Be/IMKHM pyCCKHM nMCOTenb-fleMOKpaT

H . I I I E f l P H H (M . E. C A J IT b IK O B ) . HsdpaHHbie npoH3BeAeHH5i b c^m h TOMax. rocyaapcTBeHHoe H3AaTeAbCTBo xyAoxecxEenHOH JiHTepaiypbi.

1939— 1949.

He^aBHO 3aK0HqeH0 ceMHTOMHoe n3AaHHe H36paHHbix npoH3BeaeHHft M . E. Ca^TbiKOBa-IUeapiiHa. B 3tom H3Aamiii y A a ra o noAodpaHbi nan6ojiee BbiAaromneca npoH3Befle«HH B e jin xo ro p y c o x o ro nHcaTejiH-caxupuKa: b I to- Me — «rydepHCKHe oqepxfi», ^bo II

Tone

— « riO M n a fly p u ^h noM naziypum»,

« Hctophh oahofo ro p o fla » , b ITT TOMe — «Focnoaa TauixeHTUbi», «,D,HeBHHK npoBHHUHajra b IleTepS ypre», b

IV

^{to m b} — «BjiaroHaMepeHHbie pexn», « r o - c n o jia TojioBjieBbi», b

V

TOMe

—

« y d e n u im e M oHpeno», «3a pydoKOM»,

«CoBpeMeHHaH h a h ju ih h», b V I tom b

—

«Cio b k h», « M e jio q n jkh3hh» h b V I I TOMe — «FIomexoHCKaH CTapi-ma».

M nxaHJi EBrpai^oBHq CajiTbiKOB-IHenpHH BorneJi ^b HCTOpHio ^ocbo6^{o a h}- TejibHoro ABH>KeHHH KaK MyjKecTBeiiHbiH h óeccTpaiUHbiH dopeu b d a n e pyc- ckoh peBOJiiouHOHHOH AeMoxpaTHH. O^h npHHaAJiejKHT ^k cJiaBnoft njreaAe B e -

JTHKHX pyCCKHX peBOJHOIiHOHHO-ABMOKpaXHHeCKHX HHCaTeJieH H KpHTHKOiB —•

B. T. BejiHHCKoro, H . A . j],o6p o jilo6oBa, H . F. PepiibimeBCKoro. K a x h o h h, UTeApniH 6h ji ropHTOM naTpaoTOM h bcio cany cBoero ywa, bckd cbojo TBop- aecKyro 3Heprnio oTAaBaji 6opb6e c yrHeTaxeJiHMH h sxcnjiyaTaxopaMH Tpy- Ah ih h x c h. HenpHMapHMbm dopen npOTHB KpenocTHH’iecTBa h napCKoro caMo- Aep>KaBHH, CTpacTHbift odjiHMHTejib KaaHTajiHCTHaecKoro xamHaaecTBa, apbia Bpar 6ypjKya3Horo jni6epajiH3Ma, LIleAPHH BbiCTynaji 3a xopeiinyio peBOJiio- uaoHHyKD nepecTpoHKy odmecTBeHHbix ochob, aa ocBodojxACHHe HapoAa ot

paócTBa h yrHeTeHHH. A. A . ) Ka3hob b cboSm AoxjiaAe o >xypnajiax

«3Be3Aa» h «JleriHHrpaA» cxasaji: «...JlyauiaH Tpa^Hana coBexcxoft AHTepa- Typbi HBJiaexcH npoAOJixceHneM jiyq iiH ix TpaAnnuft pyccxoH jiHTepaxypH X I X Bexa, TpaAHIIHH, C03AaHHbIX HaiHHMH BeJIHKHMH peBOJHOHHOHHblMH Ae- MOKpaTaMH — BeJIHHCKHM, FIo6pOJIK)6oBHM, HepHbimeBCKHM, CaJITblKOBblM- UJ,eApHHbiM, npoAOJiiKeH.Hbix FIjiexa«OBbJM h HayqHO paspadoxaHHbix h o6- OCHOBaHHblX JleHHHblM H CiajIHlIblM».

Pacp-BeT TBopqecTBa CajiTbixoBa-IUeApHHa naAaeT Ha 60 — 80-e t o a h npouiJioro Bexa. 3to 6u j w t o a h pe3Koro odocTpenHH KjraccoBbix npOTHBO*

pean« b crpaHe. OTMepa KpenocxHoro npasa, x a x H3BecTHO, He npHHeaia HapoAy odjierqeHHH. n oM em uxH nonpexaieM y yrHCTajm xpecxbHH. Bch xo- 3aficTBeHHaH h nojiHTHHecxaa >KH3Hb dbuia nacxBosb npoHiixHyTa nepejKiiT- xaMH xpenocTHoro npaBa. BMeCTe c TeM b Pocchh ih jio ycmieHHoe paaBHrae npoMbimjieHHoro xanHTajiH3Ma, conpoBOKAaBineeca HeBHAanHHM pa3opeHHeM xpecTbHHCKHX Macc. KpecTbHHe, cnacaacb ot ro jio A a , 3a6pacbiBajin 3eMjno h dejxajiH b ropoAa, a ocTaeiuHecH bAepeBHe nonaAaJin b xadaA y x M « p o - eAaM-xyAaxaM.

B crpaHe CBHpencTBOBa^n pe>KHM noMemHHbero h qiiHOBHHHbero caMo- AypcTBa, nojiHTHHecxHH npoH3BOJi. UapHSM A e p jx a ji HapoA b TeMHOTe h HeBe>KecTBe, Haca>KAaJi Mpaxodecne, AyuiHJi KHByio m h c jib. B HapoAHbix Maccax HapacTajio HeAOBOjibCTBo cymecTByrontHM CTpoeM, CTpeMJieHHe x co- HHaJibHOMy nepeycTpoficTBy. 3th n am uin peBOJirounoHno HacTpoenHbix xpe- CTbHHCKHX Macc, HX HpOTCCT H 6opb6y IIpOTHiB KpenOCTHHHeCKHX nepeJKHTKOB hxanHTajiHCTHqecxoro xHauinnecTBa iip x o Bbipaanji BeAHKiiii peBOJirou,HOHHbiH AeMOxpar H . T. LIepHbiiueBCKHH. CajiTbiKOB-IHeApHH 6^{m ji} eAHHOMbiiH.neHHH- kom HepHbimeBCKoro, pa3AeAHA e ro HenaBHctb xo Bceti yrHeTaxejiHM HapoAa,

K P H T H K A H B H B J IH O rP A O H H

B «OCBOÖO>KaeHHH» KpeCTbHH BHfleJI OÔM3H TpyitHUIHXCH, ÖOJiejI' ZtyilIOH 3a nopyraHHyio poAHHy, 3a HapoA, «3HeMoraiomHH noA hpom uapn3Ma. B cbo- eM TBOpiieCTBe Ca,HTbIKOB-LLI,eApHH OXpa3HA peBOJIfOUHOHHblH npOTeCT pyc- CKoro Hapo£a, KpecTbHHCKHx Macc, hx BejiHKyio >Ka>KAy cboôoah h csexa, a BMecîe c TeM hx x<ryqyio HGHaBHCTb k cbohm yrHexaTejTHM. IIieApHHCKaa ca- Tiipa önqeßajia Bcë, qxo Memajio npoôyxiAeHHfo h ocBoôojKAeHino HapOAa.

CajiTbiKOB-LU,eflpHH npoiuëji 6ojibinoH h c jio aîh h h nyTb HAeiïHoro (jrop- MHpoBanHH.

Ero

MHpoB033peHHe CKJia/tbiBajiocb noA bah hhhcm nepeaoBbix Hzieä Toro BpeMeHH. Pemaiomee BAHHHne Ha ôyÆymero BejiHKoro pyccKoro nHcaxejia oxasajia peBOjnouHOHHo-AeMOKpaxHqecKaa nponaraHAa, b qacTHO- ciH, H60Tpa3HMaH naaMenHaa nponoBeAb BejiHHCKoro. B n e cie c xeM caMa fleHCTBHTeJibHocTb, yx<acbi KpenocTHiiqecTBa, Boninomaa couHajibuaa Hecnpa- BeAJIHBOCTb, papHBIHHe KpyrOM, T0JIK3J1H CajITblKOBa-meapHHa Ha peBOJlK)- UHOHHbifl nyîb.

MHp0B033peHHe CajiTbiKOBa-IHeapHHa ôhjio orpaHHqeHo ycjioBHHMH 3noxH. PeBOJirouHOHHbiH npocBeTHTejib UJ,eB;pHH BbicTynaji c no3Hu;HH AOMap- KcoBa comiajiH3Ma. 51 c ho noHHMaa axcnjiyaTaxopCKyjo cymHOCTb rocnoACTBy- K)ihhx KJiaccoB, 6opacb c peaKHiieñ h HCKpeHHO m ejiaa oÔJierqHTb THHcëJioe nojio>KeHH6 HapOvUHbix Mace, oh He Mor yxa3aTb npaBHJibHoro nyra , no ko- TopoMy Hy>KHo ôbijio hath k noôeAe. Oh He BH^eji h He Mor emë BHAeTb toh

hjtbi, KOTOpaa pacKpenocTHT pyccKHH HapoA, He noHHJi pemaiomeH pojin npo-

■aeiapnaia b ocßoßoAHTejibHOH 6opb6e TpyAamuxca.

TeM ne MeHee

bch

TBopqecKaa AeaxejibHocxb CaATbiKOBa-UI,eApHHa

ho-

Haa rjiyôoKo peBo.monHOHHbiH xapaxTep. BeenomaAHO xpHXHKya napcKoe ca- JiOAepjKaBHe, pa3o6jiaqaa «noMna^ypOB», «TaniKeHTpeB»

h

Apyrax yrHeTaîe-

eH

BapoAa,

BejiHKHH

carapHK

cbohm

xBopqecTBOM cnocoßcTBOBaji npoôyîKAe- Hl° KJiaccoBoro caMoco3Ha;HHa poccHHCKoro npoAexapnaTa.

B

TBopqecTBe CajiTbiKOBa-UTeApima saneqaTjieHa pejiaH onoxa pyccKoñ H3HH ^ot Haqa.ua 50 -^x.^ao Koim a 80-x ^{to ao b}. B «TyßepHCKHx oqepxax»

ohbhbihhxch b 1856— 1857 ro a a x , LUeApuH ßecnomaAHO pa3o6jiaqaex Kpe- CTHoe npaBo h napcKyio öropoKpaTHio.

B

otom npoH3BeA6HHH oh p u c y e j

Hac^10 rajlJlePeï0

XHHJ.HHKOB B BHU,MyHAHpax, KOTOpbie qHHHX npOH3BOJI H OTnuJIHe

Haa

JPyAHIUHMHCH MaCCaMH. ílHCaTejIb B03BbIUiaeTCH 3aecb AO

PHPaHHH Bceô CHCTeMbI KpenOCTHHqeCKOH Pocchh.

(18 6? ■aPQyr0M BbaaiomeMCH npoH3BeAenHH — «IToMnaAypbi h noMnaAypuiH»

xnau^ CajtTbiKOB-IHeApHH ônqyeT KpenocTHHqecKHe nopaAKH, co ­ ca HBUIH€C51 h noc-^ß pec})opMbi 1861 roAa- TtepeA n m a ie jie M pa3BëpTbiBaer- Be>K B3H

ra,)IJiePeH

npeACTaBHTeAefl napcKOH ôiopoKparHH, 6e3AapHbix ^h He- nDp^ TB€HH- «noMinaflypoB», Bce noMbicAbi KOTopbix ^{cboahtch k} OAHOMy:

i ceKaTb «oyHTbi» h BbiKOAaqHBaTb y KpecTbaH HeAOHMKH.

°AHOr 869— 1870 r0 ^ ax CaJITblKOB-IHeApHH C03A3A 3HaMeHHTyiO «HCTOPHIO B 3 r n ^ r o P°Aa».

B

^otom npoH3BeACHWH peBOAronHOHHo-AeMOKpaTHqecKHe rcHHan nHcaTejIH HaHÔojiee apKoe BbipaxteHne. 3Aecb LLI,eApHH AaëT ctdoh

uHy!° caTHPy Ha

yapCKoe caMOAepmaBHe, Ha Becb rocyAapcTBeHHbiñ

cTojib ñ „JIHTHKy

npaBHHjHx KJiaccoB.

B

MHpoBoË AHTepaType emë He 6hao

0flHOroy rnnICTBeHTT0Tñ KPHTHKH 0CH0B

aÔCOJIlOTHCTCKOrO peJKHMa.

B «H

ctophh CToro Knn a>> C03^ ajI He3a6biBaeMbie caTHpnqecKHe ra n b i BpyAa-hhkob

,nnW fBKHKa’

^ » M - B y P ^ e e B a h A p y rn x rjiynoBCKHX rpaAOHaqa/ib- AbTOd’ CTaRunTB0PaiOUiilX ’i y ^ OBHm.HOe HaCHAHe H3A HapOAHblMH MaCCAMH.

npOTeCT n n o r nepe;i Co6oñ 6 jla r °POÄHy!o ueAb: npoßyAHTb peBOArouHOHHbiH B r PHAymee o c B o 6 o £ A e H L CaMOÄeP* aBHH’ BCeJIHTb B CepÄUa Hap° Äa Bepy THTeAbHoeGT m f n Xñ TaUJKeHTUax>> ( 186° — 1872) UieApHH pacKpbiBaeT orBpa- PeAyjo opa o'opoKpaioB-qHHOBHHKOB, papcKHx KOJioHHsaxopoB, pHcyex

y

AB0PHH ~ aAMHHHCTpaXOpOB, CpHHaHCHCTOB, lOpHCTOB, —

pHHyB-70 K P H T H K A H BHEJIHOrPA<J>HH

UIHXCH B CpeAHIOK) A3HIO, qTOÓbl T3M npilCTpoHTbCJl K «OTeqeCTBeHHOMy nH“

pory» n «pBaTb KycKH». PlHcaTejib noi<a3biBaeT, h t o «TaniKeHTCTBo» h b j ib c t c h c i í m b o j i o m nojiHTHqecKóró penen Ma, xapáKTepHOro a jih Bcen cTapofi nojiytpeo- aajibHOH-nojiy6yp>Kya3«oñ P o c c H « : «...TaniKCHT e c T b CTpaHa, JiexeamaH Bciony, Píe 6b io t no ayóaM...», — n m c a jí IH e n p H H ( M 3 6 p a H H b ie n p o rra B e n e H H H , t. I I I ,

d p . 24).

B «T ocnonax rojioBJiéBbix» (1875— 1880) BfiJiHKHft pyccKHñ cainpH K co- snan SeccMepTHbiñ oSpas nOMemHka-KpenoCTHHKa, koTOpbift cbok) coScTBéH- HHqeckyro ajiqHOCTb, cTpacTb k HakortJíéHHio, óe3nyiHke n qépCT«ocTb npH- KpbiBaeT Jioxíbio h J iH U e M e p n e M , M opajibi-io anycToinéHHBifi, nyxoBHo pa3Jio- JKMBiiiMñCH, H y n y n ik a ronoBJiéB e ra n HapnnaTejibHbiM HMeHeM nJin raycH bix xanxíeñ, nimeMépoB, nBypymHHKOB. He cnyqaftHo stot o6pa3 óbiji ncnojib- 30Ban BnoejieflGTBHH B. H, JleHHHbiM fljia x a p a K T e p H c tH K H TSKoro 0 3 B e p e - Jioro Bpara Hapona, ka n T p o n kim .

B caMbie nocneAHne r o n u CBüen >KH3HH (1887— 1889) CajiTbiHOB-III,e- Apnn coanan «nomexoHCKyto ciapBH y» — xpynHeHuiee xynoxeecTBeHHoe npo- H3BeAenne;< b koropOM c ñeennataUHoñ npa&nHBOCTbto noxa3an KpenocTHHqe- c iíiiñ c ip o fl, yrHeTeHne n BiecnjiyaTamiH KpenoctHbix KpecTbnu. CrpacTHbiM oxpnuaHHeM xpenocTHHqecTBa npoHHKHyTa Kanenan cTpatiHua s t o í i 3aMena- TejtbHon K in irii.

C o r p o M H o n chjioh C a J iT b iK O B -U Ié n p H H o f í jr a q a ji n a p c x o e c a M o n e p x e a B H e b cbohx 3aMeqaTejibHbix caTHpnqeckHx «C ka3kax», fíojibiHHHCTBo ko t o p h x 6buio Hanncano e 80-x ro n a x . B hhx caTHpHk ka k 6bl nonBOAHT m o r Bcen o B o e i T B o p q e c K o ñ neH TenbHO CTM .

* *

❖

BejiHKHH caTHpHK noABepr yH H m owaiom eH KpHTHKe MHp SKcnjiyaTannn n ymerem-iH, pa3BpaméHHocTb HapoxcuaromeñcH 6ypx<ya3HH, eé xeanHOCTb k Ha*H B e. Hh o a h h H3 xynoxeHHHOB X I X Bexa He cyM eji y jio e irrb h «3o5pa3HTb C T3K0H CHJIOÍÍ H rjiyÓHHOH THnHqeoKHe qepTH KanHTajiHCTHqecKoro MHpa, KaK 3T0 CAejiajI Ca^TblKOB-UIeApHH.

B «BjiaroHaMepeHHbix penax», b «y6ex<Hiu,e M oHpeno» h b pane n p y ra x npOH3BeJieHHÍÍ CáJITbIKOB-LII,enpHH C H3yMHTejtbHOH npaBÁHBOCTbK) H XyüOJKe- CTBéHHOñ BbIpa3HTeJlbHOCTbíO nOKa3aj! pOHíAeHHe H pOCT HOBOro XHIHHHKa- SKcnJiyaTaTopa — «qyMaáoro». C tHeBOM h npe3péimeM roBopHT caTHpnx o Pa3yBaeBbiX, ^epyHOBbix, KonynaeBbix h A p y rn x «cTOJinax» qacrHocoScTBeH- i-mqecKoro MHpa: non BbiBecKOH «CBHmeHHaa coficTBeHHOCTb» y h h x npouBe- T aiór BopoBCTBó, rpaóéxc, non 3aBécoñ «ceMeñcTBo — c b u t h i i h» t b o p h t c b

npejnoSonéHHHe, pa3BpaT, non ceiibio «cBimteHHOH rocynapcTBeHHocTH» ohh pByx KycKH «OTenecTBOimoro nnpora».

CajiTbiKOB-UIenpnH n e H a B H n e n stot fíyp w ya a n b ifi M H p c e r o 3 B e p n n b iM H a a K O K a M H , p a s o S n a q a n ero, 3 a m n m a 5 i « H t e p e c b i K p e c T b n H H H a -T p y x < e H H K a , y m e T é n n o r o 6 y p * y a 3 H b iM H xnmHHKaMH Z le p y n o B b iM H , Pa3yBaeBbiMH, K o n y - naeBbiMH.

BejiHKMft pyccK iin catHpnK, npononíKas jtyqiuHe TpannuHH BéJinncKoro, XIo6pojiio6óBa, HepHwuieBCKóro, ó na esa ji áHTnHaponnyio, anTHnaTpHOTHqe- cxyio n n e o jio rm o rocnoncTByiom itx KJiacco« — noMe.mtiKOB h KanHTajincTOB, KOTopbie ne jiioPhjih cBoero OTeqecTBa. IH e n p im co sjioh u po iin eñ nncan o rocynapcTBenHbix neHTejinx napcKoñ Po c c h h, Koiopbie «ne HHTepecoBajiHCb gbohm oTeqecTBOM, no CHHTajiH ero jin u ib MectOM afín nonyqeHHH npHCBoeH-

h w x no uiTaTaM o«jianoB» (t. V , d p . 139). Byp>xya3HbiH xnurHHK hé 3Haét CBHineHHoro cnoBa — OTeqecTBo. J i m Hero oTeqeciBo — o t o «nananb, 6po- menHaH Ha pacKjieBaHHe eMy n npoqHM KpOBOnnñCTBeHHbix nen MacTepaM!»

(TaM >Ke, d p . 118).

CajiTbiKOB-IIIenpHH B b ic M e n B a ji napa3HTHqecKHe KJiaocbi p y c c K o r o o f í m e - CTBa, npecMbiKaBiuHecH nepen 6ypxíya3HbiM 3ananoM , oTMeqan, h t o h m n p n -

cym « K o c M o n o jiH T H 3 M J K e jiy n o q u o - n o jio B ó ñ » . C npe3peHneM n n c a ji o h o « r y - j i h u i h x JiionHX» H3 cpenbi pyccKíix n B O p H H II 6yp>Kya3HH, KOTopbie HOC5HCH

K P H T H K A h B H B JIH O rPA cD H H 71

no Eßpone, «n pu b o n a b H 3 y M J ie m ie C B o e íí ru io ro H U H O C T h io h B e c ë jiO H h o x o t- HHBOCTblO CBOHX H p a B O B ...» .

3t h m T y H e f lu n a M , 6 e 3 p o n H b iM K o c M o n o jiH T a M U ie n p i i H n p o m B o n o c T a B - JIHJ1 n p o c T o r o p y c c K o r o n e jiO B e K a — T p y jK e H H K a , c o 3n a K > iu ;e ro M a î e p u a jib - H b ie H K y /tb T y p H b ie H 6 HH0 CTH, K O T O pblH « H y B C T B y e T c e 6 a H eO Ö XO nHM bIM H e H T e jie M b p y c c K o ñ c e M b e » .

C Ton k ii 3peHHH 3TOTO npocToro pyccKoro nejio-BeKa-TpysceHHKa CMOTpeji CaJiTbiKOB-meflpKH H na 6ypÄya3Hbiö 3anan. CarapHK pacKpbiji raycHoe Jiiiuo 3ananHoiî 6yp«cya3HH, óypjKya3Hoñ JUKeneMOKpaTHH h eë HneñHbix 3aipHTHHKOB. Ocoôermo nOKa3aTeji.eH b 3to m othoihbhhh hhkji caTHpunecKHx onepKOB CajiTbiKOBa-IHeupHHa «3a pyôeiKOM» — tot saMenarejibHbiH qhkji, o KOTopoM B. H . JleniiH cKa3a.11: «ILI,eapHH KjiaccHnecKH BbiCMenn «orna-To

«tpaHu-Hio, paccTpejiaBuiyK) icoMMyHapoB, Opaim m o npecMbiKatoniHxcH nepen pyccKHMH THpaHaMit ÖaHKHpoB, Kan pecnyßjiHKy 6e3 pecnyÔJiHKaHues»

(Con., T. 11, ii3fl. 4, CTp. 384).

B K H H re « 3 a p y g e iK O M » c a T iip iiK p a a o ö J ia n H J i c p p a i-m y a c K y ro ô y p j x y a - 3HK), BO HMH COÔCTBeHHHHeCKOH ajIHHO CTH H CTpaCTH K K anH TaJIH C TH H eC K O M y H a K o ru ie H H K ) 3 a T o n T a B iu y io b r p n 3 b p e B o m o p H O H H u e Hneajibi H K o ß u n iie B . 11h- c a T e jib p a 3 B e H J i o p e o j i m h h m o h peBO JiropHOHHO CTH, C 0 3 n a iíH b iñ n n c o J io r a M H 0 y p iK y a 3 H H B O K p y r T e x e ë n e H T e jie ił. K O T o p b ie H a n e n e 3 a u iH m a jiH H H T e p e c b i K a n H T a jiH C T H n e c K o fł 3 K c n jiy a T a u ,H H . B ło n n o jiH T H n e c K O H o ö o j io h k o h t jip a H iiy 3 - CKOH p e c n y Ó J iH K H L U ,e n pH H B C K p b iji e ë c y m H O C T b — A H K T a T y p y 6 y p > K y a 3 HH.

«...Bbiji O B eT on, — c r o p b ic o ñ H p o H H e ft n n c a j i c a r a p H K , — a T e n e p b « a t o m M e cT e , r u e o h r o p e j i , c h h h t o n m p e B iim e M e H H jib i h K y p jib m a io T » (t. V,

C Tp. 2 4 6 ) . Oh B b iC M e n n K J ie M a H c o , T a M Ö e T T y h n p y r n x n e n T e jie n 6 y p x i y a 3 H o ii (P pa H u ,H H , n o K 3 3 a B h x o n n o p T y H H 3 M , jr a p e M e p H e , n p e n a T e jib C T B O .

B n e p n o n C B o e ro n p e ß b iB a H H H b IT a p H J K e I I le n p H H n p H c y T C T B O B a ji Ha 3 a c e H a H H H n a n a ™ n e n y T aTOB, K o r n a T a M o f ic y m n a n c H B o n p o c 0 6 8m h h c t h h KO M M y H a p a M . Bo t i o k n u c a T e n b p n c y e T s t o 3 a c e n a H H e :

« K o r n a h n p o H H K b T p H Ö y n y H H o c T p a H H b ix » y p H a n n c T O B , K n e M a n c o y a c e p a 3 T J ia r o jib C T B O ß a ji. C y K O H H b iM h3b ik o m o h n p o H 3 H ë c c y K O H H y ro p e n b k o t o- p a n n p o n o jiJ K a n a c b He M e H b rn e T p ë x n a c o B h K a x n b iH n e p n o n K O T o p o H B H 3 b i- B a jI B c jiy m a T C J ie t o h b k o o n n y m u c j i b: h h k o t o, ö .p a T e u , t h p a s r n a r o n b ic T B H H - MH OBO'HMH He y .ü H B H IH b !.. Oh CTOHJI Ha T p H Ö y H e , n p H M O H , CaM OÄO BO JIbHblH o o jiO H c e H H b iö r p y n o i o k h h t h (J io n H a m -o B ; c H a n a n a 6 p a j i o n H y K H H ry , n o T O M A p y r y r o h, k s k n a n o jH O ß H B a H H a c é n n a , B b iK J ië B b iB a ji o n H y n n r a T y 3 a n p y r o ñ n y M a n n a c b iT H T b h m i i r o j i o n n o e c T a .n o 3 B e p e ñ . C 3 a n n e r o c n n e j i n p e s u n e H T n a -

•aaTbi E p e B H ... h, r p o s H o B 3 r jiH flb iB a H Ha ö o H a n a p T H C T O B , c 3 a y n e H H o -n e p e B H H - H b iM w e c T O M n p o T H r H B a ji p y x y k K o n o K O J ib n H K y b c h k h h p a 3 , x a x K a c c a H b H K H , T e p h c b p p H a n H H a jiH n o iiB b iB a T b . J Ih p o m « o p a T o p y c n n e n n : n a n p o T H B — m h r h c t p h B io c p (})e , ^ e K a 3 h n p o n n e c h o ä b h h c h h k h M a K - M a r o « a 11 c b o h m h A ep e B H H H b IM H (|)H 3H 0H 0M H H M H K a K 6 b l TOBOpHJIH: XOTb KOJI H a TOJIOBe TeiHH^

o a HHM H H HO o ö e C T o p o H b i — n e n y T a r a . M s h h x B b in e jiH J in c b : H a n p a a o — n T rfrC a iï f lK ' 0 T e it ’ KOT° P ° M y n e n o c T a ß a n o T O JibK o Ö y Ö a o B o ro r y s a H a c h h h v HTOö b ! o b iT b B n o jiH G H n a p a p H O H c jio p M e ; n a n e B O — r a M Ö e r r a , k o t o p h h i o k n e jîb M e H C T e p o p n e c T p o M , j io b k o u h p u j k h p o b a j i «j ic b o io» h « p e e n y ö jiH K a n

-y * e ± : T CV O B O p m ° P Ä H H a P HO> ö e c K O J io p H T H o , b h j io. C K y n o y M H a 6 b u ia c ^ y n a e H Mp n o Cn í M t“ r 0 lB0 P H Tb T P H lia a a 0 Ä W ie , K O T o p o e b t b k o m t o j ib k o p a i l “ aHC? H a E H H r P b I m - elCJIH 6 ® H J ? a c b o p a r o p c K a n c H jia , k o t o- K o jie ß a H H H h n C ? “ H ® ° . ° m e M B3 P bIB e S H T y s n a s M a n o r o m u i a 6h b n a n a r e „ r 6 JII° ^ e H - H o T a ^ u p p a T o p c K o f t .c h j i h b H a c T o a m e e s p e M H I0H6HTK ’ Aa eíKeí H 6bI 0Ha H 6bIJIa’ T0 BPH^ J1« 6bI e« ynanocb npo-

^ b T o jiC T O M H C b ix öypjKya...» (t. V , C T p . 2 4 3_2 4 4 ) .

>Ke HHueM^n»^0 nOXO>Ke Ha COBPeMeH«biH 6yp*ya8HHÖ napjia MeHTapHöM! Te My n Z 2 v ! ^Pasr^arojibCTBHH» npasbix copHajmcTOB, jieMopncTOB H to- OSblHHo 6yP>Ky a3IiH 0 By>«flax TpynHIHHXCH, O'KaHnHBaiOHJHeCH

üaHHeM HOBbix 33KOHOB npoTHB TpynHIHHXCH, b yrony 6ypjKya3HH¡

72 K P H T H K A H B H B JIH O rP A O H H

Te JK6 MHHHCTpbl, BpOAe BeBHHa, C «AepeBHHHbIMH (|)H3H0H0MHHMH», npOASB*

IIIHeCH CBOHM HMnepHajIHCTH^eCKHM X03HeB3M; 3THM MHHHCTpaM AeAa HÊT JXO nacymHbix Hy>KA HapoAa —

hm

«

xotb koji

Ha rojioBe Teure!». Te xce nenyTaibi Ha cKSMbHX napJiaMCHTa

h

3 nopoAbi «

toactomhcbix

ôypjKya», KOTopux AaBHO y>Ke JKÆyT «óyÓHOBbiñ Ty3»

h

TíopbMa!

SopKHH rjia3 nHcaTena

b

nepuoA ero npeôbiBaHHH

b

TepMaHHH pa3TAH- aeji 3KCXiJiyaTaTopcKHH xapaKTep «npyccKHX nopHAKOB», xHiHHunecKiie noBaA- KH HeMeUKHX Pa3yBaeBbIX, npHKpbITbie BHemHHM AOCKOM «KyAbTypHOCTH».

«H oneHb xoporno noHHMaio, —• nncaji UleApHH o npyccKoñ AepeBHe, —

hto

cpeAH 3THX

otahhho

B03AejiaHHbix HOJieH penb

ha

S

t

coceen He o pacnpeAeAe- HHH fíoraTCTB, a HCianoHHTeAbHO o

h

a KOHA erere

hx

; HTO 3TH noAH, Ayra H Bbl-

•SeAeHHbie xíHJinma npHHáAAe>Kar TaKHM xce TOJicTocyMaM-6yp>Kya,

kbkhm b

rOpOAaX npHHaAAOKaT AOMá H A3BKH, H HTO 3a Ka>KHbIM H3 3THX TOACT'OCyMOB CTOHT AeCHTKH KHeXTOB (paÓOTHHKOB, ÓaTpaKOB.— H. B.) , B HOAbSy KOTOpblX BbinaAaeT oHeub orpaHHHeHHan nacTb

stopo

KpacHBoro AOBOAbCTBa» (

t

. V, CTp. 143). B H3BecTHOM «Pa3roBope MaAbHHKa

b

uiTanax

h

MaAbHHKa 6e3 míanos» («3a pyöexcoM») CaATbiKOB-UIeApuH pa3o6AanHA 3KcnAyaTaTop- cKyio cymHOCTb «rpooc-óayepoB», KynanoB, npoTHBonocTaBHB

hm

npoerbix

3eMAeAeAbu,eB, TpyxíeHHKOB-KpecTbHH.

* ❖

•fi

C orpoMHOH CTpacTbK) remiajibHbiH carapHK ßopoACH npoTHB AHÖepa- AH3M3. Eto CA0B3M

B.

W. JleHHHa, «IUeApHH ßeCnOUiaAHO H3AeB3ACH

HaA

JIH- öepaAaMH

h

HaBcerAa 3aKJieñMHA

hx

cJiopMyAOH: «npHMemiTeAbHO

k

noAJio*

CTH»» (CoH.,

T. 18,

H3A.

4,

CTp.

287).

CaATMKOB-IUeAPHH HC HO

BHAeJT,

HTO 6opb6a Me>KAy KpenocTHHKaMH

h

AiiöepajiaMH HBJineTCH öopbdoft BHyTpn rocnoACTByiomHx KAaccoe. 3 î y «6opb6y» IUeApHH BbicMeHA

b

«IToMnaAy- pax

h

noMnaAypniax», noKa3aB,>

hto

KaK npepcTaBHTejiH «peTporpaAHoä

ah

- öepaAHH», TaK

h

npeACTaBHTeAH «AHÖepaAbHOii peTporpaAHH» CBH3aHbi Apyr C ApyrOM OÖIAHMH KAaCCOBHMH HHTepecaMH, HTO HM COBepUieHHO Hy>KAbI HHTepecbi HapoAa.

B

pane npoH3BeAGHHH («ZlHeBHHK npOBHHHHaAa

b

lleTepöypre», «CoBpe- MemraH

hahaahh

»

h A pyrux)

IUeApHH óunyeT 6yp>Kya3Hbix AHÖepaAOB, Bcex 3THX «nafierapHCTOB xamuHHecTsa» — «neHKocHHMaTeAeft» npejiecTHOBbix, BaAaAaHKHHbIX. CaTHpIIK BCKpblBaeT HX COAHaAbHyiO CymHOCTb «aK HAeO- AoroB KAacca 3KcnAy a

t

3

to

p

ob

: «X

hüxhhk

» npoBOAHT npuHunn xHiHHHue- CTB3 B HÍH3HHJ neHKOCHHMaTCAb B 03 B 0 AHT ero B AOPM3T H COHHHHeT npa-

bhaü

Ha npeAMeT HaHAynmero npoH 3 BOACTBa xHuiHHHecTBa» (

t

. III, CTp. 499):

CaATbiKOB-IHeApHH cpbiBaeT c AHÖepaAOB MHUjypHbiH HapHA KpacHoöaft- CTBa. P:HT3TeAb BHAHT AHÖepaAa

bo

Bceñ ero OTBpaTHTeAbHotł HaroTe; 3A

h

- HocTb öypxcya

b

AHÖepaAe coeAHHHAaCb c noAHTHnecKoi TpycocTbio: AHÖepaA

öohtch

HapoAa

h

peBOAiouHH

h HyBCTByeT

ceÖH ropa3Ao cnoKOHHee noA ceHbK) caMOAepjKaBHH, rAe npouBeTaeT xHiuHHHecTBO. 3a

jkhphhh

KycoK, nepenaAajomuH eMy co cTOAa sKcnAyaTaTopoB,

oh

oÖMaHbiaaeT TpyAHUiHxcn, npeAaëT CBOHX eAHHOMblUIAeHHHKOB.

IUeApHH H3o6pa3HA AHÔepaAOB

h b

«IToMnaAypax

h

noMnaAypuiax»,

h b

«UneBHHKe npOBHHHHaAa»,

h b

«CospeMeimoñ

hahaahh

»,

h b

«MeAonax 5KH3HH»,

h b

ApyrHX npoH3BeA6HHHX. O

h

noKäsaA, Kan noMnapyp OeAHHbKa KpOTHKOB H3 AHÖepaAa 3aKOHOMepHO BblpOC B peaKHHOHepa, KaK «neHKOCHH- MaTeAb» MeHaHAP IIpejiecTHOB

ct

3A «

thxo

KypAbiKaromHM naHenipHCTOM XHtHHHHecTBa». CaATbiKOB-IUeApHH

b

«TocnoAax

t

a

hjk

©

hth

a

xi

» npHMO yTBepHCAaA,

hto

«AHÖepaA»

h

«HeroAHH» —

üohhthh

OAH03HaHauiHe. CaTH- pHK KAeÖMHA H p H MHp 6H H CCTB O H npeASTCAbCTBO 6yp>Kya3HbIX AHÖepaAOB.

Pa3o6AanaH 6yp*ya3Hbix AHÖepaAOB

b

ycAOBHHx peannHH

80-x toaob

, IUeApHH TeM CaMbIM HaHOCHA M6TKHe H CHAbHbie yAapbl KOHTppeBOAIOHHH.

y C a ATH Kob a - IIIjeA p hh a ecTb CKa3Ka o npe3peHHOM AHÖepaAe — npH- CAyjKHHKe 6yp}Kya3HH, KOTOpblH AeîîCTBOBaA «npHMeHHieAbHO K riOAAOCTH».

K P H T H K A

a

B H E J IH O rP A ttH H 73

B 3T0M o6pase cocpeAOToqeHbi xapaKTepHbie neprni pyccKoro 6ypm ya3H oro JiH5epajiH3Ma. B. H . J le n m otmctha a ro eme b 1894 roA y b cBoefi paóoTe

« 4to TaKoe «Apy3bH HapoAa» h KaK ohh boioiot npoTHB copHaji-^eMOKpa- TOB?». KpHTHKyH HapOAHHKOB, npH3bIBaBHIHX «HHHHTb H UITOIiaTb» 6ypX ty- asHoe oSmecTBO, BAaAHMHp M jib iiq nuca ji:

«Hejibsa ne BcnoMHHTb no 3TOMy noBOAy Tan Memo onncaHHyio IHeApH-

hbim

HCTOpmo

3eojik)h,hh

poccHÍlcKoro AnfíepaAa. HaHHHaeT

3tot

jmQepaji c Toro,

hto

npocHT y HanajibCTBa pecjiopM «no

bo3 mo>khocth»;

npoAOAxiaeT TeM,

hto^ kashhht

«Hy,. xoxb HTo-HH6yAb» H KOHnaeT BenHOH

h

He3bi6JieMon no3Hpnen «npuMeHHTejibHo

k

noAAocra». Hy, nax ne cxasam

b chmom acac

upo «Apy3en HapoAa»,

hto ohh

3anaJiH sry BenHyto

h

He3bi-6jieMyio

no3H- iíh k)...»

(Con.,

t. 1,

H3A.

4,

crp.

2 4 3 ).

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6epajia ero onnopryHH3M. 3to nepra, CBOHCTBeHHaa h KaAeTaM, n sce- p3M, h MeHbmeBHKaM. H x -ro h pa3o6AanaA

JleHHH

npH noMomH caTHpHHe- OKoro o6pa3a meApniíCKon ck33kh «JInfíepaA». 06pa3 AiiSepaAa H3 cxa3KH B-leApHHa npoAOAHíaeT x<HTb h Tenepb: meApHHCKoro AHSepaAa m o xh o Han- TH B JIK>6oH KanHTaAHCTHHeCKOfi CTpaHe.

CaATbiKOB-LIXeApHH ropHHo

a iO'Sha h bmcoko

ueHHA caMoóbiTHyio, opHrH- HaAbHyro pyccKyio AHreparypy, rHeBHo fíiineBaA AH

6

epaAbHo-

6

yp>Kya

3

Hbix HecAeAOBareAeH BpoAe AnexcanApa BeceAOBCKoro, npHBepjKenueB aHTHHayq-

hoh

, aHTHHCTopunecKOH «TeopuH 3aHMCTB0BaHHH», KOTopbie, noA

3

aa Ha óptoxe nepeA 3anaAHoeBponeHCKoñ óypmya3Hon KyAbTypoñ,

totobu 6h a h bo

BcéM PyccKOM BHAe-Tb TOAbxo noApamaHHe 6yp*ya3H0My 3anaAy. .JlHdepaAbHO- ypwya3Hwe AHTepaTypoBeAbi pacnp

octp

an

hah cboio

«TeopHio

3

aHMCTBOBa-

hhh

» Ha pyccKoe napoAHoe TBopqecTBo, Ha pyccKHe óbiAHHbi. 3

to

ocoóeKHO B03Mym,aAo LU,eAPHHa.

B

«JJueBHHKe npoBHHUHaAa

b

nerepGypre»

ohco3aoh

«PoHHeH H30fípa3.HA «nenKocHHMaxeAH» HeyBamañ-KopbiTo, asropa «HocAe- AOBaHHH o MypHAKe», KoropbiH «AOKasbiBaA», HTO repoñ pyccKoro anoca — y'PHAO

6

bIA He KTO HHOH, KaK UIBaSCKHH ABOpHHHH Hypi-ÍAb, HTO BAaAHMHp fVPacHoe CoAHbimKo

6

bin ASmam-ra KaHyr, a HAbH MypoMeu

h

ZíoSpbmn

^

hkhthh

— cnoABH>KHHKH 3Toro KaHyTa.

H B 3T0M

* e

ríP0H3Be-íí eHHH

c ySHHCTBeHHOH HpoHHeñ H3o6paméH

UTeApH-

ühi ^ yro ñ J!H^ ePa-nbHblñ «HccAeAOBaTeAb», BoAHroAOBa,— aBTop AHccepra- K 1 «PyccKan necHH: 4h>k h k! hhjkhk! I Ae Tbi 6m a? — nepeA cyAOM KpHTH- C'3eAaBiHHH «OTKpbiTHe», hto Aaxíe «HnxíHKa» m u He caMH cohhhhah, a

° 3HMCTBOB3AH H3 3anaAH0H AHTepaTypbi.

I

Ip°H3BeAeHHH CaATbiKOBa-meApHHa

h

ceroAHH moMoraiOT

hbm dopoTb- PVCA 0™ B 6e3P°'ílHblx

KOCMonoAHTOB, CTpeMamHxcH

cb&cth

Bcé

Aynmee B

y

•'iHTepaxype

k b a h h h h h m

3anaAHoeBponeñcKHx nHcaTeAeñ.

Kan-7TÍ6HaBHCTb Ca-ÍTbIK0Ba-I U e^ P ™ a k MHpy HacHAHH h SKcnAyaTapHH, k C ro n H'-CTHqeCKHM XHUÍHHKaM H HX/'npHXB0CTHHM — AHSepaAaM — coneTaAacb

PHHen AioPoBbK) ^k CBoe.My HapoAy, KO BceMy HOBOMy II nepeAOBOMy, ceDnm/eAPim GbIJ1 BejIHKl!M PyccKHM naTpiiOTOM. «51 a ioSaio Pocchio AO 6oah nncan HOH H , ^ a>Ke He MOry nOMbICAHTb ceda TAe-AHÓo, KpoMe Pocchh» , —

1 OH B «ypejKHme Monpeno» (HaópaHHbie npoii3BeAeHHH,

t

. V, CTp. 69).

nHcbM°rAa ^ Mep LU'e;iPHH- ™c})AHccKHe pafíoHiie oSpaTHAHCb

K

ero >xeHe c

« C^mah KCnPP0M

Bbipa3HAH CBOK) CKOp6b O KOHHHHe

AKDfíHMOro

nilCaTeAH.

wCKpeHHrPTb M H x a ñ jIa EBrpaipoBHHa, — nHC3AH ohh

, —

onenaAHAa Bcex,

«'iHiAHAq^ aiOUlHX m6pa H ctiaCTbH CBOeñ POAHHe. B AHiie Ero P

occhh

CBoQoAbi ñJIyulIuero’ cnpaBeAAHBoro

h

SHepriiHiroro 3amHTHHKa npaBAbi

h

W dokumencie Bol'ševik : teoretičeskij i političeskij žurnal CK VKP (b), 1950.02 nr 3 (Stron 69-74)