RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE YAMNAYA CULTURE BARROW AT THE TRIPOLYE CULTURE "GIANT SETTLEMENT" NEAR TALYANKY

(1)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(2)

w.Mar in78

Tel.(061)8536709ext. 147,Fax(061)8533373

EDITOR

AleksanderKo±ko

EDITORIALCOMMITEE

SophiaS.Berezanskaya (Kiev),AleksandraCofta-Broniewska

(Pozna«), Mikhail Charniauski (Minsk), Lu yna Doma«ska

(ód¹), ViktorI. Klo hko (Kiev), Valentin V. Otrosh henko

(Kiev),PetroTolo hko (Kiev)

SECRETARY

MarzenaSzmyt

SECRETARYOFVOLUME

AgnieszkaPrzybyª

ADAMMICKIEWICZUNIVERSITY

INSTITUTEOFEASTERNSTUDIES

INSTITUTEOFPREHISTORY

Pozna«1999

ISBN83-86094-06-0

(3)

CHRONOLOGY OF CULTURES BETWEEN

THE VISTULA AND DNIEPER:

3150-1850 B C Ivan T. Chernyakov ElkeKaiser Viktor I. Klo hko Aleksander Ko±ko Nikolay N.Kovalyukh VladimirA. Kr uts Mykola N. Kryvaltsevi h Vadim L. Lakiza Jan Ma hnik Sergey V. Nazarov Alla V. Nikolova Vadim V. Skripkin Marzena Szmyt Mihailo Y. Videiko 1 V O L U M E 7

•

1999

(4)

CoverDesign: EugeniuszSkorwider

Lingvisti onsultation:JohnComber

PrintedinPoland

(5)

EDITORS'FOREWORD ... 5

ASSUMPTIONS ... 7

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,PROBLEM

OFTAXONOMICLIMITATIONSINTHESYNTHESISOFTHEHISTORY

OFBALTIC-PONTICBORDERLANDIN3150-1850BC ... 7

NikolayN.Kovalyukh,Sergey V.Nazarov,RADIOCARBON

DATINGCALIBRATIONINARCHEOLOGICALSTUDIES ... 12

VadimV.Skripkin,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONLSDATING

OFBONEMICRO-SAMPLES ... 27

PARTI.THEBLACKSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFTAXONOMICUNITS) ... 34

Mihailo Y.Videiko, RADIOCARBONDATINGCHRONOLOGYOFTHELATE

TRIPOLYECULTURE ... 34

ViktorI.Klo hko,VladimirA.Kruts,RADIOCARBONDATES

FROMTHEYAMNAYACULTUREBARROWATTHETRIPOLYECULTURE

"GIANTSETTLEMENT"NEARTALYANKY ... 72

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMTHEGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYACULTUREATTHEINGULETSRIVER

(THEKIROVOHRADREGION) ... 80

AllaV. Nikolova,RADIOCARBONDATINGOFGRAVES

OFTHEYAMNAYAANDCATACOMBCULTURES

ONTHEDNIEPERRIGHTBANK ... 103

ElkeKaiser,RADIOCARBONDATESFROMCATACOMBGRAVES ... 129

Mykola Kryvaltsevi h,NikolayN.Kovalyukh,RADIOCARBONDATING

OFTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERCULTUREFROMBELARUS ... 151

ViktorI.Klo hko,RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHEEARLY

ANDMIDDLEBRONZEAGEINTHEMIDDLEDNIEPERREGION.

THEMYRONIVKABARROWS ... 163

Marzena Szmyt,IvanT. ChernyakovRADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGY

OF"AKKIEMBETSKIYKURGAN".APRELIMINARYREPORT ... 196

PARTII.THEBALTICSEABASIN(CHRONOLOGYOFPONTIC"INFLUENCE") .. 203

Aleksander Ko±ko,PONTICTRAITSINTHEMATERIALSOF

(6)

CULTURE|ARADIOCARBONPERSPECTIVE ... 211

JanMa hnik, RADIOCARBONCHRONOLOGYOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREONGRZDASOKALSKA.AMIDDLEDNIEPER

TRAITSPERSPECTIVE ... 221

VadimL.L akiza, RADIOCARBONDATINGOFTHECORDEDWARE

CULTUREFROMTHENIEMENRIVERBASIN.AGRAVEFROM

PARKHUTY,SITE1,THEGRODNAREGION ... 251

CONCLUSION ... 264

ViktorI.Klo hko,AleksanderKo±ko,MarzenaSzmyt,ACOMPARATIVE

CHRONOLOGYOFTHEPREHISTORYOFTHEAREABETWEEN

THEVISTULAANDDNIEPER:3150-1850BC ... 264

Referen es ... 283

(7)

ThisvolumeoftheBalti Ponti Studies fo usesontheresultsoftheresear h

arried out so far into the absolute (radio arbon) hronology of the area lying

betweentheVistulaandDnieperorthebio- ultural borderlandbetween theWest

andEastofEurope.Absolute hronologyistreatedherebothasaresear hgoaland

fundamentalpremise inthebroaderstudiesof the hronometri anddevelopment

syn hronizationof\borderland" ulturalsystems.Ina seriesofarti les devotedto

individualtaxa a onsiderable numberofnew 14

Cdates havebeen ompared.The

dates on ernsour ematerialsthathavebeen hosenfromthepointofviewoftheir

representativenessand hronometri value (\short-lived"materials werepreferred

to minimize a potential error). The vast majority of analyses were purposefully

made in the same 14

C laboratory of the State S ienti Center of Environmental

Radiogeo hemistry of Ukrainian A ademy of S ien es in Kiev taking advantage of

fundsgenerouslyprovidedbythePolishCommitteeforS ienti Resear h.

Thevolume devotedto the\dark" se tionofthe\borderland"history

(3150--1850BC)istherstbutnotthelastpubli ationonthebroaderissuesmentioned

(8)

1. All dates in the B-PS are alibrated [see: Radio arbon vol.28, 1986, andthe

nextvolumes℄.Deviations fromthisrule willbepointoutinnotes.

2. Thenamesofthear haelogi al ulturesandsitesarestandarizedtotheEnglish

literatureonthesubje t(e.g.M.Gimbutas,J.P.Mallory).Inthe aseofanew

term,theauthor'soriginalnamehasbeenretained.

3. The spelling of names of lo alities having the rank of administrative entres

followsoÆ ial,state,Englishlanguage artographi publi ations(e.g. Ukraine,

(9)

vol.7:1999,72-79

PLISSN1231-0344

Vi torI. Klo hko,Vladimir A.Kr uts

RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THEYAMNAYA

CULTURE BARROW AT THE TRIPOLYE CULTURE \GIANT

SETTLEMENT" NEARTALYANKY

The \giant settlement" of the late Tripolye ulture (TC) near the village of

Talyanky,intheTalneDistri toftheCherkasyRegion,hasbeenstudiedby

resear- hers ledbyVladimirA. Krutsformanyyears[Kruts1994:29-30,Fig. 2℄.In1986,

thefourthburialmound(hereinafter, barrow4)of theYamnaya ulture(YC) was

ex avatedat thesiteofthesettlementbyanexpeditionled byVi torI.Klo hko.

Barrow4waslo atedat thesouth-easternendofthesettlement.Itwas0.7m

highandabout22mindiameter. Itwasbuiltovertheremainsoftwo onstru tions

oftheTC(so- alled\plosh hadki"orgrounds)thatbelongedtotheouterrowofthe

settlement onstru tions-\plosh hadki"13and14.Thebankofthebarrow(heavily

smoothed down by modern ploughing) onsisted of bla k earth and ontained a

large number of fragments of baked lay and erami s from thepartially ruined

remains oftheTC huts(Fig.1).

1. THEGRAVES

Grave1(theYC)(Fig.1;2:1)wassituated1.5mtothenorthoftheassumed entre

ofthebarrowandrepresentedthemain(primary)grave.Thedis harge(i.e.thesoil

takenoutinthepro essofdiggingthegrave)wass atteredalongthewesternwall

ofthepitina layer7mlong,upto2mwideandupto0.5mhigh.Thelowerpart

ofthedis harge onsistedofhumus,whiletheupperlevelwasformedofmainland

lay.

There tangularpit,itswallsslightlyslantedinwards,was1.9mx1.1minsize,

and0.8mdeepfromtheedge(thelevelofburiedsoil).Itslongsideswereoriented

(10)

small pie es of woodfrom the\ eiling". Itwas a double grave. Skeleton 1,of an

adoles ent(stillwithsomemilkteeth) 1

layonitsba kattheeasternwallofthepit,

withitsarmsextendedalongthebody.Thelegs,bentattheknees,laterfell tothe

right. The boneswere overedwith a thi klayer ofraddle. Skeleton2belongs to

an adult.Itlayonitsba k, headtothenorth-east, armsslightlybentattheelbows

andextended alongthebody.The legs hadbeenbentat thekneesandfell tothe

rightandtotheleft; thefeethadbeenpositionednexttoea hother.

The whole oor ofthe pitunder skeleton1displayed tra es of a mat woven

ofplantbre(linen);inaddition,thereweretra es ofanother overing,whi hhad

beenputovertherstmat, urrentlyrepresentedbybrownishrot,thi kly overed

with o hre.Atthebottomof thepit, near theleft heel boneof skeleton1, there

was a inttool(as raper?) madeof a triangular ake ofyellow lo al stone, with

oneedgeretou hed.

Theradio arbondateofthegrave|3990

±

50BP(Ki-6714)wasobtainedfrom thehumanbones.

Grave2(theYC)(Fig.1;2:2)waslo ated2.5mtotheeastoftheassumed entre,

ut intotheedge of the rstbank. Itsdis harge lay at the footof therst bank,

pra ti ally onthemainland lay, overed witha thinlayerof humus(up to 10 m

thi k)(therestofthehumusinthispla ehadbeenusedforthe onstru tionofthe

rstbank).The dis harge, upto0.4m high, onsistsof twoparts: humus(below)

and lay(above).

There tangularpitwas1.8mx1.1minsize,1.3mdeepfromtheedge,itslong

sidesoriented alongthenorth-east-to-south-westline.The llingisheavily mixed,

ontainingo asionalsmall fragmentsofwoodfromthe\ eiling". Theskeletonof

an adultman lay onitsba k, headtowards thenorth-east, arms slightlybent and

positionedalongthebody.Thelegs,bentattheknees,felltotheleft.The oorof

thepitdisplayedtra es ofarugwovenfromplantbre. Ontopofthis,underand

alongthebonesoftheskeleton,therearetra esofbrownrot(remainsof lothes?).

Two oalswerepla ed above theskull.

Thisgraveisthemaingraveofthese ondbank.

±

Grave 3(the YC) (Fig. 1;3:1)was lo ated 5m tothe north-westof theassumed

entre, utintotheedge of these ond andrst banks.The lay dis harge, upto

0.4mhigh,waspla ed ontheslopeofthese ondbank.

There tangular pit,withslightly onvexwalls,was2mx1.2minsize and1.3

m deep. The lling ontained white rot(remainders of the eiling made of some

organi material?). The skeleton of an adult lay on its ba k; the arms extended

alongthebody;thelegs,bentat theknees,fallingtotheright.

The bottomofthe pitdisplayed theremains of a rug made fromplant bre.

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(12)

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Fig.2.Talyanky,CherkasyRegion.ThebarrowoftheYamnaya ulture:1-grave1(a- inttool);2

-grave2

Key:a-humus(arablelayer);b-ro k-bed( lay); -remainsofmat;d- har oals;e-o hre;f-remains

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Fig.3.Talyanky,CherkasyRegion.ThebarrowoftheYamnaya ulture:1-grave3;2-grave4

The skullwas overedwith bla k,velvet-like rot(remains ofahead-dress?), while

bothunderandover thebones oftheskeletonwasabrown- olouredrot(remains

of lothes?).Two oalswerefoundneartheskull.

±

(15)

assumed entre, in the eldof the third bank. While this grave was being made,

theTC\plosh hadka"wasbroken through.

The re tangular pit was 1.8 m x 1.1 m in size, and about 0.9 m deep, with

itslong sidesoriented alongthenorth-east-to-south-westline. The skeletonof an

adultmanlayina foetalpositiononitsleftside,headtowardsthenorth-east,with

thearmsextendedalongthebody,andthelegs bentattheknees,heels underthe

pelvis.

The bottomofthepit displayed tra es ofa rug thathad de ayed intobrown

rot.Thisgrave |thelatest inthebarrow |was sunkintothebevelof thethird

bank.

±

2. STRATIGRAPHYOFTHEBARROW4

Bank1.The originalbankofthebarrowwasmadeovergrave1.Thediameter an

be re onstru tedfromtheedgeoftheburial soilasbeingnomore than5.5m.Its

heightremainsunknown,sin ethetopofthebankwasdestroyedbyploughing.The

bankwasmadefromhumus,withlumpsof lay, baked lay and erami s fromthe

ruinedTC\plosh hadki".Mostprobably,turf utnearbywasusedas onstru tion

materialforthisandtwootherbanksofthebarrow.

Bank2wasmadeovergrave2,sunkintheeasternslopeoftherstbank.Thebank

isovalin shape,13to15min diameter. Itwasbuilt fromhumus,withadmixtures

ofbaked layand erami sfromtheruinedTC\plosh hadki".

Bank 3 was built over grave 3, sunk in the western slope of these ond and rst

banks.The diameter an be re onstru tedfrom thenalex avation of soil inthe

eldasbeing21to22m.Thebankwasmadefromhumus,withadmixtures ofTC

erami sandbaked lay.

CONCLUSIONS

Thestratigraphyofthebarrowandtheseriesofradio arbondates,allowusto

(16)

a.TheTalyankysettlementoftheTCdatesba kto4800-4700BP(3640-3460BC) 2

.

Sin elifeinthesettlement eased,thelayerofsoilovertheremainsoftheTChuts

hasrea hed upto10 m.

b. The onstru tion of the barrow began (date of the primary grave, no.1) in

3990

±

50BP (2502

±

71BC).

.These ondbankofthebarrow(grave2)wasbuiltin3945

±

50BP(2398

±

78BC). Thethirdbank ofthebarrow(grave3)wasbuiltin 3905

±

60BP(2371

±

86BC). d.Hen e,theearlyYCgravesinthisbarrowdateba kto4000-3900BP.TheL ate

YC grave (grave4)datesba kto3865

±

50BP(2309

±

89BC).

TranslatedbyMaria Ogiyenko

2

Thedates 14

C(fromtheanimalbones)4755

±

50BP(Ki-6865);4720

±

60BP(Ki-6866);4810

±

55BP(Ki-6867); 4780

±

60BP(Ki-6868)=3640-3460BC.

(17)

AO { Arkheologi heskiyeotkrytya,Moskva.

AJA { Ameri anJournalofAr haeology,NewYork.

BPS { Balti -Ponti Studies,Pozna«.

EA { EurasiaAntiqua,Berlin.

FPP { Folia Praehistori a Posnaniensia,Pozna«.

KSIA { Kratkiyesoobsh heniyaInstitutaArkheologii,Moskva.

KSIAANUSSR { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Arkheologii AN USSR,

Kiev.

KSIIMK { Kratkiye soobsh heniya Instituta Istorii Materialnoy

kul-tury,Moskva.

KSOGAM { Kratkie Soobsh heniya OdesskogoGosudarstvennogo

Ar-kheologi heskogoMuzeya,Odessa.

MIA { Materialy iissledovaniyapoarkheologii,Moskva.

NAIANANU { NaukovyArkhivInstitutaArkheologiiNa ionalnoi

Akade-mii NaukUkrainu, Kiev.

SA { SovetskayaArkheologia, Moskva.

SpA { SprawozdaniaAr heologi zne, Kraków.

ZFA { Zeits hriftf urAr haologie,Berlin.

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IvanI.Chernyakov

InstituteofAr haeology

UkrainianA ademyofS ien es

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

ElkeKaiser

Seminarf urUr-undFrehgesi hte

FreieUniversitatBerlin

Altensteinstrae15

14195Berlin

Germany

ViktorI.Klo hko

GeroivStalingrada12

254655Kiev

Ukraine

AleksanderKo±ko

InstituteofPrehistory

AdamMi kiewi zUniversity

±w.Mar in78

61-809Pozna«

Poland

E-mail:koskomman.poznan .pl

NikolayN.Kovalyukh

DepartmentofEnvironmentalRadiogemistry

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Ukraine

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Palladina34

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Poland

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MihailoY.Videiko

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CenturiesB.C., byViktorI.Klo hko.

Vol.2:NomadismandPastoralismintheCir leofBalti {Ponti EarlyAgrarian

Cultures: 5000{1650B C,editedbyAleksanderKo±ko

Vol.3: CemeteriesoftheSoevkatype:2950{2750B C, editedbyAleksander

Ko±ko

Vol.4: Eastern Exodus of the Globular Amphora People: 2950 - 2350 B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Vol.5: BeyondBalkanization,edited byLu ynaDoma«ska,KenJa obs and

Aleksander Ko±ko.

Vol.6:TheTrz inie AreaoftheEarlyBronzeAgeCivilization:1950{1200B C,

editedbyAleksanderKo±ko.

Orders regardingB-PS should beadressed dire tlyto theEditorialOÆ e

(Balti -Ponti Studies,InstituteofPrehistory,w.Mar in78,61-809Pozna«,

Poland).

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(in part No. 1H01G01810)nan ed in the years 1997{1999 by the

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