Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering, Vol. 51, No. 9

SEPTEM BER. 1944

Volume 51

S . D . K I R K P A T R I C K E d ito r J A M E S A . L E E ...M a n a g in g E d ito r T H E O D O R E R . O L I V E . .A s so c ia te E d ito r H E N R Y M . B A T T E R S M a r k e t E d ito r J O H N R . C A L L A I I A M . . .A s s is ta n t E d ito r L E S T E R B . P O P E ...A s s ista n t E d ito r

E D I T O R I A L R E P R E S E N T A T I V E S

5. S . S T A T E L E R ...Chicago

; R . S . M c B R I D E ...W ash in g to n E A R L E M A U L D I N ...A tla n ta H A L V V Y N R . S M I T H L os A n g eles M . A . W I L L I A M S O N ...P u b lish er D I S T R I C T M A N A G E R S

E . I I . B E D E L L ...N e w Y ork R . G . F R E D E R I C K . . . ' . . .N c iv Y o rk F R E D G R A N T ... C leveland L . A . C U N N I N G H A M ...Chicago W . D . B O Y D ...B oston

" J . R . V A N A R S D A L E Philadelphia P u b lis h e d m o n th ly . P r i c e 35 c e n ts p e r c o p y . P u b lic a tio n office, 9 9-129 N o r th B r o a d w a y , A lb a n y 1, N . Y . A d d r e s s c o m m u n ic a tio n s a b o u t s u b s c r ip tio n s to D ir e c t o r o f C ir c u la ­ tio n , C h e m . & M e t., 3 30 W e s t 4 2 n d S t . , N e w Y o r k 18, N . Y ; S u b s c r ip tio n r a t e s : U n ite d S ta t e s , M e x ic o , C e n t r a l a n d S o u th A m e r ic a n C o u n tr ie s , $3 p e r y e a r , $4 f o r tw o y e a r s , $5 f o r th r e e y e a r s . C a n a d a $ 3 .5 0 p e r y e a r , $5 f o r tw o y e a r s , $6 f o r th r e e y e a r s ( p a y a b le in C a n a d ia n f u n d s ) . G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d B r i t i s h P o s s e s s io n s , 3 0 s h illin g s p e r y e a r , 60 s h ill in g s f o r th r e e y e a r s . . A ll o t h e r c o u n tr ie s , $5 p e r y e a r , $ 10 f o r th r e e y e a r s . E n t e r e d a s s e c o n d c la s s m a t t e r S e p ­ te m b e r 3 , 1 9 36, a t P o s t O ffice a t A lb a n y , N . Y ., U . S . A ., u n d e r a c t o f M a r c h 3 , 1 879. C o n te n ts c o p y r ig h te d , 1944 b y M c ­ G r a w - H ill P u b lis h in g C o m p a n y , I n c . B r a n c h offices: 5 2 0 N o r th M ic h ig a n A v e n u e , C h ic a g o 1 1 ; 68 P o s t S tr e e t, S a q F r a n c i s c o 4 ; A ld - w y ch H o u s e , A ld w y c h , L o n d o n , W . C . 2 ; W a s h in g to n 4 ; P h ila d e lp h i a 2 ; C le v e la n d 1 5 ; D e tr o i t 2 ; S t. L o u is 8 ; B o s to n 1 6 ; L o s A n g e le s 1 4 ; A t l a n t a 3 ; P itt s b u r g h 2 2 .

R e t u r n P o s t a g e G u a r a n te e d M c G R A W - H I L L P U B L I S H I N G C O .,

I N C .

J A M E S H . M c G R A W F o u n d er and H o n o ra ry C hairm an

'P u b lic a tio n O ffice

9 9-129 N o r th B r o a d w a y , A lb a n y 1, N . Y . Ed-ii2 ri,a l a n d E x e c u ti v e O ffices

330 W e s t 4 2 n d S tr e e t, N e w Y o r k 18, N . Y . J A M E S H . M c G R A W , J r P re sid e n t H O W A R D E H R L I C H

E x e c u tiv e V ice-P res. fo r B u s in e ss O perations J O H N A B B I N K

E x e c u tiv e V ice-P res. f o r E d ito ria l O p era tio n s C U R T I S W . M c G R A W

V ice -P re sid en t a n d T re a su rer J . A . G E R A R D I ...S e c re ta ry J . E . B L A C K B U R N , J r . .

D irec to r o f C irculation M e m b e r A . B . P . M e m b e r A .B .C . C a b le A d d r e s s M c G R A W H l L L , N e w Y o r k

( P r i c e o f th i s is s u e o n e d o lla r p e r c o p y )

In this Issue

MATERIALS OF C ON ST RU CT IO N

C hem . & M et.'s l l l h R eport on M aterials fo r P rocess E q u ip m en t

E d i t o r i a l F o r e w o r d ... 93

C o r r o s i o n E x p e r i e n c e s i n t h e C h e m i c a l P r o c e s s I n d u s t r i e s ... 94 Ma t e r ia l s f o r Eq u i p m e n t a s Re p o r t e d b y Ty p i c a l Us e r s... 96

Dir e c t o r y o f Me t a l s... i o i

Co r r o s io n Re s i s t a n c e o f Me t a l l i c Ma t e r ia l s o f Co n s t r u c t i o n... 1 0 7

* -je0>

N o n - M e t a l l i c M a t e r i a l s o f C o n s t r u c t i o n ... 131

R egu lar M onthly F eatu res

Wa t c h i n g Wa s h i n g t o n ... 82 In d u s t r i a l No t e s ... 184

C hem .

Met.

Fo r e ig n Lit e r a t u r e Ab s t r a c t s____ 2 0 3 Pr o c e s s Eq u i p m e n t Ne w s... 140

Ch e m i c a l En g i n e e r’s Bo o k s h e l f. 2 0 7

C hem .

M et.

1 42 Go v e r n m e n t Pu b l i c a t i o n s... 2 1 5

— Or a n g e Pr o d u c t s ...

Ne w Pr o d u c t s a n d Ma t e r i a l s--- 152 Ma n u f a c t u r e r s’ Pu b l i c a t i o n s____ 2 1 9 Ch e m i c a l En g in e e r i n g Ne w s... 161 Ch e m i c a l Ec o n o m i c s ... 2 2 2 Ne w s Fr o m Ab r o a d. ... 16 8 Pr o d u c t io n Tr e n d s... 2 2 4 Fr o m t h e Log o f Ex p e r i e n c e... 1 7 5 Cu r r e n t Pr ic e s ... 2 2 8 Na m e s i n t h e Ne w s— ... 1 7 9 Ne w Co n s t r u c t i o n ... 23 0

An in d e x t o a d v e r t is e r s w i l l b e f o u n d o n p a c e 4 7 0

W s a m

A C C U

Check . . . recheck . . . check again! N othing le ft to chance. From raw materials to finished product, every step o f the way, each Tube-Turn welding fitting is subjected to many routine in ­ spections that are designed to insure accurate di­

mensions and conform ity to Am erican standards.

w rite b o o klet

Bevels^;; inside and outside diameters, interior surfaces, w a ll thickness, fin ish , all m ust m eet T ube Turns’ standards of accuracy. Small w onder that Tiibe-Turn w elding fittings h elp to m ake piping systems lower in upkeep costs, and more efficien t. W rite for Catalog 111 — now!

Selected Tube Turns Distributors in every principal city are ready to serve you from complete stocks.

T U B E T U R N S ( I n c .) Louisville, Kentucky. Branch O ffices: New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Dayton, Washington, D. C .,

4

S E P T E M B E R 1944 • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENG INEERING

T Q P - F . N T E R I N G

- , k U G H T N I N i *

T»AOt m ask « G . U S . PAT. O f f ,

T Y P E I . T h e c o m p le t e s tu ffin g b o x d e s i g n f o r a n y o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n .

T Y P E I I . I f r e p a c k in g w ith f u ll ta n k is s o le c o n s id e r a tio n , th e d ia p h r a g m s e a l f o r c o n ­ tr o l lin g f lu s h in g l i q u i d is o m itte d .

T Y P E I I I . I f a b r a s i v e c o n d i ­ ti o n s o c c u r in t a n k w h i c h is e m p ty a t f r e q u e n t i n t e r v a l s , th e

“ s h u t- o f f '’ d e v ic e is o m i tte d b u t d i a p h r a g m s e a l is r e t a i n e d .

T Y P E I V . F o r v e r y l i g h t d u ty c o n d i t i o n s , a s im p l e s tu ffin g b o x i s a l l th a t is r e q u i r e d , w i t h a d e q u a te l u b r i c a t i o n b u t w i t h o t h e r f e a t u r e s o m i t t e d .

H E R E ’S W H A T THE N E W O U T S I D E S T U F F I N G B O X M E A N S TO Y O U

This new design of stuffing box now incorporated in “ L 1 G H T N IN ” Side E ntering M ixers makes it possible to repack this m em ber w ithout rem oving m ixer from the tank. Packing gland is spring actuated to provide uniform take up an d is supplem ented by ad ­ justing nuts th a t provide means for

regulating degree of take u p or gland pressure. G land is stan d ard short length style, split body w ith solid head and is und ercu t to prevent drip spray and seizing. T h e standard stuffing box T ype I is equipped w ith sealing collar for cutting off tank con­

tents and flushing control diaphragm seal for regulating flow of sealing

liquid. This construction perm its re­

packing from outside the tank and w ithout emptying. T h ree m odifica­

tions of this standard type are avail­

able: T ype II for use where repacking w ith full tank is sole consideration;

T ype I I I for use where abrasive con­

ditions occur and tank is em pty at frequent intervals; T ype IV for very light duty conditions.

A new Bulletin (B76) ju st off the press gives m ore com plete inform ation on the new design Side E ntering

“L IG H T N IN ” M ixers and specifica­

tions of Models and types available and methods of installation. Send for a copy.

C o m p a n i o n N o z z l e ( to fit m i x e r b o k c i r c l e ) . L o c a te d in p r o p e r O f f C e n t e r p o s i t i o n . U s e r w i l l f u r n i s h a n d i n s t a l l n o z z le . T h i s m e t h o d u s e f u l f o r i n s t a l l i n g m i x e r a d a j a c e n t to m a n w i y w h i c h m u s t b e k e p t c l e a r . P h o t o s h o w s u n i q u e m e th o d o f f a b r i c a t e d s u p p o r r , b y u s e r .

D i r e c t M o u n t i n g o n L a r g e M a n w a v ( t o p a s s p r o p e l l e r ) . L o c a te d Off*

C e n t e r ^ U s e r w i l l f u r n i s h c o v e r p la te a n d f it tin g s . P h o t o s h o w s tu r n b u c k lc * a n d s ta y r o d s u p p o r t s . ;

* T h ere is a P rocess Adapted A gitator for every

& size and shape o f tank; for batch or continuous operation. Y ou r savings w ill quickly repay the necessary m od est investm ent. Because M ix in g E quipm ent Co. products include a ll types o f fluid agitators, you can obtain from them an im partial recom m endation for the m ost econ om ical so lu tio n o f any problem in v o lv in g fluid agitation. M ix in g Equipm ent Company en gin eers w ill gladly assist.

MIXING EQUIPMENT COMPANY, Inc.

M IX IN G E Q U IP M E N T CO., IN C.

1 0 2 8 G a r s o n A v e n u e , R o c h e s t e r 9 , N . Y . P l e a s e s e n d m e th e li t e r a t u r e c h e c k e d :

□ B - 7 6 — S id e E n t e r i n g M ix e r s

□ B - 7 8 — T o p E n t e r i n g M ix e r s

□ B - 7 5 — P o r t a b l e M ix e r s

{Electric a n d A ir D riven)

□ B - 7 7 — L a b o r a t o r y M ix e r s

□ M i - 1 1— O p e r a t i n g D a ta S h e e t N a m e ... ....

T i t l e . . . 1 . ... ... ...

C o m p a n y ... ... ...

A d d r e s s ... ... .

CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING • S E P T E M B E R 1944 • 7 9

G E N E R A L C H E M I C A L C O M P A N Y

40 RECTOR STREET, NEW YORK 6, N. Y.

Technical Service Offices: A tla n ta • B altim o re • B oston • B rid g e p o rt ( C o n n .) B uffalo • C h a rlo tte ( N . C .) • C h icag o « C lev elan d • D en v er • D e tro it • H o u sto n K an sas C ity • M ilw a u k e e • M in n ea p o lis • N e w York • P h ila d e lp h ia • P ittsb u rg h

P ro v id en ce (R . I . ) • S t. L ouis • U tic a ( N . Y.) Pacific Coast Technical Service Offices:

Los A ngeles • San F ran cisco • S eattle , W enatchee a n d Y akim a (W a s h .) In Canada: The Nichols Chemical Company, Limited • Montreal • Toronto • Vancouver.

To r e a t D e v e lo p m e n ts /

BEFORE fu ll strides in p roduction are possib le, every product m ust pass through the first p ain stak in g steps o f laboratory research and p ilo t plant testing. Success at these critical stages o f develop m en t depends m uch u pon fine or "special" chem icals o f unvarying qu ality and purity. W h ile o n ly sm all am ounts m ay be required at first, large q u a n titie s are often necessary for fu ll scale m anufacture.

T h e furnishing o f such fine and "special” chem icals for indus­

try is a fam iliar and w id ely-k n ow n service o f the Baker & A dam ­ son D iv isio n o f the G eneral C hem ical Com pany.

. . . Baker & A dam son has lo n g been recognized for the excep­

tio n a lly h ig h standards o f purity m aintained in the m anufacture o f its laboratory reagents and fine chem icals. T od ay n ew and expanded fa cilities increase s till fu r th e r its ca p a city fo r p r o ­ d u c in g su c h ch em ica ls in in d u s tr ia l q u a n titie s !

W h y n o t p la n n o w w ith B a k e r & A d a m s o n a n d be sure o f h a v in g th e fin e or "sp ecia l” ch em ica ls fo r every ste p o f y o u r p r o d u c t d e v e lo p m e n t w h e n y o u n eed th e m ?

80 S E P T E M B E R 1944 • CHEMICAL & .METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

W rite fo r BULLETIN 1 6 1 3

GRISCOM-RUSSELL

T W I N G-FIN S E C T I O N fyniu& Ual JlCnckcuufesi

TWIN G-FIN... ^{the o nly}

FINNED-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER w it h t h e s e i m p o r t a n t p o in t s

p o i n t 1 4 0 , 0 0 0 I N S T A L L E D U N I T S

By far the greatest num ber of in stallation s of a n y finned-tube unit . . . and su ccessfu lly u sed on a greater variety of h ea tin g , co o lin g an d con d en sin g services than a n y other d esig n of h eat transfer ap p aratu s on the market.

p o i n t 2 ^{^} P R O V E N BY 12 Y E A R S OF S E R V I C E

Durability a s w ell a s effectiv en ess of d e sig n and construction proven b y len gth y operating records on a w id e variety of fluids, p ressures and tem peratures . . . frequently in difficult serv ices ca u sin g trouble w ith other d e sig n s of h eat transfer apparatus.

p o i n t 3 ^ A N Y M A T E R I A L FOR E L E M E N T S

' A N D FINS

G-Fin construction is not lim ited to steeL but m a y b e a p p lied to a n y procurable non-fen-ous m etal a s w e ll a s a n y ferrous a llo y for both elem en ts and fins.

NO PACKED J O I N T S

The ex clu siv e p aten ted hairpin d esig n of the elem en ts u sed in Twin G-Fin S ection s elim inate interior and exterior p a ck ed joints w h ich are a ca u se of trouble b e c a u s e of the p ossib ility of le a k a g e .

GR EA TE S T I N T E R C H A N G E A B I L I T Y

Twin G-Fin Sections are built in a sm all num ber of standard ty p e s an d sizes, w hich h a v e b e e n carefully determ ined for g reatest adaptability.

This method of standardization greatly sim plifies the stocking problem and provides maximum in terch an geab ility of purchased section s.

TH E G R ISC O N -R U SSE L L CO.

285 M adison Avenue N ew York 17, N. Y.

CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING • S E P T E M B E R 1944 •

r n m r n m s H im m

R. S. McBRIDE, Editorial Consultant • PAUL W 00T0N , Chief of McGraw-Hill W ashington Bureau • MALCOLM BURTON, W ashington Correspondent

U n cle Sam b egin s th e sale o f in d u strial fa c ilities . . . P la n s fo r d isp o sin g o f th e p rop erties are b eg in n in g to b e an n ou n ced . . . M ore than 3 0 item s are now offered . . . N itric acid su p p lies to ch em ica l u sers are cut . . . Civilian g a so lin e is to gjet o n ly fractio n o f ethyl fluid w hich it had in 1 9 4 1 . . . E stim ates place U. S. rubber req u irem en ts fo r each o f th e n ext five years at a m illio n tons . . . D isp osal o f ch lo rin e p lan ts will not co m e u p fo r so m e m on th s, it now seem s certain . . . Six co m p a n ies are tu rn in g ou t satisfactory rock p h osp h ate w hich is sa fe fo r fe ed u sag e . . Office, o f th e R u b ber D irector has revised basic regu lation s

SURPLUS PR O PE R T Y SALES

S a l e

of industrial facilities by the gov­

ernm ent is now actually beginning. T h e Industrial Facilities Section of the Sur­

plus W a r Property A dm inistration is in charge of th e disposal of plant sites, fac­

tories, and industrial facilities of all kinds, including item s of equipm ent sold sepa­

rately either for scrap or for reuse. O nly a few of the policies regarding such sales have been announced. B ut the trend of the plans indicates a probable procedure..

An item of industrial property comes to the attention of this office of D P C in either of two ways. It niav be an item w hich has actually been released by th e governm ent agency which owns or controls it. Such an item is available im mediately for sale. O th er items n o t finally deter­

m ined as surplus com e to this office be­

cause the controlling agency has ordered th e property p u t in stand-by condition.

Properties so declared no longer needed for active use are n o t "surplus” and can­

n o t im m ediately be offered for sale. H ow ­ ever, there are m eans for getting ac­

quainted w ith the existence of such item s and prelim inary discussions can som etimes start even though actual negotia­

tions of a formal nature have not been authorized.

GETTING SURPLUS NOTICES

D e f e n s e

P lant C orp. has adopted for the tim e a restriction

the publicity policy. It will be necessary for th e present a for those interested in surplus establish­

m ents to follow this policy or they will n o t be able to get inform ation prom ptlv.

T h e procedure is about as follows:

As soon“ as an item of property is de­

clared surplus, there is a sheet prepared giving a brief description of it. T h e sheet identifies th e location and the character

of the establishm ent. It indicates the am ount of land, the num ber and types of buildings, and som ething regarding the m achinery and equipm ent which is in­

cluded in th e surplus property so offered.

T h a t sheet is m im eographed and copies of it arc sent to each of the 31 district offices of R F C . Each office is given the entire responsibility for bringing such in ­ form ation to the attention of anyone in the district who is interested in surplus property.

T h e W ashington office has set up an alm ost absolute rule against giving out in­

form ation except regarding single item s on w hich a specific inquiry' may be made w ithout difficulty. All mailing lists for sending out the inform ation are to be m aintained in th e regional offices. W a sh ­ ington absolutely refuses to take any re­

sponsibility of th a t sort.

LOCAL CONTACT N E E D ED

U n d e r

the circumstances, it is desirable for each individual or com pany interested in surplus property to make the acquaint­

ance of some proper person in the nearest regional office. Any inquirer can p u t him self on record in th a t office request­

ing notice of new surplus item s announced.

H e will n o t be given all the items. B ut h e will be given

request any variety of items which he may describe as of interest to him . I t will not suffice to say' merelv any chemical plant, because the definition of chemical plants used by D P C is verv m uch narrower than would probably be intended by the average chemical engi­

neer or industrial executive. O nlv b v con­

tinuing and persistent contact w ith district offices can it be expected th a t any enter­

prise will learn prom ptly of all item s of property th a t are offered for disposal and of im portance to them .

PR O PER TY N OW “ SU R PL U S”

As

A ugust 15, there were on the surplus property list approximately 30 items. A bout a dozen of these represented com pleted factories, including a substan­

tial am ount of machinery or equipm ent.

A bout a dozen were establishm ents w ith more or less com plete buildings and build­

ing facilities, b u t w ithout any great am ount of process equipm ent. A bout a half-dozen represented only plant sites, land ranging from a few acres up to m uch larger plots, one of m ore than 13,000 acres.

HOW TO DO IT

I f a n

inquirer discovers a surplus prop­

erty item on w hich he desires more in­

form ation, this can be obtained in any one of th ree ways. Each regional office has descriptive sheets w hich give a fair idea of the size and general character of each property. Such sheets are available

request. In fact, it is these sheets which will be m ailed to inquirers who get their nam es on the mailing list of the regional office. If such inform ation in­

dicates th at further inquiry is desirable, it w ould be l>est to consult either th e director of the regional office in w hich the surplus property is located, or th e W ashington office of D P C . T h e announcem ent sheets give in each case th e nam e of the m an in charge in th e regional district where the surplus property is located. T h a t m an can initiate discussions regarding the property, can furnish detailed descriptions, and can show the property to inquirers w ho are seriously interested. I

fact, this regional officer is expected to conduct all of th e prelim inary negotiations for sales.

NITRO GEN C O N DITIO NS CHANGE

T h e i n c r e a s e d

ordnance requirem ents for explosives are having the im m ediate effect of cutting off nitric acid from num er­

ous chemical users. As early as August 15, the governm ent stopped shipping am ­ m onium nitrate from arsenal plants. D e­

livery from T V A and C anadian plants for fertilizer usage has. however, continued.

T h e W a r D epartm ent has announced th a t effective • Septem ber 1, it was going to c u t off shipm ents of anhydrous am ­ m onia from arsenals, n o t only from fer­

tilizer users, b u t also from other chemical establishm ents. Shipm ent of nitric acid from these plants was scheduled to stop on O ctober 1. T his nitric acid has pre­

viously been used for making commercial

8 2 • S E P T E M B E R 1944 • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

A v a ila b le in s iz e s u p to a n d in c lu d - :f '--- 1 i n g 3 h o r s e p o w e r in th r e e d iffe r e n t ' s p e e d r a n g e s —3 to 1, 6 to 1 a n d 9 to 1. < '

O n ly w i t h a n a l l - m e t a l d r i v e c a n y o u s e c u r e t h e c o m p a c tn e s s , s im p lic ity , f l e x i b i l i t y a n d e c o n o m y th a t a r e so a d v a n ta g e o u s to d a y .

f I n f i n i t e l y v a r ia b le s p e e d m a y b e s e c u r e d to a n y R .P .M . w ith in th e r a n g e o f th e u n it. T h e o u tp u t s p e e d i s i n ­

c re a se d or d e c r e a s e d b y v a ria tio n o f th e p o sitio n o f th e r in g on th e tw o d r iv in g a n d tw o d r iv e n cones.

T H E M A S T E R E L E C T R I C C O M P A N Y • D A Y T O N 1, O H IO

S a v e m a te r ia l a n d s a v e sp a c e w i t h th e s im p le c o m p a c t, in te g r a lly b u i l t M a ste r S p e c d r a n g e r . T h e a ll- m e ta l

c o n stru c tio n in s u r e s g r e a te s t p o s s ib le d u r a b ility a n d fr e e d o m fr o m s e r v ic e in te r r u p tio n s .

, A v a ila b le in th e v a s t n u m b e r o f ty p e s th a t m a k e up th e

M a ste r lin e in c lu d in g th e fla n g e d ty p e a s s h o w n , also

g e a rh e a d , u n ib ra k e , fa n -c o o le d , e x p lo sio n -p ro o f, sp la sh -p ro o f,

m u lti- s p e e d , e tc .

t.-

explosives, plastics, dyestuffs, and num er­

ous other products of chemical process industry.

W IT H GERMAIS Y’S FALL

Co m p l e t i o n

of

European conflict

• will bring w ith it a big cutback on all m ilitary activities. T h is will undoubtedly occur soon enough to perm it adequate*

• supplies of am m onia and am m onia chem ­ icals for spring fertilizer distribution. Pre­

sumably it will also relieve other chemical shortages n o t only for am m onia, nitric acid, and o th er products, b u t also sul­

phuric acid and the oth er fertilizer com ­ ponents. In fact, 1945 m anufacture of chemicals from surplus ordnance raw m a­

terials will undoubtedly be encouraged at an early date. Some of this will probably go on even before these governm ent estab­

lishm ents are declared surplus property.

REC ON VERSION O R D ER S

F i r m s w h ic h

do not make an aggressive effort to get m axim um reconversion au­

thorization from the military and m an­

power authorities may be handicapping themselves. If they show anxious desire to return to civilian m anufacture, such firms will not actually be unpatriotic. It is up to military officials and m anpower representatives, working through W P B , to make these decisions. T h ere will be disappointm ents and turn-dow ns, b u t firms th a t do not ask for civilian privileges are not likely to be sought and forced to take them . W ashington is still too busy w ith m anufacture of fighting sup­

plies to give a great deal of th o u g h t to civilian requirem ents, and only a few spokesmen from th e Office of Civilian R e­

quirem ents are aggressively working on th a t part of the job.

REC ON VER SIO N CRITICS

T h o s e

w ho criticize efforts of recon­

version are justifiably being told two things. Nelson rightly w rote the rules for reconversion before th e game started.

H e did n o t choose to um pire a proceed­

ing in w hich th e rules were w ritten only after events made rules necessary’. A nd secondly, reconversion refusals can p rop­

erly still be m ade by’ th e military. B ut it is now up to th e m ilitary to get out of the way w here actual war necessity does not require their restrictions. Civilian needs are secondary; b u t they are still extremely im portant.

PRICIN G UNCLE SAM’S SALES

M e t h o d s

w hich may b e used for price .control ' in sales of surplus comm odities released by the governm ent have been ruled on by OPA. Regulations regarding resale and stock piling for alm ost every­

thing except food have been m ade avail­

able. F ood pricing had been regulated by earlier rulings. T hose people who ac-

quire for resale any governm ent property will be expected to conform just as rigidly to ceiling prices as do other m er­

chants. T h is policy, w hich O PA will try to enforce strictly, is intended to have plenty of teeth for th e em barrassm ent of speculators.

"H IG H OCTANE DATA

T h e

reduction of civilian gasoline from 72 to 70 octane rating releases tetraethyl lead enough to make 120 m illion gallons of aviation gasoline. An equivalent of 90 million gallons of aviation enrichm ent materials is saved by the curtailm ent of distribution of prem ium grades of au to ­ mobile fuel. As. a result of th e changes ordered during A ugust, civilian gasoline will get 46 percent of th e ethyl fuel which it had in 1941. In th a t year, less than a quarter of the ethyl fuel w ent for m ili­

tary uses. N ow well over three-fourths of the total is em ployed for m ilitary aviation.

IDLE W AR W O R K E R S?

W i t h

the G erm an collapse there will be a 40 p ercent cutback in m ilitary pro­

duction. T h is cut, according to D onald N elson, will perm it new civilian m anu­

facture sufficient to give civilian supplies equal to 1939. T h u s adequate m anufac­

ture for ordinary civilian operations can go on w ith 60 percent of the war workers still making supplies for the Pacific area and for the eleven m illion persons in uniform . T hese facts give som e idea of th e m agnitude of th e re-em ploym ent prob­

lem to take care of these millions w hen th e Pacific fight has also been won.

M any will retire from em ploym ent, especially w om en returning to homem ak- ing. M uch new construction and many new consum er’s capital goods will then be made. Even so, the figures of th e W P B chairm an indicate som e millions w hom it will be hard to place in jobs. T h u s th e first over-all quantitative statem ent by a high official is anything b u t optim istic.

POSTW AR SY NTH ETIC R U B B E R

Q u a s i - o f f i c i a l

estim ates of rubber re­

quirem ents have been prepared by present and form er m em bers of th e staff of the Office of R ubber D irector. T hese in­

dicate th a t approxim ately a million tons of rubber will be required in th e U . S. for each of th e five years from 1944 to 1948.

M ilitary requirem ents will be tapering off from th e present half of th e total to al­

m ost n othing in 1947, according to these figures.

W ashington seems generally to accept th e idea th a t a very large part of this total rubber supply will come from synthetic sources for several years after th e Japanese collapse. R ubber from th e F ar E ast will b e welcome for blending, b u t a very sub­

stantial part of th e total from th a t area will either go to E urope direct or create

E uropean dem ands for our rubber prod­

ucts w hich are n o t included in th e esti­

m ated rubber consum ptnion of th e U nited States. T hese facts lead to m uch specula­

tion regarding the future chemical require­

m ents for the synthetic program.

R U B B E R R AW M ATERIAL

I t i s

the present in ten tio n of W ashing­

ton to use far more butadiene from p e ­ troleum beginning next year, just as soon as raw m aterial can b e spared from th e high octane program. Even in the fourth quar­

ter of 1944, it is expected th a t m uch more butadiene will be m ade from petroleum th an from alcohol. T h is means th a t next year some of the alcohol producers can probably go back to their beverage business.

Since little alcohol will be used for a n ti­

freeze from now on, it seems likely, the industrial alcohol companies will be able to carry their share of the total butadiene load before another 12 m onths have passed.

T h e abundance of m ethanol and other alternate solvents for industrial and chem ­ ical use will contribute materially to this same end. O ne estim ator, who appears well inform ed, says th a t th e alcohol busi­

ness after this year will be largely devoted to the making of rubber raw material, and its survival there will depend on w hether alcohol can again be made very cheap.

T hese facts do n o t worry th e beverage in ­ dustry; b u t they are of deep concern to those seeking a postwar program for th a t industrial alcohol w hich m ust sell for more than 20c. per gal.

O R D REORGANIZED

I t h a s

been announced th a t following recom m endations of C ol. Bradley Dewey the President had issued a directive abolish­

ing th e Office of R ubber D irector and th a t a R ubber Bureau had been set up w ithin W P B w ith James F. C lark as director. M r.

Clark has been assistant deputy director of O R D since O ctober, 1943.

T h e new R ub b er Bureau will function under th e direction of the O perations Vice C hairm an to oversee industry problem s and the adm inistration of the R ubber O rder. T h e operation of the synthetic rubber plants and th e carrying o u t of re­

search, developm ent and testing will b e in the hands of R ubber Reserve Co. under direction of Jesse Jones.

GO VERNM ENT C H LO R IN E PLANTS

R e v i e w

of th e facilities of the govern­

m en t for th e m anufacture of chlorine and electrolytic caustic soda shows th a t there are seven such establishm ents w hich have been b u ilt w ith governm ent money. F our of these are connected w ith th e arsenals of C hem ical W arfare Service. O n e is th e p art of a phenol plant and one a part of a magnesium plant, w hich have been b u ilt by D P C . O nly one of th e chlorine establishm ents was built by D P C to make

8 4 • S E P T E M B E R 1944 • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENG INEERING

T Y G O N - L I N E D T A N K S A C T U A L L Y C O S T L ES S

YOU KNOW THE COST OF AN ACID TANK ONLY WHEN

YOU SCRAP

O n ly w h e n a tan k is scrap p ed can y o u com pute its real cost — original price, plus down tim e for repairs, plus maintenance, plus cost of solutions lost by contam ination, divided by w eeks, m onths or years o f service.

Frankly, the initial cost o f a Tygon-lined tank is often som ew hat higher than for rubber or synthetic rubber-lined tanks. T he ultim ate or real cost is usually much less.

1 U n lik e rubber and synthetic rubber, T ygon

• tank linings are non-oxidizing — w ill not

"age.” T he chemical structure o f T ygon remains the same year after year.

C sO & t Infinitely longer service.

2 T ygon tank linings are non-toxic and non-

• contam inating to solutions. In this respect they closely approach the standards of chem ical stoneware, porcelain and glass.

/9 . 4 /Î1 No so lu tio n lo ss from C 0 4 Z fG C Z O S l c o n ta m in a tio n .

Any tank lin in g is apt to be m echanically damaged. Repairs to rubber or synthetic rubber are difficult and expensive — often the tank m ust be returned to the factory for repair.

Tygon, in itially stronger and tougher than rubber, can be easily repaired by your ow n workm en in a matter o f minutes.

/ ) i / i jj Minimum "dow n tim e ” LsO dd* rC iO lO Ą * minimum m ain ten an ce.

M T ygon w ill resist a w ider range o f corrosives than any other material except chem ical stoneware, chemical porcelain or glass. Chem­

icals do not adhere readily to a T ygon surface.

It may be easily flushed clean — may be used interchangeably w ith many solutions.

, 4 / O 4 Two Tygon-lined tanks

U O é sí f-CLC AO si m ay frequently replace

t h r e e o r f o u r t a n k s e n g in e e r e d f o r

individual solutions.

chlorine for general industrial distribution under W I’B allocation.

D ISPO SA L O F FAC ILITIES

N o t e v e n

prelim inary plans have yet been form ulated by the governm ent as to the postwar disposition, use, or retention as stand-by of any of these seven chlorine establishm ents. U ltim ate decisions will depend principally on w hat facilities are deemed necessary for C W S after the war, and w hat plans arc m ade for the handling of m agnesium , phenol, and other general facilities. T h e problem of disposal of chlorine plants as such will, therefore, not com e up actively in W ashington for some m onths, it now appears certain.

P R O FIT YARDSTIC K USED

W e t c o r n

millers can now ask for cciling-pricc changes if over all profits be­

fore incom e taxes arc now less than the base period profits of 1936 1939. T hus O PA has given a m uch broader basis for judging the fairness of prices in th a t par­

ticular industry. T h is broad principle is not yet being generally applied in other chemical industries. B ut there is no harm in asking for it if any m anagem ent thinks th a t the new policy would be fairly ap­

plicable in its business.

PH O SPH ATE ROCK FEE D MADE

S h o r t a g e

of phosphate feeds from norm al prewar sources lias occasioned de­

velopm ent by industry' of new m ethods using phosphate rock as a starting m aterial.

T h e D epartm ent of A griculture reports th a t six different establishments are now turning out satisfactory rock phosphate which is safe for feed usage.

Previously rock was not considered satis­

factory as a raw material because of the high content of fluorine; b u t m ethods have been developed in industry and by the D epartm ent so th a t calcium phosphate practically free from fluorine can now be m ade economically. Approximately 100.- 000 tons per year of such feed phosphates are now being m anufactured annually.

N EW FER TILIZER BOTTLE-NECKS

R e s u m p t i o n

of explosives m anufacture on a large scale to support E uropean battle- fronts tem porarily cut off w anted supplies of chemicals f o r . the fertilizer industry.

M ajor shortages arc tem porarily being ex­

perienced in am m onia, am m onium ni­

trate, sulphuric acid, superphosphate and other finished fertilizers.

T h e industry is m uch less concerned than governm ent officials. T h e latter are worried lest supplies to be given away for soil im piovciiicnt programs be cut off by these developm ents. Shortages for com ­ mercial distribution are n o t vcrv likely ex­

cept briefly and locally.

Official rccjucsts for superphosphate have been as high as 10 million tons for the fertilizer year which began Julv 1, 1944.

It now appears th at S million tons of superphosphate will be available which appears adequate to m eet commercial de­

m ands th a t arc likely to exceed som ewhat th e last year’s consum ption of approxi­

mately 6.8 million tons. T h e curtail­

m ent in superphosphate will give some com fort to phosphate rock producers who were threatened w ith difficult conditions when it appeared th a t they would have to mine more than 6 million tons of rock next year.

“ BIG INCH” HAS A GOOD YEAR

D u r i n g

its first

m onths of operation,

“ Big In ch ” delivered m ore than 96 mil­

lion barrels of crude oil. T h e line was designed to handle 300,000 bbl. daily.

During July it averaged 314,000 bbl. Its daily average for th e first year was only 263,000 because m any of the pum ping stations were not operated for th e entire period. Its peak delivery rate was on June 12 of this year, w hen 326,000 bbl. were handled. Postwar users of petroleum have in this huge pipeline, a delivery system equivalent to 23,000 tank cars working continuously on an 18-day turnabout schedule.

M INERAL STOCKPILING

T h e d o m e s t i c

m ining industry, led by American M ining Congress, is seeking to organize a bloc in Congress which will protect American miners from postwar sale of governm ent-owned mineral surpluses.

T h ey are-working vigorously w ith th e legis­

lators to secure Congressional action re­

quiring the governm ent to p u t aside for stockpiling all of the m etals and minerals w hich are owned by U ncle Sam and his corporations. Even in the case of strategic minerals for w hich dom estic production is small, or nil. the industry wishes to pre­

vent the m arketing by th e governm ent of any of these supplies.

POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE

O p p o n e n t s

of the m ineral stockpiling program argue th a t it- will needlessly b u r­

den consumers w ith high prices b o th of the minerals and the com m odities m ade from them . T hey are especially critical of the proposal th a t even scrap m etal and scrapped industrial equipm ent m ust be put into the reserves irrespective of the quantity of m aterial w hich this w ould p u t into stockpiles. T h ere has not been clear evidence of a well organized opposition to the program. W ashington observers arc. therefore, forecasting some success for these proposals of the m ining industry, since they may have im p o rtan t political significance in many of th e western m ining states during an election year.

GLASS CONTAINERS

A l t h o u g h

the production of glass con­

tainers is a t the liighest rate in history, the chemical industry has n o t benefited in

the resulting casing of restrictions on the use of glass. T h e food industry is the beneficiary while the chemical industry merely holds its own by retaining previous packing quotas under the latest revision of the gjass container and closure order L-103-b.

W h e n standardization of glass con­

tainers took place gains were m ade not only because production of jars and bottles was increased b u t also because larger sizes were produced. R eports from the glass industry indicate th a t present rate of production is approximately 127 per­

cent of prewar capacity. Figures for last June show it to be 15 percent ahead of June, 1943, and for th e first six m onths of this year production-w as 13 percent ahead of th e corresponding period of last year.

June, 1944. was the best m onth in the history of the industry up to th a t time.

W H O SE ESTIM ATE W AS R IG H T?

T h e S e n a t e

com m ittee investigating war activities (form erly the T rum an C om ­ m ittee) apparently unanim ously supported the figures of W P B when these were pre­

sented by D onald N elson and criticized by th e Army. T h e m ilitary shortages have apparently been traceable to bad estim ates bv th e Army itself. T h e cutback on big guns and heavy am m unition made m onths ago was too deep and th e resulting short­

ages were not caused by inability to get workers.

Several arsenals were closed down b u t have had to be reopened hastily. T h is has included several of the establishm ents making am m onia and various types of ex­

plosives. O nly a handfull of items, such as big guns, big trucks, and heavy am m u­

nition, have been seriously short. T his fact has p u t the m ilitary planners defi­

nitely on th e defensive w ith Congress. N o one w ants to discipline them . B u t they are n o t going to be believed so quickly in the future, even when they do present more carefully studied estim ates. Inci­

dentally they are n o t being blam ed for the shortage of tires. T h a t shortage has been caused by conditions in Akron.

N EW R U B B ER REGULATIONS

T h e O f f i c e

of the R ubber D irector, W P B , has announced a revision of the basic rubber regulations th a t provides a com pilation of all rubber directives and am endm ents issued previously. T h e re­

vised regulations include a num ber of pro­

visions reflecting progress in th e nation’s conversion from crude to synthetic ru b ­ ber. T h ey include: 1, all medium-sized highway truck tires to contain 90 percent synthetic; 2, use of neoprene and buna N is now perm itted w ithout restriction in all wire and cable construction; 3, clastic thread m anufacturers are now perm itted to use neoprene w ithout restriction. T he officials consider neoprene satisfactory for girdles and similar items.

86

• S E P T E M B E R 1944 • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

th is D uriron V a lv e , u se d in the handling o f co rro siv e m aterials, is b u t one o f m any in stan ces w h e re the u se o f D o w C orning P lu g C o c k G re a s e w ill a ffo r d lo n g e r life an d m ore e ffic ie n t o p e ra tio n .

M M E t

new ^lubricant

increases valve I if e — reduces maintenance costs

D ow Corning P lug Cock Grease is rapidly proving to be an ideal grease for the lubrication of valves and plug cocks. T his basically new p ro d u ct—one of a series of recent D ow C orning silicone developm ents—is highly resistan t to a tta c k by alkalies, acids and oxidizing agents. Because it protects th e m etal plug cock from corrosive liquids and vapors, it reduces corrosion hazards to a m inim um , and so affords continuously efficient, free valve operation. T oo, D ow C orning P lug Cock Grease m aintain s its vaseline-like consistency thro u g h o u t an exceptionally broad range of operating tem peratures:

from — 40°F. to 400°F.

Users of D ow Corning Plug Cock Grease in a wide v ariety of corrosive chem ical services re p o rt th a t valve life was increased th ree to four hundred per cent w hen they s ta rte d to use th is silicone lubricant.

D O W C O R N IN G S IL IC O N E P R O D U C T S IN C LU D E : Flu id s — Inert liquids, with viscosity little affected by temperature changes; for operation at sub-zero as well as elevated temperatures.

R esins —H igh temperature insulating varnishes for use with heat stable electrical insulating materials.

D O W C O R N I N G C O R P O R A T I O N , B O X 5 9 2 , M I D L A N D , M I C H I G A N

CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENG IN EER ING • S E P T E M B E R 1944

T M T f D D D l ' T A T T A IV il facturc of the salt. A niline also has been

JL IN JL -Hi IV Jl I x Hi J. A. I X V/ 1 1 O transferred to the regulations of M -300.

T h is installm ent covers orders rules and regulations issued by the W a r Production B oard an d th e Office o f Price A dm inistra­

tion during A ugust, 1944. Copies o f each item interpreted here m ay be obtained from th e appropriate federal agency.

CARBON BLACK

A l l

m em bers of the rubber industry have been requested to replace their easy processing channel black requirem ents with m edium processing channel black to the fullest possible extent. W h e re direct sub­

stitution is not possible Chemicals Bureau officials have suggested a blend w ith semi­

reinforcing furnace or high m odulus fur­

nace or high modulus alone. T his action was taken because increased dem and for easy processing black has reduced produc­

tion of channel black by about 15 per­

cent. T h e supply situation will improve later since new production of bo th channel and furnace carbon blacks is scheduled to be brought in each m onth over th e rest of the year.

Since the first of this year, production of furnace black has been increased from less than 100,000,000 lb. a year to more than 430,000,000 Hr. and w hen th e pres­

ent program is com pleted early next year, production will be a t th e rate of 625,- 000,000 lb. a year. C hannel black capaci­

ties also are being enlarged and by next M arch should be a t a rate of more than 600.000.000 lb. a year.

TANNING M ATERIALS

Th e

industry advisory com m ittee has asked for a continuation of controls over distribution of chestnut extract. In th e first half of this year, production was about 127,000,000 lb. of 25 percent chest­

n u t extract. Results for the second half of th e year are expected to be about the same, thus giving a total production of 254.000.000 lb. In 1942 consum ption was 391.000.000 lb. T anners have been draw­

ing from inventories w hich have been re­

duced 40 percent in the last six m onths.

Permissible prices for the extract were raised in July and last m o n th announce­

m en t was m ade th a t users of hem lock and chestnut oak bark will n o t b e perm itted to pay m ore for these com m odities than th e highest price each user paid for the same product during th e period from M ay

15 to July 15, 1944.

ALLOCATION CONTROLS

B e c a u s e

of increasing war requirem ents, ultram arine blue has been subject to allocation since Aug. 1. T hose seeking authorization to use or to deliver this pig­

m en t m ust file application on F orm W P B -

2947 by the tw entieth of the m onth be­

fore the proposed delivery m onth. Small order exem ption is 25 lb. per m onth.

D istribution of diphcnylam ine and n aphthalene was transferred to O rder M -300 with no substantial change in the controls.

Effective O ct. 1, m onom ethyl amine and dim ethyl am ine will be placed under quarterly allocation w ith O rder M -300 as directive control. M ilitary dem ands for them now exceed productive capacity and it is probable th a t civilian uses will be denied for the next six m onths.

Sales of uranium or uranium com ­ pounds, alloys, or mixtures for certain uses continue to be forbidden and W P B will allocate all oth er sales and purchases in lots of 10 lb. or m ore. Persons desiring to purchase m ust make application on Form 3909 and send it to W P B , P. O . Box 175, M adison Sq. Station, N ew York 10, N . Y.

Form erly controlled by directive, sodium ferrocyanide, potassium ferrocvanide, po­

tassium ferricyanide and potassium-sodium fcrricyanide are now under general alloca­

tion. All are in short supply.

C ontrol over ascorbic acid has been transferred to M -300. T h re e companies are now producing this acid and the o u t­

p u t is increasing. Present corn supply is not sufficient to perm it maximum produc­

tion of th e acid b u t if the corn situation should im prove it would be possible to remove th e allocation controls.

ALLOCATIONS R EM O VED

D i r e c t

allocation controls were re­

m oved from polyfiber produced from poly­

styrene and polydichlorostvrene, and from propylene and diethylene glycols. P roduc­

tion of polyfiber has increased and th e other two products w hich were in active dem and as glycerine substitutes, are in b etter supply because glycerine is now available in a larger way.

Present dem ands for beryllium have leveled off and users no longer are asked to apply for permission to make purchases other than beryllium copper.

W id e r use of D D T in the arm ed forces has eased th e position of m ethyl brom ide and as th e supply is regarded as am ple for all purposes, allocation controls are no longer in force.

As a result of th e drop in a m o u n t of alcohol allotted for anti-freeze use, dé­

naturants for anti-freeze alcohol have been freed from controls. T hese include Acetal- dol, ST-115, Dehydrol-0, G .-C .-78, and Pyronate.

Aniline salt was rem oved from direct allocation according to term s of O rder M -300. Its use will now be controlled on th e producers level by applications for th e allocation of aniline for th e m anu-

LACTIC ACID

M i l i t a r y

uses for lactic acid have been growing so fast th a t it is now expected th a t 40 percent of all production will go to th e arm ed forces. In order to safe­

guard this supply, it has been found neces­

sary to control distribution effective Sept.

1. Officials say the larger am ounts re­

served for m ilitary use will n o t leave suf­

ficient for all civilian needs. Producers have been attem p tin g to increase produc­

tion by im proving present facilities and ■ production techniques. W F A is co­

operating through efforts to supply addi­

tional raw materials such as corn starch, corn syrup, whey, and high grade molasses.

N APH TIIEN IC ACID

D e s p i t e

efforts of m anufacturers to speed up outputs, dem and for naphthenic acid for m ilitary purposes has increased to an extent w here virtually all civilian re­

quests will be denied in th e allocations for Septem ber. W h ile m any civilian re­

quests for naphthenic acid for use in p ro ­ tective coatings have been denied, a still smaller quantity of th e acid will be al­

located for a few highly essential require­

m ents. T h e adid will continue to be granted for use in ore flotations where special problem s exist and for démulsifica­

tion in petroleum operations.

PR IC E CEILINGS

A l l

types of boiled-down soap stock have com e under price control effective Aug. 16. T h e specific prices are d eter­

m ined by adding to th e M axim um Price Regulation N o . 53 ceiling prices for the raw soap stock used, the usual trade dif­

ferential, w hich includes processing and delivery costs. M axim um delivered prices for im ported boiled-down soap stock will be determ ined by th e p o rt of entry. Im ­ ports through A tlantic C oast or G ulf ports will be priced th e same as stock pro­

duced in Texas, while im ports in a Pacific C oast port will be priced the same as stock produced in California.

An increase of 5c. a bu. over previous ceiling prices for flaxseed w ent into effect on Aug. 14. I t affects only M inneapolis, D u lu th , R ed W in g , M ilw aukee, Chicago, and Portland, Ore. T h is makes th e ceil­

ing at those basing points $3.10 a bu.

Producers of pyrophyllitc who are unable to m ake and sell th e p roduct a t present m axim um prices m ay apply for adjust­

m ent. Increases will n o t be above the am o u n t necessary' to cover total costs of m aking and selling a particular grade or grades or to cover total costs for a pro­

ducer’s entire production of th e com ­ modity.

W e s t C oast producers or distributors of barrels and kegs will have a selling price established on an individual basis.

88

S E P T E M B E R 1944 • CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENG INEERING

CHEMICAL & METALLURGICAL ENG IN EER IN G • S E P T E M B E R 19 4 4 • 89L

A n d greater earnings fo r you, too — be­

cause the new Cleveland Speedaire Worm Gear U n it gives you M ore Horsepower fo r

Your D o lla r!

Speedaire—thé new Fan-Cooled Worm Gear R educer—offers as much as tw ice the capac­

ity o f standard w orm units o f equal frame

size, w hen operated at usual m otor speeds.

H eat generated during operation is literally scoured off the outer surfaces o f the o il reser­

voir by a high -velocity air stream.

T h e greatly-increased capacity o f the new Speedaire w ill perm it you to use these U nits in place o f other types—g iv in g you all o f the inherent advantages o f a right-angle w orm drive.

Write for your copy o f the n ew Speedaire Catalog. T h e Cleveland Worm & Gear Com ­ pany, 3273 East 80th St., Cleveland 4, O hio.

Affiliate: T he Farval Corporation, Centralized Systems of Lubrication

In C anada: PEACOCK BROTHERS LIMITED

D IA M O N D A L K A L I COi

P km k u rg h ,.P a ., sissd E v e r

T h ro u g h close team w ork oi o u r field a n d d e ­ v elo p m en t e n g in e e rs, re se a rc h chem ists a n d m a n u fa c tu rin g p erso n n el, DIAMOND co o rd i­

n a te s a v ariety of specialized te c h n ic a l skills in p e rfe c tin g th e serv ice re n d e re d to u sers of D iam ond P roducts.

Thus an y c h a n g e in your re q u ire m e n ts c a n b e qu ick ly a n d a c c u ra te ly p ro v id e d th ro u g h th e close co o p eratio n of th e D iam ond p e rso n n e l a n d facilities.

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This is the Microscope You are W aiting for

These are the lenses that make up the heart i n S o S K a m ‘croscoPe- Assembled and m ounted on

\n the stand they become a B&L Microscope . . . the microscope you have been planning to purchase when restrictions are lifted.

It will represent the best and the latest in the applica­

tion of optical science to microscopy. From the initial mathematical calculations to the final inspection each B&L Microscope will always measure up to this standard and each is the product of the experience that has gone before.

There are the facilities of America’s first and finest op­

tical glass plant, new methods of m anufacture such as the diamond m illing of optical parts, new m aterials such as

the B&L low tem perature lens cement and other new techniques. All these things, and more, w ill be combined to give you the finest optical equipm ent that can be built.

B AU S C H & L

O P T I C A L C O ., R O C H E S T E R , N . Y.

M B

M a te r s o f O ptical Glass a n d a Complete L in e o f O ptica, Instrum ents f o r M ilita r y Use, Education, Research, In d u stry a n d fiyesight Correction a n d Consecration

L E E D S &. N O R T H R U P C O M P A N Y , 4916 S T E N T O N A V E . , P H I L A . 44, P A ,

LEEDS & NORTHRUP

M EA SU R IN G IN ST R U M E N T S • T E L E M E T E R S • AU TO M A TIC C O N TRO LS • H E A T -T R E A T IN G FURNACES

SEPTEM BER 1944 • CHEIV1ICAL & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING

L e f t : I n c o m in g o p e r a t o r s a t B u ta n e P r o d u c ts C o ., P o r t N e c h e s . T e x a s , g e t a c o m p le te t e m p e r a t u r e h is to r y fro m th e w id e , e a s ily - r e a d s tr i p - c h a r t s o f M ic r o m a x P y r o m e t e r R e c o r d e r s . A b o v e : T h r e e o f th e 60 M ic r o m a x R e c o r d e r s w h ic h p r o v id e a c c u r a te a n d r e lia b le r e c o r d s o f th e im p o r ta n t f r a c t io n a t in g a n d d e h y d r o g e n a tin g t e m p e r a t u r e s a t th is b u ta d ie n e p la n t.

BUTANE PRODUCTS CO. USES MICROMAX To Check Vital Butadiene Tem peratures

Because fractionation temperatures of butane, isobutane, butylene and isobutylcne are all within the same ten-degree range, accuracy becomes one of the vital qualities in the tem­

perature instruments used for frac­

tionation of butadiene for synthetic rubber manufacture. A t Port Neches, Texas, the Butane Products Co. has turned over the job of automatic tem­

perature watchmen to Microtnax Recorders, using in all, 60 Recorders and 20 Indicators on their highly critical fractionating units.

Typical of the hundreds of M icro­

max instruments in refinery service, these pyrometers have shown on a 24- hr., day-in, day-out basis the M icro­

max ability to hang onto tempera­

ture. No m atter how small or how great the fluctuation, Micromax detects it, measures it and, by record- - ing it-promptly on its wide strip-chart, leaves a permanent temperature guide.

Details of M icromax design assure smooth mechanical action; from its sturdy, cast frame to its vapor-proof door all its parts are rugged. Machine-

type ; gears, bearings and shafts are extra-heavy. And maintenance de­

mands are few: M icromax automatic­

ally standardize itself; signals when ink, chart or dry cell need replacing.

An L & N engineer will be glad to give you more specific M icromax in­

formation, or will send you a catalog if you prefer.

T e m p e r a t u r e s o f r e a r o r d i s t a n t c o u p le s a r e re a d I n d ic a to r s in th e N e c h e s p la n t.

w ith e q u a l r e l ia b ility o n th e m a n y L & N M a n u a l

E v e r y A m e r i c a n J r i A d N -3 3 A -7 0 2 C 6 1 )