"BEYOND BALKANIZATION" – AN OUTLINE PROGRAM FOR A DISCUSSION

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

1998

‘w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR AleksanderKo±ko EDITOROFVOLUME Lu ynaDoma«ska KenJa obs EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(Šód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

Andrzej Rozwadowski

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

EASTERNINSTITUTE

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1998

Pavel M. Dolukhanov

Lu yna Doma«ska

Ali e Marie Haeussler

LeiuHeapost Ken Ja obs Valeriy I. Khartanovi h PhilipL.Kohl Nadezhda S. Kotova Ri hard W. Lindstrom Ilze Loze Dmitriy Nuzhnyi Inna D. Potekhina Dmitriy Telegin Vladimir I. Timofeev Aleksander A. Yanevi h LeonidZaliznyak 1 V O L U M E 5

•

1998

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:MonikaWoj ieszek

PrintedinPoland

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 7

KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska, "BEYONDBALKANIZATION"{AN

OUTLINEPROGRAMFORADISCUSSION ... 9

PavelM.Dolukhanov,THENEOLITHICWITHAHUMANFACE

ORDIVIDINGLINESINNEOLITHICEUROPE? ... 13

Ri hard W.Lindstrom,HISTORYANDPOLITICSINTHEDEVELOPMENT

ETHNOGENETICMODELSINSOVIETANTHROPOLOGY ... 24

Philip L.Kohl, NATIONALIDENTITYANDTHEUSE

OFTHEREMOTEPASTINTHECAUCASUS ... 34

Vladimir I.Timofeev, THEEAST|WESTRELATIONS

INTHELATEMESOLITHICANDNEOLITHIC

INTHEBALTICREGION ... 44

Ilze L oze,THEADOPTIONOFAGRICULTUREINTHEAREA

OFPRESENT-DAYLATVIA(THELAKELUBANABASIN) ... 59

DmitriyTelegin, MESOLITHICCULTURAL-ETHNOGRAPHIC

ENTITIESINSOUTHERNUKRAINE:GENESISANDROLE

INNEOLITHIZATIONOFTHEREGION ... 85

DmitriyNuzhnyi,THEUKRAINIANSTEPPEASAREGION

OFINTERCULTURALCONTACTSBETWEENATLANTIC

ANDMEDITERRANEANZONESOFEUROPEANMESOLITHIC ... 102

L eonidZaliznyak,THELATEMESOLITHICSUBBASE

OFTHEUKRAINIANNEOLITHIC ... 120

Aleksander A.Yanevi h, THENEOLITHICOFTHEMOUNTAINOUS

CRIMEA ... 146

Nadezhda S.Kotova,THEROLEOFEASTERNIMPULSEIN

DEVELOPMENTOFTHENEOLITHICCULTURESOFUKRAINE ... 160

Ali e MarieHaeussler, UKRAINEMESOLITHICCEMETERIES:

DENTALANTHROPOLOGICALANALYSIS ... 195

InnaD.Potekhina,SOUTH-EASTERNINFLUENCESON

THEFORMATIONOFTHEMESOLITHICTOEARLYENEOLITHIC

POPULATIONSOFTHENORTHPONTICREGION:

THEEVIDENCEFROMANTHROPOLOGY ... 226

L eiuHeapost,GENETICHETEROGENEITYOFFINNO-UGRIANS

(ONTHEBASISOFESTONIANMODERNANDARCHAEOLOGICAL

MATERIAL) ... 232

ValeriyI.Khartanovi h, NEWCRANIOLOGICALMATERIAL

ONTHESAAMIFROMTHEKOLAPENINSULA ... 248

This volume ontains the majority of the papers presented during a

onfe-ren ethattookpla e on16th-21stMay,1997inŠód¹,Poland.The onferen e was

organized by the Institute of Ar haeology, University of Šód¹ and Departement

d'anthropologie, Universitede Montreal(Canada). The onferen e wasfundedby

theUniversityofŠód¹andbyIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hangesBoard),

whi h also supported this publi ation. The publi ation was partly foundedbythe

UniversityofŠód¹andbytheFoundationofAdamMi kiewi zUniversity,too.

The major questions of the onferen e were, 1) whatisthe urrenteviden e

foreastern orsouthernin uen es inthedevelopmentofeastern European

Meso-lithi andNeolithi populations,and2)to whatextentare urrentpoliti altrends,

espe ially the reassertion or, in some ases, the reation of ethni and national

identities, in uen ingourinterpretationsoftheprehistori data.

The idea for su h a onferen e ame into being through the o-organizers'

long-termstudiesofthedevelopmentofthoseprehistori humanpopulationswhi h

inhabitedthevastregionstret hingnorthandeastfromtheOderriverand

Carpa-thianMountainstothefoothillsoftheUrals. Ina traditionestablishedin modern

times byGordon Childe, virtually all of the transformationsof EasternEurope's

Neolithi Age human lands ape have been assumed to be responses to prior

de-velopments in the Balkan peninsula and Danube basin. We think that a body of

neweviden e requiresa renewedanalysisof thedistributionsof ultural produ ts,

peoples,andideas a rossEasternEuropeduringtheMesolithi throughtheEarly

Metal Age withina mu h wider geographi ontext than previouslyhas been the

ase.Thisin ludesgivingadequateattentiontothefar-rangingintera tionsof

om-munitiesbetweenthePonti andBalti areawiththoselo atedinboththeCau asus

andtheAralo-Caspianregions.

Wehope thatthisvolumewill ontributetosu ha redire tion offuture

ana-lyses.

Lu ynaDoma«ska

1.All datesintheB-PSare alibrated [see:Radio arbonvol.28,1986,andthe

next volumes℄(other versions are ited for thewish of authors).Deviations from

thisrulewillbe pointoutin notes.

2. The names of thear haeologi al ultures (espe ially from theterritory of

theUkraine)arestandarizeda ordingtotheEnglishliteratureonthesubje t(e.g.

Mallory 1989). In the ase of a new term, the author's original name has been

vol.5:1998,9-12

PLISSN1231-0344

KenJa obs,Lu ynaDoma«ska

\BEYOND BALKANIZATION" | AN OUTLINE

PROGRAM FOR ADISCUSSION

Asinallvolumes,su hastheonepresentedhere,thepapersspeakfor

them-selves. We will use these introdu tory pages to dis uss in some detail and from

ourownpointofview1)thepro esswherebythese papersandtheirauthorswere

broughttogether,2) a themati typologyofthepapers,in luding thoseofauthors

not represented in this volume, and 3) the future of the ideas presented herein,

with parti ularattention to thedual themesofinter-regionality andthein reased

re ognitionthatourvariousresear heshaveines apabletheoreti alandideologi al

rootsandimpli ations.

These papers representthepartial pro eedingsof a onferen e entitled\The

FutureofthePastinEasternEurope:NewVisions ofthePeoples&So ietiesthat

FormedthePresent,"whi htookpla eMay16-21,1997attheUniwersytetŠódzki

inŠód¹,Poland.However,\BeyondBalkanization:TowardsIntegrativePerspe tives

ontheIdentitiesandIntera tionsofHumanCommunitiesduringEasternEurope's

Re entPrehistory"wasthetitleoftheIREX(InternationalResear h&Ex hanges

Board)grant thatprovidedthene essaryfunding.

These titles re e t thepolygeni origin of the onferen e itself and, thus, of

thispubli ation. Initially,theresultsofour ownskeletal resear h aused usto

be- ome intriguedbythepossibilityofa onsiderable intera tion between Mesolithi

and Neolithi human ommunities from Ukraine's Dnieper River rapids region

and ommunitieslyingwithin,orevenbeyond,the orridorbetweentheBla kand

Caspian Seas(Potekhina,South-eastern

. . .

). Afterdis overy ofoureditors' sugge-stionsalongthesame lines[e.g.Doma«ska1990a,b℄theideatoholda onferen e

addressing\theNearEastIssue"germinated.

Subsequently,thenuan esofandpotentialalternatives tothetraditional\Out

of theBalkans" model forboththeIndo-Europeanizationand theNeolithization

of EasternEuropewere laried through orresponden es withJames Mallory of

Queen's University, Belfast andMarek Zvelebil of SheÆeld University, UK. The

results of their work andthat of others made us a utely aware of themanner in

whi hprehistori ultures, tribesand/or\ethnoses"typi allyare reated.Theyare

indepen-types,andputativelinguisti aÆnities.Sometimes,theseamalgamsare quiteni ely

mapped onto a sub-dividedso io-politi al lands ape of histori alor re ent origin

(Dolukhanov,TheNeolithi

. . .

).As aresult,thene essityforan intensied inter--regionalapproa hprovidedadded impetusforthe onferen e.

Thenotionthatwe,ass holars,musta tively onsiderhowwe intendto

on-stru t \the future of the past in Eastern Europe" an be tra ed dire tly to the

in uen e ofthelate Priit Ligi, towhomthis volumeisdedi ated. Through

perso-nal onversationsand lose onsiderationofhis latestpubli ations [e.g. Ligi1993;

1994;1995℄webe ame on ernedabouttheneedtobesuspi iousofandindeedto

disse tvigorouslyallreied(pre)histori ethni lineagesinboththeirtemporaland

spatial dimensions. Spe ial on ern for this issue is imperative, espe ially during

our urrentperiodofnationalist,ethno-geographi andgeneral politi alvolatility.

Thus, the term \Beyond Balkanization" ame to have two meanings for the

onferen e.Therstevokesanovertlyempiri alinquestintointer-regional

intera -tionsandin uen esinEasternEuropeanre entprehistorywhi harenotrootedin

theBalkans.These ond alls foranovertlytheoreti alinquiryintothebestwayto

avoidthepotentialpitfallsof\balkanizing"thepast(Kohl,National

. . .

;Lindstrom, History

. . .

). As with a sumptuousbanquet table, where appetite sooften ex eeds apa ity,soitwaswiththis onferen e.Theresultwasauniqueblendofpapers,a

brieftypologyofwhi hwewill nowsuggest.

Apredominantthemewas thatof \Inter-Regional Comparison." The true

si-gni an e of anyar haeologi al orbioanthropologi alfeatures thatare des ribed

as being typi al of any site or small set of sites an only be understood when a

omparison is made to material found over a very broad geographi range.

Pa-persin thisvolumethatunders ore thispointare thoseofI. L oze,V.I. Timofeev,

A.M. Haeussler, I.Potekhina,N.S. Kotova,D. Nuzhnyiand P.M. Dolukhanov.In

addition,we would addtothis groupthepapers presented in Šód¹,but not

prin-tedhere, ofY.Chistov(St.Petersburg,\Craniologi al databanksandthestudyof

theearlystagesofEuropeanethni history")andofI.I.Gokhman(St.Petersburg,

\Anthropologi alstru tureofEastEurope'san ient population").

Linkedwiththepreviousthemewasanother,whi hemphasizedthe\Open

Na-tureofBio-So ialSystems."Bythiswasmeanttheideathatprehistori ommunities

wereinvariablyopento ulturalandbiologi alin uen esfromneighboring

ommu-nities andregions. Oneimpli ationof thisis, of ourse,thathypothesesof purely

\lo al"orauto hthonousdevelopmentsmustbe pla ed underthe losests rutiny.

The papers here of P.M. Dolukhanov, L. Heapost, N.S. Kotovaand D. Nuzhnyi

address this issue, as did theŠód¹ onferen e papers notprinted here of P.

Bu-khrashvili (Tbilisi, \Settlement ar haeology and ultural systems of the Cau asus

duringthePalaeometalEpo h")andofR.Jankauskas(Vilnius,\Skeletalbiologi al

data onNeolithization in Lithuania: ausesand onsequen es"). That

auto htho-nousdevelopments ontinuetobe asserted isnottobe doubted.Thepapers here

ofD. Telegin, A.A.Yanevi h,andL. Zaliznyakillustratethis point.

vo-Typologi al Constru ts" were made evident in the papers of V.I. Khartanovi h,

P.M.Dolukhanov,L.Heapost,andR.Jankauskas.Thepotentialimportan eofthe

\Bla k Sea/CaspianSeaCorridor"wasdis ussedbyI. PotekhinaandA.M.

Haeus-sler. The \Politi s ofthePast" wasthetopi ofthepapers here ofP.L. Kohland

R.W.Lindstrom,aswellasoftwo onferen epapersnotreprodu edinthisvolume:

Paul Barford (Warsaw) dis ussed \Paradigms of the So ial Past for the Present"

andLudomirL ozny(HunterCollege,NewYork)presentedideason\Survivingthe

Change:Polish ar haeologyin thenext entury."

The issue now to be dis ussed is: Where do we go from here? This topi ,

invokingboth of thequestions des ribed in theEditors' Forward, was frequently

dis ussedduringtheŠód¹ onferen e,bothinformallyandin a losingsession.

Theimportan e ofexpanding theinter-regional omparisonof ar haeologi al

andbioanthropologi aldataoverasbroadageographi s aleaspossiblewas

re o-gnized byall parti ipants. Similarly, it was widely a epted thathypothesesabout

theregionsand geographi dire tionsinvolvedin theprehistori inter-regional

in-tera tions of EasternEurope should notbe limitedto thosewhi h havere eived

thegreatest attentionin thepast. Itwas onsidered importantto ontinue andto

expand the omparison of materials urrently housed in museums and institutes

thatareusually quite distantlyseparated.Inthesame fashion, itwashopedbyall

thatmoreex avations in somepreviouslyunderstudiedgeographi areasmight be

undertaken.This alone wouldhelpimmeasurably inlling in some ofthegaps in

our ever-expanding inter-regional maps. Given the goodwill, theenergy, and the

s holarlydedi ation of theparti ipants,there is every reason to believe thatsu h

hopeswill notgounfullled.

Thedis ussionofhowto onfrontthe\politi al"aspe tsofprehistori resear h

inEasternEuropewasmoretentativeanddiuse.Thisveryfa tbothre e tedthe

hangingso ietal ontextsinwhi hweall urrentlyworkandservedtoheightenthe

pertinen eofthesubje titself.However,these dis ussionswereusefulandhelped

todemonstratethatitwouldbea majorerrortoassume thatthisisanewdebate.

Forexample, afamiliar laim isthat\ideologi al issues,broadlyunderstood,(are)

embedded in s ienti argument" and are \inherited from the larger so iety('s)

distin tso ial,philosophi al,metaphysi al,theologi al,politi alandaestheti

tradi-tions."Counteringsu hideas,frequentpleas are made\totrans end thelimits of

older,naturalisti andpoliti aldebates

. . .

and[to℄establishanew,internally onsi-stent,self-referential traditionofinvestigation andargumentationwithins ien e."

Yet,despiteits urrentresonan e,therhetori herederivesfromattemptsbyJames

CowlesPri hard(1808)andSirWm.L awren e(1822)tosetanew oursefortheir

\new" s ien e[Stepan1982℄.

Atthesame time,itwas leartoallthattheepistemologi aldilemmasarising

from the fa t that s ienti resear h is ondu ted in a politi al and ideologi al

ontextare notuniquetothestudyoflater EasternEuropeanprehistory[see,e.g.

Jones1997;S ham1998℄.Indeed,itisnowimpossibletondageographi area or

While thedebate may o ur everywhere, this does notprovide a warrant to

turn away from it. Very mu h theopposite is true.As mu h as our data are real

and subje t to empiri al investigation, \it is hard to deny that s ien e has both

valueimpli ationsandvalueorigins.S ien eisasimportantto

. . .

powerasto soul--sear hing questionsof osmologyor osmogony.S ien elies loseto therootsof

manyformsof power:powerto reate ordestroy,to heal orharm, to feedorlet

hunger,toenlightenorobs ure"[Pro tor1991℄.Weandthoseamongwhomwelive

haveadire t, humanrelationship tothosewhoseremains westudy.We andthose

amongwhomwelivewillfeel the onsequen esoftheusestowhi htheseremains

maybe put,regardlessofourpresumptionstoobje tivity.Thus,in losing,wewill

borrowfromakindredauthor:\(we)asagroupalsohavethepoliti alresponsibility

topreventtheabuseof(ourstudies)

. . .

With(our)statusinso ietythere mustbe onne tedspe ialresponsibilities.Itisnowtimeforustore ognizethepubli pri e

wemustpay"[May1989:901℄.Withthisinmind, weferventlyhopethatwe,asthe

s holars whoare in losest onta t with theprehistori data themselves, will not

turnfromthedebate. Wetrustthatwe willinsteada tivelyengage ourselvesin it.

AR { Ar heologi kerozhledy,Praha.

AP { Ar heologia Polski,Wro ªaw.

AJPA { Ameri anJournalofPhysi al Anthropology,NewYork.

CA { CurrentAnthropology,Chi ago.

KSIA { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Moskva.

KSIA(Ukraine) { Kratkiye Soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii Akademii

NaukUSSR,Kiev.

KSOGAM { KratkieSoobs heniyaOdesskogoGosudarstvennego

Arkhe-ologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MASP { Materialy po Arkheologii Severnogo Pri hernomorya,

Kiev.

MIA { Materialy iIssledovaniyapoArkheologii,Moskva.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologiya,Moskva.

SAA { SovetAnthropologyandAr haeology,Moskva.

SE { SovetskayaEtnograya, Moskva.

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