chyba by? brany
z dna rzecznego.46
Woryginale szkic przedmiotu
-?redniowieczne krzesiwo kab??kowe. 17
Woryginale szkic przedmiotu, przedstawiaj?cy zawieszk? a?urow?.
48
Tekst nie czytelny. Brak wodpisie oko?o 3 znaków.
'GIANTS' MOUND, SWEDISH GRAVEYARD, CONFEDERATES' CEMETERY'.
MARIA BUTRYMÓWNA EXCAVATIONS (1897) OF BARROW CEMETERY AT PAKALNISZKI (N. LITHUANIA)
SUMMARY
The National Museum of Lithuania (Vilnius) and the State Archaeo-logical Museum (Warsaw) have in their keeping ca 200 finds from an investigation made in 1897 by Maria Butrymówna of a barrowfield at
Pakalniszki (Fig. 1), N. Lithuania (now Pakalni?kiai, Paneve?io raj.).
Basing on the original documentation from the site and the first
publi-cations (E. Majewski 1900; A. Spicyn 1902) the authors have
recon-structed the original grave assemblages from Pakalniszki.
also the modern period. Two grave deposits were exceptionally richly
furnished.
Barrow no. 3
-a neck-ring with trumpet terrninals (Fig. 4r.s); a
tri-angular-footed brooch similar to type Almgren 100 (Fig. 4p); two
tcmple discs with 'key-hole' openings (Fig. 4c-e); a set of two reel-headed pins with a spool-shaped head with a set of pendants (Fig. 4f, 11); two cruciform pendants (Fig. 4a.b); anecklace ofbronze circular and copper alloy cylindrical beads (Fig. 4g-o, 12); two solid bracelets with an 'eye' ornament (Fig. 10e); four slender bracelets of plano-convex se-ction
(Fig. 10a-d); afinger-ring of coiled wir e (Fig. 13a-m).
Of two cemeteries identified at Pakalniszki one was a Roman Period
barrowfield of the Letto- Lithuanian Barrow Culture the other, an Early
Medieval fiat burial cemetery (Fig. 2). The barrows were investigated in
19th/20th c. by Roman Szwojnicki, followed by Maria Butrymówna and
Ivan Abramov. Contrary to some opinion the site was never excavated
by Jonas Basanavi?ius, his research, referred by some authors to
Pakalni-szki, in re alit ywas made at the cemetery near Raginenai. In the first half of the 20th c. the site at Pakalniszki was lost to agriculture.
Barrow no. 11: two spiral discs (Fig. Sa.b); an imported enamelled brooch (Fig. Sc.d); a triangular-footed brooch similar to type Almgren 100 (Fig. Sf); bronze cylinders (Fig. 12); 20 crescentic 'lunula' pendants from ahead ornament (Fig. Sg); a necklace of glass beads, bronze cylin-ders and openwork pendant (Fig. Se, 6b-al, 12); sheet bronze appliqu?s (Fig. ó:a); two pins with aspool-shaped head with a full set of pendants (Fig. 7, 11); two solid 'eye' bracelets (Fig. 10e); two slender bracelets of
During four days of investigation Maria Butrymówna excavated
plano-convex section (Fig. 10a-d); four finger-rings of coiled wire (Fig.
13a-m).
territory. Their finds are recorded in grave assemblages dated to phase B2 and B2/CI.
Next to these two rich assemblages another neck-ring with trumpet
terrninals was recovered in barrow no. 15 (Fig. 9).
Brooches similar to type Almgren 100 enjoyed substantial
popular-ity on Balt territory and that of the neighbouring Finno- Ugrians; they are asubstantially mixed group. The finds from Pakalniszki find the only close analogy in brooch finds from Adakavas, K?dainiai, Dauglaukis (grave 51), Skrzypy, and in specimens recovered by Massalitinov in the
region of Kaunas. The form is dated quite reliably to phase B2, most
probably, its younger stage.
Spiral discs are a form characteristic for Letto- Lithuanian Barrow
Culture although their distribution in the southern part of the range of this archaeological unit is still poorly understood similarly as the lack of such finds in Latvia. Stylistically, spiral discs are quite uniform
- near-ly all are ornamented in the same way
-with openwork zigzag on their
perimeter or with pairs of scrolls, which only in two specimens known from the Stroked Ware Culture deposits was replaced by aseries ofknobs.
Discs we re typically worn in pairs, fastened to the headband or head-dress. The construction of the fastening differed depending on whether the ornament was worn at the right or the left tcmple. Spiral discs are thought to derive from discs wit h suspension loops known eg, from Kurmai?iai or Egli?kiai. It is also possible that they developed with some stylistic inspiration from areas on the middle Volga, basin of the Vyatka
and the Kama rivers, even, the foothills of the Urals. Basing on the
as-semblages from Sargenai, grave 207, Paalksniai, barrow V, and a series
of graves from Paragaudis (grave 2 in barrow III, grave 1 in barrow V,
grave 1 in barrow XXVII) Spiral discs are place d in phase B2.
The imported brooch from Pakalniszki belongs in type Exner 1.32,
which corresponds to type Bohme 5:335. Sixteen similar brooches are
known from Roman imperial territory and thirteen from the barbarian
territory. The piece in question presumably originates from one of the Rheinish workshops. Exner 1.32/Bohme 5:335 brooch finds in deposits are dated quite reliably to phase B2, however, a large number of these
pieces lack context.
Cruciform pendants recorded in Pakalniszki are quite unique. Their only analogies are pendants with five knobs but these are few and lack
context to be dated more closely. Pendants with knobs are reminiscent
of Akmeniai' pendants, inspired in their development by forms noted
in Wielbark Culture, but have an earlier dating. Neck-rings with trumpet terminals have a broad distribution range
across the eastern Baltic seaboard, from Mazury (Poland) to Finland.
Most probably, they developed from Celtic ornaments. The neck-rings from Pakalniszki, are solid forms, relatively large, with ornamental
ter-minals, classified to Michelbertas group II, characteristic chiefly for phase
B2, although also noted in phase B2/CI, most frequently, in association
with 'eye' bracelets, bracelets of plano-convex section, and eye brooches of the Prussian series. The youngest assemblage to produce aneck-ring
with trumpet terminals was grave 197 at Ver?vai but as the however the
only such deposit it cannot serve as a basis for extending the dating of these ornaments.
Another unique piece is the openwork pendant which resembles to
some extent pendants known from northern Latvia and Estonia in which
area they are known from contexts dated to the Late Roman Period. The last on the list of non-typical forms from Pakalniszki are the 'lunula' pendants. They are an ornament typical for SE Baltic coast, but the specimens from Pakalniszki
-solid metal, without openwork
orna-ment or knobs on their terrninals
-are exceptional and have no direct analogies.
The necklace beads from barrow 11 are type Tempelmann -M?czy?ska
6, 8, 12, 91, 98, 99, 223, 287, 291 and 387, forms distinctive for Balt and Wielbark Culture environment.
'Eye' bracelets are a form distinctive for Letto- Lithuanian Barrow
Culture, also noted in areas to the north of its range. In grave deposits
they typically occur in association with neck-rings with trumpet
terrni-nals, eye brooches of the Prussian series, tcmple ornaments of coiled
wire, and pins with a spool-shaped he ad, all of which place s them
within phase B2.
Finger-rings of coiled wire, bronze sheet appliqu?s, sheet bronze and
wire cylinders are quite common forms.
The Maria Butrymówna collection held by the National Museum of Lithuania includes a series of medieval finds (Fig. 3, 8, 13n-u, 14). It is not certain whether all of them were discovered at Pakalniszki, a part
could originate from other sites. The set includes fragments of iron knives, a circular fire iron, and aleather fragment, a silver tcmple ring with an openwork bead, abronze openwork bead, and abronze key.
Slender bracelets of plano-convex have a similar distribution range
as 'eye' bracelets but their finds are more numerous in the northern area
of the SE Baltic littoral. In grave deposits they are discovered most fre-quently in association with eye brooches of the main series, strongly profiled brooches, brooches similar to type Almgren 100, 'eye' bracelets,
spiral discs, neck-rings with trumpet terminals, neck-rings with knob--shaped terrninals, neck-rings with conical terrninals, pins with a bar-rel-shaped head, and bracelets of plano-convex section; this place sthem
in the Early Roman period, possibly, with some pieces continuing after the onset of the Late Roman Period.
The surviving documentation supports the validity of the
recon-structed assemblages from Pakalniszki. Basing on the presence of unique
forms which, at the same time, have agood diagnostic value, the chronol-ogy of the two grave deposits may be defined as the younger stage of phase B2, possibly, but less likely, the onset of phase B2/CI. Some of the
finds from Pakalniszki testify to long-dlstance exchange with Roman
Empire and with Finno- Ugrians.
t?um. A. Kinecka
Pins with a spool-shaped head are a form characteristic mainly for the Letto- Lithuanian area, although they are also known from Prussian
"MILZINKAPIS ... SVEDy ARBA KONFEDERATy". PAKALNISKly PILKAPYNAS (SIAURES LIETUVOJE): ZVILGSNIS ! MARIJOS
BUTRIMAITES (BUTRYMÓWNA) 1897 METy TYRINEJIMUS
SANTRUMPA
Lietuvos nacionalinio muziejaus bei Valstybinio archeologijos muziejaus
Var?uvoje rinkiniuose saugoma apie 200 radiniu iS Pakalni?kiu
(Paneve-?io raj.) pilkapyno, kur] 1897 metais tyrinejo Marija Butrimaite (pav. 1).
Remiantis i?likusia archyvine med?iaga ir pirmosiomis ?ios med?iagos publikacijomis (E. Majewski 1900; A. Spicyn 1902) ?inomus radinius galima susieti su atskiromis radimvietemis.
pav. 2). Pilkapynus XIX ir XX am?iu sariduroje tyrinejo Romanas Szwoj-nickis, veliau Marija Butrimaite ir Ivanas Abramovas (pav. 2). Kartais
manoma, kad siomis radimviet?mis dom?j osi ir Jonas Basanavi?ius, ta?iau iS tikruju jo veikla buvo susijusi su Ragmenu apylink?mis, oPakalni?kiuose
jis nera dirb?s. Pirmoje XX am?iaus puseje del ?ernes ukio veiklos
radim-viete buvo suardyta. PakalniSkiuose esama dviejq kapinynq
-romenq itakos laikotarpio pilkapynas, priklaus?s Zemaitijos ir Siaures Lietuvos bei Latvijos pilkapynq
kultfuai, ir naujojo gelezies amziaus kapinynas (pagaI Puzino
uzrasus-Per keturias kasinejimu dienas Marija Butrimaite atkase 16 pilkapiq, kuriuose aptiko ankstyvojo romenq itakos laikotarpio ir naujqjq amziq
trimitiniais galais (pav. 4r-s), Almgren 100 tipui artima sege trikampe kojele (pav. 4p), 2plok?teliniai antsmilkiniai (pav. 4c-e), 2 ritiniai
smeig-tukai su grandinelemis ir kabu?iais (pav. 4f, 11), 2kry?iniai kabu?iai (pav.
4a.b), kaklo apvara iS ?alvario karoliu ir cilidreliu bei [viju (pav. 4g-o, 12),
2 dideles akines apyrank?s (pav. 10e), 4 plonos pusiau apskrito pjuvio
apyrankes (pav. 10a-d), [vijinis ?iedas (pav. 13a-m). 11 pilkapyje aptikti
2 plok?teliniai antsmilkiniai (pav. 5a.b), emaliuota romeni?ka sege (pav.
5c.d), Almgren 100 tipui artima sege trikampe kojele (pav. 5f),
meta-liniai cilindreliai (pav. 12),20 pusm?nulio formo skabu?iai galvai papuo?ti
(pav. 5g), kaklo apvara iS stiklo karoliu, ?alvariniu cilindr?liu bei [viju ir
a?uriniu kabu?iu (pav. 5e, 6b-al, 12), ?alvariniai pusrutulio formos spurgeliai (pav. 6a), 2 ritiniai smeigtukai su grandinelemis ir kabu?iais (pav. 7, 11), 2 dideles akines apyrankes (pav. 10e), 2 plonos pusiau ap-skrito pjuvio apyrank?s (pav. 10a-d) bei 4iS vielos susukti ivijiniai ?iedai (pav.13a-m).
A 100 tipui artimomis segernis, akinemis apyrankemis, plok?teliniais
antsmilkiniais, trimitinernis antkaklemis. antkaklemis buo?eliniais ir
kuginiais galais, statineliniais smeigtukais bei pusiau apskrito pjuvio
apyrank?mis
-tai leid?ia jas priskirti ankstyvajam romenu [takos
laiko-tarpiui, nors galimas daiktas, kad iS mado sjos i?ejo tik v?lyvojo romenu [takos laikotarpio prad?ioje.
Ritiniai smeigtukai budingiausi lietuvi?koms ir latvi?koms
teritorijo-mis, nors buvo ne?iojami ir Prusijoje. Kapuose jie buvo aptinkami kartu
su B2 bei B2/CI periodo radiniais.
Almgren 100 tipui artimos scg?s buvo labai populiarios baltu ir ju
kairnynu linougru ?emese, Si grup? pasi?ymi didele [vairove.
Vieninte-liai tikslus Pakalni?kiuose rastu segiu analogai buvo aptikti Adakave,
Kedainiuose, Massalitinovui tyrinej ant Kauno apylinkes, taip pat sege is
51 kapo Dauglaukyje ir sege is Skrzypy. Sio tipo radiniai gana ai?kiai priskirtini B2 periodui, veikiausiai ankstyvesniam jo laikotarpiui.
Be siuose dviejuose pilkapiuose aptiktl! itin gausil! radinil!, 15
pilka-pyje dar rasta antkakle trimitiniais galais (pav. 9).
PakalniSkiuose rasta romeniSka sege priklauso 1.32 Exnerio tipui,
atitinkanCiam 5:335 Bohmes tip?. 16 panasil! segil! buvo paplitusios
Romos imperijos teritorijoje, kitos 13
-barbarl! zemese. Veikiausiai ji
buvo pagaminta kurioje nors is Pareinio dirbtuvil!. Daugelis sio tipo ra-dinil! neturi aiSkiai datuojamo konteksto, taCiau tie, kurie buvo rasti
kartu su kitais radiniais, yra gana aiSkiai priskirtini B2 periodui. Ploksteliniai antsmilkiniai yra Zemaitijos ir Siaures Lietuvos bei Pietl!
Latvijos pilkapil! kulturai budingas radinys, taCiau lieka neaiSku, kodel
jie susitelke siaurineje sios kulturos srities juostoje, o Latvijoje panasus
radiniai neaptinkami. StilistiSkai sie radiniai gana vienodi
-beveik visi
pasizymi ta paCia puosyba. Budingiausia iS detalil! yra radini juosianti pyne, sudaryta iS zigzagl! arba poromis sujungtl! sraiginil! ivijl!. Tik dviejuose egzemplioriuose, rastuose bruksniuotos keramikos kulturos paminkluose (?), toki? pyn? atstojo ataugelil! eile. Antsmilkiniai
dazniau-siai buvo nesiojami po du, kabinami prie odines juosteles arba kepuraiCil!. Desiniojo ir kairiojo antsmilkinil! susegimo itaisai skyresi. Sie papuosalai veikiausiai kil? iS senesnil! sraiginil! antsmilkinil! tipo, pavyzdZiui rasto, KurmaiCiuose ir Egliskiuose. Galima manyti, kad sil! papuosall! stilil!
ik-vepe tam tikra itaka, atejusi nuo vidurines Volgos, Viatkos ir Kamos
ba-seinl! ir net nuo Uralo priekalnil!. Remiantis radiniais, aptiktais 207 kape
Sargenuose, V pilkapyje Paalksniuose ir keliuose kapuose Paragaudyje
(III pilkapio 2 kape, V pilkapio 1 kape, XXVII pilkapio 1 kape), sio tipo
papuosalus galima priskirti B2 periodui.
PakalniSkiuose rasti kryziniai kabuCiai priskiriami prie unikalil! ra-dinil!. Analogijl! turi tik kabuCiai su penkiomis ataugelemis, taCiau jie
reti ir stingantys konteksto, kuris leistu nustatyti tiksIl! laikotarpi. Kabu-Ciai su ataugelemis siek tiek primena Akmenil! tipo Vielbarko kulturo s itakoje gamintus kabuCius, taCiau yra uz juos senesni.
Unikalus yra taip pat azurinis kabutis, kuris kiek panasus i Siaures Latvijoje ir Estijoje paplitusius papuosalus, randamus kartu su radiniais,
datuojamais velyvuoju romenl! itakos periodu.
PakalniSkiuose rastl! netipinil! radinil! s?ras? papildo pusmenulio formos kabuCiai. Jie buvo paplit? pietvakariniame Pabaltijyje, taCiau PakalniSkiuose aptikti egzemplioriai
-lieti, be azuro ir be ataugelil!
ga-luose
-yra ypatingi ir neturintys tiesioginil! analogl!.
11 pilkapyje rast? verini sudare stikliniai karoliai kurie, priskiriami 6,
8,12,91,98,99,223,287,291 ir 387 tipams pagaI
Tempelmann-M?czy?-sk?. Sil! tiPl! karoliai apskritai yra budingi baltl! krastams bei Vielbarko kulturai.
Trimitines antkakles aptinkamos dideleje rytinio Pabaltijo teritorijo-je nuo Mozurl! iki Suomijos. Veikiausiai jos iSsirutuliojo iS keltl! papuo-sall!. PakalniSkiuose rasti pavyzdziai yra lieti, palyginti dideli, su puostais
galais, priklauso II grupei pagaI Michelbert?. Sio tipo antkakles budingos
visl! pirma B2 periodui, taCiau buvo nesiojamos ir B2/CI periode. Jl!
ran-dama dazniausiai kartu su akinemis apyrankemis, pusiau apskrito pjuvio
apyrankemis bei prusl! serijos akinemis segemis. Velyviausia mums
zi-noma panasaus papuosalo radimviete yra 197 kapas Versvuose, taCiau tokia iSimtis nera pagrindas prailginti sil! papuosall! chronologij?.
IS vielos susukti ivijiniai ziedai, zalvariniai pusrutulio formo s spurge-liai ir zalvariniai cilindreliai bei ivijos yra gana iprasti radiniai.
LNM rinkiniuose saugom? Marijos Butrimaites kolekcij? sudaro ir
viduramzil! laikotarpiui priskiriami radiniai (pav. 3, 8, 13n-u, 14). Nera
aiSku, ar visi jie buvo rasti PakalniSkiuose
-dalis jl! gali buti is kitl! ra-dimvieCil!. Tarp jl! yra gelezinil! peilil! fragmentai, skiltuvas, odos
frag-mentai, sidabrinis auskaras su azuriniu karoliu, zalvarinis azurinis
karolis bei zalvarinis raktas. Akines apyrankes budingos Zemaitijos ir Siaures Lietuvos bei Pietl!
Latvijos pilkapil! kulturai, nors jl! aptinkama ir toliau i siaur? esanCiose zemese. Dazniausiai jl! budavo ran dama ikapese kartu su trimitinemis
antkaklemis, prusl! serijos akinemis segemis, ivijiniais antsmilkiniais ir ritiniais smeigtukais, todel jl! chronologij asietina su B2 periodu.
Remiantis iSlikusiais dokumentais, galima teigti, kad rekonstruotos PakalniSkil! ikapil! grupes yra tikros. Kai kurie is radinil!
-unikalus, ir
chronologiSkai gerai atpazistami, o tai leidzia abi kapavietes priskirti ankstesniam B2 periodo laikotarpiui ir, nors tai maziau tiketina, B2/CI periodo pradziai. Kai kurie PakalniSkl! radiniai byloja apie iSpletotus rysius
-su Romos imperija ir tolimais finougrl! krastais. Plonos pusiau apskrito pjuvio apyrankes aptinkamos toje paCioje
teritorijoje kaip ir akines apyrankes, nors labiau jos paplitusios siaurineje pietvakarinio Pabaltijo dalyje. Kapuose jos dazniausiai randamos kartu
WYKAZ
SKRÓTÓW TYTU?ÓW
CZASOPISM I WYDAWNICTW WIELOTOMOWYCHABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS' AND SERIAL PUBLICATIONS' TITLES
- "Acta Archaeologica Carpathica", Kraków
AAC AAHung. AFB
APolski
AR
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- "Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sachsichen Bodendenkmalpflege", Berlin (Stuttgart)
-"Archeologia Polski", Warszawa
-"Archeologicke rozhledy", Praha
- British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford
B.A.R. Int. Series
BerRGK - .Bericht der Rómisch-Gerrnanischen Kommission", Frankfurt a.M.-Berlin
- .Bonner Iahbuchcr', Koln/Bonn
B[ahr,
-"Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg- Vorpommern", Lubstorf (wcze?niej: .Bodendenkmalptlege in Mecklenburg.
BMJ
Jahrbuch ..:', Schwerin/Rostock/Berlin)
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CRFB FAP Inf.Arch. InvArch. JmV JRGZM KHKM KSIA
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-"Informator Archeologiczny. Badania rok ..:', Warszawa
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HayK CCCP), Moskva
-Materialy i issledovani? po arheologii SSSR (MaTepJ1aJIbI J1 J1Cce.n;OBaHJ1H no apxcononur CCCP), Moskva
MIA MatArch. MS MSiW MSROA
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-"Materia?y Staro?ytne iWczesno?redniowieczne", Warszawa
-"Materia?y iSprawozdania Rzeszowskiego O?rodka Archeologicznego", Rzeszów- Krosno-Sandomierz- Tarnów (-
Prze-my?l/Tarnobrzeg)
-"Materia?y Zachodniopomorskie", Szczecin
MZP
-.Pamatky archeologicke" (wcze?niej: "Pamatky archeologick? a mistopisn?"), Praha
PA
PArch.
PMMAE
-"Przegl?d Archeologiczny", Pozna?
-"Prace iMateria?y Muzeum Archeologicznego i Etnograficznego w ?odzi. Seria Archeologiczna", ?ód?
PomAnt - .Pomoranta Antiqua", Gda?sk
Prahistoria ziem polskich - Prahistoria ziem polskich, tom I: Paleolit i mezolit (red. WChmielewski, W Hensel),
Wroc?aw-Warszawa-Kraków--Gda?sk 1975; tom II: Neolit (red. W Hensel, T. Wi?la?ski), Wroc?aw-Warszawa-Kraków-Gda?sk 1979; tom III:
Wczesna epoka br?zu (red. A. Gardawski, J. Kowalczyk), Wroc?aw-Warszawa-Kraków-Gda?sk 1978; tom IV: Od
?rod-kowej epoki br?zu do ?rodkowego okresu late?skiego (red. J. D?browski, Z. Rajewski),
Wroc?aw-Warszawa-Kraków-Gda?sk 1979; tom V: Pó?ny okres late?ski iokres rzymski (red. J. Wielowiejski), Wroc?aw-Warszawa-Kraków-Gda?sk
1981
-.Sltzungsbertchte der Altertumsgesellschaft Prussia" (pó?niej: .Prussta. Zeitschrift fur Heimatkunde"), Kónigsberg
Prussia
i.Pr.
- .Praehistorische Zeitschrift", Berlin-New York
PZ
RArch.
RE
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-"Rocznik Bia?ostocki", Bia?ystok
- "Rocznik Olszty?ski", Olsztyn
RO SJahr. SIA SovArch SprArch. SprPMA WA ZNUJ ZOW
-.Saalburg Jahrbuch", Berlin-New York
- .Slovenska archeológia", Bratislava
-.Sovetskaa Arheologia" (CoBeTCKaH apxeOJIOrJ1H), Moskva
-"Sprawozdania Archeologiczne", Kraków
-"Sprawozdania P.M.A:', Warszawa
-,,wiadomo?ci Archeologiczne", Warszawa
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Pa?stwowe Muzeum