X I — ELECTROTECHNICS.
Ceramic bodies for heating devices. Porcelain as dielectric.—See V III. Control through spectro
scopy. Slag inclusions in steel. E lectrolytic Cr.
N i- and Pd-plate. Plating on A l.—See X.
See also A., July, 677, W eston standard cells.
E lectrolysis of H 20 . Electrodeposition of A g-C d.
681, E lectrolysis of m etal sa lts. Deposition and dissolution of Cd and Zn. Deposition of N b and its separation from T a. Oxidation of glutam ic acid. 694, Polym erisation and rupture of hydro
carbons.
Pa t e n t s
Electric furnaces [for continuous heat-treatm ent of m etal strip etc.]. M. Va n Ma r l e, and G. W. B.
El e c t r ic Fu r n a c e s, Lt d. (B.P. 394,313, 18.11.31).—
Direct influx of cold air to the hot zone of the furnace is prevented by flexible flaps of laminated metal, or asbestos reinforced with metal, mounted on the roofs and floors of the recuperative chambers and rubbing on the upper and lower surfaces of the strip.
J . S. G. T.
E lectrotherm ic reduction of raw m aterials and apparatus therefor. P . L . J . Mig u k t and M. P . Pe r r o n (B.P. 394,553, 26.10.32. Fr., 24.11.31).—An electric furnace is charged with heterogeneous, undulated, stratified layers containing the necessary carbonaceous material, and further charges to be reduced are intro
duced in depressions of the mixture of reducing material and material to be reduced. A furnace for carrying out the process is claimed. J. S. G. T.
Induction electric furnace. E . F . No r t h r u p, Assr. to Aj a x El e c t r o t h e r m ic Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,881,888, 11.10.32. Appl., 29.6.29).—Purely electrical means are described for equalising the current in one or more pairs of inductive loads, irrespective of change of conditions
in the loads. B. M. V.
Inductive device. A. J . Ch r is t o p h e r, Assr. to Be l l Te l e p h o n e La r s., In c. (U.S.P. 1,880,805, 4.10.32.
Appl., 16.3.32).—A transformer core is formed of laminations of two metals : (1) having a low modulation coeff. (I) a t carrier frequency and low permeability (jx) at low frequency, (2) having a higher (I) b u t also a higher (i a t low' frequency. Suitable alloys for (1) contain Ni 69—70%, Co 7—8% , Fe remainder, and for (2) Ni 77-5—79-5%, Cr 3-6— 1-0%, Fe remainder, or alternatively Ni-M o-Fe alloys. B . M. V.
[Carbon] electrode. B . E . Br o a d w e i.l and A. T.
Hin c k l e y, Assrs. to Re p u b l ic Ca r b o n Co. (U.S.P.
1,881,119, 4.10.32. Appl., 4.1.30).—The use of a large proportion of natural graphite is claimed ; the electrodes are preferably formed by jolting in a vertical position so th a t the C flakes settle to give a higher heat conduct
ivity radially than axially. B . 31. V.
B ritish C hem ical A b str a c ts B .
716 C ł. X I.— F.MX'rKtrrKCHMc's.
Providing the casings of electrical apparatus w ith inert atm ospheres. T. T. Gr e e n w o o d, Assr. to Co n d it El e c t r ic a l Ma n u k;. Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,881,510,
11.10.32. Appl., 1.12,26).—BaO is used as the 0 2 absorbent in a breather, and is contained in n balanced basket. When the wt. increases, the passage to the in
terior of the transformer (etc.) is closed and an embedded heating coil switched on to regenerate the BaO, reverting to the operating position when the wt. is sufficiently
reduced. B. M. V.
B rush for electrical m achines. R . L. Se a b u r yand L. W. Mu r r a y, Assrs. to De l c o- Re m y Co r p. (U.S.P.
1,884,298, 25.10.32. Appl., 31.5.30).—A binder for C brashes comprises bakelite dissolved in aq. alkali and pptd. among the C by acid. B. M . V.
Therm ionic cathode. G. P. Ha l l iw e l l, Assr. to We s t in o h o u.se El e c t r ic <fc Ma n u f g. Co. (U.S.P.
1,883,898, 25.10.32. Appl., 14.12.28).—An uncoated electrode of material capable of being drawn into wire comprises a base alloy of, e.g., Ni 70, Co 20, Fe 8, Ti 2%, or other metals of the same groups, with about 4% of alkaline-earth oxide uniformly disseminated. A method of manufacture from oxides or salts of the metals is
described. B. M. V.
E lectron-discharge cathode. L. L. Jo n e s (U.S.P.
1,881,644, 11.10.32. Appl., 28.2.29).—The electrode comprises a conducting and supporting core, a layer of resistance material (e.g., as described in U.S.P. 1,773,105 [B., 1931, 404]), an electroplated shell, and an emitter coating of oxides, all these coats surrounding the end of the mast, as well as the length. Heating current is passed through the 3 inner elements. B. M. V.
Coated electron-em itting surface. H . J . Mi l l e r, Assr. to Gr ig s b y- Gr u n o w Co. (U.S.P. 1,884,082, 25.10.32. Appl., 4.8.30).—The electrode is coated first with colloidal BaC03 (prepared by the use of MeOH and C 02) and then with non-colloidal BaCOa, the coatings being converted into BaO by heat and vac. B. M. V.
M anufacture of oxide cathodes. E . W lega n d, Assr. to Ge n. El e c t r ic Co. (U.S.P. 1,883,840, 18,10.32.
Appl., 30.6.31. Ger., 16.7.30).—A foundation metal is coated with Ta20 5 (or other oxidised material) and heated in the presence of alkaline-earth metal vapour (or other electronically active material) a t a temp, sufficient to prevent deposition in the solid or liquid state, e.g.,
900°. B. 31. V.
Activation and reactivation of electron-em ission tubes. L. L. Jo n e s, J . A. Fl a n k e r, and E. Re is m a n, Assrs. to Te c h n id y n e Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,881,645, 11.10.32.
Appl.. 29.10.29).—The tubes are reactivated by high internal bombardment, i.e.. bv physical means only.
B . M i V . M anufacture of positive active m aterial for alkaline storage batteries. E. Ot s u k a and E.
Sa e g u s a (U .S .P : 1,884,166, 25.10.32. Appl;, 6.12.29.
Jap., 21.1.29).—A coating of graphite is baked on short sticks composed of Ni hydroxide, deposited by spraying satuxated aq. Ni sulphate into hot aq. NaOH, and about
20 vol.-% of graphite. J . S. G. T.
E lectrolytic cell [for reduction of nitro-, a z o x v -, or azo com pounds]. J . E. Je w e t t, Assr. to Na t.
An il in e & Ch e m. Co., In c. (U.S.P. 1,888,677, 22.11.32.
Appl., 31.1.30).—A form of cell designed to prevent deposition of solid material on the walls and diaphragm of the cell is claimed. J. S. G. T.
Cathode for electrolytic condensers. J. E.
Lil ie n f e l d (U.S.P. 1,880,263. 4.10.32. Appl.. 19.6.30).
—In an electrolytic condenser in which the container constitutes the cathode and is of the same composition as the anode, both being of A1 or other filming metal, a small Cu rivet is inserted in the cathode to ensure that it has the same potential as the electrolvte a t all times.
B. M. V.
Electric condenser. A . Ka z e n m a ie r and W . Dorn, Assrs. to R . Bo sc h A.-G. (U.S.P. 1,883,932, 25.10.32.
Appl., 28.7.27. Ger., 28.8.26).—The metal laminations are coated first with a non-brittle, well adhering, natural resin and afterwards with a comparatively brittle
synthetic resin. B . M. V.
Ozone apparatus. D . Sim m o n s (B.P. 394,504, 8.8.32),—In an ozoniser comprising an inclined cylindrical dielectric tube arranged between metallic gauze elec
trodes, the inner and outer turns of the secondary winding of a transformer are connected to the outer and inner electrodes, respectively. J. S. G. T.
E lectrom agnetic separation of m aterials. R . C.
Fo iir e r- Ja g g i, and Mi n e s Do m a n ia i.e s d e Po ta sse d’Als a c e (B.P. 394,471, 6.5.32. Fr.. 8.5.31).—Mate
rials to be treated are projected, substantially hori
zontally, and fall freely in a magnetic field between the pole pieccs of a magnet, which arc shaped so that the lines of force are directed chiefly as if they emanated from the centre of curvature of the parabola of free fall a t the origin of such fall. The apparatus has given good results with a mixture of diamagnetic salt and
of CuS04. J . S. G. T.
Apparatus for electroplating [sm all articles].
P. A. Sm it h. Assr. to Win c h e s t e r Re p e a t in g Ar m s Co.
(U.S.P. 1,885,148, 1.11.32. Appl., 13.9.29).—Electrodes are arranged in a barrel (yl) having perforations in its walls through which electrolyte flows into a trough surrounding A. Means are provided for returning
electrolyte to A. J . S. G. T.
Electroplating [a coating] of w ax [on paper].
F . G. Mo r e h o u s e, Assr. to Ra d io Co r p. o f Am e r ic a
(U.S.P. 1,884,110, 25.10.32. Appl., 15.4.29).—Paper, moistened b y passage through a water-bath, is electro
plated with wax by electrodeposition from a colloidal
suspension of wax. J . S. G. T.
Electrical precipitation apparatus [for g a ses].
H. B. Rü d e r, Assr. to In t e r n a t. Pr e c ip it a t io n Co.
(U.S.P. 1,882,949, 18.10.32. Appl:, 15.11.30).—Collect
ing electrodes especially suitable for fluffy material liable to be shaken off into the gas stream are formed with upwardly opening slots or louvres which, when the electrodes are shaken, direct the material into the interior of the hollow electrodes, whence it may be taken away by suction or other means in the base. B. M, V.
Apparatus for electrical precipitation [from g a ses]. H . A. Win t e r m u t e and C. W . J . He d b e r g, Assrs. to Re s e a r c h Co r p. (U.S.P. 1,888,022, 15.11.32.
Appl., 1.5.29).—After removal of fine particles a t dry
B ritish C h em ica l A b s tr a c ts—B .
Cl. X I I . — Fa t s ; Oi l s ; Wa x e s. 7 1 7
collecting electrodes, the gas is subjected to the pptg.
action of a system comprising collecting electrodes
flushed with H 20. J . S. G. T.
Electrically precipitating suspended particles from a g a s. Lo d g e- Co t t r e l l, Lt d. From Re s e a r c h Co r p. o f Ne w Yo r k(B.P. 394,899, 18.1.33).—Apparatus in which portions of gas to be treated are introduced into the separation chamber a t a no. of points along the path of flow of gas, and in such quantities th a t the concn. of suspended m atter is substantially uniform, is
claimed. J. S. G. T.
Apparatus for visual m easurem ent of concen
tration of suspended m aterial in gases. F. H.
Vie t s, Assr. to In t e r n a t. Pr e c ip it a t io n Co. (U .S .P . I,883,168, 18.10.32. Appl., 17.3.30).—The light from two lamps, one of which is situated a t the remote side of a chamber or conduit of dirty gas; is equalised by reducing the current through the brighter one by means of a rheostat calibrated in terms of dust. B. M. V.
[Electrical] device for determ ining the [hygro
scopic] condition of a g a s. M. C. W . To m l in s o n, Assr. to We s t e r n El e c t r ic Co., In c. (U.S.P. 1,883,116, 18.10.32. Appl., 16.2.29).—A plate of P t covered with Pt-black is refrigerated to below the dew point of the gas s tre a m ; after introduction into the gas the point at which the light-reflecting dew or frost disappears is observed by a light-sensitive device or the human eye through a microscope, the temp, being measured by a thermocouple embedded in the P t plate. B. M. V.
[Electrical] m oisture detector. W. D . Cl e a r y, Assr. to De La v a l Se p a r a t o r Co. ( U .S .P . 1,882,316, II.10.32. Appl., 3.11.27).—A conducting fluid in a quantity of flowing non-conducting fluid is discovered by a device like an oil-insulated condc-nser which is short-circuited by the conducting fluid and rings a bell
or other warning. B. M. V.
Colour determ ination of any object. G. Q.
Vo ig t (U.S.P. 1,881,336, 4.10.32. Appl., 22.1.30).—
Two beams of light of the same wave-length are made to impinge upon standard and sample surfaces, the light reflected from the latter being caused to set up an electric current the intensity of which may be m easured;
alternatively, it may control the original light source to give a standard reflected light. B. M. V.
(a) Preparation of electrical resistance units, (c, n ) M anufacture of resistance units, (e) R esist
ance. (f) R esistor, (a, c) L. L. Jo n e s a n d J. A.
Fl a n z e r, (d, f) J . A. Fl a n z e r, (e) J . A. Flanzf.r and E, Re is m a n, Assrs. t o (a—f) Te c h n id y n f, Co r p. (U.S.P.
[a] 1.762,990, [c] 1,8-17,653, [d—f] 1,881,444—6, [a] 10.6.30, [c] 1.3.32, [d—f] 11.10.32. Appl.. [a] 8.10.25, [c] 12.3.28, [d] 5.7.28, [e] 18.9.29, [f] 5.12.29. Cf.
[b] U.S.P. 1,773,105 i B„ 1931, 404).—In (a), a resistance film is formed from colloidal graphite (1 pt.) and water- glass (7 pis. by vol.) baked to <£ 300°. (c) In a resistance constructed according to (b) (graphite bonded with H3P 0 4 and salts) and having a negative temp, coeff., the graphite streak is plated with Ni, which has a positive coeff. In (d) a resistance comprising a spiral streak as described in (b) or (c) is caused to have a greater heating effect a t the ends of the supporting cylinder. In (e), Ni phosphate may be used as described in (b). In
(f), a paint of comparatively low resistance is formed of finely-divided Ag or other metal particles suspended in a saturated solution of the phosphate of the same metal and H3P 0 4 ; it is useful for making the terminal connex
ions of resistances as above. B. M. V.
D ielectric m aterials. Br i t. Th o m so n- Ho usto n Co ., Lt d., Assees. of F. M. Cla r k (B.P. 3 9 4 ,7 7 6 , 2 .4 .3 2 . U.S., 2 .4 .3 1 ).—Paper or other material is impregnated with halogenated cyclic (aryl) hydrocarbons, e.g., a mixture of C6II3C13 and hexachlorodiphenyl (preferably as a mixture of its isomerides). HC1 evolved from the dielectric due to an arc discharge is absorbed, e.g., by
NaOH-CaO. J. S. G. T .
T esting [insulating] coating m aterials [on w ires].
W . H. Ea s t l a k e, Assr. to We s t e r n El e c t r ic Co., In c. (U.S.P. 1 ,8 8 0 ,9 1 7 , 4 .1 0 .3 2 . Appl., 1 7 .1 0 .2 9 ).—The wire is passed in a single strand through an electrolyte, e.g., dil. H 2S 0 4, a low d.c. potential being applied between the wire and bath and the evolution of gas at any defect
ive spots observed. B. M. V.
Insulating adhesive. A. R. Ke m p, Assr. to Be l l Te l e p h o n e La b s., In c. (U.S.P. 1 ,882,081, 11.10.32.
Appl., 1 4 .5 .3 0 ).—A composition with electrical properties superior to those of Chatterton’s compound for high- frequency work is composed of polymerised cyclic ter- pene mixed with a natural or synthetic gum composed
largely of (C5H 8)„. B . M. V.
G raphitising C. C-black. Electrical pptn.
C2H2.—See II. G lycols.—See III. Fibrous in su lator,—See V. H eat-treating furnace. A lloys for m agn ets and contacts. Reducing ores. Carbonised N i. Preparing A1 from its chloride. Surface treatm ent of A l. W elding electrodes. Plating cylinders. C r-and Zn-plate. Fe sulphide anodes.
A lkali-m etal alloys. Silvering.—See X. T reating coffee beans.—See XIX. Activated Upins. See XX.
X II.— F A T S ; O IL S ; W A X E S .
H igh-pressure hydrogenation of fats. W.
Sc h r a u t h (Angew. Chem., 1933, 4 6 , 459—461).— Treatm ent with H 2 a t 100 atm. results in a splitting of the mol. with production of low-boiling paraffins, the COsI I group being destroyed. W ith suitable catalysts alcohols can be prepared. I t is also possible to conduct the process so th a t a synthetic wax is produced exclus
ively in "which 1 mol. of alcohol is united to 1 mol. of fatty acid. Thus from rape oil a substitute for beeswax is obtained. Many uses for these alcohols are possible, the only one yet developed being sulphonation to produce CaO-resisting soaps. A recent discovery in controlled hydrogenation has allowed unsaturatcd alcohols to be
prepared. C. I.
M easurem ent of the interfacial tension of fats by the drop-pressure m ethod. W. Mo h rand J. M o o s (Milch. Forsch., 1933, 15, 2 6 1 — 2 6 4 ).—The m e th o d is described and results are given for arachis, soya-bean, and olive oils, butter fat, and the liquid butter f a t fraction in contact with H 20 . E. B. II.
Com position of cacao butter. E. Le w k o w it s c h
(J.8.C.I., 1933, 52, 236—2 3 8t).—The experimental observations of Amberger and Bauch (B., 1925, 105) have been reviewed, and the interpretation of the data
B r itis h C h e m ic a l A b s tr a c ts—B .
7 1 8 Cl. X I I I . - — Pa i n t s; Pi g m e n t s ; Va r n i s h e s; Re s i n s.
is emended by the correction of two errors and the necessary re-calculation. The revision leads to the following composition for cacao b u tte r : a-palmito-oleostearin 55—56%, p-oleodistearin 25—26%, (3-palmitodiolein 18—20%, in good agreement w ith the composition suggested by Lea (B., 1929, 331) and corresponding with the fatty acid composition deter
mined experimentally by Amberger and Bauch, by Lea, and Armstrong and Allan (J.S.C.I., 1924,43, 216 t).
Effect of ozone on drying of linseed oil. C. Denz-
l e r(Helv. Chim. Acta, 1933, 16, 807—811).—0 3 (0-25—
0-4% ) shortens the time of drying. Higher concns. of 0 3 still further shorten the time, but the product is then sticky and unsuited for a varnish. R. S. C.
Cam eline oil. H. Hf.i.lf.r (Angew. Chem., 1933, 46, 441— 442 ; cf. B., 1933, 398).—Seeds grown in Ger
many gave 32-8 and 35-6% of oil, Belgium 34-3%, and Russia 36-9%. The I vals. were 127-0, 129-2, 131-6, and 149-7, respectively. S. M.
Oxidation of fish oils by chrom ic acid and acid
ified dichrom ate solutions. A. Do h o g n e and G.
R 6za b eK (J. Soc. Leather Trades’ Chem., 1933, 17, 413— 423).—Curves have been derived showing the oxidation of cod-liver oil as a function of time and concn.
of Cr03 solutions with which it -was agitated. The oxidation increased as each factor was increased, but
not in direct ratio. D . W .
H igh-precision determ ination of iodine values b y the Wijs m ethod. L. J. P. Ke f f l f.r and A. M.
Ma id e n (J.S.C.I., 1933, 52, 242—245 t).—A detailed description is given of the procedure to be followed to obtain vals. repeatable to within 2—3 pts. per 1000 for the Wijs I val. of fatty compounds. The errors involved in this determination are discussed.
Structure of sulphonated o ils. C. Ka l in o r and E. Sc h m id t (Chim. e t Ind., 1933, 29, 1278—1282).—
A general account is given of new textile assistants obtained from sulphonated alcohols etc. The importance of distinguishing between true sulphonic acids, both internal and external, and sulphates is stressed. S. C.
Laboratory com parison of the detergent effici
encies o f laundry soap builders. O. M . Mo r g a n
(Canad. J. Res., 1933, 8 , 429— 434).—The detergent action of NaOII (I), soda ash (II), Na2Si03 (III), and Na3P 0 4 (IV) was measured by the method described previously (B., 1932, 118). Referred to the same concn., the order of increasing washing efficiencies a t the optimum concns. is (IV)— (1). For actual washing efficiencies irrespective of concn., the order is (II), (IV), (I), (III). The optimum p a varies from case to case.
(I) and (III) increase the lathering power of the soap.
R. P. B.
E rratum .—On B., 1932, 1125, col. l,lin e 12 from bottom, for “ cacao b u tte r” read “ coconut oil.”
See also A., July, 710, Prep, of lanosterol. 736, Insect w ax. 747, Enzym ic dehydrogenation of fat.
Pa t e n t s
Refining and discoloring [decolorising] of raw sulphate soft soap. E. PyhalX, Assr. to 0 . Y. Me t h o d s, Lt d. (U.S.P. 1,887,246, 8.11.32. Appl., 8.9.31. Fin
lan d , 5.8.31).—A 50% solution of the crude “ sulphate ”
soap (obtained as by-product in the sulphate-pulp pro
cess) is freed from fibres, boiled with 0-5% of 30% 1I20 2, and grained out by adding salt. The separated soap is redissolved to a 50% solution, treated with 2—5%
of 30% H 20 2 (or per-salts), again salted out, and bleached again (if necessary) by treatm ent with alkali
hypochlorites. E. L.
T risodium phosphate hydrate soap com pos
ition s. F . L. Fr o s t, j u n.', Assr. to Gr a s s e l l i Ch e m. Co.
(U.S.P. 1,885,905, 1.11.32. Appl., 26.3.31).—Lustrous non-caking crystals of the hydrate, and containing soap, are obtained by recrystallising Na3P 0 4 from a solution containing a little soap (e.g., ^ 0-3% of Na stearate on
the cryst. product). E. L.
M ill grease. M. H . Ar v e s o n, Assr. to St a n d a r d Oil Co. ( In d ia n a) (U.S.P. 1,882,721, 18.10.32. Appl., 28.4.30).—A mixture of tallow or stearic acid etc. and (mineral ?) oil (A) is completely saponified (NaOH), rosin oil (prepared by digesting rosin with straw oil) is added with continued heating and agitation, and a further quantity of A is added, yielding a clear, hard
grease of high m.p. E. L.
N eutralisation of fatty acids in oils and fats.
R. C. Ne w t o n, Assr. to Sw if t & Co. (U.S.P. 1,885,281, 1.11.32. Appl., 19.12.30).—The fat is neutralised with NaHCOg (dry, or in solution) a t -< 160°, under reduced pressure in an inert atm . The process m ay conveniently be combined with deodorisation. E. L.
D rving oil. L. P . Ra n k in, Assr. to He r c u l e s Po w d e r
Co. (U.S.P. 1,886,586, 8.11.32. Appl., 18.10.27).—A linseed oil substitute is obtained by polymerising a pine product such as turpentine oil or dipentene (e.g., by refluxing with SnCl4, H 2S 0 4) and treating the product with ozonised 0 2 (or a ir ) ; the ozonised product may be further heated or washed with H.,0 or alkali. E. L.
Coloured w a x .—See 11. T extile a ssista n ts. U nsat
urated k eton es.—See III. Fat-liquoring leather.—