ROCZNIKI GLEBOZNAWCZE (SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL) SUITL. T. XUV, WARSZAWA 1994: 15-26
ZBIGNIEW PRUSINKIEW ICZ*, RENATA BEDN A R EK *, A LEK SA N D E R K OŚKO**, M ARZEN A SZM YT**
PALEOPED OLOGICA L STUDIES ON AGE,
PROPERTIES AND GENESIS OF ILLUVIAL BANDS
ON A NEOLITHIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
*D epartm ent o f So il S c ien c e , N ic o la s C opernicus U n iversity in Toruń **D epartm ent o f Prehistory o f Poland, Adam M ic k ie w icz U n iversity in PoznańIN T R O D U C T IO N
Illuvial bands, also called pseudofibres, lamellas, laminae, clay-iron bands or kovarvany, have been the object of interest of pedologists, geomorphologists and other specialists conducting studies in the surface layers of lithosphere for a long time. These are the series of several millimetres, horizontal, lightly undulated layers which differ from the background by their distinct red- or rusty-brown colour. Oftentimes they form systems which ramify and join again. They are mostly found in automorphicsandy soils, although, similar formations are also found in other soils. Laszlo who, according to Stefanovits [1971], was the first to describe these bands in 1913, thought that they indicate conditions unfavourable to plants. Just the opposite, H.& Z. Uggla [1979] and Hannah and Zahner [ 1970] emphasized their positive influence on forests. Some specialists, e.g. Stefanovits [1971] think that they are of great diagnostic importance, and suggest to distinguish soil with illuvial bands as a separate taxonomic unit.
In spite of the fact that these bands are found in soils rather frequently and although they have already been analysed and described many times [Baranie cka, Konecka-Betley 1980; Berg 1984; Dijkerman etal. 1967; Folks, Riecken 1956; Gile 1979; Gray etal. 1976; Kemp, McIntosh 1989; Miles, Franzmeier 1977; Schaetzl 1992; Torrent et al. 1980] the knowledge about their age is not complete yet.
This paper contains data for characterization and determination of their age on the basis of archaeological and paleopedological studies conducted in
16 Z. Prusinkiewicz et cd.
Kujawy (Cuiavia) by the Department of Prehistory of Poland of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, and by the Department of Soil Science of the Nicholas Copernicus University in Toruń.
T H E S T U D Y A R E A
Studies in Kujawy were conducted at Opatowice which is 3 km SE of Radziejów (Х=18°ЗГЕ; cp=52°36’N) on an elevation called "The Prokopiak’s H i i r (Fig. la, b, c).
The relative altitude is 25.4 m (120.4 m a.s.l.). The length of this hill is 2200 m, its width 900 m and morphological axis is NW-SE. The hill consists of fine and medium sands with admixture of gravel and stones. In some places the sands are stratified. From the geomorphological point of view it is a kame. On the surface evidences of eolic processes are rather frequent. Ground waters are deep.
There are no direct data concerning primaeval vegetation growing on the sandy hill; however, it may be supposed that it was mainly a vegetation of the pine or mixed forest type.
M ETH O D S
Pedological methods. Samples for laboratory analyses were taken in two profiles (A and B). One of them (A) went through the pit and through the undisturbed material below the pit, and the second (B) went through the undisturbed soil near the pit (Fig.2). In the samples the following properties were determined:
• particle size composition by hydrometer method according to Bouyoucos as modified by Casagrande and by Prószyński (sand and gravel were separated with sieves);
• the soil reaction — using a glass electrode; 9 С0гц “ by Tiurin method;
• N t - b y Kjeldahl method;
• P - by Black method as modified by Gebhardt;
• Fe oxides - by Mehra-Jackson (Fed) and Tamm (Fe0) methods; • soil colour - according to Munsell Charts.
Archaeological methods. The thickness of the layers used at the explora tion site were either 5 or 10 cm. In every layer all of the artefacts were precisely located. Samples were taken from all of the strata.
A R C H A E O L O G I C A L C H A R A C T E R IZ A T IO N O F T H E O B JE C T In the Prokopiak’s Hill the existence of a settlement complex, from the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age, was found and it was dated by
Propenies o f ШшШ bands
17
Fig. I . Localization o f investigated area: «1 - location plan, b - Prokopiak’s Hill - hypsometry and the location o f archaeological site No 36, с - cross-section through the Prokopiak’s Hill along the A B transect, d - location o f the pit analysed here (object 41) against the background o f the selecled nearest archaeological features on site 36; 1 - house, 2 - ritual objects, 3 - pits, 4 - inve
stigated pit
14C to the years of 5150—3950 B.P. This complex consisted of 23 sites in which settlements, camps and ritual places were found which were established by the Funnel Beaker Culture, Cordet Ware Culture and the Iwno Culture. So far 7 sites have been explored. For the problems discussed in this paper one of them, marked as Opatowice 36 (Fig.lb), is of the greatest importance. In the area of the settlements living quarters, ritual objects and pits used for economic purposes were found (Fig. Id).
Detailed analyses were conducted in one pit (object 41) located 5 m south of the hut.
18 Z. Prusinkiewicz et al.
Fig. 2. Schem atic figure o f the ob ject investigated and o f the places where samples for analyses w ere ta ken: Profile A - cross-section thro
ugh the pit and undisturbed soil under the pit, Profile В - cross-sec
tion through the rock-bed near by the pit
P E D O L O G IC A L D E SC R IPT IO N O F T H E O B JE C T
The pit selected was dug in the rusty soil (Cambic Arenosol). The soil is, at present, devoid of humus horizon. The reason and time of cutting off the top part of the previous soil profile might be different (e.g. eolic, anthropogenic). At present both the fossil rusty soil as well as the pit excavated in it and later filled with other material are covered with a 90 cm overlay in which two types of soil were distinguished: the lower, the fossil weakly podzolized soil (Albic Arenosol) of a thickness of ca. 60 cm covered with the upper soil, the recent weakly developed soil (Haplic Arenosol) of a thickness of ca. 30 cm. Results of analyses of both these soils as well as of the “filling” of the pit are given in Tables 1 and 2.
T A B L E 1. Particle size com position o f coverin g so ils in two profiles A and В Sam ple G enetic Sam pl Per cent o f particle size o f mm in diameter
No horizon ini» depth 1.0 - 0 .5 - 0 .2 5 - 0.1 - 0 .0 5 - 0.0 2 - 0 .0 0 5
-[cm] >1.0 0.5 0.25 0.1 <0.1 0.05 0.02 0 .005 0.002 < 0 .0 0 2
W eakly d evelop ed soil (H ap lic A renosol)
A 1 A p 1 2 -1 7 1.3 2.8 35.5 51.7 10.0 4 2 2 2 0 В 15 A p 1 0 -1 5 1.2 4.0 43.3 46.7 6.0 4 1 1 0 0 A 2 A pC 1 8 -2 3 1.1 2.9 33.5 52.6 11.0 6 3 0 0 2 В 16 A pC 1 7 -2 2 0.9 5.1 46.6 45.5 2.8 n 0 t d e t e r m i n e d A 3 С 2 5 - 3 0 1.6 4.4 20.2 66.4 9.0 8 1 0 0 . 0 В 17 С 2 5 - 3 0 0.8 3.3 22.6 63.1 11.0 6 2 1 0 2
Buried w eakly podzolized soil (A lb ic A renosol)
A 4 A E esb 3 5 -4 0 1.4 1.1 31.1 53.8 14.0 7 3 2 2 0
В 18 A E esb 3 2 - 3 7 1.5 1.6 40.6 40.8 17.0 9 1 0 • 4 3
A 5 B feb 5 0 -5 5 1.2 4 .2 40 .3 46.5 9.0 4 2 1 1 1
Properties o f iUuvial bands
19
T A B L E 2. Som e chem ical properties o f coverin g so ils in two profiles A and ВSam ple G enetic Sam pl- pH С N C:N P F* F** Fe - F eЛ г\ F e /F e ,r\ A
No horizon ing r Ц20
depth [cm] KCI [%) [ppm] |%]
W eakly develop ed soil (I laplic A ren osol)
A 1 A p 1 2 -1 7 5 .4 4.1 0.33 0.031 11:1 120 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.5 В 15 Ap 1 0 -1 5 5.6 4.3 0.3 7 0.033 11:1 126 0 .1 4 0.08 0 .0 6 0.6 A 2 ApC 1 8 -2 3 5.2 4.2 0.23 0.022 10:1 - 0.15 0.08 0.0 7 0.5 В 16 A pC 1 7 -2 2 5.7 4.4 0.15 0.013 11:1 - 0.15 0.09 0.0 6 0.6 A 3 С 2 5 - 3 0 5.8 4.6 0.1 0 0 .010 10:1 - 0.1 2 0.0 7 0.05 0.6 В 17 С 2 5 - 3 0 5.9 4.6 0.1 2 0 .012 10:1 - 0.16 0.11 0.0 5 0.7
Buried w eakly podzolized soil (A lb ic A renosol)
A 4 A E esb 3 5 - 4 0 5.5 5.1 0.23 0.016 14:1 133 0.15 0.11 0 .0 4 0.7
В IS A E esb 3 2 - 3 7 5.0 4.8 0.23 0.0 2 0 12:1 125 0 .1 4 0.08 0.0 6 0.6
A 5 Bfeb 5 0 -5 5 6.7 5.3 0.09 0.007 13:1 102 0.11 0.07 0.0 4 0.6
В 19 B feb 5 7 - 6 2 6.9 5.6 0.07 0.006 12:1 107 0 .12 0.08 0 .0 4 0.7
F* - РезОза - M ehra-Jackson's extract: F** - Fe2Ü3o - T a m m ’s extract.
The soil around the pit has a texture of fine or medium sand with a little admixture of small gravel (Table 3). The fossil sideric horizon (Bvb) has a yellow-rusty colour (10 YR 6/6). Soil pH is little differentiated in the profile and is ca. 6.4 in H20 and 4.S-4.9 in KCI.
The mineral material filling in the pit is a little finer textured as the soil and is of a brown-grey colour (7.5 YR 5/3). The pH values are ca. 0.4 unit higher than in the soil (Table 4).
The laminae are generally somewhat more acid than the material between them. They occur in the fossil rusty soil and in the sandy filling of the pit, whereas the overlay is free of them. These layers run in principle horizontally and are slightly undulated. Some of them bifurcate, and again join each other (Fig. 3). Sometimes they form fine small anastomoses joining the neighbouring
T A B L E 3. Particle size com position o f undisturbed rusty soil (rock-bed) and material fillin g the pit in two profiles A and В
Sam ple H orizon Sam pl- Per cent o f particle size o f mm in diameter
No or layer ing depth [cm] >1.0 1 .0 -0.5 0 .5 -0.25 0 .2 5 -0.1 <0.1 0 .1 -0.05 0 .0 5 -0 .-0 2 0 .0 2 -0.0 0 5 0 .0 0 5 -0.0 0 2 < 0.0 0 2 R ock-bed В 20 Bvb 9 5 -1 0 0 1.6 19.4 46 .4 33.9 0.3 В 21 IL 1 2 3 -1 2 4 1.7 15.3 46 .8 34.9 3.0 1 1 1 0 0 В 22 Bvb 1 4 2 -1 4 7 1.2 15.3 49.4 34.5 0.8 - - _ _ _ А 12 B vb 1 4 5 -1 5 0 1.9 7.2 6 4 .0 27.1 1.7 - - - - -А 13 IL 1 6 0 -1 6 1 6.4 7.1 37 .4 45.5 10.0 2 1 2 2 3 А 14 С 1 6 5 -1 7 0 0.7 4.0 30 .4 56.6 9.0 6 2 0 0 1 В 23 С 1 7 0 -1 7 5 1.3 2.7 35.5 53.8 8.0 4 2 0 0 2
M aterial fillin g the pit
A 6 FM 9 0 -9 5 2.0 11.0 35.3 47.7 7.0 3 1 1 1 1 A 7 IL 1 0 2 -1 0 4 2.7 4.9 45.1 43 .0 7.0 3 4 0 0 0 A 8 FM 1 0 9 -1 1 4 3.0 13.7 45 .7 39.5 1.1 - - - - -A 9 IL 1 1 6 -1 1 8 10.5 5.5 44 .4 43.1 7.0 1 1 1 1 3 A 10 FM 1 2 3 -1 2 8 1.5 8.8 61 .4 28.1 1.7 - - - - -A 11 IL 1 3 3 -1 3 5 5.3 8.9 33.5 43.6 14.0 4 1 2 2 6
Fig. 3. Prehistoric pit with illuvial bands: 1 - rock-bed, 2 - material fillin g the pit Z. Prusinkiewicz et a l.
Properties o f illuvial bands
21
T A B L E 4. S o m e chem ical properties o f undisturbed rusty soil (rock-bed) and material filling the pit in two profiles Л and В
Sam ple• Hori Sampl pH С N С : N V F* p** p*** p***+
No zon or layer ing depth [cm] h2o KCI [%] [ppm] [% ] R ock - В 20 bed Bvb 9 5 -1 0 0 6.4 5.1 0.17 0.015 11:1 115 0.19 0.15 0 .0 4 0 .8 В 21 IL 1 2 3 -1 2 4 6.4 4.9 0.15 0.0 1 4 11:1 238 0 .38 0.26 0 .1 2 0.7 В 22 Bvb 1 4 2 -1 4 7 6.4 5.0 0.1 8 0.013 14:1 176 0.12 0.0 8 0 .0 4 0.7 A 12 Bvb 1 4 5 -1 5 0 6.4 4.8 0.2 2 0.015 15:1 150 0.15 0.1 0 0.05 0 .7 Л 13 IL 1 6 0 -1 6 1 6.0 4.7 0.21 0.021 10:1 259 0 .3 7 0 .2 7 0 .1 0 0.7 Л 14 С 1 6 5 -1 7 0 6.4 4.8 0.0 - - 104 0.09 0 .0 4 0.05 0 .4 В 23 e 1 7 0 -1 7 5 6.5 4.9 0.0 - - 121 0.08 0.06 0 .0 2 O.S
Material filling the pit
Л 6 FM Л 7 IL 1 0 2 -1 0 4 6.7 9 0 -9 5 5.4 0.05 6.8 0 .005 5.5 10:1 0.06 75 0.11 0 .09 113 0 .0 2 0 .1 0 0.0! 0.8 A S FM 1 0 9 -1 1 4 6.8 5.5 0.08 0.005 16:1 119 0.18 0.12 0 .0 6 0 .7 Л 9 IL 1 1 6 -1 1 8 6.8 5.4 0.1 4 0.017 8:1 169 0.34 0.19 0 .15 0.6 Л 10 FM 1 2 3 -1 2 8 6.7 5.4 0.17 0.015 11:1 103 0.16 0 .1 0 0.06 0.6 A 11 IL 1 3 3 -1 3 5 6.6 4.9 0.13 0 .0 2 0 7:1 2 8 0 0.45 0 .32 0 .13 0.7
FM - material fillin g the pit; IL - illuvial bands: F* - ЕезОза - M ehra-Jakcson's extract; F** - Fe2Ü3o - T a m n v s extract: F*** - Fed-Feo: F**** - Fe-o/Fed
bands. Oftentimes, without losing the continuity, they penetrate from the undisturbed soil to the material filling the pit, however, sometimes at the contact point little faults are visible. The thickness of laminae is from 2 to 20 mm and the more thick are usually those inside the pit.
The bands occurring in the soil are usually red-brown (5 YR 5/4), whereas the colour of the laminae in the material filling the pit is somewhat darker (5 YR 4/4).
The colour of laminae points to iron oxides accumulation (Table 4). The bands are almost 2-3 times more abundant in iron than the neighbouring material. The Fed and Fe0 concentration in laminae occurring in the soil and in the filling of the pit does not differ much between each other and is 0.4% and 0.3% respectively. In the bands that are found in the pit a tendency is distinct towards the increase in the content of both forms of iron in the direction of the bottom of the pit. The crystallization degree of iron oxides determined as the Fen/Fed ratio [Schwertmann 1964] is very similar in the bands and the neigh bouring material (0,7-0.8).
In the laminae no increase in the carbon and nitrogen content was found as compared to the background, however, the laminae in the soil are generally more abundant in these elements than the ones occurring in the filling of the pit.
The content of phosphorus in the material between the bands fall within the limits usually met in the soils of Poland (100-120 ppm). Whereas, the bands show generally the distinctly higher values, which however are notas great as in the case of neither spodic horizons in fossil podzolic soils [Konecka-Betley et al. 1985] nor the anthropic horizons [Gebhardt 1982].
2 2 Z. Prusinkiewicz ct al.
A characteristic feature of the vertical differentiation of phosphorus content in laminae in the pit is, like in the case of iron, an increase in the amount of this element towards the bottom of the pit (75-169-280 ppm).
D ISC U SSIO N
In the pedological literature an opinion is often expressed that illuvial bands were formed at the end of Pleistocene in the presence of a permafrost [Churska 1973; Kemp, McIntosh 1989; Manikowska 1985; Morozowa 1981; Siuta, Motowicka 1965]. According to this hypothesis laminae observed in numerous sandy soils would be the bite Vistulian (^Wisconsin) relicts. Other authors [Aleksandrovsky 1983; Gayel, Khabarov 1969; Khabarov 1977; Torrent etal. 1980] suggested that bands in those soils would be formed in the Atlantic climatic optimum. Intensive leaching was supposed to cause elluviation of the most mobile clay fractions frequently together with iron oxides, which were then precipitated in some layers enriched with fine material.
The results of our studies do not confirm the above quoted hypothesis. Bands inside the pits (used by prehistoric men for economic purposes) which are continued in an undisturbed soil material must be younger than pits themselves since they could have been formed only after they had been filled in. Archaeo logical finds connect the pits with the population of the Funnel Beaker Culture o f phases IIIB (4800-4700 B.P.) and IVA (4550-4450 B.P.) as well as the Globular Amphora Culture from phase lia (4000-3850 B.P.). This age has been confirmed by means of radiocarbon datings obtained for comparable objects found at a small distance from the pit described here (Fig. Id). The following 14C dates were obtained: 4690+110 B.P.*(Gd^785), 4810±110 B.P.*(Gd- 6588), 3850±50 B.P.**(Gd-8037), 4010±100 B.P.**(Gd-6438) and 4350±120 B.P. (Gd-6522). The dating delimit the earliest possible beginning of forma tion of illuvial bands in the investigated area to the subboreal period. A little younger (3500-2300 B.P.) bands were found by Berg [1984] in the chrono- sequence of soils formed from dune sands near the Michigan Lake.
In our opinion the age of illuvial bands found in various areas cannot be connected with one, strictly determined time interval. Many facts (among others the iron and phosphorus content increasing downwards) give the proof of the earliest formation of the deeper bands. But if the origin of the bands was to be connected with the degradation of the permafrost then as the first ones would have to be formed the laminae closest to the soil surface.
The fact that some laminae continuously pass through the soil and the material that fills the pit, whereas the other create at the junction point of these two substrata a kind of faults may be interpreted as a result of uneven compaction of the sediments in pits. This suggest that the bands were formed soon after pits had been filled and before the process of compaction was over.
Properties of illuvial bands 23 The possible upper limit of band age that was established in the investigated area is undisputable ca. 4800-4700 B.P. In the podzolic soil covering the studied pit artefacts of Funnel Beaker Culture were found. In this connection a unanimous answer to the question whether the bands are subboreal relicts or recent formations still cannot be expected.
Lack of lamination in the overlay covering the pit which we studied would not confirm the thesis that illuvial bands may be formed at present [Sobolev 1938] - at least in the area of Kujawy. A certain direction of further research is determined by the presence in the overlay of the fossil weakly podzolized soil. The degree of this development suggests that it might have been formed through several hundreds of years.
A number of researchers [Kovda et al. 1958; Wysocki 1930; Zaydelman 1965] connect the formation of pseudofibres with the processes of (either relict or contemporary) hydrogenous accumulation of iron compounds. The object which we analyse excludes the possibility of such interpretation because of the deep (now and in the past) occurrence of ground water.
Other authors [Hannah, Zahner 1970; Lautridou, Giresse 1981; Robinson, Rich 1960] think that pseudofibres are the result of the processes of lithogene- sis. In our object the bands are undoubtedly post-sedimentation formations. It also seems that the process of filling pits used for economic purposes must have occurred fast. This would be proved by the relatively good condition of the walls of pits which in case of slow destruction would have (especially in a sandy material) to show numerous disturbances and traces of landslide.
Stefanovits [ 1971 ] suggests that laminae (which he called kovarvany) found in brown soils of Hungary are the product of the influence of eolic processes and forest vegetation. A similar view was presented earlier by Tsigirintsev [1968]. Many of our observations made on the Prokopiak’s Hill seem to confirm views presented, although many facts have not been explained fully.
To conclude, some words about the taxonomic position of soils with illuvial bands. There are not many pedologists who would have a firm opinion in this matter. Stefanovits [1971] considers them, under Hungarian conditions, as a subunit in a widely treated group of brown soils. It seems from our studies that illuvial bands are formed as result of a very peculiar process reminding to some extent the lessivage with the signs of weak podzolization. According to Taxonomy of Polish Soils [1989] sandy soils in which bands are most often encountered meet rather the criteria of rusty soils and not brown soils. Thus leaving this question open until more conclusive materials have been collected we suggest that the soils with illuvial bands, similar to the ones described here, may be treated at present as a peculiar subtype of rusty soils. No doubt, in the field pedological studies inventories should be made of these soils thus data would be collected that could be used for further monographs and syntheses.
24 Z. Pnisinkiewicz et al.
C O N C L U S IO N S
1. On the basis of archaeological and radiocarbon datings it was established that the age of illuvial bands in the soils, in the area under investigation, cannot be earlier than 4800-4700 B.P. - thus these are not the relicts from the end of the Vistulian.
2. The laminae were formed as a result of pedological processes and not of lithological ones.
3. The investigated bands were not formed in contact with the ground water; hydromorphic or semihydromorphic soils with ironpans should not be identi fied with illuvial bands discussed in this paper.
4. The pH of the bands is usually a bit higher than of the immediate surroundings.
5. Illuvial bands are richer than the neighbouring soil layers in fine (mobile) granulometric fractions, and in iron and phosphorus.
6. Iron and phosphorus content in bands increases from upper laminae to the lower ones; this is evidence for the argument that the laminae in the lower parts of the profile were formed earlier.
7. The process of formation of laminae may be treated as a peculiar kind of lessivage.
8. The taxonomic position of sandy soil with the illuvial bands has not been determined yet; until more materials are obtained they will be treated as a separate subtype of rusty soils.
9. The advantages of close co-operation of pedologists and archaeologists proved useful; this co-operation contributed quite a few new elements to discussion of age, genesis and evolution of soils.
10. The complex studies, that we together conducted, throw some light on the manner in which illuvial bands were formed - at least in the sense that they eliminate some hypotheses still lingering in the literature.
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26 Z. Prusinkiewicz et al.
Z. Prusinkiewicz*, R. Bednarek*, A. K osko**, M. Szm yt**
BADANIA PALEOPEDOLOGICZNE NAD WIEKIEM, WŁAŚCIWOŚCIAMI I GENEZĄ WSTĘG ILU WIALŃ YCH NA NEOLITYCZNYM STANOWISKU ARCHEOLOGICZNYM
* Zakład G leb ozn aw stw a U niw ersytetu M . K opernika w Toruniu * * Zakład Prahistorii Polski U n iw ersytetu A . M ick iew icza w Poznaniu
STRESZCZENIE
Celem badań prowadzonych w spólnie przez Zakład Gleboznawstwa UMK w Toruniu i Zakład Prahistorii Polski IJAM w Poznaniu było uzyskanie materiałów charakteryzujących w ła ściw ości, w iek oraz genezę w stęg iluwialnych spotykanych często w profilach gleb piaskowych. Badania prowadzono na neolitycznym stanowisku archeologicznym w Opatowicach koło Radziejowa (K u jaw y). Obok innych obiektów wiążących się z pobytem na tym terenie człow ieka w n eolicie rozpoznano tzw. jam y gospodarcze wykopane w rdzawej glebie piaskowej, które po w yłączeniu z użytkowania uległy zasypaniu materiałem ziem nym z najbliższego otoczenia. Zarówno w nienaru szonym calcu, jak i w materiale wypełniającym m iejsce po jamach w idoczne sa, wstęgi iluwialne. Niektóre z nich w sposób ciągły przechodzą przez calec i przez materiał wypełniaja£cy jam y. A rch eologicznej radiow ęglow e datowaniejam p ozw oliło ustalić m ożliw ą górnągranicę wieku w stęg iluwialnych na 4 8 0 0 -4 7 0 0 lat. Z daty tej wynika, że badane wstęgi nie m ogą być traktowane jako relikty ze schyłku vistulianu, jak to sugerują niektórzy autorzy. Sytuacja hydrologiczna badanego terenu zm usza też do odrzucenia hipotez, w myśl których wstęgi tworzyły się w miejscu kontaktu z wodami zaskórnymi lub gruntowym i. Proces ich powstawania może być natomiast traktowany jako sw oista odmiana lessiw ażu, być może z pewnymi elementami bielicowania. Stanowisko system aty czne gleb piaskow ych z wstęgam i iluwialnymi pozostaje chw ilow o nie rozstrzygnięte; do czasu uzyskania pełniejszych materiałów, gleby te można traktować jako odrębny podtyp gleb rdzawych. N ie ulega jednak w ątpliw ości, że w terenowych badaniach gleboznaw czych należy te gleb y inw en- taryzować, grom adząc w ten sposób dane do późniejszych opracowań monograficznych i syn tety cznych.
Prof. ilr Zbigniew Prusinkiewicz D epartment o f Soil Science,
N icholas Copernicus University, Toruń 87-100 Toruń, Sienkiewicza 30 , Poland
