A . O p j i o e
06 -Le flH H e H H e napT H H p a ó o q e r o K jia c c a Ha 6 a 3 e H A e o jio rn q e c K H x h o p r a - HH3aiíHOHHbIX npHHIÍHIIOB MapKCH3M a-JieHHHH3M 3 BOHAeT B HCTOpHIO KOMMy- HHCTHqecKoro ABHJKeHHH CTpan na p o A H O Íf AeMOKpaTHH KaK Ba>KHeñm aH e ro B e x a . C o sA a H H e eA H H bix p a ó o r a x napT H H cBHAeTejibCTByeT o TopjK ecT B e eh h'h c k o-c ta j ih h c k hx HAeñ, o j ih k b h a.a u n n p a c K O jia b p a ó o n e M KJiacce, o n o - JiHTHqecKOM y K p e n jie H H H CTpaH H a p o A H o ñ A eM O K p araH .
B 1948 ro a y b p e 3 y jib T a T e oó'beAHHeHHH KOMMyHHCTHqecKHX h counaji- -íG M oKpaTH qecKH x napT H H 6h j ih c o s A a n u : kom my hh c tunec kah n a p r a n Hexo- cjiOBaKHH, B e H re p c n a H napTH H TpyAHiHHXCH, n o A b c ic a H ofí'beAH'HéHHaa p a v o n a n napT H H , PyM biH C K aH p a ó o q a a napTH H , B o .a ra p C K a a KOMMyHHCTHqecKan napTHH h A jiS a H C K a a n a p r a n T p y ^ a .
Pa30'6jiaqaH pacKOJibHHKOB paóoqero a b h x í€hhh, B. H . J Ichkh yKa3bi- Baji: «Eahhctbo — BenHKoe aejio h bcjihkhh ji03yHr! H o paóoqeMy aejiy HyJKHO e A H H C T B O M a p K C H ' C T O B , a He eAHHCTBO MapKCHCTOB c npo- THBHHKaMH H H3BpaTHTeAHMH MapKCH3M3» (Coq., T. 20, H3fl. 4, CTp. 211).
UMeHHo 3a 0 6'beAHHeHHe Ha TaKoií ochobc pasBepHyjiH óopbóy KOMMyHncra- qecKH>e napTHH CTpaH HapoAHoñ AeMOKparaH. KoMMyHHCTU pa3oóJiaqHJiH npaBbix coimaJiHCTOB Kan h b h h x« Bparoe Hapo^a. JleBbie SJieivieHTbi b co-
uhaj i-AeMoi<paTHqecKHx napra,nx CTpaH HapoAHoñ AeMOKparaH npn HenocpeA- CTBeHHoñ noAAepjKKe KOMMyHHCTHqecKHX napTHH H3rHaJiH H3 cbohx phaob
TlpHCAyJKHHKOB aHTJIO-aMepHKaHCKOrO HMnepHaAH3Ma, nopB3AH C COHH3A- AeMOKpaTH3MOM H nepeiUAH Ha n03HHHH MapKCH3Ma-AeHHHH3M3. TaKHM 0 6- pa30M, co3AaHHe eAHHbix paóoqnx napTHH ne óhjio óecnpHHinmHbiM 6jiokom
napTHH, pa3JinqHbix no Ayxy, HAeoAorHH h n,ejiHM. 3to óbina no6eAa MapKCH3- Ma-AeHHHH3Ma, opraHHqecKoe cjiHHHHe Ha óa3e nojinoro, 6e3oroBopoqHoro npHsnaHHH MapKCH3Ma-neHHHH3Ma b KaqecTBe eAHHCTBeHHoñ HAeonoran.
O6pa30BaBmHecH nyTéM oó'beAHHeHHH HOBbie napTHH b CTpanax HapoAHoñ AeMOKpaTHH b cBoeft nporpaMMe, nonnraKe, opranH3auHOHHOH CTpyKType,
b o Bcen cBoeñ paóoTe pyKOBOACTByioTCH yqeHHeM M apnca — SHrenbca — JleHHHa — CTajiHHa.
OcoSeHHOCTH peBOAIOUHOHHOH, ÓOCBOH npÓAeTapCKOH napTHH, napTHH KOBoro T u n a , BcecTopoHHe noKa3aHbi b K jia ccn q e cK n x TpyAax JleHHHa h
CTajiHHa. PIpoAeTapcKan óoeBan napTHH KopeHHbiM o6pa30M OTjmqaeTcn o t
pe(J)opMHCTCKHX napTHH. napTHH h o b o t o Tnna HBAHeTCH nepeAOBbiM, opra-
«H30BaHHbiM o t p h a o m paóoqero KJiacca, Bucuieñ (J)opMOH ero KJiaccoBoíi o p raH1H8aiiH H, opyAHeM AHKTaTypbi nponeTapnaTa. n a p T H H HOBoro ra m a npea- CTaBAHeT CO'ÓOH eAHHCTBO BOJIH, HeCOBMeCTHMOe C CymeCTBOBaHHeM 4>paKU,HH, peiIIHTejIbHO 6opeTCH npOTHB YKAOHOB OT MapKCH8Ma-JieHHHH3Ma, yKpenAHHCb
b npouecce oqnmeHHH c b o h x p h a o b o t o n nopT yH H craqecK H x ajieivteHTOB.
O6pa3n0M napran h o b o t o T u n a HBAHeTCH repOHHecKan napTHH óojibme-
b h k o b, napTHH JleHHHa — OrajiHHa, AeHTejibHocTb KOTopoñ cjiy>KHT b a o x- HOBJIHIOUJ,HM npHMepOM AAH Bcex KOMMyHHCTHqecKHX, nOAAHHHO padoqux napTHH .
H c T o p u q e c K H M onbiTO M B K n ( 6 ) AO Ka3aHo, h t o y c n e m iib iñ n e p e x o A k C0 U H á jiH 3 M y HeMbicjiHM 6e3 nOAAHHHO pe30Ai0H,H0HH0H napran paócwero
40 A . OPJIOB
K j ia c c a . ToBapnuj, Ct3a h h y K a3H B a e r , hto « n a p n i n i i y m H á n p o A e T a p n a T y n e T O jib K O a a h 3 a B o e B a m iH A H K T a T y p w , O H a e m ë ö o j i b i u e H y jK H a e M y a a h t o t o, q T O Ö b i y a e p s i a T b A H K T a T y p y , y x p e n n T b h p a c u m p H T b e ë b H H T e p e c a x n o jiH O H n o ö e f l b i c o u .T ia jiH 3 M a » ( C o q . , t. 6, C T p . 180). H a p o A n a n A e M O K p a THH o c y m e c T B J in e T cjoyh k i t h h A H io r a T y p b i n p o j i e T a p H a i a . E c T e c T B O H H O , hto p o j i b K O M M y H H C T iiq e c K H X H p a ô o q H X n a p T H H n o c j i e 3 a B o e s a H H H B J i a c m p a - ô o h h m K j ia c c o M b c T p a H a x H a p o A H o f i A e M O K p a T H H H e y M e H b iiia e T C H , a,
H a o ô o p o T , B 0 3 p a c T a e x .
riO A b 3 yH C b ÔeCKOpbICTHOH nOMOIH,bIO CoBeTCKOTO C oiO Sa, HapOAbI 3THX CTpaH BCTynHJiH Ha n y T b CTpom eJibC TB a c o iiH 3 A H 3 M a . i\0 M M yH H C T n q e - CKite H p a ß o q u e na pT H H b C T paH ax H a p o A H o fl AeMOKpaTHH cthah n a n p a B A H - lo m e ñ , pyKO BO AHm eö chaoh b 6 o p b 6 e T p y A H in H x c H 3a n o c T p o e H H e ochob cou,naAHCTHiqecKO,r o o ô m e c T B a . Ko m M yhHCTHHecK H e h p a ô o q u e napTH H CTpaH HapoAHOH A^M O KpaTHH ö e o n o m a A H O p a a o ö jia q a io T H M inepH ajm cTH qecK H X noA- H íH ra T e A e ñ b o h h u, öopioTC H 3a yn p e n A O H n e A a re p H M Hpa h c o u p a ah3 m a bo
«M H 3aUJ,HTbI M Hpa H 6e30«aCH0CTH HapOA’QB.
♦ *
❖
MapKCHCTCKaa napTHH hbahctch nepeAOBbiM, coanaTeAbHbiM h oprann- 30B3HHbIM OTPHAOM paÖOqeTO KA3CC3, CFiaHHHblM }KeAe3HOH HapTHHHOH ÄHC- Hh h a h h o h, npoHHSbiBaiomeH Bce sBeHbH napTHH CBepxy AOHHsy. PyKOBOA-CTByHCb 3THM AeHHHCKO-CTaAHHCKHM HOAOiKeHHĆM, OÓTjCAHHeHHbie napT H H paôoqero Kjiacca cTpaH napoAHoñ AeMOKpaTHH npHAaioT ôoAbinoe sHaqeHHe
C B o e M y opraHH3SUHOHHOMy yKpenAenHio, AOÖHBaioTCH, qroöbi Bce n a p ra n - Hbie opra«H3auH« yßepeHHo uijih BiiepëA, no n y TH, y ka 3 aiH hom y J len« hh m h CTaAHHbiM ôeperAH, xa x aennny ona, qHCTory ma pkohctcko-aohhhckoh tbo -PHH BejIH ’peniHTeABHyK) 6opb6y CO BCeMH aHTHMapKCHCTCKHMH, aHTHAâHHH- CKH'MH yKJIOHaMH, ÔblA'H HepaSpbIBHO CBH3a«bI C HapOAHbIMH M3 OC 3 MH, yqHAH HX H yqHAHCb y h h x. 9to O T pa*e«o b ycTasax eAHHbix paôoqnx napraw . B ocHOBy napTHHHoro crpoHTeAbCTBa noJionieHbi opraHiiaaHHOHHbie n p iin m i- nbi 6oAbmeB.H3Ma, jiaHHiHCKo-CTajiHHCKoe yqenne o napTHH paßoqero miaeca.
KpaeyroAbHbiM BonpocoM napTHHHoro CTpomeAbCTBa hbahctch Bonpoc o qjieHCTBe b n a p r a ła . J Ichmuhsm yqHT, hto p eBo jiiouhotiha h napTHH, htoôh ÔblTb nOAAHlHHblM BOKÄ6M MAOC (B 6opb6e 3a OOU,HaAH3M A0A/KH3 COCTOHTb H3 AyqniHX, Hanôojiee co3HaTejibHbix, caMooTBepxceHHbix öopnos 3a AeJio p a - 6oqero KAacca, noAHOCTbK) cAHBaromHX cboh HHTepecbi c HHTepecaMH napTHH.
B y c T a B a x K O M M yH H craqecK H X h p a ô o q n x n a pT H H CTpaH H a p o A H o fl A e MOKpaTHH qëTKO onpeA eA eH O , kto M O * e T b h h x COCTOHTb. B ocHOBy no n o x< e H o AenHHCKO -cTajiHHCKoe o n p e A e n e H H e : q jie n o M n a p r a n M oxœ T 6 b ir a j ih iiil tôt, kto npH 3H aëT n p o T p a M M y napT H H , p a ô o T a e T b oahoh h3 eë op raH H 3a ii,H H , noAHHHHeTCH nocTaHOBAeHHHM napT H H h n jia T H T qneHCKHe b3HOCH. Taxoe o n p e A e n e H H e qneHCTBa b napTH H o rp a> K A ae T eë opraH H 3au,H H ot H a n n b iB a jiio A e ft, q y Ä A b ix A e n y p a ß o q e r o K A a c c a . B n p a K T H q e c K o ñ p a ô o T e , yq H T b iB a n CBOH COÔCTBeHHblH OnblT, KOMMyHHCTHHCCKHe H paÔOqHe napT H H npHHHM aiOT B cë ô o A e e S H eprH H H bie M epbi, m o ó b i oKO HqaTeAbHo HCKopeHHTb peuH A H B bi couH aA -A eM O K paTH S M a, Ha A e n e cTaTb KpenocTH M H , A B e p n K O Topbix o T K p biB a - IOTCH AHUIb AJIH AOCTOHHblX, HTOÔbl OHHCTHTb CBOH pH A bl OT BpaTOB, OT K a p b e - PHCTOB, OT c n y q a K H b ix , H A e o A o rn n e c K H q y jK A b ix aneMeHTOB, noAßep>K eH H bix BJIHHHHK) BpajKAeÔHOH c p e A U .
H3BeCTH0, HTO HBTOpHTeT KOMMyHHCTOB BblpOC BO BCÖM MHpe, HÔO KOM- MyHHCTbi npoHBHAH ceôfl iHaAëxiHbiMH, cMeAbiMH, c a moo TB ep >ken hbi MH 6op- U3MH npOTHB (bauiHSMa, sa cBoÔoAy HapoAOB. K KOMMynncTaM noTHHyAHCb MHAAHOHbl AIOAeH. JllOÔOBb H AOBepiie TpyAHUTHXCH K KOMMyHHCTHHeCKHM napTHHM npOHBHAHCb T3K}Ke B pOCTe qHCAeHHOCTH KOMMyHHCTHqeCKHX H pa
ôoqHX napTHH CTpaH HapoAHOH AeMOKpaTHH. Ecah b nepHOA noAnoAbH b kom
MyHHCTHqecKHX napTHHX HexocAOBaKHH, rioAbiiiH, PyMbiHHH, BenrpHH, Boa
HÆEHHOE h OPrAHH3AU;HOHHOE yKPEIIJIEHHE KOMMyHHCTHHECKHX IIA P T H R ’ 4 1
rappln h AjiôaHHH 6 h jio b coBoxynHocra jin u ib okojio 100 Tbicaa anenoB,
to ceiłaac b pnnax xoMMyHHcraaecxHX h paôoanx naprañ s th x erpan Hacan- TbiBaeîca ôonee 6 mhjijihohob aenoBex.
KoMMyH.HCTHqecKaH napTHH ’-íexocnoBaxHn c 27 Tbicaa aneHOB b nepuon noflnojibHOH paßoTbi Bbipocna k Maio 1949 rona no 2311 Tbicaa aneHOB.
C îo jib nee ßbicTpo pocił« napTHH paôoaero Kjracca h b n p y rn x cTpanax Ha- ponHoñ neMoxpaTHH. Tax, n o jib cxa a paôonaa napTHa b nepnon noinnojibHOH 6opb6bi npoTHB HeM&uKO-tJjauiHCTCKHX 3axBaTaHKOB HacaHTbiBajia 20 Tbicaa MJieHOB, cocpenoToaeHHbix rnaBHbiM oôpa30M b napTii3ancxHx OTpanax. B aB- rycTe 1949 rona nonbcxaa oóbenHHeHuaa paóoaaa napraa HacaHTbisana yace 1370 ra c a a qa en ob h xannanaTOB, coctohihhx b 41 Tbicaae nepBHaHbix opraHH3aiiHH. PyMbmcKaa paôonaa napraa b 1948 ro n y oô'benHHana 938 t h- caa aaeHoB b 21 Tbicaae nepBuaHbix napraíÍHbix opraHH3anHH. KoMMyHHcra- necxaa napTHH BojirapHH Bbipocna k nexaôpio 1948 roua no nonyMHHHHona.
B panax eAHHOH BeHrepcxon napran TpynamHxca coctoht 1150 Tbicaa aneHOB.
AaoaHCKaa napTHH Tpyna k c-be3ny, npoxonHBiueMy b noaôpe 1948 rona, Ha- caHTbiBaaa 24 TbicaaH nnenoB h 16 Tbicaa xannunaTOB.
n p H T3K0M ObicTpoM pocTe nHcneHHoro cocxaB a b KOMMyHHCTuaecicHe
h p a ó o n n e napran H a p a n y c n y a iu H M ii, npenaHHbiMH n ro n b M ii iiH o rn a n p o - HHKajiH h k m h, HeaocTaToaHo ycToüaHBbie h nance nyncnbie H aponH on ne- MOKpaTHH: x y n a x n h n p y rn e ôypncya3Hbie aneMeHTbi, BceB03M0>XHbie x a p b e p n - CTbi. Kpoiw e T o ro b oôbenHHëHHbix napT H ax o x a 3 a n n c b BpancneÔHbie 9JIeM6HTbI H3 cpenbl COUHajI-nOMOiKpaTOH. ÔapTHH He MOrJIH He yaiITblBaTb onacHocTH T a x o ro nononceHHa b y cno bhh x o ó o e rp a io m e ñ c H x n a c c o B o ii ô o p b - Dbi. M3BecTHo, a ra b T axue MOMeHTbi E p a r ocoôeHHo ynopHO CTapaerca n p o - TauiHTb CBOK3 rn y ô o x o 3 a xo H cn n p iip o B a H H yio a re H T y p y b peBom onnoHHbie OpraHH3aUHH, nTOÔbï B30pB3Tb HX H3HyTpH c nOMOIHblO n o n o cjia H H b ix npOBO- xaTOpoB. B o n e cn a B B e p y T Ha nocnenHeM nneHyiwe U K n o n b c x o ñ oö-beaHHÖH- H oß^paßoaeH napTHH (11 —13 H oaôpa 1949 r o n a ) HanoMHHn, hto ocoôeHHo ynoD H on no a so H n n a n p o nhxhob en h a b paöonee nßHnceHHe ih u h o h o b h n p o - BoxaTopoB H BjiaeTca cjipaxHHOHHaa neaT enbuocTb Ha 6a3e yxnoHOB o r M ap- KCHC T C XO-JI e H H HC XOH napTiHHH’OH JIHH’HH.
EnHHbie paôonne napTHH b CTpanax H aponnofí neMoxpaTHH npHHsuiH Mepw ana ynyameHHH couH ajibH oro cocTaßa cbohx opraHH3auHH, npoßejiH npoßepxy cbohx pnnoB. T a x, HanpiiMep, U K BeH repcxon napTHH Tpy/wniHXCH, yaHTbißan o u ih ô xh, nonymeHHbie npn npnëMe b n ap ra ro , b ceHTHÖpe'1948 ron a BpeMeHHo n p e x p a ra ji npHÖM b napTHio h npoBëji npoßepxy eë cocTaßa. K a x iie cepbë3Hbie o uihôxh ô h jih nonym eHbi npn ripneMe, mohcho cynHTb xoth 6 h no TOMy, a ra b OTnejibHbix BeHrepcxnx ro p o n a x noaTH Bce cjiy>xamHe oryjibHO ôbini-i npiiHHTbi b n a p ra ło . B ropone U io ^ a h3 500 cjiy>xaiii.Hx b 1948 ro n y 459 aenoBex coctohjih b napTHH, b H npenbxa3a h3 500 cjiyu ca u in x — 480.
B pesyjibTaTe npoßepxH ynanocb oancTHTb n a p ra io ot ayucnbix sjieMeHTOB h yjiyauiH Tb eë connajibHbiH cocTaB. Paöoaan n p o c jio n x a b nenoM yBennannacb Ha 4 5% , H_ne Tojibico b oöineft Macce aneHOB napTHH, ho h cpenn pyxoBO-nnniHX napTHHHbix paOoranxoB. U o npoBepxn paôoane b napT0praHH3auHH B o jib in o ro B ynaneuiTa cocTaßjiHjiH 47% , a nocne npoBepxn — 55,5%. Bmjio HcxjnoaeHo 18%, nepeseneHo b xaHnunaTbi 12% o öm ero cocTaßa n a p ra n . U poBepxa MHoroMy Havanna BeH repcxyio napTHio Tpynnim ixcH . B noaôpe 1949 roña ô h ji B030ÔH0BJiëH npnëM B n a p ra io , npnaëM npHHHMaiOTCH b n epsyio onepenb 4>aôpHaHO-3aBoncxHe paôoane h xpecTbHHe-ôenHHXH.
B xoMnapTHH UexocnoBaxHH bo BpeMH npoBepxn ôbino HcxnioaeHo 4,5%
ooniero ancna aneHOB napran, 2 2 % aneHOB napran nepeeeneHbi b xaHnnnaTbi ,I I03a nojiHTHaecxoH HenonroTOBnenHocra, nna 8% — ycTaHOBJieHbi pasjina- ubie HcnbiTaTenbHbie cpoxH.
naÔnmfv0BePKa .H tJHCTKa n0BbICHJ1H ÔOecnoCOÔHOCTb KOMMyHHCTHaeCXHX H H ^ a iiu a napTHiI’ ö^HTejibHOCTb HX anei-iOB h a x ra B H O C T b n a p ra fin b ix o pra- HHddUMH, s iia a n T e jib H o n o n n a n n hx s e n y m y io p o /ib . B n p o n e c c e n p o B e p x n
«BoJibmeBHK» Jvfo 2.
4 2 A . 0 P A 0 B
eiue 6oJiee OKpenAH HH30Bbie n a p ra ta b ie opranH3anHH, 6b iji HaBeAeH nopa- AOK B napTHHHOM X03HHCTBe, B yneTC HACHOB H KaHAHAaTOiB napTHH.
O iT H in a a CBOH pH A bl OT HeAOCTOHHbIX H KA3CCOBO Hy>KAbIX 9JieM6HT0B, KOMMyHHCTHaecKne h p a d o n n e n a p r a n CTpaH HapOAHOH A e M O K p a ra n npH H H - MaiOT M epbi k TOMy, H To6bi o rp a a H T b ceóa otc jiy a a ftH b ix aioagh, H Todbi hbao- nycT H T b o in u d o K b B o n p o c a x p o c T a . C T p o r o cod A io A aio T C H ycAOBHH n p n e M a HOBbIX AA6HOB B napTHIO . H eM aA O B ajK H blM H CpeAH npHH,HTbIX MCp HBAHIOTCH ycTaH O B A eH ue K aH A H A aTC K oro c T a x c a , npeA C TaB A eH ne bhobb B C T ynarom uM H peKOMeHAaUHH HACHOB napT H H H T. a. B HeiKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX yCAOBHH n p n e M a b n a p r a io A H cjjepeH nHpyioTCH b 3aBHCHM Ocra ot co H H a A b H o ro noA O - jKeHHsi B C TynaioxnHX. Tan, b K O M n a p ra n 1-IexocA O B aK H H aah p a o o n H X khh- AHA3TCKHH CT35K yCTaHOBAeH B 1 TOA, AAH OCTaAbHbIX — 2 TOAa. D ,K _ K n H , BCKpbiB pH A 4)aKTOB o r y A b H o r o n p n e M a b n a p r a io akiach, 6e3 c e p b e 3 H o ro o6cy>KAeHKH KaJKAOTO 3aHBAeHHH, npHHHA pem eH H e, b kotopom ro B o p H T c n :
«HeOÓXOAHMO nOKOHAHTb C 3TOH HenpaBHAbHOH npaKTHKOH. H y jK H O IlOMHHTb, IITO B napTHIO MOJKHO npHHHM 3Tb TOAbKO TLUaTeAbHO H B HHAHBHAyaAbHOM nopAAKO npOBepeH-HbIX H C03HaTeAbHbIX A IO A eft».
PyKO BOAHTb d o p b d o n p a d o n e r o K A a c c a 3a c o n n a A H 3 M MOiKeT a h u ib n a p THH, KOTOpan HBAH6TCH OJlHUeTBOpeHHeM AHCUHnAHHbl H 0praH H30BaH H0C TH . H MapKCHCTCKHe napTH H B C T paH ax HapOAHOH AeMOKpaTHH, ecTecTBeHHO, MHOTO BHHM3HHH yACAHIOT BOnpOCaM, OT KOTOpbIX 33BHCHT eAHHCTBO AeH- c t b h h B c e x 3BeHb6B napTH H h B c e x ee q.neHOB. OdmiiM a a h ycTaBOB s r a x n a p THH HBAHeTCH He3bi6AeM biH n p H H ira n AeMOKpaTHHecKOTo u,eHTpaAH3Ma.
KaK npHMep opraHHsauHOHHoro erpoeHHH npHEeAeM cTpyKTypy BeH- repcKOH napTHH TpyAHin,HxcH. BbicnniH ee opraH cbe3A, co3biBaeMbin pa3 b 2 TOAa, a b nepnoA m€jkay cbe3AaMH napraeft pyKOBOAHT U,eHT- paAbHblH KO M HTeT, KOTOpblH H3dHpaeT H3 CBOeTO COCTaBa riOAHTOKipO AAH pyKOBOACTBa noAHTHHecKoft padoTOH, O proiopo aah pyKOBOACTBa
opranH-3anHOHHOH padoTOH h CoKpeTapnaT — aah BeaeHHH TeKymnx aga. U pn U K HMeeTCH UteHTpaAbHaa KOHTpoAbHaa komhcchh, 3aAana koropofi oxpaHHra eAHHCTBO napTHH H MOpaAbHyiO HHCTOTy e e pHAOB. OCHOBy IjapTHH COCTaB-
ahiot nepBHHHbie opraHH3an,HH, co3AaBaeMue npH i-iaAHHHH He MeHee Tpex HAeuoB napTHH. YcTaB npeAycMaTpHBaeT co3A3HHe napraHHHx rpynn H3 npeA- CTaBHTeAeH napran b TocyAapCTBeHHOM codpamra, b MyHHUHnaAHTeTax h Apy- I'HX Bbi6opHbix opraHH3aHHHX. B ycTaBe noAnepKHBaeTCH, hto HAeribi h KaH- AHAaTH napTHH HMeiOT npaBO cboóoaho o6cy>KAaTb noAHTHKy napTHH h peniaTb Bonpocbl npOCTbIM ÓOAbUlHHCTBOM TOAOCOB. H o eCAH peffleHHH npHHHTbl, Bce HAeHbi napTHH o6H3aHbi CTporo hx BbinoAHHTb. OpraHH3anHH rpynnnpoBOK
h (bpaKUHH, noApbiBaiom,HX eAHHCTBO napTHH, 3anpeuieHa.
B ycTaBe rioAbCKofi 0 6-beAHHeHHofi pa6oneft napran ro-BopHTCft, hto
pyKOBOAHIUHM npHHHHnOM OpraHH3anHOHHOTO CTpoeHHH napTHH HBAHeTCH AeMOKpaTHnecKHH neHTpaAH3M, 0 3HanaromHH: a) BbiSopnocTb Ha AeMOKpa- THnecKHX ocHOBax Bcex pyKOBOAamHX opranoB napran cHH3y AOBepxy,
6) nepHOAHnecKyro oraeraocTb nepeA cbohmh napraHHbiMH opraHH3an,HHMH Bcex pyKOBOAHui,HX opraHOB napran; b) 6e3ycAOiBHyK3 0'6a3aTeAbH0CTb COÓAIOAeHHH napTHHHOH AHCUHnAHHbl H nOAHHHeHHH MeHbmHHCTBa pemeHKHM
6oAbUJHHCTBa; r) 6e3ycAOBHyio o6H3aTeAbHocTb pemenHH h AHpeKTHB Bbic- UIHX napTHHHbIX opraHOB AAH HH3UIHX. _
KoMMyHHCTHnecKHe h paóoHHe napTHH CTpaH napoAHOń AeMOKparan COneTaiOT neHTpaAH3M C BblfiopHOCTbK) H noAoraeraoeTbio Bcex pyKOBOAHIAHX napTHHHbIX opraHOB, yAGAHH MHOrO BHHM3HHH pa3B.HTHIO BHyTpHnapTHHHOH AeMOKpaTHH. B napraHx peryAHpno npoBOAHTCH oraeTbi h BbiSopbi pyKOBo- AHIIIHX opraHOB, B yCTaHOBAeiHHbie epOKH C03bIBaiOTCH Cbe3AbI, KOHCpepeH- HHH H COÓpaHHH KOMMyHHCTOB. ^AeHaM napTHH npeAOCTaBAHeTCH BO3M0JK- Hocra o6cy>KAaTb paóoTy napTHHHbix KOMHTeTOB, ynacTBOBaTb b Bbi6opax
3thx KOMHTeTOB. PyKOBOAHiii,He opraHH, b cboio onepeAb, aoboaht ao
KOMMyHHCTOB CBOH peuieHHH, noAAe>KauiHe IHHpOKOMy o6cy>KA€HHIO.
^AeHbi napTHH Bce óojiee rAydoKO noHHMaiOT b t3khx ycAOBHHX c b o h
H A E H H O E H 0 P T A H H 3 A U H 0 H H 0 E y K P E IIA E H H E K O r.iM V H H C TH H E C K H X IIA P T H H 43
o6h33hhocth h npaßa. TaKHM oßpaaoM AOcraraeTCH AeficTBHTeAbiio xcejie3- Han, coaHaTejibHaa AHCHHHAHHa, noBbiniemie aKTHBHOCTH UAenoB napTHH, hx
OTBGTCTBGHHOCTH, BCÖ ßOAbHie yxpeHAHeTCH CBH3b MGIK^y pyXOBOAHTeAHMH H pHÄOBbIMH HJieiHaMH napTHH.
Ha ocHOBG BHyTpHnapTHHHOH AeMOKpaTHH pa3BHBaGTCH xpHTHKa H ca- MOKpHTHKa, 3HaMGHHG KOTOpOH nOAUëpXHBaeTCH B yCTaBaX BCGX ROMMy HHCTII-
bgckhx h paßonux napTHH. Tax, b ycraBe noAbcxoß oótdGahhghhoh paßoneß napTHH roBopHTca: «CßoßoAHaH h TBopnecxan xpHTHxa h caMoxpHTiixa, b h- TexaiomaH h3 BHyTpHnapTHHHOH AeMOXpaTHH, hbahgtch ycAOBneM pa3BHTHH napTHH H C03HaTGAbH0H, a He MexaHHHGCXOH AHCHHnAHHbl B eë pHAaX.
ßHyTpHnapTHHHaa AeMOXparan oßecnennBaeT BceM AneHaM n a p ra li npaBO CBOpOAHOro H AeAOBOrO oßcy>XA6HHH nOAHTHXH napTHH Ha napTHHHblX
COßpaHHHX».
B mnpoxHx napraßHbix Maccax cTpaH HapoAHoß AGMOxparan H3JXHBaioT- Cfl CTapue B3TAHAbI Ha XpHTHXy xax Ha OCXOpÔAeHHe H oßHAy. PyXOBOAH- UlHe °praHbI XOMMyHHCTHHeCXHX H paÖOHHX napTHH 'CTapaiOTCH npHBIITb tIJIeHaM napTHH npaBiuibHoe h 3A0poBoe oraomeHHe x xpuraxe h caMOxpn- TH«e. KoTAa U,6HTpaAbHHH XOMHTGT XOMnapTHII PteXOCJIOBaXHH BCKpblA ÇaKTbl HapyuieHHH npiIHUHnOB BHyTpHnapTHHHOH AeMOXpaTHH B KapAOBO- Bapcxofl OÖAaCTH, HenpaBHAbHOTO OTHOUie'HHH HGXOTOpblX pyXOBOAHHIHX OOAaCTHblX paÖOTHHXO'B X XpiITHXe H CaMOxpHTHKe, ßblAH npHHHTbl MGpbl, noytiHTeAbHbie aah Bcex xoMMyHi-icTOB. npe3iiAHyM D,K napTHH chha bh- KOBHblX c napTHHHblX nOCTOB H OÖH3aA BCG OßxOMbl H pafixOMbl OÖCyAHTb peuieiiHe H K , noBcioAy bgcth HenpHMHpHMyio 6opb6y npoTHB HTHopupoBa-
hhh xpiiTHXH, 3a>XHMa eë.
'íaxT bi HenpaBHAbHoro othohighhh k xpnraxe hmgiotch h b Apyrnx nap-
thhx. reHepaAbiibiH cexpeTapt D,K PyMbiBcxofi paßoueß napTHH tob. Feopruy- Äe>x b Aexaßpe 1949 roAa Ha coßpaHHH naprafino ro axTHBa roBopnA: « Mm äo aixhm npH3H3Tb, tito m m emë AaAGXH ot Toro, HTo noApa3yMeeaeTCH nOA p33BHTHeM Ayxa KpHTHXH H CaMOKpHTHKH. KpHTHKa H CaMOKpHTHXa HOCHT HepeAxo (JiopMaAbHbiß, AexAapaTHBHbiß xapaxTep. HepeÄKH cAyuan, xorAa
b napTHËHbix h MaccoBbix opraHH3aiiHHx xpHTHxa noAaBAneTCH, a caMoxpn- THxa noHTH OTcyTCTByeT. O m e ro sto nponcxoAHT, TOBapnmH? FIo-MoeMy,,;
OTToro, HTo napTpaöoTHHXH, .CTpaAaromHe 3a3naäcTBOM, npeHeßpe>XHTeAbHo:
othochtch x paèoHHM h He no3BOA5HOT paßoneMy XAaccy noAb30BaTbcn npa-<
bom na xpHTHxy; h hto emë Baixnee — ohh ne noHHMaioT hah He xotht ho-' HHMaTb, xaxofi orpoMHofl cHAoß »bahiotch aah Hauieß napTHH xpHTHxa H caMO'KpHTHxa, noepeACTBOM xoTopMx TpyAHHinecH, osaßoneHHbie HeAOCTaT- KaMH Hauieß paßoTbi, yxa3biBaiOT HaM Ha Haniu ouiiißxH h noMoraiOT napran AHXBHAHpOBaTb HX. M bl He AOAJXHH ÖOHTbCH XpHTHXH CO CTOpOHbl TpyAH- mHXCH, CO CTOpOHbl PHAOBMX HAGHO’B HapTHH. M bl emë MHOTOMy AOAÎXHbl yUHTbCH. EcAH Mbl ÔyAeM xopomo paÔOTaTb B OTOM HanpaBAGHHH, Mbl nOMO- JKom paßoneMy luiaecy noAb30BaTbCH opyucneM xphthxh h caMOKpHTHXH, xo- Topoe n pe a CT a bah eT coßoß orpoMuyio MoßHAH3yiomyio chav, Momnoe cpeACTBo noBbiiueHHH noAHTHxecxoß C03H aTeAbHocTH paßouero XAacca, yKpenACHHH CBH3H napTHH c paßoHHM KAaCCOM H BbinOAHeHIIH OCHO'BHMX 3a- Äan Hauieß napTHH».
Ulnpoxoe pa3BëpTHBaHHe BHyTpHnàpTHËHon ASMoxpaTHH, xphthxh h
CaMOXpiITHXII HBAH0TCH HenpeMeHHbIM yCAOBHGM BO’CIIHTaHHH napTHIIHblX KaApoB b CTpaHax HapoAHofl AeMOXpaTHH. PIpoßAeMe xaapoB, oahoh h3 CAOJXHMX H TpyAHblX npoßAeM, XOMMyHHCTHHeCXHe H paÖOHHe napTHH VA6- AHK3T HcxAiouHTeAbHoe BHHMaHiie. K ax H3BecTHo, xaApbi pacTyT h 3axa-
ahiotch npeiKAe Bcero Ha npaXTHnecxoß paßoTe. BHyTpHnapTHfinaH AeMO-KpaTHH, xpHTHxa H C3MOXpHTHXa---3T0 BaJXHeßüIHe yCAOBHH BOCnHTailHfl XaA-POB, hx oßyneHHH h 3axaAxn.
Ctpothm npoBeAOHHeM b >KH3Hb opraHH3auHOHHbix npiiHHHnoB peBOAio- AHOHHOH MapKCHCTCKOß HapTHH, HpaBHAbHblM nOCTpOCHHeM Opr3HH3aHHOiHHOH
44 A . OPAOB
p a ñ o ™ o ß e c n e ^ iB a ro rc H ycn e xH é orpoM HO ñ co3HAaTeAbHoñ AesrreAbHocTH XOMMyHHCTHHeCXHX H paÓOHHX napTHH B CTpaHaX HapOAHOH ASMOKpaTHH.
*
KoMMyniiCTHqecKHe h p a ö o n n e n a p ra n CTpaH HapoAHoñ AeMoxpaTHH pyKOBOACTByioTCH yqeHHeM JleHUHa h O ra jiH H a o napTHH x a x nepeaoBOM OTpaae p a 6 o n e ro KJiacca, BOopyixëHHOM 3HaHHeM 33x o h o b oöm ecTBeHH oro pa3BHTHH. «HeOÖXOAHMO, — yKa3bIB3eT TOBapHIU C ïa jIH H , — HTOÖbl napTHH, ocoöeHHO eë pyxoBOAHiiiHe SAeMeHTbi BHOAne OBAaAeAH peBojnouHOHHOH Teo- p a e íi MapKCH3Ma, Hepa3pbiBHO CBasaHHoñ c peBOJnoixHOHHoö npaxTHXOH»
(C o a ., T. 7, exp. 38). OcymecTBJiHH sto yxa3aH H c, k o m m v h h c t h h c c x h c h oa-fio- n u e napTHH y j i y lima¡OT napTHHHyio n p o n a ra n x y , pyxoßoacTBO BCeñ HAeoAO- ninecKOH paöoTOH. B neHTpaAbHbix k o m h t c t h x napTHH co3AaHbi o t a c a u, saH H M atoiiiH eca HfleojioTHnecKHMH B onpocaM H : h3A3hh€m A H T e p a iy p b i, p a 6 o - TOH IHXOA, KypCOB, 0praHH33HHeH JieKHHH AAH HJieHOB napTHH, CaMOCTOHTSJIb- Ho H 3yn a io u xiix T e o p n io , h t. a.
3HanHTeAbHbie ycnexn AOCTHrHy™ b pa3BëpTbiBaHHH n e n a ra o ii npona- raHAbi. 3 a nocAeAHHe roAH b cTpaHax HapoAHoñ A eM oxparan b h x o a h t 6oJib- iHHMH THpa>KaMH TpyAbi M apKca, SH rejibca, Jlem iH a h CTajiHHa. B n o A b in e b
1945 roAV 6 h a o h3A3ho cBbime 300 thc hh 3X3eMnAHpoB TpynoB x a3cchxob MapKCH3Ma-A6HHHH3Ma, B 1948 TOAy—OXOAO nOAyMHAAHOHa, a B 1949 rOAy—
y>xe cBbirne 6,5 m h a a h o h3 3X3GMnAnpoB, b tom hhcac 6oAee MHAAHOHa 3X3cm- njm poB « K pa T xoro xypca hctophh B K I1 (6 )» . B PexocAOBaxHH I I K napTHH B anpejie 1949 roAa nocTaHosHA H3AHTb Ha neincxoM H3biKe Cohhhchhh
H . B. O rajiK H a ra p a ix o M b 100 t h c h'i 3X3eMnAapoB, ho cnpoc 6 h a Tax b c a h x, hto pemeno 6 h a o VBeAHHHTb ra p a re BABoe; xpoMe Toro Ù K napTHH npHHHA peineuHe H3AaTb CoHHHenHH H . B. CiaAHHa Ha cAOBauxoM H3bixe. K HanaAy 1950 roAa y>xe b h u ia h Tpn TOMa Cohhhchhh H . B. CíaAHHa Ha nemcxoM H3bixe H OAHH TOM HaCAOBaiJXOM 5I3bIXe. B PyMbIHHH B J 949 TOAy npOH3Be.He- I IHH KAaCCHXOB MapXCH3Ma-ACHHHH3Ma 6bIAH BbinyUieHbl THpajKOM CBblUie 3 MHAAHOKOB 3X3eMnAHpOB. TnpaJX KHHT, BblliymeHHblX XHHTOH3AaTeAbCTBOM PyMbiHcxoö paöoqeii napTHH b Tenerme 5 AeT, npeBHCHA 30 m h aah o h o b
3K3eMHAiipOB. B BeHrpHH THpa>K npOH3BeAeHHH KA3CCHX0B MapKClI3Ma- AeHHHH3M3 B 1949 TOAV VBeAHHHACH nO CpaBHeHHIO C 1948 rOAOM B 4 pa3a H ÄOCTHI- 3 MHAAHOHOB 3X3eMnAHpOB.
KoMMyHHCTHnecxHe h paßonne napTHH CTpaH napoAHoß AeMoxpaTHH pac- noAaraioT cefinac öoAbuiHM «oahhcctbom r a3eT h rxypHaAoe. T a x , b P^exo- CAOBaxHH ueHTpaAbHbiH opraH K r W — r a3eTa «PyAe npaßo» — b h x o a h t THpaiKOM B 750 TblCHH 3K36MnAHpOB, a B BOCXpeCHbie AHH— 800 THCÍIH.
KpoM e toto H3A3IOTCH 4 eixeAHeBHbix ra3eTbi KOMnapTHH b nem cxHx oÖAa- CTHX H 3 — B CA0B3KHH. E>KeMeCHHHO BbIXOAHT XiypHaA «CßeTOBe p03rAeAbI», ocBemaiomHH Bonpocbi MOKAyHapoAHoñ h o a h t h k h, h rnecTb pa3 b toa — TeopeTHnecKHö mypHaA «H oßa MbicAb».
T H p a ix H3AaBaeMbix IloAbCKOH o ó te A H n e H H o ii p a ß o n e n napTHeS ra3eT AOCTHr B OKTHöpe 1949 ro A a 3200 th c h h 3X3eMnAHpoB. UeHTpaAbHbiñ o p ra H napTHH ra3eTa « T p n ö y H a AroAy» b h x o a h t ra p a xco M okoao 300 thc hh 3X3eM- nAHpoB, TeopeTHnecKHH o p ra H ix y p H a A «Hoße A p o rn » b h x o a h t ctothchhhbim THpa>KOM.
B KOMMVHHCTHHeCKHX H paÖOHHX napTHHx CTpaH HapoAHoñ AeMoxpaTHH nocTOHHHo yAynm aeTca ceTb napTHH-Horo npocBemeHHH, yBeAHHHBaeTcn hhcao CAymaTeAefi napTHHHbix u iko a h xyp-coB, noBbimaeTCH xanecTBo ynëôbi h no- cemaeMocTb iu k o a. XIa h AexTopoB opraHH3yiOTCH xypcbi, c nponaraHAHCTaMH npoBOAHTcn coBemaHHH, oöoömaiouxHe onHT npenoAaBaHHH b napTHHHbix m xoA ax. B nporpaM M ax lukoa h xypcoB na nepBbifi nAaH nocTasAeHO H3yneHHe MapHCHCTCXo-AeHUHCxon TeopHH o napTHH h rocyAapcTBe, o a h k t h- Type npOAeTapnaTa h xapaxTepe o-ömecTBeHHoro h rocyAapcTBenHoro CTpoH CTpaH HapoAHoñ AeMoxpaTHH, o CTp o ht eAb c tb e con;HaAH3Ma h
pyxoBOAH-H ^ E K pyxoBOAH-H O E h O P rA H H 3 A U H O H H O E Y K P E IIJ IE H H E K O M M Y H H C T H H E C K H K IIA P T H H 45
m efl pojiH paßoqero Kjiacca h t. fl. Ocoßbie pa3aeabi nporpaMM nocBame- Hbl H3yqeHHK> OIIblTa B K n (6) H CoBeTCKOrO Coi03a.
3HaqHTejibHO yjiyqm ujiacb nponaranaHCTCKaH paßoTa KOMnapraH b He- xocjioBaKHH. Co3aaHbi oßjiacTHbie napTHHHbie ni Koji bi. UeHTpajibHaa n a p ra ii- Haa uiKojia peopraHH30BaHa: hhcjio eë cjiymaTeJieñ yBeJimieno c 50 no 500, a cpoK oöyqeHHH — c 6 MecmieB ao roaa. Ilp n uiKOJie co3aaH pna KypcoB c npoaojijKHTejibHocTbio oöyqeHHH ot 3 äo 6 MecnueB. B CjioBamiH opraHH30- BaHa UeHTpajibHaa nojmranecKaa iiiKOJia, HMeiomaH Kypcw c qeTbipëx- h
BHTHMeCHHHblM CpOKOM oßyqeHHH. B C00TB6TCTBHH c pemeHHHMH IX cne3aa U H 1-! ( Mag 1949 r oaa), noTpeöoBaBiuero euië umpé pa3BepHyTb nponaraHay MapKCH3Ma-jieHHHH3Ma, opraHH3yeTCH nojiHTHqecKaa yqeßa Bcex qjieHOB naptim .
UK
BeHrepcKOH napTHH TpyanmuxcH eme b ceHTaßpe 1948 roaa npoBëJi yjiyqmeHHH HaeojiormiecKOH paß ora h H3yqeHHH onnrra napra m io ro npo- CBememiH napTHHHyio KOH^epeimnio, Ha KOTopoH oßcymaajmci> aKTyajibHbie Bonpocbi HaeojiorimecKOH paß ora, a Taxme CBH3aHHbie c Hen oprai-iH3aiiHOH- H i>ie Bonpocbi. OßpameHo ocoßoe BHHMaHiie Ha TeoperanecKyio noaroTOBKV^•neHOB napTHH H3 paßoqnx h KpecTbHH. B TexymeM yqeßHOM roay 70% cuy-
^aTejieñ riapTUiKOji h KypcoB hbjihiotch paßoqHMH h KpecTbHHaMH. UapTHH- HHe IHKOJIbl H K y p c b l OTKpbITbl He TOJIbKO B ropoaax, HO H B ßOJIblHHHCTBe WpeBeHb. rip n oßjiacTHbix KOMHTeTax C03a,aHbi JieKTopcKHe rp y n n u , opram i- 30BaHbI COTHH CeMHHapOB H KypCOB.
PyMbiHCKaa paßonaa napTHH Taxme co3aajia mnpoxyio ceTb napTHHHbix
uikoji h KpyxiKOB, Bbicman napraHHaa mKOjia npn UK PPn totobiit pyKO- Boanmne napTHHHbie Kaapbi, a Bbicman mKOjia oßinecTBeimbix nayi< iiMemi A. A. )KaaHOBa c asyxroaHqHbiM cpoKOM oßyqeHHH totobht Kaapbi paßOT-
hhkob HaeojiomnecKoro cppoHTa. J Uh noaroTOBKH napTpaßoTHHKOB cpeaHe- ro 3BeHa cymecTByioT TpëxMecnqHbie mKOJibi. X Uh cejibCKoro napraîm oro aKTHBa opraHH30BaHbi ocoßbie mKOJibi c rpëxHeaejibHbiM cpoKOM oßyqeHHH.
Obe3a BojirapcKOH KOMnapran b aexaßpe 1948 ro a a b pemeHHH o MapKCHCTCKo-jieHHHCKOM npocBemeHHH noanepxHyji nepBocTeneHHoe 3Hane- HHe ßopböbi 3a HCKopeneHHe 6ypmya3Hofi Haeojiormi ju ia BbinojiHeHHH na- THjierHero njiaHa h ycnem noro n p oa bhjkghhh CTpaHbi no n yrn k couHajiH3My.
B BojirapHH ¡coaaaHbi ubc neHTpaJibHbix napraim bix h iko jih, ouHOMecnq- Hbie MempaHOHHbie Kypcbi, Benepune napTHHHbie Kypcbi, aByxroaHHHbiH Benep-
hhh napTHÖHbiH yHHBepcHTeT. Ujih noaroTOBKH npenoaaBaTejieñ-KOMMyHH- CTOB U K opraHH30Baji b paae ropoaoB JieKTopcKHe Kypcbi. H a crpaHHiiax ra3eT h mypHajioB CHCTe^aranecKH neqaTaioTCH CTarbH, KoncyjibTauHH, JieKIIHH B HOMOmb H3ynaiOmHM HCTOpmO B K n ( 6 ) , MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKyiO Teopmo, HCTopHio peBOJHOHHOHHoro paßonero aBHmeHHH BojirapHH. n p H ßOpoaCKHX H OKOJIHHCKHX (ye3aHbIx) K0MHTeT3X C03aaHbI napTKaßHHCTbi, npoBoaHTCH JI6KHHH h ßeceabi.
B noJibCKOH paßoneü' napran TeopeTHuecKaa noaroTOBKa napTHHHbix KaapoB Hanajiacb c nepBbix aHeö nocjie ocßoßomaeHHH n o jib m n ot Heivieu- KHx OKKynaHTOB. C Tex nop napTHHHbie mKOJibi h Kypcbi noaroTOBHjin HeCKOJIbKO aeCHTKOB TbICHH pyKOBOaHUlHX napTHÖHblX paßOTHHKOB. B TeKy- meM yneßHOM ro a y no peiueHHio U K oßibeaHHemioö paßonefi napran co3aaHbi
B noJibCKOH paßoneü' napran TeopeTHuecKaa noaroTOBKa napTHHHbix KaapoB Hanajiacb c nepBbix aHeö nocjie ocßoßomaeHHH n o jib m n ot Heivieu- KHx OKKynaHTOB. C Tex nop napTHHHbie mKOJibi h Kypcbi noaroTOBHjin HeCKOJIbKO aeCHTKOB TbICHH pyKOBOaHUlHX napTHÖHblX paßOTHHKOB. B TeKy- meM yneßHOM ro a y no peiueHHio U K oßibeaHHemioö paßonefi napran co3aaHbi