The experience of child abuse of teenage mothers and their caregiving representations
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(2) ȱ¢ǰȱȬǰȱ ȓǯǯ strona 534.
(3) decision, nor it results from a steady and mature relationship. For this reason the teenage motherhood is mentioned as a risk factor for some adverse outcomes and ȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱŗşŝŖȱǻȱȱȱŜřƖǼǰȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ŗŜȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȬȱȱǰȱ ȱŘŖŖŘȬŘŖŗŖȱȱ¢ȱȱŗśǰȱŗŜȱȱŗŝȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱŜřƖǰȱŚŞƖȱȱŗŜƖǰȱ¢ȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ There are several factors mentioned as the most common causes of premaȱ DZȱ Ĝȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǻ £ǰȱǰȱČǰȱŘŖŗŗǼȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻĴǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖśǼȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱǰȱĴǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢DZȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱaration of parents. It is noteworthy that even the presence of just one of these factors ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱśƖǰȱȱȱȱ¡rience multiplied the rate of pregnancies so that it went up to 56 % among those who reported all or nearly all of them. Also Polish studies on small populations of ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯǯȱȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱęȱ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ïǰȱŗşşŞǼǯ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDZȱ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱȱDZȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱȬ¢ǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯ Řǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǼDzȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ Ĵȱȱǻ ȱȱ ǯǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝDzȱ£ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǻ¿ǰȱŗşşŝǼǯ řǯȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ assess their general health, physical functioning and vitality as poorer and report ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ Śǯȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǼǰȱȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŖǼǰȱ strona 535.
(4) ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŗśǼǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȬȱȱǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯ śǯȱ ǰȱĴȱȱȮȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱŗşŞŖȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢¢ȱȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ ǰȱ ŗşŞŞǼǯȱlescent mothers had also less knowledge of child development and less mature ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ mothers who were more reciprocal and stimulating in interactions with their ȱǻ¢ǰȱŗşŞśǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱŗşŞŖǼǯȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ£ȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱǰȱęȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱŗŞȬȬ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ęȱ ǻȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ǽȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ££ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ adolescent and nonadolescent mothers. However, these results are inconsistent ȱȱȬ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ
(5) £ǰȱȱȱȬ ȱǻŗşşşǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱĴȱ ǻŘřƖǼȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱĴȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻĴȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼDzȱ¢ȱȱȱ Ȭȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŖǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȬȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱřȬȬȱȱȱ ȱȱolescent mothers spend more time in negative engagement and are less involved in a play with their infants than adult mothers. Moreover, teenage mother – infant dyads demonstrate higher duration of negative matches and lower duration of posȱȱȱȱǻȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŚǼǯȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱǯ. ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽȱ ȱ ǰȱȱǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱǰȱ¢ȱęȱȱ ȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ strona 536.
(6) ȱȂȱȱǯȱȃǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ǰȱ domestic violence, dysfunctional family relationships, or a psychiatric disorder, all of which predispose to adolescent pregnancy, as well as the strains of parenthood ȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȄȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗřǰȱǯȱŚŖŝǼǯ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȂȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱĴȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŖDzȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşşDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗDzȱȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŗşşŜDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǯ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȬȱDZȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ǻȱȱȱǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻȱȱȱǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŜşDzȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşŜǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȦȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŜşDzȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ĚȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǼȱȱȱ ȱǻǼȱǻ ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŗşŞşǼDZ – representation of self – oneself as a caregiver, with self-assessment from at least ȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱǰȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱDz Ȯȱ ȱȱȱȱȮȱǯǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱtion, with evaluation regarding the need of and deserving care and protection, ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȦ ȱȱȱȱȱDz – representation of the caregiver-child relationship, which ideally entails perceiving the relation as involving two autonomous individuals. The procedural aspect of the caregiving representation refers to the way in which the caregiver processes the information on the relationship with the child, ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱĚ¡¢ȱ strona 537.
(7) ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢DZȱȃȱĚ¡¢ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ǰȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢Ȅȱǻ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǰȱǯȱŞřşǼǯ ȱŗǯȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ Ĵȱǻȱ ȱȱĴȱ Ǽǰȱȱȱǻȱ ȱȱ ǼȱȱȂȱĴȱ Ĵȱǻȱ ȱȱǼ Ȃȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱĴ caregiving representation Secure – freely autonomous ȱȮȱȦ detached Insecure – preoccupied – enmeshed Unresolved. Ĵȱ ȱȂȱĴ. ȱ. Secure. Rejecting. Insecure – avoidant. Uncertain. Insecure – resistant. Helpless. Disorganized. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ
(8) £ȱ ǻŗşşśǼȱ ȱ ȱȱȬ¢ȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱǻŗşŞşǰȱŗşşŜǰȱŘŖŖŞǼȱȱȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴǯȱ¢ȱĚȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱĴȱȱǻȱ
(9) £ǰȱŗşşśDzȱĴǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŗśDzȱȱ ȱǯǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ ȱȱȱǻŗşşŜǼȱ¢ȱęȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱ , their ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¡ȱ ȱȱĴȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşŞśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻ ȱȱǯǰȱŗşŝŞDzȱȱȱŗǼǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱǻǰȱǼȱȱȱęȱȱȱ shaping caregiving representations underlying infant insecurity. ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŗşşŜDzȱ ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱęȱ stage of the development of caregiving representations comes at the time of tranȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ. strona 538.
(10) ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱDZ ŗǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǵ Řǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¡ǵ řǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱȱǵ I ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱȱ¡ǯȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱ compared to adult mothers – would indicate a lower level of trust in the caregiving relation, as well as a higher level of rejection, insecurity and helplessness in the ȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱMothers who ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ from their early childhood relations over the course of their lives, as opposed to ȱǯȱǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǯ. Sample1 The study was conducted among mothers of preschool children (ȱęȱȱ ȱ ȱŘȬŜȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱDZ ŗǼȱȱȂȱȂȱǻȱȱǰȱȱƽȱřŚǼȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŗśȬŗŝȱǻMȱƽȱŗŜǰśŖDzȱȱƽȱŖǰŝśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ study the main age was 20,50 (ȱƽȱŗǰŚŞǼDz. ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱ Ȭ ÙȱǻŘŖŗŚǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ were partially used in this study. 1. strona 539.
(11) ŘǼȱ ȂȱȂ2 (a control group, ȱƽȱřŜǼȱȮȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱęȱ children at the age of 25 or later (MȱƽȱŘŞǰŘŖDzȱȱƽȱŘǰŝśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ time of the study was 33 years (ȱƽȱřǰŘŚǼǯ ȱŘǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱȱ ȱȬȱȱǻȱƽȱŝŖǼ . Education ΛŘ ǻŚǼȱƽȱŚŞǰŘŖȘȘȘ. nȱǻƖǼ. nȱǻƖǼ. ŝȱǻŘŖǰŜǼ. ŗȱǻŘǰŞǼ. Vocational. ŞȱǻŘřǰśǼ. řȱǻŞǰřǼ. Secondary. ŚȱǻŗŗǰŞǼ. ŜȱǻŗŜǰŝǼ. –. ŘŜȱǻŝŘǰŘǼ. ŗśȱǻŚŚǰŗǼ. –. Higher. řȱǻşǼ. ŗřȱǻřŜǼ. Town up to 50 thousand. ŗŘȱǻřśǼ. śȱǻŗŚǼ. ȱȱśŖȱ thousand. ŗşȱǻśŜǼ. ŗŞȱǻŜŖǼ. Single. ŜȱǻŗŞǼ. řȱǻŞǼ. Have partner ǻȂȱǼ. ŘŖȱǻśşǼ. řřȱǻşŘǼ. ȱȱǻǼ. ŞȱǻŘřǼ. –. Village. ΛŘ ǻŘǼȱƽȱşǰŗŖȘ. Relationship status ΛŘ ǻŘǼȱƽȱŗŘǰŗŖȘȘ. ŗȱǻřǼ. şȱǻŘśǼ. ŗřȱǻřŞǼ. ŗşȱǻśřǼ. Average. ŗśȱǻŚŚǼ. ŝȱǻŗşǼ. Poor. śȱǻŗśǼ. ŗȱǻřǼ. Very good Housing conditions Good ΛŘ ǻřǼȱƽȱŗřǰŖśȘȘ. Ȃȱ Ȃ. Primary. Still learning Place of residence. ȂȱȂ. *p < 0,05; **p < 0,01; ***p < 0,001. ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱŘǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȂȱ Ȃȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŚŚƖȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ. ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱȱȱǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȅȱȂȱȱȱȅȱȂȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ used to avoid mistaking the age at delivery with the age at data collection. 2. strona 540.
(12) ȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ£ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱǰȱǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ śŖȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȂȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱřȱȱ ȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȁȱȂȱŞȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŜȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱŘśȱȱǰȱȁȱ Ȃȱȱȱȱȱȱę¢ȱǯȱȱȱȱ Ěȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯȱ Measures ȱȱȂȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ Ȭ
(13) ȱ ǻŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱřśȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱ feelings linked with a parent-child relationship. They are assessed on a Likert scale ȱŖȱǻǼȱȱŚȱǻȱ ¢Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ DZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱȱ¢¢ȱ ȱȱěȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱȱĴ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ representation3DZȱ –ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (TrustǼȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱǮȱȄȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱŗŗȱǰȱ e.g. ȱȱ£ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡Dzȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱDz –ȱ ȦĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (Helplessness & ControlǼȱĚȱȂȱ¢ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȂȱ ȱ Dzȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱtains 13 items, e.g. ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢Dzȱ ȱęȱȱĜȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱDz 3. The dimensions were reduced as a result of conducting factorial analysis in order to ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ Ȭ
(14) ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯ strona 541.
(15) –ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ(DistancingǼȱȱȱ ȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ a parental role and perception of the child as immature, non-cooperative and non-supportive for the caregiver. This scale includes 11 items, e.g. ȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱDzȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ. The mean score was an indicator of intensity of every caregiving representation ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ was satisfactory in case of Trust ȱ ȱǭȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǻȂȱ΅ȱ DZȱ ŖǰŜŞǰȱŖǰŞŖȱȱŖǰŚŚǰȱ¢Ǽǯ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱ of ȱȱ¢ȱȱǻ Ǽȱ¢ȱ ȬȱǻŗşşşǼǯȱȱŚŖȬȱȱȱȱȱŚȱ¢ȱȱȱDZȱȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱ Dzȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǼDzȱ ¢ȱȱǻ¢ȱǰȱǯǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱǼDzȱ ȱǻȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǯǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǼDzȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ęȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻȱȱ ȱȱęǼǯȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱŖȱȮȱȱȱśȱȮȱ¢ȱȱ ǻȱ¢ȱ¢Ǽǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱŗŖȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ in the ¢ȱ ȱDzȱȂȱ΅ȱ DZȱȱȱȱȮȱŖǰşřǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȮȱŖǰşřǰȱȱȱȮȱŖǰşśȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȮȱŖǰŜśǯ ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ęȱǰȱȱȱȱȱęȱǰȱǰȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǻȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȃ¢ȱȄǰȱȃȄǰȱȃȄǰȱȱȃȄǼǯ Procedure Participants were recruited in kindergartens, night schools for adults and counȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ them to the researcher. The participation in the survey was voluntary, women ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęǯȱȱȱşŖȱȱȱǰȱŝşȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱşȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱŝŖȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ The data collected was statistically analysed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 22 ǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱDZȱȂȱt-test, correlation and regression analyses.. strona 542.
(16) Results ȱȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ representations, Student's tȬȱ ȱȱǻǯȱȱřǼǯȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŞȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśǯȱthermore, caregiving representations in 'teenage mothers' indicate a lower level of ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśǯȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱřǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȦȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȂȱȱȱȂȱȂȱ ȱ. Childhood ȱ ¡ences. ȂȱȂȱ ȂȱȂ (nȱƽȱřŚǼ (nȱƽȱřŜǼ. t. . 10,53. 4,67***. 47. 2,0. 5,68. 3,17**. 40. 25,00. 4,4. 10,08. 4,01***. 43. 2,3. 3,84. 0,5. 1,27. 2,59*. 40. 2,55. 0,54. 2,97. 0,38. 3,72***. 59. 1,8. 0,57. 1,2. 0,41. 4,87***. 68. 1,8. 0,49. 1,6. 0,44. 1,56. 68. M. . M. . Emotional . 26,7. 21,65. 7,5. ¢ȱ. 11,6. 16,78. Negligence. 22,8. ¡ȱ Trust in the Caregiving Relation. Ȧ CareĴȱȱ giving Control in the represenCaregiving tations Relation Distancing from the Caregiving Relation *p < 0,05; **p < 0,01; ***p < 0,001. ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ Ȃȱr Ĝȱ ȱȱǻȱŚǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱȦȱ strona 543.
(17) Ĵȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ childhood, the lower the level of trust in herself and her children in the caregiving relation, and the higher the level of helplessness towards her child. Distance in careȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ¡ȱȱ ¡ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱ a low level. ȱŚǯȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȧȱ ȱ ȱ sentations (rȬȱĜDzȱȱƽȱŝŖǼ Variable Trust Helplessness & Control Distancing. Emotional abuse -0,57** 0,55** 0,22. Physical abuse -0,40* 0,43** 0,19. Neglect. Sexual abuse. -0,39** 0,40** 0,28*. -0,46** 0,35** 0,17. *p < 0,05; **p < 0.01. ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȂȱȱǻȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǭȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȱǻȱrȱƽȱŖǰŚŞśȱȱrȱƽȱŖǰŝŝŜǰȱȱƽȱŖǰŖŖŗǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ǽǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱȱDZȱ ȱȱǻ¢ǰȱǰȱȱǼȱ ȱȱȱǻ¢ǰȱǼDzȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ DZȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱ of study, housing conditions, the level of education, relationship status and place of residence. ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱśǯȱ ȱhas pointed out two ęȱȱȱȂȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ȱ¡ȱŘśƖȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ¡ȱȱŗŚƖȱȱǯ. strona 544.
(18) ȱśǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱtations (ȱƽȱŝŖǼ Caregiving represenStep and tation diindependent mensions (dependent ǻŗǼȱȱ ¡ Trust ǻŘǼȱȱȱ the child ǻŗǼȱȱ ¡ HelplesǻŘǼȱȱȱ ȱǭȱ the child Control ǻřǼȱȱȱ the child ǻŗǼȱȱ Distance ¡. . RŘ ̇Ř. ̇. . . Ά. t. ǻŗǰȱŜŞǼ 0,25 0,25 23,84*** -0,02 0,004 -0,46*** -4,81 ǻŗǰȱŜŝǼ 0,38 0,14 15,98*** 0,15. 0,04. 0,38*** 4,00. ǻŗǰȱŜŞǼ 0,24 0,24 23,12*** 0,02. 0,01. 0,36**. ǻŗǰȱŜŝǼ 0,32 0,08. 9,18** -0,11. 0,05. -0,24* -2,29. ǻŗǰȱŜŜǼ 0,36 0,03. 4,19*. -0,02. 0,01. -0,24* -2,05. ǻŗǰȱŜŞǼ 0,05 0,05. 4,88*. 0,01. 0,004. 0,26*. 3,25. 2,21. *ȱǀȱŖǰŖśDzȱȘȘȱǀȱŖǰŖŗDzȱȘȘȘ < 0,001. ȱȱȦĴȱȱȱȱȱǰȱhe regression a¢ȱȱ ȱȱęȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ȱ ǻRŘȱ ƽȱ ŖǰŘŚǼ, the age of the child (RŘȱ ƽȱ ŖǰŖŞǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (RŘȱƽȱŖǰŖřǼ. ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱřśǰśƖȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱśƖȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǯ ¢ǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱǻŘŖŗřǼȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱǻXǼȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ DZȱȱǻYŗǼǰȱ ȱǭȱ (YŘǼ, Distancing (Y3Ǽ and the moderator ( Ǽȱ ȱȱȱȱǯ The results of these ¢ȱ ȱ DZȱȱěȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱǯȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ did not change this outcome.. strona 545.
(19) Similarly, including the age of the child to the model as a moderator did not ȱęȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǯȱ. Conclusions and discussion ȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱ¢ȱȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱŗŞȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱŘśȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱ¢ǰȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦĴȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱȂȱȂȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȬęȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȬȱĴȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱǰȱĴǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȬȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ in comparison with adult pregnant women. ȱǰȱȱȱ¡ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǰȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱĴment theory. The strongest correlate of caregiving representation was emotional ǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱǻǰȱĴǰȱŘŖŗŖDzȱÙ£¢ǰȱǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱ¡ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖşǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱȱȮȱȱȱȱĚȱȱǻ¢ȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŗǼȱȱȱ ȬȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯ In the presentedȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ a mother and her child. This conclusion is still in line with empirical evidence on the ěȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ȃȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ¡¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ the future, when they are to give care to their own children. However, the sum of ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȦĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱśƖȱȱȱȱ strona 546.
(20) of distancing from caregiving relation. Therefore, other important factors should ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼȱȱęȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱǰȱȱǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȦĴȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ ȱ ȱǻŗŚƖȱȱŞƖǰȱ¢Ǽǯȱ ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȱȱ to respond to them correctly. The youngest children of women participating in the study were two and three years old (nȱƽȱŘDzȱnȱƽȱŘŗǰȱ¢Ǽǰȱ ȱȱȱȮȱ ¡ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻnȱƽȱŗŘǰȱnȱƽȱřǰȱ¢Ǽǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ development of preschoolers is comprehensive and encompasses physical growth, ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ȱ ȱ ¢Ǽǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻěǰȱ ŘŖŗŚǼǯȱ ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱ less focused on relations with parents and create new social networks with peers ȱȱęȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȂȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęǰȱȱę¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĚȱ ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ǰȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱligations of parenthood and education as well as limitations of satisfying develȱȱęȱȱȱǻ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǼȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱǻ Úǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ of feeling uncertainty and helplessness, however, it does not pose a threat to how much a mother commits herself to the caregiving relation and how ready she is to ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱ ǻ ȱǼȱěȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ of secure relation with adult caregiver in childhood and its fundamental role for. strona 547.
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