CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . 9
CHAPTER I. New Protectionist Tendencies and Inclination to Bilateralism and Regionalism in the Contemporary Foreign Trade Policy . . . 11
1. Introduction . . . 11
2. Political Economy Model of Foreign Trade Policy . . . 12
3. Protectionist Pressures in Different Political Systems . . . 15
4. Level of Protectionist Pressures . . . 17
5. Food Producers Pressures . . . 19
6. International Trade Liberalization and Environmental Protection . . . 20
7. Bilateral Tendencies in Contemporary Foreign Trade Policy . . . 22
8. Results and Findings . . . 23
9. Conclusions . . . 26
CHAPTER II. The Increasing Importance of Bilateral Agreements in the Foreign Trade Policy. . . 27
1. Introduction . . . 27
2. New Tendencies in International Business . . . 28
3. The Political Economy of Trade and Countries Motivations for Bilateral Cooperating on Trade Policies. . . 37
4. The Increasing Importance Bilateral Agreements in the Foreign Trade Policy. . . 39
5. Results and Findings . . . 41
6. Conclusion . . . 42
CHAPTER III. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Challenges . . . 43
1. Introduction . . . 43
2. Multilateralizing Preferential Tariffs . . . 43
3. Breaking the Market Access Impasse . . . 45
4. Responding to the Proliferation of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) . . . 46
5. Services and Investment . . . 48
6. Competition Policy and Disciplining Export Duties . . . 50
7. Energy and Climate Change. . . 51
8. Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Policies . . . 53
9. Governance Reforms . . . 53
10. The WTO’s Role in Global Governance . . . 57
11. Conclusion . . . 60
CHAPTER IV. Liberal and Anti-Liberal Tendencies in the Economic Policy
of East-Central European Countries . . . 61
1. Introduction . . . 61
2. Liberalisation Tendencies . . . 62
3. Main Elements of Liberalisation . . . 66
4. From Liberalism to Selective Protection in Agriculture. . . 70
5. The Problem of Choice in Foreign Trade Policy in the Period of Transition . . . 71
6. Conditions Leading to Selective Trade Protection . . . 75
7. Conclusion . . . 76
CHAPTER V. The Increase of Competitiveness East Central Europe, the Baltics and Russia . . . 77
1. Introduction . . . 77
2. The relation between integration and globalisation process . . . 78
3. The Puślecki paradox. . . 81
4. In the direction of the increase competitiveness of East Central Europe, the Baltics and Russia . . . 82
5. The influence of change export and foreign direct investments structure on the increase of competitiveness of East Central Europe, the Baltics and Russia . . . 86
6. Innovation system in the creation of competitiveness of East Central Europe, the Baltics and Russia . . . 88
7. The future of the increase of competitiveness East Central Europe, the Baltics and Russia. . . 91
8. Conclusion . . . 93
CHAPTER VI. The Liberalisation Effect of China Foreign Trade Policy for the Emerging Industries and Economic Growth. . . 95
1. Introduction . . . 95
2. The variation in trade policy among states . . . 96
3. Intensive economic growth and inequality development in China . . . 96
4. The liberalisation China foreign trade policy under WTO and their effects . . . 103
5. The increase of China’s role in international business . . . 110
6. Conclusions . . . 116
CHAPTER VII. Innovation and Knowledge in Creation of European Union Global Competitiveness and Social Security from Regional Perspective . . . 119
1. Introduction . . . 119
2. Knowledge-Based-Growth (KBG) theory . . . 120
3. The concept of innovation system . . . 124
4. Innovation system and innovation process . . . 126
5. Constructed advantage. . . 128
6. The Triple Helix model . . . 130
7. Europe 2020 – strategy and innovation union . . . 132
8. Financial instrument Horizon 2020 . . . 138
9. Results . . . 149
10. Conclusion . . . 151
CHAPTER VIII. The Perspective of Reduction Regulatory Protectionism in Transatlantic Cooperation between European Union and USA . . . 153
1. Introduction . . . 153
2. The regulatory protectionism in USA – EU foreign trade policy . . . 155
3. The nature and the promoters of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) . . . 161
4. Interrelationship between regulatory standards and international cooperation in the TTIP . . . 164
5. Conclusions . . . 168
CHAPTER IX. USA–China Trade War and World Economy. . . 171
1. Introduction . . . 171
2. Structure of Political System . . . 172
3. Reasons for the USA to Implement Tariff Sanctions. . . 174
4. Influence of USA-China Trade War on Economy. . . 181
4.1. US Executive Branch . . . 181
4.2. Strong Bipartisan Pushes for Firm and Further Actions Against China . . . 182
4.3. Markets and Industries . . . 183
5. Increase of Protecionism between USA and China . . . 184
6. USA and the Other Trading Partners in Trade War with China . . . 190
7. Conclusion . . . 194
CHAPTER X. New Chinese ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ (BRI) . . . 195
1. Introduction . . . 195
2. From another’s Projects to the Belt and Road . . . 195
3. The Belt and Road in the face of the EU. . . 202
4. ‘The New Eurasia Land Bridge’ . . . 205
5. ‘The China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor’ . . . 207
6. China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor . . . 208
7. China-Indochina Peninsular Economic Corridor (CIPEC) . . . 208
9. Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor . . . 210
10. Opportunities the Belt and Road Initiative can offer Foreign Investors . . . 211
11. Key Investment Opportunities . . . 212
11.1. Banking and Financial Services . . . 212
11.2. Legal services . . . 213
11.3. Infrastructure Planning and Development . . . 214
11.4. Energy . . . 214
12. How the Belt and Road Initiative Will Impact China’s Economy . . . 215
13. Potential Expansion of Renminbi . . . 216
14. OBOR an international incentive to fundamental reform in foreign and domestic policies in China . . . 217
15. Conclusion . . . 219
CHAPTER XI. The Need to Establish a New Format for Trade Political Relations between European Union and China in the Time of Covid-19 . . . 221
1. Introduction . . . 221
2. In direction to new format for trade-political relations . . . 222
3. An opportunity to achieve further deepening of commercial relations. . . 230
4. China in the process of rebalancing its economy . . . 234
5. The current position in relations between EU and China. . . 236
6. EU responses to reset the engagement strategy . . . 238
7. EU and China in the time of COVID-19 . . . 239
8. Conclusion . . . 243
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS . . . 245
SUMMARY . . . 249
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . 251
