PmMbzume1-tUR 1-tad eonpocoM o coom1-to
iue1-tuu rpy1-tK71uo1-taJZb1-tou cmwzucmuKu u
ducKypc1-tbZX uccnedoea1-tui1 ( c peT.J,eeedT.J,ec
Kux no3U71uu)
1
MAPr APl1T A H. K0)1{11HA
(IlepMb)
HeCMOTp51 Ha 3HatrnTeJibHOe KOJil1'-IeCTBO ny6m1KaQl1H no npo6rreMaM .LJ:11-CKypca Hl1 O.D;HO nOH51Tl1e, BepO51THO, He 51BJI5ieTC51 CTOJib .D;l1CKYCCl1OHHbIM, He Bbl3bIBaeT TaKoro MHO)l(eCTBa pa3HOpet-Il1BbIX TOJIKOBaHl1H, KaK )],11CKypc. 3To, KOHet-IHO, He crryąaHHO 11 11MeeT no KpaHHeH Mepe Tp11 np11Yl1Hbl. IlepBa51: po.n;oHat-IaJibHHKaMH .D;HCKypcttoro2 aHaJIH3a -
A,D. (Mbl fOBOpHM
npe11My1..QeCTBeHHO O cppaHQY3CKOH IIIKOJie A,ll.) cpa3y ąeTKO 11 O)],HO3Hat-IHO He 6bIJIO onpeJJ,eJieHO nOH51THe )],HCKypca3. l13BeCTHbl BbICKa3bIBaHH51M.
<l>yKo 11 JJ,pyr11x npeJJ,CTaB11Terrel1 3TOro HanpaBrreHl151 O He51CHOCTl1 3HaYeHH51 rrraBHoro TepM11Ha A,D. 11 T,D. (Teop1111 JJ,11CKypca). Cp. Hanp11Mep: «CMyrnoe 3Hat-IeHHe CJIOBa OUCKypc» (<l>yKo1 996: 8 1 ),
« . . . t-ITO KacaeTC51 TepM11Ha OUCKypc, 11cnoJib3yeMoro CJil1IIIKOM HeonpeJJ,eJieHHO . . . » (TaM )l(e,I 08).
,ll.pyr11e rOBOp51T O TPYJJ,HOCT51X onpeJJ,eJieHl151 3TOro TepM11Ha 11, B KOHet-IHOMTeMa JTa npo.uom1<aeT 6onee pattm1e MOH ny6n11Kau1111 (
1998, 2003, 2004)
11 ny1.11ue paccMarpHBaTb HX B KOMnJieKce.2 XOTJI B KHeBCKOM nepeBO.Ue KHHrH M.<l>yKo H B nocne.uy!Oll.lHX MHOr04HCJieHHblX pa6ornx HCnOJib3yeTCJI HOMHHaUHJI OUCKypcU6HblU, Mbl ynorpe6m1eM 6onee CBOHCTBeHHYIO pyccKOMY ll3blKY cjJopMy OUCKypcHblU, K CTaTH npe.ucrnBJieHHYIO B nepeBo.ue TeKCTOB Tl CepHo KHHrH Keaopamypa CMb1c11a, H3.UaHHoi-l no.u Jrn.uoi-l lO.C. CTenattoBa.
3 Otto He Morno 6b1Tb cpa3y onpe.ueneHO, nOCKOJibKY OTHOCHTCJI K TaK Ha3bIBaeMblM «naKeTHblM» nOHJITHJIM, HCnOJib3yeMblM B e.UHHCTBe C .upyrHMH.
Stylistyka XIV
C'łeTe, ero MHOr03Ha'łHOCTM. O.n.tty M3 npM'łMH 3TOro - y Hac OHa BTOpaH -
11.
CepMO BM)].MT B TOM, 'łT0 H0MMHaQMH OUCKypc cpa3y 6brna BOCTpe6oBaHa M CTana umpOKO HCnOnh30BaTbC51 B pa3nM'łHblX H0B blX Hanpa BneHMHX nMHrBHCTMKM: nparMaTMKe, nMHrBMCTMKe TeKCTa M .n.p., npMBHecurnx B MCnonb3yeMblH TepMMH .n.ononHMTenbHb!e OTTeHKM 3Ha'łeHM51 . O.n.HaKO TpeTbH - M, Ha Halli B3rnH)]., rnaBHaH - npM'łMHa B TOM , 'łTO A,n: Bbllllen 3a npe.n.enbI co6CTBeHHO (Y3KO) 513b!KOBe)].'łeCKMX Mccne)],OBaHMH K M3y'łeHMIO pe'łM, pe'łeBOH .n.es1TenbHOCTM, KOTOpaH o6na.n.aeT cneQMCpMK OH, Cyll\eCT BeHHO OTflM'łaIOll\eMCSI OT cneQMQ)MKM 513b!Ka (Ko.n.a, 513b!KOBOH CMCTe- MbI), xorn M HBnHeTCH peanM3aQMeH 513b!Ka, ero Q)YHKQMOHMpOBaHMeM.Ha MHoroacneKTHOCTb pe'łM o6pall\an BHMMaHMe ell\e <I> . .n.e Cocc10p 11 no cyll\eCTBY npe,ll,BM)],en Tpy)].HOCTM ee M3y'łeHM51.
I1
CBSI3aHbl OHM C TeM , 'łTO Mccne,noBaHMe pe'łM M pe'łeBOH .n.eHTenbHOCTM4 He MO)l(eT orpaHM'łMTbCH c o 6 CT B e HHO n 11 Hr B M CTl1 'ł e C K M M a c neKTO M ( C M CT e M O H Sl 3 b! K a , ero ycTpOMCTBOM), HO HeM36e)l(H0 Bb!X0)].MT Ha 113y'łeHMe npoQeccyanhHOH CTO p0Hbl (peqenpOM3BO)].CTBa M MCnOnh30BaHM51 513bIKa), a 3Ha'łMT, y'łeTa OK py)l(alOll\ero KOHTeKCTa pe'łM (cpe,ll,bl o6MTaHMH) M pa3nM'łHb!X BM)].OB .n.e HTenhHOCTM 'łenoBeKa, conpOBO)l()],aeMb!X pe'łeBOH .n.esnenbHOCTblO. TeM c a M b! M npeAno n ar a eTCH p a C C MOTpeHMe 3 K C T p a n M H r B 11 C T 11 -'ł e C K 11 X qiaKTOpOB, B TOM -'łMcne COQManhHOH cq>epbl 11 y C n o B M11
n o p O )K)].eHMSI H 6 bITOB aHM51 pe'ł M , p o n M C y 6 'b e K T o B p e 'ł eBOH )].eSITeflbH0CTM ( cp . : p e 'ł b - np M CB O e H M e Sl3b! K a r o B O p H ll\M M M ) , a cne.n.oBaTenbHO, ee Q e n e·H a n p a B n e H H o C T M ' CBOHCTBeHHOH BCHKOH .n.eSITeflbHOCTM. IIo Cocc10py, «SI3blK TOflbK0 onpe,neneHHaH 'ł a C T b-npaB.n.a, B a)l(HeiłrnaSI 'łaCTb pe'łeBOH )].eSITenbHOCTM»
(1977: 47. -
pa3pH,ll,Ka Hama. -M.K. ).
l1Ha'łe roBOpSI, M3y'łeHMe pe'łM M pe'łeBOM )].eSITenbHOCTM Be)].eT K CBOero po.n.a rno6anM3aQMM 11ccne,noBaHMH: y'łeT BJIMHHHSI Ha 3TH q> eHOMeHbl Bcex CTOpOH )l(M3HM qenoBeK a , ero aypb!5' M 6 0 pe'ł eBaH .n.eHTeflbHOCTb. CBSl3aHa co BCeMM .n.pyrMMM BM)].aMH )].eSITenbHOCTM qenoBeKa. OTCIO)],a aHTponoQeHTpM3M no.n.o6Hb!X MCCne,noBaHMH, He cny'łaHHO HBHO4 TepMHH
pe'ib
Hepe)ll<O HcnOJib3YeTCll B WHpOKOM CMbICJie, BKJIIO'łall Hpe'łe6y/O
iJeRlneJlbHOClnb, JIH6o CHHOHHMH'łeCKH (CM. y A.KH6pHKa: « . . . nyTb . . . npHBO,UHJI HJIH K HrHOpHpoBaHHJO caMOH pe'łH (pe'łeBOH ,Uel!TeJlbHOCTH ) . . . » -JI3C1990: 605),
'!eMy Mbl B pll,!le cny'łaeB cne,uyeM, pa3,UeJillll B TO JKe BpeMll MHeHHeB.M.
JleH'łHKa(2004)
o Heo6XO,UHMOCTH nOMHHTb, 'łTO y CoccJOpa HaJIHI..\O He ,!lHXOTOMHll, a TJ)HXOTOMHll (ll3blK, pe'łb, pe'łeBall ,UellTeJibHOCTb).5
B CBll3H c 'łeM ttanoMHHM xopowo H3BeCTHYJO MeTacj>opy
H.,ll ApYTJOHOBołi: «)].HcKypc
-3TO pe'łb, "norpy)l(eHHall B JKH3Hb"»(1990: 1 37).
Pa3Mb/U/JleHtlJl liQO BOnpOCOM O coomHOUleHUU </JyHKL{UOHQJlbHOU . . .
MAPrAPl1TA H. KO)Kl1HA
o603Ha'-IHBWHHC.SI B H3blK03HaHHH B CBH3H C npO)J.BH)KeHHeM ero napa.n.HrMhl OT CTpYKTYPHOH HMeHHO K q>yHKQHOHanbHOH. OTCIO)J.a H KaK 6b1 BblX0)J. pe'-łeBe,D.'-łeCKHX HCcne)J.OBaHHH 3a npe.u;enbl nHHrBHCTHKH, O '-łeM, KCTaTH, ynoMHHaeT Il. CepHo
(1999: 3 1 ) .
YKa3aHHbie (pa3p.Sl)J.KOH) npH3HaKl1 pe'-IH H pe'-łeBOH )J.eHTenbHOCTH, C0CTaBn.SllOll.lHe npe,D.MeT 113y'-łeHl1.SI nHHrBHCTHKH pe'-IH (TepMHH CoccIOpa) HnH, HHaqe - pe'-łeBe)J.eHl1.SI, q>Hryp11py10T, ecTeCTBeHHO, B onpe.n.eneHH.SIX )J.11CKypca. CM., ttanpHMep, y Il. CepHo: « . . . TepM11H oucKypc nonyqae-r MH0)KeCTBo
npHMeHeHHH. OH o603Ha'-łaeT, B qaCTH0CTl1: [ . . . ] "pe'-łb" B COCCIOp0BCKOM CMbICne, T.e. mo6oe KOHKpeTH0e BbICKa3bIBaHHe [ . . . ] y EettBeHHCTa OUCKypcoM
Ha3bIBaeTC.SI pe'-łb, npHCBaHBaeMaH roB0P.Slll.lHM . . . »; :no MO)KeT 6hITb 11 «"onp e.n.eneHHblH THTT BblCKa3blB3HH.SI", HanpHMep, "B006ll.le npHCYll.lHH q>eMHHHCTKaM HnH a,D.MHHHCTpaQHH"» (CepHO
1999: 26).
OTMe'-ła.SI .n.anee, '-IT0A,lJ;
pa:3rpaHH'-łHBaeT BblCKQ3b/BQHUe (KaK nocne)J.0BaTenhH0CTb cppa3 Me)K)J.y .D.BYM.SI npo6enaMH) H oucKypc, IT. CepHo npo.n.on)KaeT: <</(ucKypc - 3T0 BblCKa:3bIB3HHe, paccMaTpHBaeMoe C T0'-IKH 3peHH.SI )J.HCKypcttoro MexaHH3Ma, K0TOpblH HM ynpaBn.SleT [ . . . ] nHHrB11CTH'-łeCKOe HCCne)J.OBaHHe ycnOBHH np0H3B0)J.CTBa TeKCTa, onpe.n.en.SleT ero KaK <<,nl1CKypC»(1999: 27). 11
ell.le: «Il o tt H T H e )J. H C K y p c a O TKpbr n a e T TPY.D.HhIH n yTh M e )K.n.y '-I H C T O nHHrBHCTH'-łeCKHM TT0)J.X0)J.OM . . . H TT0)J.X0)J.OM, KOTOpblH paCTBOpHeT .Sl3blK B H)J.eonornH»6 (CepHO1999: 27),
T.e. )J.HCKypCHblM TTO)J.X0)J.OM. KaK BH)J.HM, B 3THX onpe.n.enettHHX )J.HCKypca no.n.qepK11BaeTcH npe)K)J.e Bcero ero npou:eccyanhtta.SI CT0p0Ha, ycn0BH.SI np0113B0)J.CTBa BbICKa:3blB3HHsu'TeKCTa C Y'-łeT0M COU:HanhHOH ccpepbl (H,D.eonorHH), T.e. BHenHHrBHCTl1'-łeCKHX, HHa'-łe, 3KCTpanHHrBH CTl1'-łeCKHX, q>aKTOpOB. TaKoBa 0CHOBa, CYll.lH0CTHaH '-łaCTb 3Ha'-łeHHH cnoBa <<,nHCKypc» (B A,[O. KCTaTH, y)Ke 3)1.eCh HaMeqaeTCH 6nH30CTb xapaKTepHCTHK npe;:i:MeTa HCCne)J.0BaHH.SI H MeT0)J.0B ero attanH3a B TeopHH )J.HCKypca (T,Z::0, C 0)J.HOH CT0p0Hbl, 11 B q>yHKU:HOHanbHOH cnmHCTHKe - C .n.pyro117. 11:TaK, H3y'-łeHHe )J.HCKypca, K0T0pbIH npe.n.craBmeT co6011 pe'-łeBoe npoHBnettHe .Sl3hIKa H TeM caMblM npe)J.MeT nHHrBHCTHKl1 pe'-IH, pe'-łeBe)J.eHl1SI, npH3BaH0 0XBaTHTb '-łpe3BbI'-łaHHOe MHOroo6pa:311e ero HTTOCTace11. Ilo-BH)J.HMOMY, )J.HCKypc He «YKna)J.bIBaeTC.SI» B KaKoe-T0 O)J.H0 HanpaBneHHe Hccne)J.OB3HHH.B
CB.Sl3H C 3Tl1M6 3aMeTHM, '!TO BO <!>pamzyJCKOM ll3b!Ke (B OTJIH'!He OT pyccKoro) H B pa6ornx A,n: uiJeOJIOZUJI, uiJeo11ozu1teCKUU O3Ha'!aeT «<l>aKT, HHTepnpeTHpyeMblH B csere COUHaJibHblX HHTepecoB» (CepHO
1 999: 20).
7 6onee no.upo6tto xapaKTepHCTHKa A,n: 11 COOTHOllleHHe nocne.uttero c <l>YHKUHOHaJibHOH
CTHJIHCTHKOH npe.uCTaBJietta: KO)l(HHa
2004.
Stylistyka XIV
MO)ł(HO np1rnecn1 MHemi:e
Y.
qeiłcpa: «)],HcKypc MHOroCTOpOHeH, Jil ,łl;OCTaTOlflłO O'łeBH)l,Ha orpam1ąeHHOCTb mo6hIX nonhITOK OTpa3HTb ero MO,n:emi:poBaHHe, CBe,Wl ,[01.CKypc K O,n:HOMY HJIH ,D;BYM H3MepeHHSIM»( 1 996: 49).
B HaCTOSil.QeH CTaTbe paccMaTpHBaeTCSI OAHO 113 nOHHMaHHH AHCKypca, onHpa10rn;eecsi Ha ,łl;HCKypcHyIO TeOpHIO cppaHI.J.Y3CKOH lliKOJlbl, H COOTHO weHHe A)], C cpyHKU.HOHaJibHO-CTHJIHCTJillłeCKHM aHaJIH3OM npH yąeTe pa-3BHTHSI cpyHKU.HOHaJibHblX Jil peąeBe,n:ąeCKHX TeH,D;eHU.HH B Sl3blKO3HaHHH XX-XXI B.B.
B yKa3aHHbIH nepHOA Sl 3 blKO3HaHHe llIJIO OT 113yqeHHSI CTporoH cHcTeM HOCTH SI3h!Ka, ycrpoiłcTBa ero cTpyKTYPhI K nocTeneHHO ace 6orree Hap acTaIO�eH TeH,D;eHU.HH cpyHKU.HOHaJIH3 M a , T . e . OT JIHHrBHCTHKH co6CTBeHHO Sl3b!Ka K JillHrBHCTHKe peąH. ToąHee roaopsi, B Sl3bIKO3HaHHH, oco6eHHO C cepe,n:HHhl XX B., ace 6orree SIBHO ,n:aIOT o ce6e 3HaTh pOCTKH pa3JIJil qHhlX HanpaarreHHH H3yąeHHSI peqJil Jil peqeaoił ,n:eSITeJibHOCTH: s31,11cose.u.euue sce 6oJiee npupacTaeT peąese.u.euneM. IIosiarrsieTCSI u.errasi cepml peąeBe,n:qecKHX ,łl;HCU.HTTJIHH, 11ccrre,n:y10rn;HX He npOCTO ypOBHeByIO CHCTeM y , ycTpOHCTBO Sl3b!Ka, HO 3aKOHOMepHOCTH ero 11CTTOJlb3OBaHH.SI qerroBeKOM, pearrmau.1110 KOMMYHHKaTHBHOH cpyHKLJ.HH Sl3b!Ka, npttcyrn;eił Sl3b!KOBOH CHCTeMe noTeHu.HaJihHO.
EcrrH KpaTKO onpe,D;eJISITb cneu.H<pHKY peąH B conocTaBrreHHH co cn eu.11<pHKOH Sl3b!Ka (onpe.u.erreHHIO KOTOpOH, KaK H3BeCTHO, <l>. ,D;e CoccIOp np H,D;aaarr oco6oe 3HaąeHHe), TO nepaa.si - peąeaasi - oTrrHąaeTcsi npe)l(,n:e acero AHHaMHKOH (HHaąe, npou.eccyaJibHOCTbIO), a TaK)l(e uenocpe.u.cTBeHHOH CB.Sl3bl0 C rOBOp.SILI.\HM qerroBeKOM, C ero peąeBOH ,n:e.siTeJlbHOCTbIO, B CBOIO oąepe,n:h 06ecneąHaa10rn;eił ,D;pyr11e BHAhl ,ne.siTeJlbHOCTH 11 )l(H3HH ąerroBeKa, T.e. 3HTponou.euTpH3M0M.
A
nOCKOJlbKY roaop.SILI.\HH qerroBeK )l(Ji!BeT He B BaKyyMe, Ha Hero Jil Ha ero peqb BJIHSIIOT pa3H006pa3Hble <paKTOpbi OKpy)l(aIOrn;eił ero ,D;eHCTBHTeJibHOCTH, cpaKTOpbl , HAY�He OT caMoro ąerroBeKa H ąerroBeąecKoro o6rn;ecTBa - OT u.erreił H 3a,n:aą o6rn;eHHSI, CHTya IJ.HH peąH, ccpepbl o6rn;eHHSI AO pa3JIHqHblX COU.HaJibHO-HCTOpHąecKHX npou.eccoB. 11Haąe roBop.si, pe% ąerroBeKa onpe,n:errsieTcsi pa3Hoo6pa3HhIMH TaK Ha3bIBaeM blMH 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTHąeCKHMH cpaKTOpaMH. I1pH 3TOM nocrre.U.HHe B nrraHe H3yąeHHSI .SIBJISIIOTCSI BTOpHąHblMH no OTHOllieHHIO K ,D;BYM nepBbIM qepTaM cneu.H<pHKH peą11, XOT.SI H BeCbMa cyrn;ecTBeHHblMH, 6e3 yąeTa KOTOpbIX HCCJie,D;OBaHHSI peqJil HeBO3MO)l(Hbl.He crryąaiłHO, ąTo o6parn;eHHe K H3yąeHHIO peqJil B yKa3aHHhIH nepHOA O 3 H a M eH O B a H O n o .SI BJi e H H e M n c H X O JI H H rB H CT H K H (a n O 3 )1( e
Pa3MbJUIJlemm ,tao eonpocoM o coomHoweHuu <jJyHKLfUOHaJlbHOU ...
MAPrAPHTA H. KO)l(HHA
IIH HrBocou11 o n c11 x o n onrn ) , T . e . 11ccrre,n:0Batt11ił caM11x n p o ueccoB
nop0)1(,ll.eHl1H qenoBeKOM pelJl1, TaK CKa3aTb, npeBpall\eHl1H H3h!Ka (C11CTeMbl
H3h!Ka) B
p elJb .
Ho n o cK OJihKY q erroBeK
-
Cyll.leCTBO cou11anhHOe,
aKTy a n h H hI M 3a TeM cTarro 11 3 ytJ e H H e n p o 6 rr e M hI p eanH3 a u H H
KOMMYHHKaTl1BHOH cpyHKU1111 H3hIKa, a 11MeHHO BOnpOCOB ero ynoTpe6neHl1H,
3aKOHOMepHOCTeH cpyHKU110H11pOBaHHH, 11ccne,1I.OBaH11e oco6eHHOCTeH pelJH
C ytJeTOM B03,ll.eHCTBl1H Ha Hee pa3Jil1lJHhlX 3KCTpan11HrBl1CTl1lJeCKl1X
cpaKTOpOB, TaK KaK rOBOPHI.l.1110 qenoBeK )Kl1BeT 11 OCyll.leCTBITHeT CBOIO
,n:eHTenhHOCTh (KaK npaB11no, conpOBO)K,ll.aeMyIO pelJeBOH) B onpe.u.eneHHOH
cpe.u.e 0611TaHl1H, KOTOpaH TaK 11n11 11HalJe OKa3bIBaeT BITl1HHl1e Ha qenoBeKa 11
c KOTopoił oH B3al1MOCBH3aH. Hccne,n:0Batt11e noro Kpyra BonpocoB nor11tJHO
BhITeKano 113 aKTyarrmau1111 Te311ca, acpop11cT11'-!HO ccpopMyn11poBaHHOro
r.O.B11HoKypoM: «H3b!K eCTh ITl1lllh Tor,n:a, KOr,n:a OH ynoTpe6nHeTCH»
8.
IT pH o6pall\eHl111 BHHMaHl1H H3hIKOBe,ll.OB K npo6rreMaM ITl1HrBl1CTl1Kl1 pe'-111
11 B CBH311 C np113HaHl1eM Heo6xo,1I.11MOCTl1 ee BCeCTOpOHHero 113ylJeHl1H B
cepemrne XX B. HalJl1HaeT q>OpM11pOBaTbCH cpyHKU110HanhHOe HanpaBneH11e
CTHIT11 CTl1Kl1 (11MeeTCH B B11AY npe)K,ll.e Bcero OTelJeCTBeHHaH 11CTOp11H
pelJeBe,1I.eHl1H, B TOM lJl1CJie cpyHKU110HaJibHaH CTl1ITl1CTl1Ka)
9, KOTopoe
ccpopM11poBanocb B cepe,n:11He 60-x rr. 10. Boo6ll.le roBopH, cpyttKu11ottarr113M c
noro BpeMeHl1 Bee 6onee OXBaTbIBaeT pa3ITl1lJHbie OT,ll.eIThl Sl3hlK03HaHl1H (cp.
<pyHKU110HanhHYIO rpaMMaT11Ky), xorn Hanp11Mep B ClllA, c TPYAOM
npo611BaeT ce6e .u.opory (K116pHK
1 997)
1 1 . B o6ll.leM npouecce pa3Bl1Tl1SI
JIHHrBHCTl1Kl1 pelJl1, pacll111peHl1SI 11 yrny6neHl1SI 11HTepeca K Heił Sl3hlKOBe,ll.OB
8
KoHe'IHO, a6COJUOTHOH CTanlKH y l!Jb!Ka HeT. J.1MeeTCll B BH.UY TO'IKa 3peHHll HCCJie,!lOBaTeJill Ha Hero H Ha pe'lb H pe'leBylO ,!lel!TeJibHOCTb. B nepBOM CJiy1.Jae npe.uMeTOM HJy'leHHll llBJilleTCll caMa CHCTeMa l!Jb!Ka, ee YCTpOHCTBO H cneuH<pHKa; BO BTOpOM -npouecc HCTTOJibJOBaHHll llJbIKa roBOpllWHMH, T.e. HMeHHO ,!lHHaMHKa H BMeCTe C TeM peaJIHJaUHll llJb!Ka H Bcex ero noTeHUHH. TaKHM o6pa30M, B .uei-lCTBHTeJibHOCTH l!Jb!K eCTb (H MO)l(eT 6bITb TTOJHaH) JIHWb c y'leTOM ero ynorpe6JieHHll, KOTOpoe HCCJieµ_yeTCll pe1.Jeee.ueH1-1eM.9 Bnpo1.JeM, B Te ro.ubi BO Bcex crpaHax counarepll, BKJIIO'lall
r
)].P, npoueccb1 paJBHTHll JIHHr BHCTHKH WJIH CHHXpOHHO, JIHWb 1.JeXOCJIOBauKall CTHJIHCTHKa OTJIH'laJiaCb (no HCTOpH'l ecKHM npH'IHHaM) np1-1op1-1TeTOM MHOrHX CBOHX TTOJHUHH.IO
CM. BacHJibeBaA.H.
<l>yHKl,fUOHaJlbHOe HanpaelleHue e llUH260Cl11UllucmuKe . . .(1981 );
Ko)l(H HaM.H.,
flymu pa1eumUJ1 cmUllucmuKu . . .( 1 997).
1 1 8
CBll3H C TeM, 'ITO H3y'leHHe pe'IH, pe'leBOH .uei!TeJibHOCTH, T.e. pe1.JeBe,!l1.JeCKHe, B TOM 'IHCJie <pyHKUHOHaJibHO-CTHJIHCTH'leCKHe, HCCJie.uoeaHHll norpe6oBaJIH BblXO,!la BO BHel!JblKOBYIO o6JiaCTb (B CBOIO O'lepe.ub npe.unonara!OWYIO Me)l(,!lHUHTTJIHHapHblH aHaJIHJ), OHH 1-1 y HaC He cpaJy 6b!JIH BocnpHHl!Tbl JIHHrBHCTaMH, nopoi-1 npHHHMaJIHCb «B WTblKH».65
5 - StyliSlyka ...Stylistyka XIV
B03HHKaeT l1 nony,-rneT 6blcrpoe np113HaH11e y'-leHbIX M11pa TeopmI A11CKypca 11
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BJIHBaeTCH B '-IHCJIO pe'-IeBe.11:'-leCKHX AHCI..1,HnJIHH. K HaCTOHW.eMy BpeMeHH y)l(e MO)l(HO rOBOpHTh, '-ITO no.11: «30HTHKOM» pe'-leBe.11:eHHH cq>OpMHpOBaJICH 1..1,enbIH KOMnJieKC HayK, o6beAHHeHHhIX 06w.11M AJIH HHX 06beKTOM co CBOeH cne1..1,mpHKOH -pe'-lbIO (B urnpOKOM CMbICne)12, '-IHCJIO KOTOpbIX, BepOHTHO, npeBbilllaeT '-IHCJIO Y3KOH-3bIKOBeA'-leCKHX AHCI..l,HnJIHH. TaKHM o6pa30 M , COCCIOpOBCKaH MOAeJib H3bIK03HaHl1H «JIHHrBHCTHKa H3b!Ka - JIHHrBHCTHKa pe'-111» peaJIH30Banach noJIHOCTbIO B 06e11x CBOHX CTOpOHax.B COBOK y n H O CTH pe'-IeBeA'-leCKHX AHCI..l,HilJIHH 6JIH)l(e Bcero K $y HKI..l,HOHaJibH O H CTHJIHCTHKe (HMeHHO K HeH, a He CTHJIHCTHKe B Tp a,llHI..l,HOHHOM CMbICJie KaK AHCI..1,HnJIHHe O CTHJIHCTH'-leCKHX cpe,ACTBaX 11 OK pacKax H3b!KOBbIX e,n;HHHI..1,) OKa3anacb TeopHH AHCKypca (BKJIIO'-laH A)]} Ta H .n;pyrasi: AHCI..1,HnJIHHbl cocpe,AOTO'-leHbl Ha H3y'-leHHH HMeHHO caMoro yn orpe6nemrn H3hIKa qenoBeKOM ('-IenoBe'-leCKHM coo6w.ecTBOM) B npo1..1,ecce ero pe'-leBOH .n;esi:TeJihHOCTH B pa3JIH'-lHbIX c$epax 11 CHTya1..1,HHX o6w.eHHH c y'-l eTOM B03,AeHCTBHH Ha pe'-lb pa3JIH'-lHbIX BHe513b!KOBbIX $aKTOpOB. roBOpH cx eMaTl1'-lHO, 3TO TO o6w.ee, B '-leM CXOAHbl conocTaBJIHeMhie HanpaaneHHH JIH HrBHCTH'-leCKH X H CCJie,AOBaHHH. Ha 6onee KOHKpeTH O M ypOBHe 06-Hapy)l(HBaIOTCH p a 3 H O H CTeneHH pa3JIH'-ll1H (OT HIOaHCOB AO 6onee 3Ha'-lHMb!X), He Bb!XOMW.He, O,AHaKO, 3a npe,n;eJibl OCHOBHOro HanpaBJieH11H HCCne.n;oBaHHH (CM. no.n;po6Hee Ko)l(HHa 2004).
0'-leBHAHO, HMeHHO HMeIOw.HeCH pa3Jil1'-ll1H (Ha Halli B3rm1.n;, HenpHH-1..1,HnHaJibHOro nopH.n;Ka, oco6eHHO ecnH HMeTb B BHAY COBpeMeHHbie pa60Tbl no $yHKQHOHaJibHOH CTHJil1CTl1Ke) Il03BOJIHJIH ITaTpHKy CepHO, TO'-IKY 3peHHH KOToporo pa3,n;ensi:eT IO. CTenaHoB, .n;11cTaH1..1,HpoBaThCH OT pyccKoH, a 3aTeM 11 '-lelllCKOH, CTHJil1CTHKl1. Me)l(,Ay TeM, npH 6onee BHl1MaTeJibHOM conocTaB11TeJibHOM paCCMOTpeHHH HCCJie,AOBaHHH B o6nacTH
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rnaBHb!MH npHHQHnaMH HBJIHIOTCH npoiwccyaJlbHOCmb H3Y qaeMoro 5IBJieHl1H 11 y'-leT B03,AeHCTBl1H Ha Hero BHeH3b!KOBbIX $aKTOpOB, TO 3TH np11HQHnhI onpe,n;eJIHIOT KOHI..1,enTyanhHOCTb 11ccne,n;oBaHl1H l1 no $yHKQHOHaJibHOH CTHJil1CTl1Ke. B Haurnx pa6oTaX OHM npe,n;cTaBneHbl c cepe,Al1Hbl 60-x rr. npornnoro BeKa. Bo3hMeM, o,n;HaKo, AJIH np11Mepa 11ccne.n;oaaHHH
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ne;::i:ttHX neT, B t.J:aCTHOCTH H.B.,[J;amrneBCKOH: lJepeooea1-tue cmapo20 u noeo20 31-ta1-tUfl KaK MexaHU3M pa3eepmb1BQHUfl 1-tay'-ł.1-to20 meKcma ( aKcuono2u'-ł.ecKuu acneKm),
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CM. H"Stylistyka" 2005.
Ecmi: ;::i:a)Ke TOJibKO HX Ha3Bamui (TeM 6onee cy�HOCTb HCCJie;::i:oBaHHH) co noCTaBHTb c onpe;::i:eneHHSlMH IlaTpHKOM CepHo A,[J;, TO YBHJ:J:HM nonHoe KO HQenTyanbttoe COBna;::i:ettHe. Cp . : «,[J;HcKypc - 3TO BhICKa3bIBam1e, pa CCMa TpHBaeMoe C TO'IKH 3peHHSl M e X a H H 3 M a , KOTOpb!H HM y n -p a B Jl Sł e T » , <rn: CC Jl e J:J: OB a H H e y C Jl O B H H n -p O H 3 B O J:J: C T B a TeKCTa» (Cep110
1999:
27).
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3TH xapaKTepHCTHKH QeJIHKOM no;::i:xo;::i:sn ;::i:nsr <pyHKQJilOHaJibHO-CTJilJIJilCTJil'-leC- Koro JilCCJie;::i:oBaHHSl. Cp. e�e BhICKa3bIBatt11sr IT. CepHo o TOM, t.J:TO A,[J; Bcer;::i:a «o6pa�aeTcsr K COQHaJibHbIM Jil TTCHXOJIOrHt.J:eCKJilM KaTeropHSlM H ero 3a;::i:at.J:Jil CTaJIH HaMHOro npeBOCXOJ:J:HTb 3a;::i:at.J:H mrnrBHCTJilKJil» (1999: 3 1 },
BMecTe c TeM A,[J; «Tpe6yeT . . • TO'-IHblX 3HaHHH <p y H K Q Jil O H Jil p O B a H 11 Sł Sl3bIKa B MaCCJilBe TeKCTOB» (TaM )Ke, pa3pSI;::i:Ka Hama. -M. K.).
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'-ITO TepMHH OUCKypc JilCCTOJib3YeTCSI <l>yKO npe)K;::i:e Bcero J:J:JISI o603Hat.J:eHHSI o6�eCTBeHHO-HCTOpHt.J:eCKH CJIO)KJilBWJilXCSI CJilCTeM t.J:eJIOBet.J:eCKOro 3HaHJilSI Jil npaKTJilKH (<l>yKo1 996: 23-24)
C yt.J:eTOM Jil3MeHt.J:JilBOCTJil 3HaHHH, H X J:J:HHaMHKJil (TaM )l(e,75).
B CBSl3Jil C 3THM MO)l(HO BCnOMHJilTb Jil pa60Tbl no HCTOpHt.J:eCKOH (;::i:HaxpOHJilt.J:eCKOH) <pyHKQJilOHaJihHOH CTJilJIHCTJilKe (Hanp., 0'-ł.epKU . . . ) , nOCBSI�eHHbie JilCTOpHH H COBpeMeHHOCTJil Hayt.J:HOH pet.J:H; Hccne;::i:oBaHHSI T.M. ITepMSIKOBOH, JI.P. ,[J;ycKaeBoH H ;::i:pyrne o BJIHSIHHH J:J:HHaMHKH COQJilaJibHbIX npoQeCCOB Ha 113MeHeHl1Sl ra3eTHOH pet.J:Jil (TeKCTOB), a TaK)Ke O B3aJilMOJ:J:eHCTBJilJil KOMMYHHKaHTOB (a;::i:pecaHTa - a;::i:pecaTa) npH nopO)KJ:J:eH H Jil TeKCTOB B )Kyp tt aJIJil CTCKOH npaKTJilK e. Kpo Me Toro, -Hccne;::i:oBattHsr B . A . CanHMOBCKoro o npoQeccax QeneHanpaBJieHHOH pet.J:eBOH ;::i:esi:TeJibHOCTJil yt.J:eHoro npH C03J:J:aHHJil Hayt.J:Hb!X TeKCTOB pa3Hb!X )l(attpoB; E.A. Ea)l(eHOBOH, JI.M. Jlann - o pa3BepTbIBaHHH ttayt.J:Horo TeKcTa cy6'heKTOM ;::i:esi:TeJihHOCTJil qepe3 (pa3bl KOMMYHHKaTJilBHO-n03HaBaTeJihHOro npoQecca: OT rnnoTe3bI K ;::i:oKa3aHHOMY 3HaHHIO; M.H. Ko)l(HHOH, .51.A. qlffOBCKOH - O pOJIJil B pa3BepTbIBaHJilJil Hayt.J:Horo TeKcTa KaTeropHH npocneKQHH H peTpocneKQH H , oTpa)l(aIO�Hx «t.J:eJIHOt.J:HhIH» xapaKTepStylistyka XIV
MbllllJieHHSI; B.E. ąepHSIBCKOH - 06 HHTepTeKcTyaJibHOCTH B npoQeccax Hay<IHOH KOMMYHHKaQHH H MH.Ę).
Bee 3TH cp y H K Q H O H aJibHO-CTHJIHCTH'łeCKHe H CCJie)].O B a H H SI , KaK H )].HCKYPCHbie, Y'łHTbIBaIOT npHHQHn JJ.HHaMHKH, npoQeccyarrbHOCTH pe'łeBOH .u.eSITeJibHOCTH B TOM HJIH HHOM BH)].e qerroBe'łeCKOH npaKTHKH H BJIHSIHHe Ha 3TH npou;eCCbl B HeSI3blKOBblX cpaKTOpOB, TaK KaK 6e3 H3y'łeHHSI nocrre)].HHX HeJib3SI nOHSITb H o6bSICHHTb 3TH npou;ecCbI; paccMaTpHBaeTCSI TaK)l{e H B03)].eHCTBHe TeKCTa Ha a)].pecaTa, TO'łHee, B3aHMO)].eHCTBHe o6maIOI.QHXCSI B KOMMYHHKaTHBHOM npoQecce.
Me)l(.u.y npO'łHM, eCJIH roBOpHTb O )].HHaMHKe Hay'łHOH pe'łH, MeXaHH3MaX npOH3BO)].CTBa B KOM MYHHKaTHBHO-n03HaBaTeJibHOM npou;ecce HOBOrO 3HaHHSI (H OTpa)l(eHHSI 3Toro B TeKCTe), HMeSI B BHJJ.Y OCHOBY, 6a3y 3TOro n p o u; e c c a - e)].HH CTBO OHTOJIOrH'łeCKOfO , MeT O)].OJIO rH'ł e CKOfO H aKCHOJIOrH'łeCKOro acneKTOB 3HaHHSI (KoTIOpOBa
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TO crre)].yeT o6paTHTb BHHMaHHe Ha porrb Ka)l()].Oro HX 3THX acneKTOB B )].HHaMHKe n03HaHHSI H TeKCT006pa30BaHHSI. EcrrH OHTOJIOrH'łeCKHH acneKT 3HaHHSI caM no ce6e He SIBJISieTCSI )].BH)l{ymei1 CHJIOH (BepHee, OH JIHlllb noTeHu;HaJibHO )].HHaMH'łeH), TO aKCHOJIOrH'łeCKHH, BKJIIO'łaIOI.QHH ou;eHKY' onpe)].eJISieT pa3BHTHe, )].BH)l(eHHe 3HaHHSI. I1MeHHO ou;eHKa CTaporo H HOBOfO 3HaHHSI SIBJISieTCSI H CTHMYJIOM, H )].BH)l(YI.QeH CHJIOH KOMMYHHKaTHBHO-n03HaBaTeJib HOro npou;ecca. I1Ha'łe roBOpSI, Ha3BaHHbie acneKTbl 3HaHHSI He SIBJISIIOTCSI «pSIJJ.OilOJIO)l(eHHblMH» H He 0)].HHaKOBbl no porrH B npou;eccax Hay'łHOH J].eSITeJibHOCTH H TeKCT006pa30BaHHSI. EcrrH OHTOJIOrHSI (npHMeHHTeJibHO K aHaJIH3Y TeKCTa) OTBe'łaeT Ha BOnpoc «qTo H3y'łaeTCSI?», MeTO)].OJIOrHSI -«KaKOBbl cnoco6b! H MeTO)].bl HCCJie)].OBaHHSI 06beKTa?», TO aKCHOJIOrHSI (B 'łaCTHOCTH ou;eHKa) onpe)].eJISieT, «noqeMy H Ky)].a B Il03HaBaTeJibHOM npou;ecce crre)].yeT )].BHraTbCSI?». l13BeCTHO, 'łTO n03Hami:e Ha'łHHaeTCSI C ou;eHKH n03HTHBHb!X H HeraTHBHb!X CTOpOH CTaporo 3HaHHSI, TaK CKa3aTb, ero OHTOJIOrH'łeCKOH CTOpOHbl, a pa3BHBaeMaSI KOHQenQHSI, KaK H CTeneHb 3cp<l>eKTHBHOCTH H36HpaeMb!X MeTO)].OB, TO)l{e IlOCTOSIHHO ou;eHHBaeTCSI13. I1TaK, 3a )].HHaMHKY Il03HaHHSI H TeKCT006pa30BaHHSI OTBe'iaeT aKCHOJIOrHSI, B q a cTH OCTH o u;eHK a . AKCH OJIOrH'łeCKHH a c n eKT 3HaHHSI KaK 6b! npOHH3bIBaeT co6oIO )].Ba JJ.pyrHX.T a K H M o 6 p a3 0 M , cpyHKQHOHaJib H a SI CTHJIHCTHKa npH H3y'łeH H H , HanpHMep, pe'łeBOH J].eSITeJibHOCTH B Hay'łHOH ccpepe (HHa'łe, B Hay'łHOH
13 H.B. ,l].amUieacKoii a ee 11ccne,uoaaH1111 ,ueM0HCTp11pyeTCS1 0l.leH11BaH11e Kall(,uoro wara K0MMYHHKaTHBH0-n0JHaBaTeJibH0ro npol.lecca, orpall(aeMoro B Hay'IH0M TeKCTe.
Pa3MblUIJleHUJl 1-1ao aonpocoM o coom1-10Ute1-1uu </Jy1-1KtfUOHQJlb1-1ou
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npaKTHKe) Ha ocHoBe aHanw3a HayąHoro TeKcTa wccne,11,yeT npou.eccbI nony'leHH51 HOBOro 3HaHH51 BO B3aHM0,!1,ei1CTBHH co CTapblM 14 (B KaKOH CTe n e H H O H M Q) HKCHP YIOTC51 npw n o cTp oeHHH TeKCTa) , a TaK)Ke -B3aHMo,11,eiłcTBHe a,11,pecaHTa w a,11,pecarn; <I>. C-Ka w3yąaeT ttenpeMeHHO w ,11,eTepMMHaHThI :noro npou.ecca, KOTOphie ero nopo)l(,11,aroT, Ha Hero B03Aeił CTBYJOT J,j ero o6bllCH5IIOT. 3To aHaJIOfJ,!t{HO ,11,HCKypcHOMY aHaJIH3Y, XOT51 B TOH M ,11,pyroił ,11,HCU.HnJIHHax H3yąaeMbie 5IBJieHH51 Ha3BaHbl pa3H b!MH TepMHHaMH. IlpaB,11,a, npH 3TOM BCe )Ke HeT nOJIHOro TO)l(,11,eCTBa, KaK HeT ero y Hea6COJIIOTHbIX CHHOHHMOB, TeM 6onee npe,11,cTaBJI5IIOil.\HX pa3Hble Hay t.JHhie M HaU.HOHaJibHbie IllKOJlbl C yqeTOM pa3JIJ,!ąJ,!H HX «KOpHeił» H HCTOpHąecKoro pa3BHTH51.
IIpe,11,cTaBHTeJI5IM 3apy6e)l(Horo, B t.JaCTHOCTH qipaHU.Y3CKoro
A)],,
yKa3aHHbie pa6oTbI no <I>. C.-Ke cKopee Bcero He3HaKOMhI, a II.Ceptto BHat.Jane, KaK H3BeCTHO, o6paTHJIC51 6bmO K QlYHKU.HOHaJihHOMY CTHJilO, HO 3aTeM OTKa3aJIC51 OT Hero. )],T H A)], H3yt.JaJOT npe)l(,11,e BCero ,11,HCKypCHbie qi o p M aU.HH, pet.J eB yJO ,11,e51Ten h H OCTh, onpe,11,en5IeM y10 pa3 Horo p o,11,a 06Il.\eCTBeHHbIMH HHCTHTyTaMH, J,j B 006Il.\e H,11,eonorHt.JeCKHe 5IBJieHH51 B Ka'leCTBe CBOHX o6'heKTOB J,j 3KCTpanHHrBHCTHąecKHX qiaKTOpoB15. A <I>.C-Ka OCHOBHOH CBOH 06'beKT - <l>.CTHJib - onpe,11,en5IeT Ha 6a3e qiopM C03HaHH51, THna MbII1IneHH51 H AP- (H HX ,11,aJibHełiwero no,11,pa3,11,eneHH51).B
CB513H C 3TOH H C X 0 ,11, H O H H e p aB H 0 3 H a t.J H O C TblO yron 3 p e H H 51 H C CJie,11,0 B a T e n e ił , npwHa,11,Jie)Kall.\HX K cpaBHHBaeMhIM JIHHrBHCTHt.JeCKHM ,11,HCU.HnJIHHaM, H eCKOJihKO pa3nttąaeTC51. EcnH <I>. C-Ky npe)l(,11,e Bcero HHTep ecyIOT npo6neMhl B JIH5IHH51 TBopąecKOH K O M MYHHKaTHBHO-n03HaBaTeJi b HOH ,11,e51TeJibHOCTH Ha pe'leByIO CHCTeMy TeKCTOB pa3Horo po,11,a, BOCX0,11,511.l.{HX B KOHet.JHOM cąeTe K <l>.CTHJI5IM (MaKpOCTHJI5IM J,j Me)KCTHJieBbIM 5IBJieHH5IM), TO A)], - caMbie pa3H006pa3Hhle np05IBJieHH51 )KJ,!3HH t.JeJIOBet.JeCKHX C006ll.\eCTB, HX COU.HaJibHOH npaKTHKH BMeCTe C «,11,yxoM BpeMeHH»; no IO.CTenaHoBy: «Ka)l(J];b!H AHCKypc - 3TO OAHH J,!3 B03MO)l(Hb!X MHpOB» (1995: 44).
Ho BMeCTe C TeM 3TO - «pet.Jb, "norpy)l(eHHa51 B )l(J,!3Hb"», BKJIIOt.Ja51, HanpHMep, CHTyaU.HH 3K3aMeHa, 6ece,[I,bl, npoBe,11,eHH51 HHTepBblO J,j ,11,p. (ApyTIOHOBa1990: 1 37).
B CB513H C 3THM J,j C TeM , t{TO OCHOBaHHeM CHCTeMaTHKH o6'beKTOB B <I>. C-Ke 6hma onopa Ha qiopMbl 06Il.\eCTBeHHOro C03HaHH51, a y
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1 5 Cp., B 'laCTHOCT11, 11 o6beKTbI Ha116onee 113BeCTHbIX 11ccne,!lOBaH11ił
A.Il
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q>OpMaU,IUł, nepBOH y,11.anOCb ,11.aTb ,11.0CTaTO'łHO CTpOHHYIO KnaCCHQJHKaQHIO CBOHX o6beKTOB , y BTOpOH )Ke, no CITOBaM caMHX npe,11.CTaBHTerrdi: A,[(, c BOnpocoM CHCTeMaTH3aQHH - 6onbIIIHe TPYAHOCTH, a <meno ,11.HCKypcoB 6eCKOHe'łHO. Me)K,11.y npO'łHM, B CBOe BpeMSI o HeB03MO)KHOCTH o6bS!Tb BCe MHoroo6pa3He CTHITeH roBOpHn IO.M. CKpe6HeB (1 97 5), TaK KaK OHH, no ero MHeH HIO, HeHC'łHCITHMbI. B 0,11.HOH H3 nocne,11.HHX pa6oT E. TolUOBH'ł cnpaB e,11.JIHBO O T Me'łaeT, 'łTO «THnonorHIO <1> . CTHJieH HeB03 MO)KH0 npoB0,11.HTb, onHpaS!Cb Ha KOITH'łeCTBeHHOe HC'łHCJieHHe BH,11.0B 'łeJIOBe'łeCKOH ,11.esiTeITbHOCTH», TaK KaK TOr,11.a H CTHneH 6y,11.eT TPYAHO Y'łHTbIBaeMoe 'łHCITO (2002: 53 8). I1 M eHHO n03TOMY Heo6X0,11.HMO onHpaTbCSI Ha e}.l;HHCTBO: onpe,11.erreHHbIH BH,11. pe'łeBOH ,11.esiTeJihHOCTH C COOTBeTCTByIOrn,eH q>OpMOH 06rn,ecrneHHoro co3HaHHSI.
Ho BepHeMCSI K BOnpocy o pe'łeBe,11.'łeCKOH npHpo,11.e ,11.HCKypca H <1>.CTHJISI. Ilo MHeHHIO B . M . JleH'łHKa, pe'łeBasi ,11.esiTeITbHOCTb , coBepwarorn,Hecsi B xo,11.e ee npoQeCCbl npe,11.CTaBITSIIOT co6oił ,11.HCKypc, T.e. ( co CCbIITKOH Ha H.,[(. ApyTIOHOBY) «pe'łb, paccMaTpHBaeMyIO KaK QerreHanpaBJieHHOe COQHaJibHOe ,11.eHCTBHe, KaK KOMnOHeHT, y'łaCTBYIOllJ,HH BO B3aHM0,11.eHCTBHH JII0,11.eH H MexaHH3Max HX C03Hamrn (KOrHHTHBHbIX npoQeccax)» (JleH'łHK 2004: l 07). O6paTHM BHHMaHHe Ha TO , 'łTO, BO-nepBbIX, B 3TOM BbICKa3bIBaHHH BnOnHe MO)KHO noMemITb CITOBO «,11.HCKypc» Ha «<1>.CTHJib» H nocne,11.HHH CTaHeT paBHbIM nepBOM Y , H6o ,11.aHHOe BblCKa3bIBaHHe npHMeHHMO H ,11.ITSI Toro H ,11.ITSI ,11.pyroro. Bo-BTOpbIX, na xapaKTepHCTHKa BCe )Ke HeJ.];OCTaTO'łHa ,11.JISI onpe,11.eneHHSI H Toro, H ,11.pyroro B CMbICne He06X0,11.HMOCTH aKQeHTHpOBaTb ponb 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'łeCKHX <paKTOpOB H nonyqaeMbIH pe3ynbTaT.
,[(HcKypc B T� H A� - 3T0 He npOCT0 pe'łeBaSI ,11.esiTeITbHOCTb (c aKQeHTOM B 11ccne,11.0BaHHH Ha npou.eccyanbHOH CT0pOHe pe'łH), HO ,11.esiTeJibHOCTb npH 113y'łeHHH KOTOpOH Y'łHTbIBaIOTCSI ycnoBHSI npOH3B0,11.CTBa pe'łH, ee BHelUHSISI cpe,11.a, <paKTOpbl, cnoco6cTBYlOllJ,He 3TOH ,11.esiTeJibHOCTH, ynpaBJISIIOllJ,He ero, KOT0pbie 11 ,11.0IT)KeH onpe,11.enS!Tb HCCJie,11.oBaTenb (cp . <I>.C-Ky). O6parn,asicb K aHan113y pe'łeBOH ,11.esiTenbHOCTH, HeH36e)I(H0 np11X0,11.11TCSI Y'łHTbIBaTb K0HTeKCT (B lllHpOK0M CMbICne) ee peanmaQHH.
EcnH op11eHTHp0BaTbCSI, HanpHMep, Ha 11ccne,11.0BaHHe IlaTpHKOM CepHO COBeTCKoro nonHTH'łeCK0ro ,11.HCKypca, TO, BepOS!TH0, HMeHHO nocne,11.HHH M0)l(HO onpe,11.enHTb KaK TeKCTOBOH pe3yJibTaT pe'łeBOH ,11.esiTeITbHOCTH rOB0pS!llJ,HX B onpe,11.erreHHOH c<pepe H CHTyaQHH, B 113BeCTHOM HCTOpH'łeCKOM BpeMeHH J.ł MeCTe, roBOpS!ill,HX, KOTOpbie CBOeo6pa3HO (B ,11.aHHOM cnyqae M a HHnyrrsiTHBHO) HCn0ITb3 YlOT Sl3b!K B CBOHX Qensix, HO npH 3T0M
Pa3MblUIJ/eHtlJl Hao eonpOCOM O coomHOUleHUU rjJyHKl,f,UOHO.JlbHOU . . .
MAPrAPl1TA H. KO)l<J1HA
«'łHCTOc ep.n.e'łHO» BocnpHHHMaIOTCSI cnywaTeJISI MH, nOTOMY 'łTO TaK npHHSITO. O.n.HaKO npH 3TOM cne.n.yeT rOBOpHTb H o caMOM aH aJIH3e HCCJie.rzyeMoro TeKCTa: Ha OCHOBaHHH BbISIBJieHHbIX B TeKCTe oco6eHHOCTeił HC TTOJib 3 0 B a H H SI Sl 3 hl K a HCCJie)].OBaTeJieM BOCC03)].8IOTCSI xap a KTep B3aHMOOTHOUieHHH 061..QaIOI..QHXCSI H «.n.yx BpeMeHH». TeM caMbIM A.L( crre.n.yeT paccMaTpHBBTb ABYCTOpOHHe, BepHee, KOMnJieKCHO: KaK CBOeo6pa3He pe'łH (TeKCTa), QH1KCHpyeMoe B npoQecce KOHKpeTHOH pe'łeBOH .n.eSITeJibHOCTH H ąenoseąecKoił npaKTHKH , H KaK onpe,n;eneHHbIH cnoco6 attaJIH3a pe'łH, yron 3peHHSI HCCJie.n;oBaTeJISI.
Kpa TK O 11 06061..QeHHO fOBOpSl, )].11CKypc (B A.L() 16 - 3TO oco6eHHOCTl1 11CnOJib30BaHHSI Sl3b!Ka roBOpSII..QHMl1 B npoQecce ·pe'łeBOH 11 npaKTH'łeCKOH .n.eSITeJibHOCTH B onpe.n.eneHHOH ccj)epe 061..QeHHSI H )KH3HH 'łeJIOBeKa ( 3 a n e 'ł aTJi e H H bi e B K O HKp eTH O M TeKCTe H 11 3BJi e K a e M bl e H 3 H ero HCCJie)].OBaTeJieM), C03,n;aIOI..QHe no.n; B03)].eHCTBHeM 3KCTpaJIHHrBHCTH'łeCKOrO K O H T eK C Ta c n e Q H q> H K Y C O O TB eTCTBYIO I..Q e ił p e 'ł H , 0 Tp a )K 8 10 I..Q eił COQHaJibHO-HCTOpH'łeCKHe ycJIOBHSI npOH3BO)].CTBa nocJie)].Heił, MeHTaJIHTeT ee HOCHTeJieił H «,n;yx BpeMeHH».
"lJerroBe'-leCKHH cj)aKTOp C QeJibIM KOMnJieKCOM ero npH3HaKOB, BJIHSIIOI..QHX Ha pe'łb H pe'łeByIO )].eSITeJibHOCTb, COCTaBJISieT O)].HH H3 cyI..QeCTBeHHbIX KOMnOHeHTOB nocJie)].HHX H npHHQHn HX aHaJIH3a. He CJiy'łaHHO, 'łTO C pa3BHTHeM H pacwHpeHHeM JIHHrBHCTHKH pe'łH, HHa'łe, pe'łeBe)].'łeCKHX HCCJie)].OBaHHH, BO BTOpOH noJIOBI1He
XX
B. paCQBeTaeT B Sl3bIK03HaHHH aHTponoQeHTpH3M.EcrrH A.L(, MO)l(HO CKa3aTb, npOHH3aH 'łeJIOBe'leCKHM cj)aKTOpO M , TO CTHJib H <l>. C-Ka, no cnoBaM E.A. roH'łapoBoił, HaCKB03h aHTponoQeHTpH'lHbI
(2003)
1 7. Kotte'łHO, Sl3b!K B006I..Qe KaK npH3H8K 'leJioBeKa - SIBJieHHea H Tp O n O C H O e . I1 M eIO T C SI , H a n p H M e p , OT)].eJi b H bi e CTHJI H CT H 'l e C K l1 OKpaUieHHbie e,n;HHHQbl Sl3b!Ka, 0)].HaKO CTHJib B noJIHOM CMbICJie CJIOBa C03)].aeTCSI 'łeJIOBeKOM B pe'łH (B TeKCTe), B KOTOpOH, KCTaTH, roBopSII..QHH H c e 6 SI B bipa)K a e T , H TBOpHT CTHJi b H a M e p e H H O . Ee 3 K O H K p e T H O r o QerreHanpaBJieHHO pe'łe)].eHCTBYIOI..Qero 'łeJIOBeKa H e 06pa3yeTCSI CTHJib.
I1 nocrre,n;Hee, 'lTO HaM XOTeJIOCb CKa3aTb. CTHJIHCTHKY HHor.n.a OTHOCSIT K 'lHCJI Y , TaK CKa3aTb, «no.n.co6Hb!X» npaKTH'leCKHX )].HCQHnJIHH . 3TO, KOHe'łHO, HeBepHO. l13y'łeHHe ee conpSI)KeHO C paCCMOTpeHHeM M HOrHX B8)l(Hh!X o6I..QeSl3b!KOBe)].'łeCKHX TeopeTH'łeCKHX BonpOCOB. Ha 3TO YK83b!B8JI
16 B A,n:
KaK oco6oM, HanpaeneHJUl HCCJie)lOBaHHH.17
Cp.: «CTHJib HeJib3ll C'lHTaTb "'lHCTo" ll3bIKOBblM l!BJieHHeM» (rott'lapoea 2003: 2 1 ).7 1
Stylistyka XIV
B cBoe BpeMSI B . B . B,rn orpaJJ.OB (H MeSI B B HJJ.Y c o oTH O llieHHe ee c JIHTepaTypoBe.n;eHHeM), OH OTMel.faJI, '-!TO CKB03b CTHJIHCTHKY «npOXO)J.HJIO M HO r o HCCJie)J.OB aTend i , H O cne1..1 H a Ji b H O ee, K a K o c o 6 yIO H a y K y , B03)J.eJihIBaJIH JIHlllb Te H3 HHX, KTO 3aHHMaJICSI cjmnococjmei1 Sl3b1Ka, 3CTe THKOH CJIOBa H HCTOpHei1 JIHTepaTypHOH pe'IH . . . » (BHHOrpa,llOB
1980: 42).
EeccnopHO, aKTyaJibHblMH JIHHrBHCTHl.feCKHMH npo6nel\rnMH SIBJISIIOTCSI npo6JieMbl COOTHOIIIeHHSI cne1..1mpHKH Sl3bIKa H cne1..1mpHKH pe'IH, Sl3bIKa H TeKCTa, Sl3bIKa H CTHJISI; onpe)J.eJieHHe KOMnJieKca peąeBe)J.l.feCKHX JJ.HCI..IHnJIHH H B 1..1enoM - C03.L{aHHe TeOpHH peąeBe)J.eHHSI (CM . : lliMeJieBa
1997).
ITpHBe)J.eM B 3 aK JIIO l.feHHe CTaTbH c n p aBe)J.JIHB bie CJIOB ar.B.
KonIII a H C K O r o : «Onp e)J.eJieHHe <p y H K I..I H H Sl3bI K a K a K cp e)J.CTB a 0 6 11.\e H H SI B O B c ex pa3H006pa3HblX ero npOSIBJieHHSIX . . . OTHOCHTCSI K <p yH)J.aMeHTaJibHbIM npo6neMaM Sl3blK03HaHHSI»(1 984: 3).
T e M a HaIII H X p a 3 M bl IIIJi e H H H )J.aJieKO He H C 'I e p n a H a , B l.f e M -T O JJ.HCKYCCHOHHa, H O 6e3yCJIOBHO aKTyaJibHa H )l()J.eT CBOHX npOJJ.0JI)l(aTeJiei1.
J11uepaTypa
ApyT10Hoaa H.)l;. , 1 990, 4uCKypc, JhtHrBHCTH'-!ecKHH :rn1..111Knone.n:w1ecKHH cno aapb, MocKaa.
Ea)l(eHoBa E.A. , 1 987, Bb1pa:>1CeHue npeeMcmeeHHocmu u <jJopMupoeaHUJI 3HaHtlJI e CMblCJI0BOU cmpyKmype pyccKW: Hay'łHbl:X meKcmoe, ABTopecp. AHC . . . KaHJl:.H., BopoHe)!(.
Ea)l(eHoBa E.A. , 200 1 , Hay'łHblLt meKcm e acneKme noJ1umeKcmyQJlbHocmu, TiepMb. BacHnbeBa A.H., 198 1 , <l>yHKt/UOHQJlbHoe HanpaeJ1eHt1e e J1uH2eocmu.T/ucmuKe u e20 3HQ'łeHue 8 npenooaeaHUU pyccK020 J/3blKQ KQK UH0cmpaHH020, ABTOpecp. AHCC . . . . A0KT. H., MoCKBa.
B1-rnorpa.n:oa B.B., 1 980, H36paHHb1e mpyob1. O J13b1Ke xyooJKecmeemwi'i np03bl, MocKBa.
BHHOKYP
r.o. ,
1 959,o
3Q0Q'łQX ucmopuu J/3b/KQ, H36paHHble pa6ombl no pyccK0MY J/3blKY, MocKaa.fott'-lapoBa E.A. , 2003, EU{e pa3 o cmUT/e KaK Hay'łH0M o6'beKme coepeMeHH020 J/3blK0-3HaHttJI, TeKcm - 4ucKypc - Cmt/Jlb, CattKT-TieTep6ypr.
,D.att11neacKal! H.B. , (B ne'-!aTH), lfepeooeaHtte cmapo20 u Hoeo20 3HaHuJ/ KaK Mexa HU3M pa3Bepmb/8QHllJ/ HQY'łH020 meKcma ( QKCUOJI02U'łeCKUtl acneKm), TiepMb. ,D.attHneacKal! H.B. , 2000,
K
3KcmpQJluH2eucmu'łecKuM ocHoeaHtlJ/M ouHaMUKtt poJKoeHllJI Hoeo20 3HaHLlJ/ e Hay'łH0M meKcme, CmepeomunHocmb u meop'łecmeo e meKcme, TiepMb
)].ycKaeBa
JI.P. ,
2004,4UQJI02U'łeCKQJI npupooa 2a3emHb/X pe'łeBbl:X JICQHp0B, TiepMb.Pa3MblU/JleHlm Hao BOnpocoM O coomHOUłeHUU (j)yHKLfUOHaJlbHOU
. . . MAPrAPl1TA H . K0)1<11HAK1-16p11K A.A , 1990, Jl3blK.
-Jll-lttrs1-1crn'łecK11i1 3HUJ1Krrone.n.11qecK11i1 crroBapb,
MocKBa.
K116p1-1K A.A., IInyHrnH B.A.,
I
997, <l>yHKt/UOHaJ/bHble u K02Humu6Hble meopuu.
-<1>yH0a.MeHmaJ/bHble Hanpa6JleHUR C06peMeHHOt/ a.MepuKaHCK0it JlUH26UCmUKU,
MocKBa.
K0)1rnHa M.H. , 1997, flymu pa36umuR cmw1ucmuKu pyccK020 R3b1Ka 60 2-oii
noJ106uHe XX 6eKa, "Stylistyka"
VI.
Ko)l<11Ha
M.H. ,
1 998, Pe'łe6eo'łecKULi acneKm meopuu R3btKa, «Stylistyka»
VII.
KO)trnHa M.
H. ,
2003, H emo Ku u nepcneKmu6bl pe'łe6uoeHw1, II po6eMbI pe'łeBoi1 KOM
Mytt11Kau1rn, CapaToB.
KO)l<HHa
M.H. ,
2004, ,[{ucKypCHblii aHaJ/U3 u </JyHKl,/UOHaJ/bHaR cmUJ1ucmuKa c
pe'łe6-eo'leCKux no3ui1uii, TeKCT - ,[{1-1cKypc - Crnrrb. CaHKT-IIeTep6ypr.
Ko)l<11Ha M.H., ql-lroBcKalł 51.A. , 200 I , CmUJ1ucmuKo-meKcmo6oi'1 cmamyc u
63auMooei,cm6ue Kame20pui'"t pempocneK4uu u npocneKL/UU 6 Hay'IHOLi pe'lu
(uHmep0UClJUIVltlHapHbni acneKm) ' CTepeornnHOCTb 1-1 TBOp'łeCTBO B TeKCTe,
IIepMb.
KomnaHCKl-!M
r.B. ,
1 984, KoMMyHuKamu6HaR (jJyHKt/UR u cmpyKmypa R3btKa,
MocKBa.
KonopoBa M.II. , 1988, 06 3KcmpaJluH26ucmu'1ecKux oCHo6aHuRx CMbzcno6oti
cmpyKmypbl Hay'IH020 mei<cma, KpacHOlłpCK.
Ky6plłKOBa E.C. , 1996, Komumu6HaR HayKa!Komumu6Hbte HayKu, Ky6plłKOBa E.C ..
IIattKpau
IO.r.,
Jly31-1Ha JI.r., KpamKuii cJ106apb Komumu6Hbrx mepMuHo6,
MocKBa.
Jlann JI.M. , 1 993, HHmepnpemat/UR Hay'IH020 meKcma 6 acneKme (jJaKmopa
«cy61>eKm pe'IU», 11pKyTCK.
JleM'łHK B.M. , 2004, /(ucKypc
-pe'lb
-meKcm.
-M.B. JlOMOHOC06 u pa3Bumue
pyccKoii pumopuKu. Me:>KoyHapooHaR KOH<jJepeH4UR. MfY, MocKBa.
O'łepKu ucmopuu Hay'łH020 cmimR pyccK020 J1umepamypH020 R3btKa XVIII-XX 66. (B
3-x TO Max), 1994, 1996,
I
998, IIepMb.
IIepMlłKOBa T.M. , 1 997, /{uHaMuKa coomHouteHuR Kame20puti 04eHKu u
ap2yMeHma4uu 6 2a3emHblX meKcmax 80-90-x 22. 1100 6JlUf/HUeM COt/UaJlbHblX
(jJaKmopo6, ABTopecjl . .n.1-1c . . .. Katt.n. H., IIepMb.
CaJIHMOBCKI-IM B.A. , 2002, }Ka1tpbl pe'łu 6 (jJyHKL/UOHQJlbHo-cmuJlucmu'lecKoM
ocBeUfeHuu (Hay'łHbtii aKa0eMu'łecKuil meKcm), IIepMb.
Can1-1MOBCKI-IM B.A., EapcyKoBa B.B., CoKOJIOBCKalł JI.B., <l>yHKL/UOHaJ/bHO-cmu
Jlucmu'lecKuu Memoo 6 e20 omHouteHuu K oucKypcu6HOMY aHGJlu3y.
-Współcze
sne analizy dyskursu, Rzeszów (B neqarn).
Cep1-10 Il., 1985, AHaJ/U3 co6emcK020 noJ1umu'lecK020 oucKypca, Paris.
Cep1-10 II. , 1999, KaK 'luma,om meKcmbz 60 <J>paHi/uu.
-K6aopamypa CMblCJla,
MocKBa.
Stylistyka XIV
Cepwo I
l, 1 999,
PyccKuu R3btK u aHanU3 coeemcK020 nonumu'łeCK020 oucKypca.
-Keaopamypa CMbtcna,
MocKBa.
CKpe6HeB IO.M. , 1975,
O'iepK meopuu cmuneu,
fopbKliW.
Cocc10p <l> . .Qe, 1 998,
Kypc o6uteii 11uH2eucmuKu,
MocKBa.
Cocc10p <l>. Ae, 1977,
Tpyobt no R3btK03HaHuJO,
MocKsa.
CTenaHoB IO.C. , 1 995,
AnbmepHamu6Hbli1 Mup. ,[(uCKypc. <PaKm u flpum1im
flpu'łw-mocmu.
-
Jl3btK u HayKa KOHi/a XX e.,
MocKBa.
TeKcm u oucKypc. flpo6neMbl 3KOHOMu'łecK020 oucKypca,
200 I , CaHKT-IleTep6ypr.
TollIOBli'-1 E. , 2002,
<PyHKt/UOHanHu cmunoeu,
EeorpaA.
<l>yKo M. , I 996,
Apxeo.T102U.R 3HaHU.R,
KweB.
llepH.IIBCKa.11 B.E,
2003,,[(ucKypc.
-
Cmunucmu'łecKuii. 11uH2eucmu'łecKuu cnoeapb (rn.
pe.Q. M.H. Km1rnHa), MocKBa.
llepH.11BcKa.11 B.E. , 1999,
MHmepmeKcmyanbHoe 63aUMooei'icmeue KaK ocHoea Hay'łHOu
KoMMyHuKai1uu,
CaHKT-IleTep6ypr.
llepH.11BcKa.11 B.E. , 200 1 ,
,[(ucKypc KaK o6aeKm 11uH2eucmu'łecKux ucc11eooew1ut1.
-TeKcm u oucKypc,
CaHKT-IleTep6ypr.
IllMeneBa T.B., 1 997,
Pe'łeeeoeHue: e noucKax meopuu,
«Stylistyka» VI.
Chafe W. , 1 996,
Byond beads on string and branches in tree.
-
Conceptual structure,
discourse and language,
Stanford.
Reflections on Correlation of Functional Stylistics and Discourse Studies
(Speech Studies Approach)
The article considers the question of the correlation of the subject and research metho
dology offunctional stylistics and discourse analysis (primarily French tradition of disco
urse analysis -
DA).It
takes into account the change of modem linguistics from a structu
ral paradigm to a functional one. It states the compared subjects refer to speech studies
(speech linguistics) and account for the process of speech activity and its extralinguistic
factors.
It
also proposes the definition of «discourse» . The emphasis is that unlike tradi
tional stylistics which P. Serio distanced away from, modem works on functional stylisti
cs are close to discourse analysis
(DA).Keywords:
discourse, discourse formation. functional stylistics, speech studies (text lin
guistics), speech activity, speech propos es, extra linguistic factors, anthropocentrism, spe
ech specifics, paradigm.
[e-mail: stylist@psu.ru]
Ilpa2MamuKa
-
rpyHKl,f,UOHQJlbHQ5/,
nepcneKmuea R3bZKa
AHATOJII1l1
f.EAPAHOB
(Kpac1-1.ooap)
c,,rnepreTH'łeCKHH xapaKTep 3BOJIIOIVIH JU!HrBl1CTl1KH KaK CHCTeMbl 3HaHHSI B peTpocneKTHBe nO3BOJU!eT OTMeTHTb uerrhIH p.si.u. aTTpaKTOpOB, KOTOpble npo.s!B HJIH ce6.si B pa3rap YBJie'łeHH.s! CTpyKTypaJIHCTCKH M H lllTY.U.H.s!MH B nonbITKax BbICTpOHTb JIHHrBHCTHKY n o o6pa3UY TO'łHblX HayK. «ATTpaKTOp -nOH.s!THe CUH.ep2emuKu, O3Ha'łaIOl.l.\ee BO3MO)1(HOe COCTO.s!HHe HeycTOH 'łHBOH cucmeMbl, B K OTOp OH ee ycTO H'łHBO CTb BO3pacTa eT. YcTOH'-łHBO HepaBHOBeCHa.si CHCTeMa B cpa3e 6upypKQt{,UU (no!lupypKQt{,UU) HMeeT 6onee O}].HOro A. H , COOTBeTCTBeHHO, HeCKOJibKO napaMemp oB nopROKa. B 3TOH CB.sl.3H pa3JIH'łaIOTc.si THnhI A . . . ATTpaKTop cTpaHHhIH - co cTo.siHHe ycmoutJUBOcmu Ha 6onee BbJCOKOM ypoBHe H epaB H OBeCH.s! co cpe.u.oił». (Ha3apernH
2004: 303).
Cpe.u.11 TaKHX CTpaHHbIX aTTpaKTOpOB HeMaJIOBa)l(HYIO pOJib Hrpana H HrpaeT cpyHKUHOHaJibHa.si CTHJIHCTHKa, B pa3BHTHH KOTopoił 6onhl.lla.si ponh np11Ha}].Jle)l(HTM.H.
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