.Attimes,asin the aseofgraves no.2and3onsite3in

Hubinek, they were a tually pla ed onitsborder (Fig. 3:A1). The same ertainly

applies to another two assemblages, i.e. grave no. 3 in the kurgan on site 37 in

(28)

Fig.8.TypologyofvesselformsexhibitingMiddleDnieper ulturetraitstoavariousdegreefromthe

inter uvialareaoftheUpperVistula,UpperBugandDniester:1-3-Mªodów-Zak¡ ienearLuba zów,

4-5-Hubinek,site4(GrzdaSokalska),6,15-ub ze,site2(GrzdaSokalska),7,8,18,24-Hubinek,

site3(GrzdaSokalska),9-Nede»ów,site22(GrzdaSokalska),10-ukawi anearNarol,11-Side

nearSambor,12-Wersz zy a,site1(GrzdaSokalska),13-WolaWgierskanearPrzemy±l,14-Krylos

nearHali h,16-KoªokolinnearRohatyn,17-ub ze,site37(GrzdaSokalska),19,20-Komarovnear

Hali h,21,23-KoniuszanearKraków,22-KobielanearOpatowie ,25,26-KawskonearDrohobi h.

no.1inthekurganonsite1inWersz zy aifitwasa epted followingI. Bagi«ska

[1997℄thatthesurroundinggroovedida tuallymarktheoriginalbaseofthewhole

kurgan,whi hraises ertain justieddoubtsaswe shallseebelow.

From the typologi al pointof view, vessels having lear CWC traits and

o--o urring with those displaying MDC analogies in assemblages in luded in the

se ond ategory represent rathertheyoungerphases oftheformer ulture.There

isno ontradi tionbetween ategorizingthemin thiswayandothera ompanying

artifa t ategories. This remark anbe autiously applied also to theassemblages

ofthethird ategory 7

.

7

Cautionofthisremarkisabsolutelyjustiedinthe aseofgraveno.1onsite1inWersz zy abe ausethe

(29)

4. GRAVEASSEMBLAGESCONTAININGMIDDLEDBIEPERCULTURE

TRAITSONGRZDASOKALSKAINTHELIGHTOF 14

CDATES

Inthe 14

CL aboratoryoftheNational A ademyofS ien eofUkraineinKiev,

absolutedates forthirteenfeatures,in ludingtwelvehumanburialsfromthe

ex a-vated kurgans on Grzda Sokalska, have been obtained from bones by the 14

C

method.Inthis series, eleven dates oin idewith expe tations,in one ase (grave

no. 2in kurgan no. 1onsite 1in Wersz zy a) a slightlyolder date thanexpe ted

has beenobtained,whereas inanother ase (graveno.2of thelate Mierzanowi e

Culture(MC)onsite25inNede»ów[Bagi«ska1992℄adate onsiderablydeparting

fromthere orded hronologyofthat ulturehasbeenpro ured[Kadrow,Ma hnik

1997℄ 8

. Outof eight grave assemblages showing Middle Dnieper traits, ve have

beenassignedabsolutedates,in ludingbothpla edbyusintherst ategory,two

outof the three belonging to these ond ategory andone of thethree in luded

in thethird ategory.Thisisalready a suÆ ientnumbermakingitpossible to

de-terminetheapproximatetime ofdepositingtheseassemblages onGrzdaSokalska

and, onsequently,todenetheirpla einthegeneralCWC hronologyinthearea

betweentheUpperVistula,UpperBugandDniesterRivers.

Alreadyattherstglan eone ansee(Fig.9-18)thattherearenomajortime

dieren esbetweenindividualassemblages withMiddleDniepertraitsbelongingto

allthree ategories.Bothassemblagesoftherst ategory(Fig.3:A,B) anbesafely

datedtotheperiodbetween2600-2500BCwithoneofthem,i.e.graveno.3onsite

3inHubinek(Fig.3:A),probablyhavingbeendeposited losertothelower(older)

limit ofthetime intervalorevenslightlypre edingit.Anotherperfe ttintothis

intervaliss oredbyoneofthetwoassemblages, i.e.graveno.1inkurganno.2on

site22in Nede»ów(Fig.5:C) assignedbyus tothese ond ategoryaswell asthe

only datedassemblage ofthethird ategory,i.e. grave no. 3onsite 37 in ub ze

(Fig.7:C).Hen e,wealreadyhavefourassemblagesofdierent ategoryoriginating

roughlyfromthesame time horizon.Any hronologi aldieren es betweenthem

ouldnothavebeenlongerthanafewdozenyearsorevenless.Onlyoneassemblage

of the se ond ategory,i.e. grave no. 2 in kurgan no. 2onsite 2in ub ze (Fig.

5:A),hasbeenassignedaBPdateolderby a100yearsthantheabove-mentioned

assemblages. Taking into onsideration, however, the hara ter of the bar graph

(produ edbytheOxCalprogram)oeringawidelegitimate hoi eofthemoment

oftheorigins ofthis deposit,itis absolutely a eptable thatthey tookpla e in a

2650BC(Fig.13).Thisdatewouldbe losetothelowerlimitofthe hronologi al

intervaladoptedforotherassemblagesexhibitingMiddleDniepertraitsandalready

dated by theradio arbon method.A ertain orroboration of the date is oered

8

(30)

by the presen e in this assemblage of a small beaker de orated with horizontal

bandsofmultipleimpressionsofathin ord(Fig.5:A5)inamannertypi alofthe

proto-MC[Kadrow, Ma hnik1997:18℄.

Theabsen eofanabsolutedateforthe\third"assemblage,i.e.theni hegrave

inthekurganonsite4in Hubinek(Fig. 4:A) lassied underthese ond ategory,

makesitdiÆ ulttodetermineits hronology.Nevertheless,relyingontheamphora

foundinitandsimilarinshape(Tab.4:A13)tothatfromtheabove-namedgravein

ub ze(Fig.5:A6),takingalsointoa ountitsornamentnding ertainanalogies

in youngerCWC gravesin Germany, it an bea epted thatthis \assemblage" is

roughly ontemporaneouswith thelatterone 9

.

Inasimilarsituationastheni hegraveinthekurganonsite4inHubinek,one

maynd twoassemblages ofthethird ategory,i.e. thegrave onsite30in

Wersz- zy a (Fig. 4:B) and grave no. 2onsite 1(Fig. 6:A) in thesame lo ality, thatdo

nothaveabsolutedates.Themortarpot-likebeakersfoundinbothgravesare

belie-ved,asithasalready beenmentioned,tobevesselstypi alofratheryoungerCWC

phases.Thisis onrmedbya re entlyobtained datefrom3920

±

80BP to?fora gravelo ated underneathakurgan inWolaWgierskaontheDynówUplandfrom

whi h omesa mortarpot-likebeakerof thesame typeas thedis ussedspe imens

fromGrzda Sokalska[Ma hnik, Sosnowska1998:11,Fig. 11a℄.Therefore, the

in-terpretationofthestratigraphi arrangementinthekurgan onsite1inWersz zy a

(Fig.6:A1)seemstobeunreliable.Underthisinterpretation,graveno.1 ontaining

thesame beaker wouldhave tobe older thangrave no. 2, dated to 4305

±

45 BP, dug intothegroove en ir lingthe rstgrave. Atleast thisis whatfollows froma

drawingpublishedby J.Bagi«ska[1997:47,Fig. 2B℄. Considering thefa tthatthe

dateofgrave no. 2isamong theoldestin theCWC inEurope,we wouldhaveto

a eptin su h a asethatgrave no. 1with a mortarpot-likebeaker iseven older,

whi h is untenable vis-a-vis our urrent knowledge of this ulture. Thus,we deal

hereeitherwithanerrorinthedatingofgraveno.2orwithawronginterpretation

ofthesequen eofpla ingthesetwoburialsinthekurgan.Ifwea eptedadierent

sequen e,namelythatthesymboli groove ir ums ribinggraveno.1wasduglater

than grave no. 2 - su h ases are frequent in theMDC [Artemenko 1967:81℄ or

even in theCWC [Ma hnik 1966:343℄-then the 14

C dateobtained forthelatter

ouldatleastapproximatelyre e titsa tual hronology.Inthis ase,however,one

wouldneedtoprovethatitisthegroovethatwasdugintothe ontentsofgraveno.

2andnotvi e versaastheinvestigatorofthekurgan believes. Inthissituation, to

attempttodeterminethetimeofdepositingbothassemblages ofthethird ategory

withmortarpot-likebeakersonewouldratherneedtotakeintoa ountthe urrent

knowledgeonthe hronologyofthisvesselformwithintheCWCsupportedbythe

latestabsolutedatingfromWolaWgierska.Thedatingseemstoindi ate toastill

9

Ifitwasalsoa eptedthatbothbeakerswithMiddleDniepertraits(Fig.4:A6,7)foundinthegravewerepart

(31)

Fig.9.Hubinek,Podkarpa ieProv.,site3,kurgan,grave no.3,bargraphof alibratedradio arbon

dates(foll.OxCal).

(32)

Fig.11.ub ze,Lublin Prov.,site2,kurganno.1,grave no.1,bargraphof alibratedradio arbon

dates(foll.OxCal).

(33)

Fig.13.Nede»ów,LublinProv.,site22,kurganno.2,graveno.1,bargraphof alibratedradio arbon

dates(foll.OxCal).

(34)

Fig.15.ub ze,LublinProv.,site37,kurgan,ni hegraveno.3,bargraphof alibratedradio arbon

dates(foll.OxCal).

(35)

Fig.17.Wersz zy a,LublinProv.,site1,kurganno.1,graveno.2,bargraphof alibratedradio arbon

dates(foll.OxCal).

(36)

laterperiod( a2400BC)fromtheupperlimitofthetime interval(2600-2500BC)

set by the 14

C dates obtained for theassemblages with Middle Dnieper traitson

GrzdaSokalska. 10

.

A general on lusion that omes to mind after making the above analyti al

review of dates referring to pertinent grave assemblages andafter analyzing their

stratigraphi positionsin the ex avated kurgans is thatthe Middle Dnieper traits

ontained in them shouldbe syn hronized with the relatively late period of the

CWC development extending not earlier than the very de line of the rst half

of the 3rd millennium BC in the area between the Upper Vistula, Upper Bug

and Dniester Rivers. Consequently, it would be the period of a fully developed

Kraków-SandomierzgroupoftheCWContheloesssoilsoftheMaªopolskaUplands

[Wªodar zak 1998:38,Fig. 3℄andmost probablyit would oin idewith phaseIIIa

oreventhebeginning ofphaseIIIbofthat ulturein Moravia[

Sebela1991℄.

5. OTHERASSEMBLAGESINTHEAREABETWEENTHEUPPERVISTULA,

UPPERBUGANDDNIESTERRIVERSCONTAININGMIDDLEDNIEPERTRAITS

ThegravesonGrzdaSokalskaarenottheonlyones ontainingMiddle

Dnie-per traits in the vast inter uvial area. Quite re ently, an assemblage of artifa ts,

most likely grave ones, has been dis overed in Mªodów-Zak¡ ie near Luba zów

[Ma hnik,Pil h1997℄whi hin ludesthree lassi MDChourglass beakers

[Ma h-nik, Pil h1997:148, Phot. 1℄ displayingte hnologi al hara teristi s typi alof the

potteryofthatvery ulture.Thevesselsanda ompanyingobje ts,i.e.alargestone

boat-shape axe, a int elt withan irregular lenti ular ross-se tion, heart-shaped

bow arrowheads and other artifa ts made of the same raw-material leave no

do-ubtthattheassemblage wasdeposited byMDC people faraway fromtheir home

territory(Fig.1).Adetailed stylisti analysis ofthevessels, espe ially ofthelarge

beaker[Ma hnik,Pil h1997:146,Fig.2℄,seemsrathertoindi ate toapossibilityof

relatingthisdeposit toa quite earlyperiodof CWCexisten e inthisarea

[Ma h-nik, Pil h1997:156-159℄. Thus,it would ome earlier, or evenmu h earlier, than

theMiddleDnieperassemblages onGrzda Sokalska,in ludingthoseassignedby

us to therst andse ond ategories. Besides, it shows\purer" MDC traits (with

respe ttoform,ornamentationandte hnology)thanthelatter,nottomentionthe

vessels fromtheassemblages ofthethird ategory.Itissofartheonlyassemblage

ofitskind inthearea inquestion, beyondthe ompa trangeof theMDC. Inthe

10

Alsoalate 14

Cdate,namely1850

±

100b (laterthanthegraveinkurgan1inWolaWgierska),wasassigned tograveKinukawi anearNarolinRozto ze[Ma hnik1966℄ ontaininga\ ower-pot"beakerof ertainMDC

(37)

area,however,several graveassemblages, in ludingpotteryexhibitingtoavariable

degree MiddleDnieper traits, are known.They havebeen inventoriedandbrie y

hara terized while workingonthealreadymentioneddepositinMªodów-Zak¡ ie

[Ma hnik, Pil h 1997:159-164℄. We an see among them spe imens thatare very

similar in shape and ornament to respe tive MDC forms as well as vessels

( o-wer-pot beakers) whi h are only reminis ent of the MDC impa t in thewestern

dire tion(Fig. 8).Amongtheformer onesthemostimportantare: an \hourglass"

beakerfromagravepla edse ondarilyinakurganinKryªosnearHali h[Sulimirski

1968:135, 136, Fig.11:15; Sveshnikov1974:44,Fig. 9:21℄, two wide-ori e beakers

from kurgans in nearby Komarov[Sveshnikov1974:44, Fig. 9:1,5;Ma hnik, Pil h

1997:160, Fig.9:4, 5℄, asmall beaker from a side grave in kurganIIin Koªokolin

near Rohatyn[Sulimirski 1968:141, Plate 7:7; Ma hnik, Pil h 1997:160, Fig. 9:24℄,

twobeakersfromfeatureno.11(possiblyagrave)inKoniuszanearKraków[Tunia

1979;70,Fig.18a,b℄andabeakerfromagrave inKobielanearOpatowie [ ibior

1990:143, Fig. 1a℄. Together with thelast mentioneditem, a boat-shapeaxe of an

older type wasfound[ ibior1990:144, Fig. 2a℄, whi hmay indi ate a quite early

originofthatburial.VesselswithhardlylegibleMiddleDniepertraitsin lude,aswe

already know,\ ower-pot" beakers narrowedat thetopandhaving widebottoms

preservedinta tinkurganKinukawi anearNarol,ingraves( at?)inNowosióªki

near Przemy±l and Side near Sambor [Ma hnik, Pil h 1997:160, Fig. 9:6, 10, 15℄.

Outofthese arti ats, onlythebeaker fromukawi aisornamentedina manner

similartothepatternsprevailingintheMDC[Ma hnik 1966:Tab.XXIV2a℄.

As of today we donot have any ertain premises for a urate dating of the

majorityofthelistedndsexhibitingMiddleDniepertraitsandoriginatinginpla es

otherthanGrzdaSokalskaintheinter uvialareaunderdis ussion.Allwe ansay

isthat,savethedepositfromMªodów,thedegreeoftheirsimilaritytotheMiddle

Dnieper pottery is omparable to that whi h we observed in the assemblages

-espe ially ofthese ondandthird ategories-onGrzdaSokalska. Whatis more,

some of these nds(Kryªosand possiblyKoniusza,too) were, as wasthe aseon

Grzda Sokalska, pla ed within CWC kurgans that had been raised earlier or in

their immediate vi inity. Hen e, it may be a epted thatalso a majority of these

ndstintothe hronologi al limitsset onthebasis of 14

C dates referring tothe

assemblages displaying Middle Dnieper traitsonGrzda Sokalska. Consequently,

thiswould mean 2600-2500 BC. 11

. However, thiswould notapplytoa lassi ally

Middle-Dnieper assemblage from Mªodów (Fig. 8:1-3) whi h must be older from

the lower limit of thattime interval. It may also be older, but with mu h lower

ertainty,thantheabove-mentionedndsfromKobielaandKoniusza.

11

Ex eptfor\ ower-pot"beakerswhi hinmost asesseemto omefrom(asitissuggestedbythe 14

(38)

6. CONCLUSIONS

As we haveseen thegrave assemblage from Mªodów isundoubtedlyan

in i-dentalo urren eintheinter uvialarea.Therefore, itmustbe onsideredaresult

ofasingleintrusionintothearea ontrolledbyCWCso ieties(Fig.1).Its

in iden-tal hara terfollowsfromtheexisten eofawidezoneseparatingtheterritoriesof

the ompa trangeoftheCWCandMDC(ontheirsouth ank)ando upiedbya

GAC people[Sveshnikov1983℄.Itmust havebeenasigni ant barrierpreventing

any dire t onta t a ross the upland zone of the inter uvial area of the Middle

Dnieper and the Upper Dniester Rivers between the rst two ultures, after all

so geneti ally lose to one another. 12

. The signi an e of the barrier must have

de linedtogetherwiththeweakeningoftheGACsettlement,itsdisintegrationand

ompletedisappearan efromtheareaslyingtotheeastofGniªaLipa(westernpart

of Podolia). Judging by a long series of dates obtained for theGAC in Volhynia

andPodolia[Kadrow,Szmyt1996b;Szmyt1998℄,itslifetimewasdrawingtoanend

beginningwiththemiddleofthe3rdmillennium BC.Thus,wehavehereastriking

oin iden ebetweenthe 14

Cdates on erningthedis ussedassemblagesexhibiting

MiddleDniepertraitsonGrzdaSokalskaandamajorityofsu hassemblagesfrom

thelateperiodoftheGAC inVolhyniaandPodolia[Szmyt1998:228,229℄.

It follows thata lear intensi ation of MDC in uen es, most probably due

to the in ux of groups of people not only to Grzda Sokalska but to the whole

inter uvial area, tookpla e during a risisand disappearan e ofthe GAC, whi h

untilthenblo kedanysu hmigrationsintheareaslying totheeastof GniªaLipa

[Ma hnik1979b:57℄.Now,theseareasbe ame fullya essible topeopleofthelate

orevende line CWCfrom theinter uvial area of theUpper Vistula, UpperBug

andDniesterRivers(Fig.1).Earlier su hexpansionwashardlypossible,ex eptfor

in idental intrusions, e.g. a kurgan in Lisie« zy e on theUpper Zbru z, or

om-pletely impossibleduetothepresen eoftheGAC.The expansioniseviden edby

kurgansandothergravesshowingde linetraitsoftheCWC,e.g.inKa zanówkaand

NowosióªkiinPodolia[Bedªowski1930℄andSiwkiinVolhynia[Sulimirski1968:164℄,

oming fromthetimes wheninthewestern partof theinter uvial area, primarily

ontheloesssoilsoftheMaªopolskaUplands,the ultureunderwent a

transforma-tionresulting in a rapid spread (also in theeastern dire tion) of early MC traits

[Kadrow,Ma hnik1997:30,Fig.7℄.

TranslatedbyPiotrT.ebrowski

12

(39)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

REFERENCES

AleksandrovskiyA.L.,O.A.Chi hagova,K.E.Pustovoytov,N.I. Shishlina

1997 Metodika i metodologiya radiouglerodnykh issledovaniy

arkheologi he-skikh obyektov stepnykhregionov Rossii. In: P.M. Kozhin (Ed.), Step i

Kavkaz.TrudyGosudarstvennogoIstori heskogoMuzeya,9-21.Moskva.

AlekseyevaI.L.

1992 KurganyepokhipaleometallavSevero-zapadnom Pri hernomorye.Kiev.

Arkheologiya

1985 ArkheologiyaUkrainskoyS SR,2ndedition.Kiev.

ArslanovKh.A.

1987 Radio arbon:Geo hemistryandGeo hronology.L eningrad,L eningrad

Uni-versityPress.

ArtemenkoI.I.

(40)

38-1964 Neoliti heskiyestoyankiikurganyepokhibronzyblizs.Khodosovi hi,

Go-melskoyobl.BSSR.In:PamyatnikikamiennogoibronzovogovekovEvrazii,

31-87.Moskva.

1967 PlemenaverkhnegoisrednegoPodneproviav epokhubronzy.Moskva.

1976a Belynetskiymogilnik(raskopki1970-1971g.g.). In:Vosto hnaya Evropav

epokhukamniaibronzy,155-175.Moskva.

1976b Mogilniksrednedneprovskoykulturyvuro hish heStrelitsa. In:Eneoliti

bronzoviyvekUkrainy,69-96.Kiev.

1985 Srednedneprovskayakultura.In:ArkheologiyaUkrainskoyS SR,vol.1:

364--374.Kiev.

1987a Srednedneprovskayakultura.In:EpokhabronzylesnoypolosyS S SR,37-42.

Moskva.

1987b KulturyrannegobronzovegovekajuzhnojpolosylesovEvropejskoy hasti

SSSR.In:EpokhabronzylesnoypolosyS S SR,35-51.Moskva.

Bagi«skaJ.

1988 Cmentarzyskokurhanowekultury eramiki sznurowejw ub zu,stan.24,

gm. Jar zów, woj.zamojskie.In: Sprawozdaniaz bada«terenowy hw

wo-jewództwiezamojskimw1988roku,5-6.Zamo±¢.

1990 KurhanKCSz| stanowisko30w Wersz zy y,gm. Jar zów.In:

Sprawoz-daniaz bada« terenowy hwwojewództwiezamojskimw 1990roku, 20-23.

Zamo±¢.

1992 CmentarzyskokurhanoweKCSznaGrzdzieSokalskiej |stanowisko25

wNede»owie, gm.Jar zów. In:Sprawozdania zbada«terenowy hw

woje-wództwiezamojskimw1992roku,9-10.Zamo±¢.

1996 Kurhankultury eramikisznurowejo stratygra znym ukªadzie grobówz

Nede»owawwoj.zamojskimna GrzdzieSokalskiej.SA48:59-66.

1997 Cmentarzyskokurhanowekultury eramikisznurowejnaGrzdzie

Sokal-skiej|stanowiskaub ze37,Wersz zy a1.Ar heologiaPolski

rodkowo--Ws hodniej2:45-52.

1998 Badania kurhanu kultury eramiki sznurowej na Grzdzie Sokalskiej w

Hubinku,stan.4,woj. zamojskie.Ar heologiaPolski±rodkowo-Ws hodniej

3:69-77.

BerezanskaS.S.

1971 Sredniodneprovskakultura. In: Arkheologiya Ukrainskoy S SR,vol.1,

309--317.Kiev.

Berniakovi¢K.V.

1959

Sidlisteliduzes nurovoukeramikounahornimDnestruaSanu.

(41)

BogatayaL.V., I.V.Manzura

1994 Ost-West-We hselbeziehungenimSpiegelderaneolithis h-fr

uhbronzezeit-li hen Kulturen des nordwestli hen S hwarzmeergebietes. Zeits hrift f ur

Ar haologie28:63-86.

Brat henkoS.N.

1976 NizhneyePodonevepokhu sredneybronzy.Kiev.

Brat henkoS.N.,O.Shaposhnikova

1985 Katakombnayakulturno-istori heskayaobsh hnost.In:Arkheologiya

Ukra-inskoyS SR,vol.1,403-420.Kiev.

BrykJ.

1930 Neolity zne kurhany ze szkieletami skur zonymi w Ka zanów e w pow.

skaªa kim, woj. tarnopolskie.In: Ksiga pami¡tkowa ku z i prof. dr. W.

Demetrykiewi za,135-150.Pozna«.

Bu hvaldekM.

1986a Kulturases nurovu keramikouv stredni Evrope, I. Skupiny mezi Har em a

Bilmi Karpaty.Praehistori a12.Praha.

1986b Zum gemeineuropais hen Horizont der S hnurkeramik. Praehistoris he

Zeits hrift:61:129-151.

Bu hvaldekM.,D. Koute ky

1970 Vikleti e.EinS hnurkeramis hes Graberfeld.Praehistori a 3.Praha.

BudziszewskiJ.

1995 Flintmaterials from emeteries oftheSoevkatype,BPS5:148-190.

BurdoN.B., M.Y.Videiko

1998 OsnovykhronologyiTripolye-Cu uteni.Arkheologiya2:17-29.

BuzinnyM., V.Skripkin

1995 NewlyDesigned 0.8mlTe on

R

Vial forMi rovolume Radio arbon

Da-ting.Radio arbon34(2):724-748.

BydªowskiA.

1905 Mogiªy z Ja kowi y w powie ie lipowie kim w gub.Kijowskiej. wiatowit

6:8-30.

Cha hlikowskiP.

1994 Osiedlakulturypu harów lejkowaty hwPodgaju,woj.wªo ªawskie,

stanowi-sko6A.Pozna«.

CharniauskiM.M.

1963 Starazhytniyashakhtypazdaby hykremeniu. In:VestiANB S SR.Ser.

gra-mad.navuk, No.3.Minsk.

1979 NealitBelaruskagaPaniamonnya. Minsk.

(42)

CharniauskiM.M., M.M.Kryvaltsevi h

1993 Bronzavyvek.In:ArkhealogiyainumizmatykaBelarusi.Entsyklapedyia,

96--97.Minsk.

CharniauskiM.M., V.I.Kudrashou,V.L. Lipnitskaya

1996 Starazhytniyashakhtsyoryna Rosi.Minsk.

CharniauskiM.M., V.L.L akiza

1995 ZnakhodkikamennykhsvidravanykhsiakernaPaniamonni.In:

Gistary h-na-arkhealagi hnyzbornik7:46-59.

Cheredni henkoN.N.,S.Z.Pustovalov

1991 Boyeviyekolesnitsyi kolesni hiev obsh hestvekatakombnoykultury.SA

4:206-216.

ChernyakovI.T.,G.N.Toshtsev

1985 Kulturno-khronologi heskiyeosobiennostikurgannykhpogrebeniyepokhi

bronzynizhnego Dunaya. In: Novyye materialy po arkheologii

Cevero-Za-padnogoPristernomoriya,5-31.Kiev.

1986 Moldaviaisosedniyeterritorriivepokhu bronzy.Kishiniev.

1995 Grobni yKemi-ObinskogotipaCevero-ZapadnogoPri hernomorya.

Ros-siyskayaArkheologiya3:193-197.

ChernykhL.A.

1991 Derevyannayapovozkaiz katakomnogopogrebeniyaug.

Kamenka-Dnie-perovskaya.In: KatakombniyekulturySevernogo Pri hernomorya,137-149.

Kiev.

ChernyshY.K.

1982 EneolitPravoberezhnoyUkrainyi Moldavii.In:EneolitS S SR.Moskva.

ChmykhovM.O, I.T.Chernyakov

1988 Khronologiaarkheologi hnykh pamyatokepokhymidi-bronzy na teritorii

U-krainy.Kiev.

ClarkR.A.

1975 A alibration urveofradio arbondates. Antiquity49:251-266.

Cofta-BroniewskaA.

1989 Methodology of Regional Studies in Kuiavia. In: A. Cofta-Broniewska

(Ed.), Prehistori onta ts of Kuiavian ommunities with other European

peoples,13-24.Warszawa.

Cu osS.

1984 L a n de la ulture Cu uteni dans le ontexte de l'eneolitique du bas

-Danube. La ivilisationdeCu uteni en ontexteEuropeen: 125-132.Iasi.

CzebreszukJ.

(43)

CzebreszukJ., A.Ko±ko,P.Makarowi z,M.Szmyt

1999 Podsumowanie. In: A. Ko±ko (Ed.) Ar heologi zne badania ratowni ze

wzdªu» trasy gazo i¡gu tranzytowego, Vol. III Kujawy, Part 4, Osadni two

Kultur pó¹noneolity zny h oraz interstadium epok neolitu i br¡zu: 3900

-1400/1300B C.Pozna«,inprint.

CzebreszukJ., M.Szmyt

1992 Osadni twoneolity zneiw zesnobr¡zowewDba hwoj.wªo ªawskie,

stano-wisko29.Pozna«-Inowro ªaw.

1998 DerEpo henumbru hvomNeolithikumzurBronzezeitimPolnis hen

Tie- andam BeispielKujawiens. Praehistoris heZeits hrift73:167-232.

2000 The IIIMillennium BC inKujawy inthelight of radio arbon dating.In:

J.Czebreszuk, J. M

ller(Eds.)TheAbsoluteChronologyinCentralEurope

duringtheIII MillenniumB C. Pozna«-Berlin, inprint.

Czerniak L.,L.Doma«ska,A. Ko±ko,D. Prinke

1991 TheFunnelBeakerCultureinKujavia.In:D.Jankowska(Ed.),Die

Tri h-terbe herkultur.NeueFors hungenund Hypthesen,vol.2,67-76.Pozna«

DanilenkoV.N.

1974 EneolitUkrainy.Kiev.

DanilenkoV.N.,N.J. Makarevi h

1956 Chervonokhytirskiymogilnikmidnogovikyztrupospaleynnami, AP6:

92--98.

DavnyaistoriyaUkrainy

1997 DavnyaistoriyaUkrainy,vol.1.Kiev.

Derga hevV.A.

1980 PamyatnikipozdnegoTripolya.Kishinev.

Derga hevV.A. ManzuraI.V.

1991 PogrebalnyekompleksyPozdnegoTripolya.Kishinev.

DolukhanovP.M.,V.I. Timofeev

1972 Absolutnaya khronologiyaneolita Evrazii (po dannym radiouglerodnogo

metoda).In:B.A. Kol hin[Ed.℄Problemyabsolutnogodatirovanniyaw

ar-kheologii,28-75.Moskva.

Dumitres uV.

1974 Chronologiaabsolutaaeneoliti iluiromanes inluminadatelorC 14

.

Apu-lumXII. AlbaIulia.

DvoryaninovS.A.,A.N.Dzigovskiy,L.V.Subbotin

1985 Raskopkikurgannoygruppyus.Vishnevoe.In:Noviyematerialypo

arkhe-ologiiSevero-ZapadnogoPri hernomorya,132-173.Kiev.

EastonD.

(44)

GimbutasM.

1956 The prehistoryofEasternEurope.Part1.Ameri an S hool of Prehistori

Resear h Bulletin20.

1991 TheCivilizationoftheGoddess.TheWorldof OldEurope.SanFran is o.

GirininkasA.

1990 Kratuonas.Sredniyipozdniyneolit. In:ArkhealogiyaLitvy.Vilnius.

GorodtsovV.A.

1900 Nazna heniyeglinyanykhplos hadokvdoistori heskoykulturetripolskogo

tipa.In:Arkheologi heskiyeizvestiyaizametki, 11-12.Moskva.

G orsdorfJ.,J. Bojadzhiev

1996 Zur absoluten Chronologie der bulgaris hen Urges hi hte. Beliner 14

C--Datierungen von bulgaris hen ar haologis hen Fundplatzen. EA2:

105--173.

GurbaJ.,J. Wojtanowi z

1974 Problematykaar heologi zno-geogra znakurhanówi mentarzysk

kurha-nowy hnaGrzdzieSokalskiej.In:PrzewodnikXIIOgólnopolskiegoZjazdu

PolskiegoTowarzystwaGeogra znego,57-61.Lublin.

Jastrzbski S.

1989 KulturaCu uteni-Trypoleijejosadni twona W y»ynieWoªy«skiej.Lublin.

1991 The settlement of theFunnel Beaker ulture at Gródek Nadbu»ny, the

Zamo±¢distri t, site 1 | brief hara teristi s. In:D. Jankowska (Ed.)

DieTri hterbe herkultur.NeueFors hungenundHypothesen,vol.2,189-196.

Pozna«.

Ka halovaN.K.

1974 ErmitazhnayakollektsiyaN.E.Brandenburgaepokhibronzy.Svod

Arkheolo-gi heskikhIsto hnikov,vyp.B4-12.Moskva.

KadrowS.

1995 Absolute hronologyoftheSoevka typein thelight of 'wiggle mathing'

analysis.In:Cemeteries of theSoevkatype:2950-2750BC. BPS3:

141--147.

KadrowS., A.Ko±ko,M.Videiko

1995 Pottery stylisti s of the Soevka type: geneti - ultural quali ation. In:

Cemeteries oftheSoevkatype:2950-2750BC.BPS3:200-213.

KadrowS., J.Ma hnik

1997 Kulturamierzanowi ka.Chronologia,taksonomiairozwójprzestrzenny.

Kra-ków.

KadrowS., M.Szmyt

1996 Absolute hronologyof theeastern groupofGlobularAmphora ulture.