SURVEY OF LITERATURE 191
which deals w i t h t h e following q u e s t i o n s : 1. t h e legal s t a t u s of a burial g a r d e n f o u n d e d b y a w o m a n n a m e d P o m p o n i a M o u s a ; 2. t h e role of καρπιστής, a c e r t a i n U . R u f u s , which b r i n g s an a c t i o n ; 3. t h e j u d g e m e n t passed in t h e s a m e l a w s u i t ; 4. t h e legal s i t u a t i o n of t h e a c t u a l possessor of t h e g a r d e n , a c e r t a i n M a n i u s M u m m e i u s R u f u e . Mr de Yisscher f i n d s here s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e s of t h e local law a n d comes t o t h e conclusion t h a t some difficulties in t h e legal i n t e r p r e -t a -t i o n of -t h i s inscrip-tion f r o m -t h e p o i n -t of view of classical R o m a n law can be e x p l a i n e d b y t h e p r e d o m i n a n c e of t h e local law. [C.K.]
H e r b e r t C. Υ o u t i e, The Textual Criticism of Documentary Papyri, U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n , I n s t i t u t e of Classical Studies, Rulletin S u p p l e m e n t No. 6, 1958 70 p p . , w i t h preface b y E . G. T u r n e r .
I n his t h r e e lectures which were delivered in M a y 1958 a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n t h e A u t h o r e x a m i n e s t h e p r o b l e m t h a t till now h a s n o t b e e n a p p r o a c h e d f r o m t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p o i n t of view, n a m e l y he h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e t e x t u a l criticism of p a p y r u s d o c u m e n t s . T h u s he h a s i n t r o d u c e d t h e r e a d e r i n t o his own w o r k s h o p which is t h e w o r k s h o p of t h e m a s t e r - p a p y r o l o g i s t , editor and critic. R e a d i n g those pages an experienced p a p y r o l o g i s t will b e t t e r u n -d e r s t a n -d his own w o r k a n -d will b e able t o avoi-d t h e avoi-dable errors, a b e g i n n e r will see more clearly t h e difficulties which are before him a n d will f i n d in this book i n v a l u a b l e guidance, a non-specialist on t h e o t h e r h a n d will r e a d those lectures as a s t r a n g e a n d a b s o r b i n g thriller in w h i c h t h e A u t h o r , like q u o t e d b y him A g a t h a Christie's hero, Monsieur Hercule P o i r o t , shows us how t o f i n d t h e t r u t h b y using t h e „ l i t t l e grey cells".
T h e f i r s t l e c t u r e deals w i t h t h e question w h a t t h e specialists do w h e n t h e y read a p a p y r u s , ' w h a t are t h e i r specific difficulties a n d w h a t are t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s which t h e y m u s t m e e t t o be equal t o their t a s k . I n w o r k i n g on t h e p a p y r i as in o r d i n a r y reading t h e effective r e a d i n g requires in t h e f i r s t place a good knowledge of t h e language a n d f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e script used t o c o n v e y t h e language. T h e best chance of success h a s t h e a t t e m p t t o r e a d r a p i d w r i t i n g b y f i x i n g t h e w r i t e r ' s i n t e n t i o n f r o m line t o line. This linguistic t r i n i t y — script, l a n g u a g e , m e a n i n g — is f i x e d i r r e m o v a b l y a t t h e v e r y c e n t r e of a p a p y r o l o g i s t ' a c t i v i t y . T h e visual and m e n t a l energy available t o t h e r e a d e r of p a p y r i does n o t always suffice
1 9 2 С· KUNDEREWICZ — H. KUPISZEWSKI — A. ŚWIDEREK
for t h e j o b t o be done. A l m o s t always s o m e t h i n g will be l e f t for others t o c o m p l e t e or t o e m e n d . T h e editions of p a p y r u s t e x t s are c o n s t a n t l y b e i n g revised a n d corrected. T h e process of r e a d i n g a p a p y r u s is t h u s a progressive one t o which m a n y h a n d s c o n t r i b u t e over m a n y y e a r s . T h e m o s t common causes of errors w h i c h can be avoided a r e lack of a t t e n t i o n , lack of t h o u g h t , lack of historical, paleographical or linguistic i n f o r m a t i o n .
T h e second l e c t u r e shows us, if we m a y q u o t e t h e A u t h o r , , , t h e editor s i t t i n g in j u d g e m e n t on his p a p y r u s " . T h e responsibilities of a t r a n s c r i b e r a r e v e r y h e a v y i n d e e d . I t is n o t t h e p a p y r u s , b u t his t r a n s c r i p t i o n w h i c h becomes t h e source m a t e r i a l for historical a n d linguistic r e s e a r c h .
T h e criticism of published t e x t s is n o t a new e n t e r p r i s e . I t h a s a l r e a d y a long a n d f a m o u s h i s t o r y a n d it h a d its g r e a t m a s t e r in t h e person of Professor Wilcken of Berlin, b u t till now a good t h e o r e t i c a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o these p r o b l e m s h a s been lacking. T h u s t h e more i n v a l u a b l e is for us t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y of Professor Y o u t i e . H e i n t r o d u c e s his r e a d e r s t o t h e m e t h o d s of t h e t e x t u a l criticism of p u b l i s h e d p a p y r u s d o c u m e n t s in a n a l y s i n g t h e m o m e n t s which a w a k e n t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h e critic, t h e role of t h e original t e x t itself in t h e criticism a n d t h e possibility of t h e t e x t e m e n d a t i o n w h e n t h e original h a s b e e n lost.
I n t h e t h i r d l e c t u r e h e studies v a r i o u s e d i t o r ' s errors u p o n t h e e x a m p l e of t h o s e a b s t r a c t e d b y himself f r o m a b o u t 250 published t e x t s , b o t h p a p y r i a n d o s t r a c a . T h e A u t h o r h a s s u b m i t t e d all errors t o palaeographic analysis w h e r e v e r t h i s h a s b e e n possible t o do. T h e r e s u l t is a m o s t i n t e r e s t i n g b u t really shocking list of a l p h a b e t i c equivalences, given as A p p e n d i x on p. 69. T h e a l p h a b e t as a whole h a s given rise t o 371 equivalences. A n d t o t h e s e m a y be a d d e d t h e 39 i n s t a n c e s in w h i c h entire groups of l e t t e r s h a v e been replaced b y o t h e r groups. Most of t h e s e errors h a v e derived f r o m t h e e d i t o r ' s failure t o a r r i v e a t t h e w r i t e r ' s m e a n i n g . T h e level of a c c u r a c y in t r a n s c r i p t i o n could be raised considerably if t h e editor were fully a w a r e t h a t he increases t h e chances of correctly t r a n s l i t e r a t i n g a n d i n t e r p r e t i n g a cursive script w h e n he m a k e s t h e w r i t e r ' s m e a n i n g or i n t e n t i o n t h e p r i n c i p a l o b j e c t of i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
T h e critic m u s t be also v e r y c a u t i o u s in e v a l u a t i n g editorial signs. H e should n o t forget t h a t w i t h t h e i r help t h e editor provides a p i c t u r e of t h e t e x t as it looks to h i m , b u t n o t as it is in o b j e c t i v e reality. If t h e editor is w r o n g , t h e editorial signs are also misleading.
SURVEY OF LITERATURE 193
All t h r e e lectures are i l l u s t r a t e d freely b y m a n y splendid e x a m p l e s of t h e A u t h o r ' s critical skill in convincingly d e m o n s t r a t i n g t o his r e a d e r s t h e principle q u o t e d b y h i m a t t h e end of his s t u d y , f o r m e r l y f o r m u l a t e d b y C. R o b e r t s : how t h e papyrologist can b r i n g i n t o p l a y s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t h e t h r e e resources a t his disposal—experience, logic a n d p a p y r u s . [A.S.].
Fontes iuris romani antiqui, edidit Carolus Georgius B r u n s , s e p t i m u m edidit O t t o G r a d e n w i t z . U n v e r e n d e r t e r N a c h -d r u c k 1958. Scientia A n t i q u a r i a t Aalen. D M 45. —.
Fontes iuris Romani antipui is a collection of t h e most i m p o r t a n t m o n u m e n t s of t h e p r e - J u s t i n i a n law. F o r over e i g h t y y e a r s it h a s been one of t h e m a i n i n s t r u m e n t s in t h e s t u d y of e v e r y specialist a n d scholar of t h e R o m a n law. T h e editio princeps by C.G. B r u n s w e n t i n t o six e d i t i o n s ; t h e last one was p u b l i s h e d in 1909 b y 0 . Gra-d e n w i t z . T h e new rééGra-dition of t h e collection in t h e s a m e s h a p e which it h a d f i f t y y e a r s ago does n o t s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of m o d e r n scholarship. I n t h e collection t h e r e are missing a n u m b e r of v e r y i m p o r t a n t sources which are of p r i m a r y significance for t h e knowledge of t h e p r e - J u s t i n i a n law, a s ; t h e S y r o - R o m a n law-book, t h e Constitutio Antoniniana, G n o m o n of Idios Logos, Gaius f r o m O x y r h y n c h u s , t h e tabula Hebana, t h e tabulae Herculanenses, t h e A p o k r i m a t a , t h e fragmentům Leidense Pauli sententiarum, only t o m e n t i o n t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t sources p a r t l y i n c o r p o r a t e d in t h e I t a l i a n collection FIRA2, edited in t h e y e a r s 1940—1943.
I n spite of these essential deficiencies t h e reimpression issued b y Scientia A n t i q u a r i a t in Aalen, to which we owe also t h e t h i r d edition of t h e Edictum perpetuum of L e η e 1, will be received b y scholars w i t h g r a t i t u d e . Till t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of a new collection, t h a t will s a t i s f y t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s , of t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of scholarship, t h e Fontes will r e m a i n t h e u n m a t c h e d aid in t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y research studies of R o m a n law. [ H . K . ]
E r n s t S c h ö n b a u e r , Die neugefundenen Reskripte des Septimius Severus. P. Col. 123 (Anzeiger der phil. hist. Klasse d. Österrei-chischen Ak. d. Wissenschaften 1957 N o . 12 p p . 165 — 197). I n t h e b e g i n n i n g t h e a u t h o r discusses t h e new r e a d i n g proposed b y S c h i l l e r a n d J o u t i e a n d t h e n analyses t h e legal c o n t e n t of t h e a p o k r i m a t a 1—6 a n d 9—13 t o u n d e r s t a n d i n g of which he
