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Densimetric investigations of water-acetamide system with in the temperature range 25-85°C

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A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S

______ FOLIA C HI MICA 1 , 1982

Harían Moldan, S t e f a n i a Taniewska-Osiziska

DENSIMETRIC INVESTIGATIONS OF WATER-ACETAMIDE SYSTEM WITHIN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE 25-85°C

The d e n s i t y o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n s was m easu ­ r e d o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 2 5 -8 5 C , From t h e o b t a i n e d d e n s i t y d a t a a p p a r e n t m o la l v olu m e o f a c e ta m id e i n w a te r an d volum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i ­ c i e n t w e re c a l c u l a t e d . The a n a l y s i s o f c h a n g e s o f t h e s e f u n c t i o n s i n r e l a t i o n t o a c e ta m id e c o n c e n t r a t i o n and te m p e r a t u r e a llo w e d t o c o n ­ c l u d e on b r e a k in g e f f e c t o f a c e ta m id e on w a te r s t r u c t u r e . The th erm o d y n a m ic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f e l e c t r o l y t e s o l u t i o n s i n m o lte n a c e ta m id e show ed c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t y o f t h e m o lte n a c e t a ­ m ide t o w a te r u s e d a s e l e c t r o l y t e s o l v e n t s . I t seem s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s s i m i l a r i t y i s d u e t o t h e e x i s t a n c e o f t h e p a r t i a l l y d i s t u r b e d t h r e e - d i m e n t lo n a l n e tw o rk o f H -b o n d s i n b o th s o l v e n t s [ 1 ] . The p r e s e n t p a p e r d e a l s w i th t h e d e n s i m e t r i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f a c e ta m id e a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s w h ich we i n t e n d t o u s e a s e l e c ­ t r o l y t e s o l v e n t s . We h a v e m e a su re d t h e d e n s i t y o f w a t e r - a c e t a - m ide s y s te m i n t h e t e m p e r a tu r e r a n g e 2 5 -8 5 ° C . D e n s ity v a l u e s o f t h e s o l u t i o n s e n a b l e t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f a p p a r e n t m o la l • v olum e o f t h e s o l u t e an d t h e volum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e • I n v e s t i g a t e d s o l u t i o n s . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d te m p e r a t u r e e f f e c t on t h e c a l c u l a t e d q u a n t i t i e s m akes i t p o s s i b l e t o draw c e r t a i n c o n c l u s i o n s on t h e e f f e c t o f t h e d i s s o l v e d s u b s t a n c e on t h e s o l ­ v e n t .

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Expe r i m e n t a l R e a g e n ts The s o l u t i o n s u s e d f o r I n v e s t i g a t i o n s w ere p r e p a r e d by n i x ­ i n g t h e w e ig h te d am o u n ts o f tw ic e d i s t i l l e d w a t e r w i t h a c e t a - o l d e . A n a l y t i c a l g r a d e a c e ta m ld e " X en o n -L 6 d i" p r o d u c t p re v io u s ly c r y s t a l l i z e d fro m m e th a n o l a n d d r i e d f o r a b o u t 50 h o u r s a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e 6 0 °C w as u s e d f o r t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . The m e l t in g t e m p e r a t u r e o f a c e ta m id e was 8 1 -8 2 °C w h ich i s i n a c c o r d a n c e ■wt^h l i t e r a t u r e d a t a [ 2 - 5 ] , A p p a r a tu s The d e n s i t y m e a su re m e n ts o f t h e I n v e s t i g a t e d s o l u t i o n s w ere p e r f o r m e d w i th t h e u s e m a g n e tic d e n s i m e t e r c o n s t r u c t e d i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y , b a s i n g on t h e d e s c r i p t i o n i n c l u d e d i n t h e w o rk s o f M i l l e r o an d F ra n k s [ 6 - 8 ] . The d e n s i m e t e r a p p l i e d by u s co n ­ s i s t e d o f a g l a s s v e s s e l ( P y r e x ) o f 100 ml c a p a c i t y , g l a s s f l o a t w i t h a m a g n e tic c o r e a t t a c h e d t o i t by m eans o f p o l y e t h y l e n e an d a s u p p o r t made o f b r a s s , c o n t a i n i n g two s o l e n o i d s i n i t s lo w e r p a r t . The s u b s i d i a r y u p p e r s o l e n o i d s e r v e d t o move t h e f l o a t I n t o t h e m a g n e tic f i e l d o f t h e lo w e r m e a s u r in g s o l e n o i d . The d e n s i m e t e r was u s e d i n a w id e te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e t h e r e f o r e t h e s o l e n o i d s w ere i n s u l a t e d by p o l y s t y r e n e an d ep o x y r e s i n . The w e ig h t o f t h e f l o a t w a s ' 2 1 .3 9 3 3 g an d i t s v olum e a t t h e te m p . 25 C was 2 2 .6 9 9 5 m l. The d e n s i m e t e r was p l a c e d i n a t h e r m o s t a t e b a t h k e e p in g t h e d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e w i t h a c c u r a c y t o ♦ Q .02 °C .

* '

The D e n s ity M easu rem en ts

The d e n s i m e t e r f i l l e d w ith s o l u t i o n was t h e r m o s t a t e d f o r a b o u t 60 m in . By m eans o f s u b s i d i a r y s o l e n o i d t h e f l o a t i s mo­ v e d t o th e b o tto m o f t h e g l a s s v e s s e l o f ’ d e n s i m e t e r an d t h e c u r r e n t i n t h e m e a s u r in g s o l e n o i d i s s w itc h e d o n . The i n t e n s i t y

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»

o f t h e c u r r e n t s lo w ly d e c r e a s e s up t o t h e moment when t h e f l o a t I s d e ta c h e d fro m t h e b o tto m o f t h e v e s s e l . The m e asu rem en t was b e i n g r e p e a t e d t i l l t h e c u r r e n t i n t e n s i t y a t t h e moment o f d é ­ ta c h e m e n t o f t h e f l o a t becam e r e p r o d u c i b l e . The d e n s i m e t e r was c a l i b r a t e d u s i n g tw ic e d i s t i l l e d w a te r a s t h e s t a n d a r d l i q u i d . The c u r r e n t i n t e n s i t y was d e te r m in e d by m e a s u r in g t h e v o l t a g e d r o p on t h e s t a n d a r d r e s i s t a n c e (1Q .) by m eans o f d i g i t a l v o l t ­ m e te r o f t h e V 534 ty p e by M e r a - T r o n ic ,

The d e n s i t y o f t h e s o l u t i o n was c a l c u l a t e d fro m t h e fo rm u la:

W + w ♦ f i d m u---/ , --- V ♦ w /d p t ( 1 ) w h e re ; W - t h e w e ig h t o f f l o a t w - t h e w e ig h t o f p l a t in u m r i n g s l o a d i n g t h e f l o a t f - s o l e n o i d c o n s t a n t i - c u r r e n t i n t e n s i t y i n th e m e a s u rin g s o l e n o i d a t t h e moment o f d e p a r t u r e o f t h e f l o a t fro m t h e b o tto m , V - volum e o f t h e f l o a t d p t - p l a t in u m d e n s i t y The s o l e n o i d c o n s t a n t an d t h e f l o a t volum e a r e d e te r m in e d by m e a s u rin g t h e s t a n d a r d l i q u i d d e n s i t y . The m e a su re m e n ts c a r r i e d o u t f o r a q u e o u s NaCl a n d N al s o l u t i o n s w e re i n a g re e m e n t w ith l i t e r a t u r e d a t a w ith a c c u r a c y t o ♦ 1 »10“ '*g/cm3 (N aC l [ 9 ] , N al [ 1 0 ] ) . R e s u l t s The r e s u l t s o f d e n s i t y m e a s u re m e n ts o f a c e ta m ld e s o l u t i o n s i n w a te r a t t h e t e m p e r a t u r e s 25°C , 40°C , 60 °C , 75 C a n d 85 C a r e g iv e n i n T a b le 1 . The d e n s i t y o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t e d s o l u t i o n s w as u s e d t o c a l ­ c u l a t e t h e a p p a r e n t m o la l volum e $ v o f a c e ta m id e i n w a te r u s i n g t h e w e ll - known f o r m u la :

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D e n p i t i e a o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id « s o l u t l o n e Vłt % XAcNH2 25°C 40°C d * v d f car* m ole c a r ę - i . m ole 1 0 .0 0 3 1 0 .9 9 7 6 9 5 5 .5 6 0 .9 9 2 7 9 5 6 .2 3 2 0 .0 0 6 2 0 .9 9 8 3 1 5 5 .5 6 0 .9 9 3 3 6 5 6 .1 8 5 • '0 .0 1 5 8 1 .0 0 0 2 2 55 .5 1 0 .9 9 5 0 5 5 6 .1 7 8 0 .0 2 5 8 1 .0 0 2 1 9 5 5 .4 6 0 .9 9 6 7 5 5 6 .1 6 10 0 .0 3 2 8 1 .0 0 3 5 5 5 5 .4 2 0 .9 9 7 9 2 5 6 .1 4 15 0 .0 5 1 0 1 .0 0 6 9 5 5 5 .3 7 1.0 0 0 8 1 5 6 .1 3 20 . 0 .0 7 0 8 1 .0 1 0 2 9 5 5 .3 7 1 .0 0 3 6 7 5 6 .1 4 25 0 .0 9 2 2 1 .0 1 3 7 4 5 5 .3 5 1 .0 0 6 5 1 5 6 .1 5 30 0 .1 1 5 5 1 .0 1 7 1 5 5 5 .3 4 1 .0 0 9 3 4 5 6 .1 7 40 0 .1 6 8 8 1-.02378 5 5 .3 8 1 .0 1 4 8 2 5 6 .2 2 50 0 .2 3 3 6 1 .0 3 0 2 4 5 5 .4 3 1 .0 1 9 9 5 5 6 .3 0 60 0 .3 1 3 7 - 1 .0 2 3 9 8 5 6 .4 4 70 0 .4 1 5 5 - - 1 .0 2 7 0 4 5 6 .6 5 85 0 .6 3 3 3 - - «* -95 0 .8 5 2 7 - - . 100 1 - - - -T a b 1 • 1 l n t h e te m p e r a t u r ę r a n g ę 2 5-85°C (g /c m ^ ) 60°C 75°C 85°C d $ d % d <5wv “ Vc a r cm^ " * T cm" cm* car*

m ole m ole m ole

0 .9 8 3 7 1 5 7 .2 1 0 .9 7 5 3 2 5 7 .9 2 0 .9 6 9 0 4 5 8 .5 3 0 .9 8 4 1 8 5 7 .2 1 0 .9 7 5 7 3 5 7 .9 8 0 .9 6 9 4 2 5 8 .5 6 0 .9 8 5 5 8 5 7 .2 2 0 .9 7 6 9 8 5 8 .0 0 0 .9 7 0 5 5 5 8 .5 9 0 .9 0 6 9 6 5 7 .2 4 0 .9 7 8 2 2 5 8 .0 1 0 .9 7 1 6 8 5 8 .6 0 0 .9 8 7 9 0 5 7 .2 4 0 .9 7 9 0 2 5 8 .0 4 0 .9 7 2 4 4 5 8 .6 0 0 .9 9 0 2 6 5 7 .2 4 0 .9 8 1 0 2 5 8 .0 7 0 .9 7 4 2 2 5 8 .6 6 0 .9 9 2 4 4 5 7 .2 9 0 .9 8 3 1 0 5 8 .0 6 0 .9 7 6 0 3 5 8 .6 7 0 .9 9 4 7 2 5 7 .3 0 0 .9 8 5 1 5 5 8 .0 7 0 .9 7 7 8 3 5 8 .6 9 0 .9 9 6 9 7 5 7 .3 2 0 .9 8 7 2 6 5 8 .0 6 0 .9 7 9 7 2 5 8 .6 8 1 .0 0 1 5 2 5 7 .3 4 0 .9 9 0 9 9 5 8 .1 3 0 .9 8 2 9 7 5 8 .7 6 1 .0 0 5 7 0 5 7 .3 9 0 .9 9 4 3 1 5 8 .2 2 0 .9 8 6 1 6 5 8 .8 2 1 .0 0 9 1 0 57.51, 0 .9 9 7 0 8 5 8 .3 4 0 .9 8 8 7 1 5 8 .9 2 1 . 0,1163 5 7 .6 7 0 .9 9 9 6 0 5 8 .4 5 0 .9 9 0 7 0 5 9 .0 4 1 .0 1 3 2 9 5 7 .9 8 1 .0 0 0 7 9 5 8 .7 5 0 .9 9 2 2 4 5 9 .2 8 mm - « • 0 .9 9 1 9 0 5 9 .4 7 - - > / - - 0 .9 9 0 7 2 5 9 .6 2

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1 0 0 0 U o - d ) H ^y a cn hj • s r a ; — * “ a — <2) w h e re : MAcNH2 “ t h e m° l « c u l a r w e ig h t o f AcNHg m - t h a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f AcNHg i n w a te r i n m o le s p a r 1000 g o f w a te r d0 - t h e d e n a i t y o f w a te r d - t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e s o l u t i o n T he o b t a i n e d v a l u e s $ y AcNH a r e shown i n T a b le 1 . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n d e p e n d e n c e o f $ v c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e p o ly n o m ia l [ 1 1 ]i ° ? $ v - $ v ♦ Ay m ♦ By • ac ♦ . . . ( 3 ) w h e re : o $v - a p p a r e n t m o la l volum e o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e in t h e I n f i n i t e l y d i l u t e d s o l u t i o n . I n t h a ftana o f t h e a v e r a g e c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u t i o n » t h e e q u a ­ t i o n ( 3 ) c a n b e a p p l i e d [ l 2 ] t o $ y - $ v ♦ Ay • a ( 4 ) The v a l u e o f Ay s l o p e i s i n t e r e a t i n g b e c a u s e a c c o r d i n g t o Mac M i l la n - M a y e r 's s o l u t i o n t h e o r y i t r e f e r s t o t h e i n t e r a c ­ t i o n s among n o n e l e c t r o l y t e m o le c u le » [ 1 3 - 1 6 ] . The v a l u e s o b t a i n e d b y e x t r a p o l a t i o n o f t h e e q u a t i o n ( 4 ) u p t o m - 0 a r e g iv e n i n T a b le 2 . F o r c o m p a ris o n t h e v a ­ l u e s o f $ v a n d Ay f o r o t h e r n o n e l e c t r o l y t e s h a v e b e e n 'a l a o p l a c e d I n t h i s T a b le [ 1 7 - 2 2 ] . T he v olum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t o e ex a m in e d a c e t a - m id e s o l u t i o n s i n w a te r w as c a l c u l a t e d from t h e f o r m u la s

a - - J - ( § f )

P.X

CM

The d e r i v a t i v e Od/OT was c a l c u l a t e d A n a l y t i c a l l y know ing t h e v a l u e s o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e e q u a ti o n d ■ a ♦ b t +

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2 ♦ c t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f d e n s i t y on t e m p e r a t u r e . The o b t a i n e d v a l u e s o f volum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a c e ta m ld e s o l u t i o n s i n w a te r a r e g iv e n i n T a b le 3 . T a b l e 2 P a r t i a l m o la l v o lu m es o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e s i n w a te r V Av cm5 • m ole“ 1 cm i • kg • m ole- 2 F 3 8 .6 0 . 0 6 [ 1 7 , 1 8 ] NMF 5 6 .8 7 (2 5 ° ) 5 7 .4 5 (3 5 ° ) 5 7 .9 5 ( 4 5 ° ) - 0 . 1 5 - 0 . 1 5 - 0 .1 1 [ 1 2 ] AcNH2 5 5 .6 1 ( 2 5 ° ) 5 5 .6 ( 2 5 ° ) 5 6 .2 (4 0 ° ) 5 7 .2 ( 6 0 ° ) 5 8 .0 (7 5 ° ) 5 8 .5 (8 5 ° ) - 0 . 1 2 3 [1 1 ] - 0 .1 1 - 0 . 0 5 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 c h3coch3 6 6 .9 2 ( 2 5 ° ) 6 7 .0 [ 1 7 ] - 0 .3 7 0 [1 1 ] DMSO 6 8 .9 2 ( 2 5 ° ) - 0 . 2 6 2 [1 1 ] CHjOH 3 8 .3 [ 1 9 .2 0 ] - 0 . 2 c o(nh2 ) 2 4 4 .2 4 (2 5 °) 4 4 .8 (6 0 ° ) 4 3 .8 0 .1 1 6 [1 7 , 2 1 , 2 2 ] 0 .0 7

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T a b l e 3 Volum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n s (10® a [ d * g - 1 ] ) w t % AcNH2 x acnh2 25°C 40°C 60°C 75°C 85°C 1 0 .0 0 3 1 289 390 519 * 621 691 2 0 .0 0 6 2 293 391 522 622 694 5 0 .0 1 5 8 308 403 535 634 704 8 0 .0 2 5 8 328 421 547 645 711 10 0 .0 3 2 8 342 432 556 651 ' 715 15 0 .0 5 1 0 372 459 579 672 735 20 0 .0 7 0 8 412 493 602 687 744 25 0 .0 9 2 2 450 524 626 703 756 30 ’ 0 .1 1 5 5 491 555 646 714 76; AO 0 . l 6 d 8 554 $13 694 757 801 50 0 .2 3 3 6 635 680 740 788 821 60 0 .3 1 3 7 - 696 769 825 864 70 0 .4 1 5 5 - 700 783 850 89 5 D is c u s s io n F i g . 1 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f d e n s i t y o f a q u e o u s a c e ­ ta m id e s o l u t i o n s on c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d t e m p e r a t u r e . As i t i s s e e n on t h e p l o t t h e d e n s i t y o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n s i n ­ c r e a s e s w i th t h e g ro w th o f a c e ta m id e (AcHHg) c o n c e n t r a t i o n - i n t h e s o l u t i o n a n d i t d e c r e a s e s w it h th e te m p e r a t u r e g r o w th . The r a n g e o f r e c t i l i n e a r r e l a t i o n d « f (w t 5b) d e c r e a s e s w ith t h e te m p e r a t u r e g r o w t h . A t th e te m p . 8 5 UC - h i g h e r th a n a c e ta m id e m e l t i n g t e m p e r a t u r e ( 8 1 - 8 2 ° C ) t h e c u r v e d - f (w t %) h a s a maximum f o r t h e s o l u t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g 85 w e ig h t % o f AcNH2 i . e . a b o u t 6 3 .3 3 m ole % o f AcNHg. T hus i t may be p re su m e d t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n c o n t a i n i n g two a c e ta m id e m o le c u le s - f a l l i n g on- one w a te r m o le c u le h a s maximum p e c k in g o f m o l e c u l e s . _

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F i g . 1 . The d e p e n d e n c e o f d e n s i t y o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n s on c o n c e n t r a t i o n an d te m p e r a t u r e The X -ra y [ 2 3 - 2 5 ] an d s p e c t r o s c o p i c [ 2 6 - 2 7 ] i n v e s t i g a t i o n s show ed t h a t i n s o l i d s t a t e a c e ta m id e t h r e e - d i m e n t i o n a l n e tw o rk o f N H ...0 h y d ro g e n b o n d s o c c u r s . I n l i q u i d a c e ta m id e a s t r o n g a s s o c i a t i o n w as o b s e r v e d [ 2 8 - 3 0 ] , I t i s J u s t i f i a b l e , b e c a u s e e a c h a c e ta m id e m o le c u le c a n fo rm h y d ro g e n bond b o th a s d o n o r a n d a c c e p t o r o f p r o t o n . I t f o l l o w s fro m t h e s p e c t r o s c o p i c i n ­ v e s t i g a t i o n s [ 2 6 - 2 7 ] t h a t e n e r g y o f h y d ro g e n b o n d in g i n a c e t a ­ m ide i s c l o s e t o t h e b o n d in g e n e r g y i n w a t e r . The l e n g t h o f b o n d in g s i s a l s o s i m i l a r : 2 .7 6 A i n w a te r an d 2 .8 6 A i n a c e t ­ a m id e . So i t i s p r o b a b le t h a t t h e bond b etw e en w a te r an d a c e t ­ am id e m o le c u le s d i f f e r s o n ly a l i t t l e fro m t h e b o n d in g s i n p u r e c o m p o n e n ts . A ssum ing t h a t a t th e te m p . 8 5 °C , n e a r t h e m e l t in g p o i n t o f AcNH2 ( 8 1 - 8 2 ° C ) i t s t h r e e - d i m e n t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e w i l l be_ o n ly s l i g h t l y d i s t u r b e d i t may be p re su m e d t h a t w a te r m o le c u le s c a n b u i l t i n a c e ta m id e s t r u c t u r e i n t e r s t i t i a l s . I f a l l t h e v a c a n c y o f a c e ta m id e s t r u c t u r e w e re f i l l e d w i t h

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w a te r m o le c u le s I t f o l l o w s from t h e c r y s t a l o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s [ 3 1 ] t h a t one w a te r m o le c u le s h o u ld f a l l on two a o e ta m ld e m ole­ c u l e s . I t c o r r e s p o n d s w ith t h e s o l u t i o n w i t h t h e c o m p o s itio n 6 6 .6 m ole % o f AcNHg, w h ich i s i n a g re e m e n t w i t h t h « p la c e m e n t o f maximum on t h e d - f ( x ) c u r v e o b t a i n e d i n t h i s w o rk . Ap­ p a r e n t m o la l v o lu m es o f some n o n e l e c t r o l y t e s i n w a t e r h a v e b ee n c a l c u l a t e d , u s i n g t h e d a t a on t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e ex am in ed s o

-F i g . 2 . The a p p a r e n t m o la r v olum e o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e s a s a f u n c - * t i o n o f t h e m ole f r a c t i o n o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e i n w a te r

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l u t i o n s o f a o e ta m id e I n w a te r a n d l i t e r a t u r e d a t a c o n c e r n in g o t h ­ e r n o n e l e c t r o l y t e s . The o b t a i n e d r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e f u n c t i o n - f ( x ) on F i g . 2 . As i t i s s e e n fro m T a b le 1 an d fro m F i g . 2c t h e c o u r s e o f $ v, acNH c o n c e n t r a t i o n r e l a t i o n c h a n g e s w ith t h e g ro w th o f t e m p e r a t u r e . A t t h e te m p . 25°C t h i s r e l a t i o n show s s m a ll minimum i n t h e s o l u t i o n w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n ~ 10 m ole % AcNH^. The m i­ nimum d e c r e a s e s w i t h t h e g ro w th o f te m p e r a t u r e and s t a r t i n g fro m 60°C i t d o e s n o t e x i s t an y m o re. I n c a s e o f a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s o f u r e a (U ) [ 1 7 , 2 1 , 2 2 , 3 2 - 3 4 ] a n d fo rm am id e ( F ) [ 1 7 , 1 8 ] ( F i g . 2 a , 2 b ) $ I n c r e a s e s w ith ♦ V t h e g ro w th o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n minimum d o e s n o t o c c u r . I n t h e r e m a in in g s y s te m s p r e s e n t e d on F i g . 2 minimum a p ­ p e a r s on c u r v e $v - f ( x ) . A c c o rd in g t o many a u t h o r s [ 1 1 , 3 5 - 3 6 ] minimum a p p e a r i n g on c u r v e - f ( x ) i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r h y d ro p h o b ic s u b s t a n c e s . I t seem s t h a t t h e d e p th o f minimum may b e t r e a t e d a s a m e a su re o f h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e . I t i s s e e n fro m F ig . 2 t h a t m e th a n o l (MeOH), d i m e t h y ls u lp h o x i d e (DMSO) a n d d i m e t h y l - fo rm tn a id e (DMF) show a l m o s t a n a lo g o u s m inim a a t a b o u t 15 m ole % o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e c o n t e n t i n w a t e r . Thus i t c a n b e p re su m e d t h a t t h e s e s u b s t a n c e s d i s p l a y s i m i l a r h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r an d h a v e s i m i l a r I n f l u e n c e on w a te r s t r u c t u r e . A c c o rd in g t o A v e d lk ia n , P e r r o n an d D e sn o y e rs [ 3 5 ] t h e s e su b ­ s t a n c e s p r o b a b ly o r d e r w a te r s t r u c t u r e w i t h i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a n g e 0 - 1 5 m ole % o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e w h i l e i n more c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u t i o n s th e y d i s o r d e r i t , b e c a u s e o f t h e f o r m a ti o n o f m ixed h e t e r o - a s s o c i a t e s . The g r e a t e s t minimum c a n b e o b s e r v e d i n c a s e , o f a q u e o u s t-BuOH s o l u t i o n s . S tr o n g h y d ro p h o b ic i n t e r a c t i o n s b e tw e e n t - b u t a n o l an d w a te r i s u n d o u b te d ly c o n n e c te d w ith g r e a t ­ e r num ber o f m e th y l g ro u p s i n a m o le c u le o f t h i s a l c o h o l i n c o m p a riso n t o t h e ab o v e m e n tio n e d s u b s t a n c e s . A p p ly in g t h e ab o v e c r i t e r i o n o f h y d r o p h o b i l i t y i t c a n be e a s i l y o b s e r v e d t h a t a c e to n e (A cT) d i s p l a y s h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c ­ t e r i n t e r m e d i a t e b e tw e e n t-BuOH an d DMSO, DMF an d MeOH. S t r o n ­ g e r h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r o f AcT i n c o m p a riso n t o MeOH i s p r o ­ b a b l y c a u s e d b y t h e p r e s e n c e o f two m e th y l g r o u p s i n AcT. The w e a k e r h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r o f DMSO and DMF i n c o m p a riso n t o

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AcT i a p r o b a b ly c a u s e d by h i g h e r d i p o l e moment o f t h e s e su b ­ s t a n c e » (DMSO - 3 . 9 6 , DMF - 3 .8 6 , AcT - 2 .7 6 ) [ 1 1 ] .

I n c a s e o f NMF-HgO s y s te m (N M F -N -m ethy lform am id e) [ 1 2 ] an d AcNH2 -H20 ( 2 5 ° , 40°C ) a s m a ll minimum o c c u r s , w h ic h may b e t h e p r o o f o f a v e r y weak h y d ro p h o b ic s u b s t a n c e s o f t h e s e co m po un ds. W ith t h e te m p e r a t u r e g ro w th t h e h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r o f AcNH2 and NMF d e c r e a s e s . Above 60°C i n c a s e o f AcNH2 t h e h y d r o p h i l i c c h a r a c t e r b e g i n s t o d o m in a te , S i m i l a r l y , on t h e b a s i s o f c o u r s e o f ■ f ( x ) c u r v e o f a q u e o u s fo rm am id e s o l u t i o n s i t c a n b e o b s e r v e d t h a t t h e h y d f r o p h il l i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h i s com pounds p r e ­ v a i l s . The r e p la c e m e n t o f h y d ro g e n i n am ine g ro u p by m e th y l g r o u p i n am ine g ro u p ( F i NMF) i n c r e a s e s , a s i t c a n be p re su m e d t h e h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r o f n o n e l e c t r o l y t e . The p r e s e n c e o f m e th y l g ro u p a t c a r b o x y l c a r b o n e ( F an d AcNHg) h a s a s i m i l a r e f f e c t b u t i t i s s l i g h t l y s m a l l e r ( NMp g ro w s m ore t h e s o l u ­ t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n g ro w th th a n $ V|AcNh ) • T*1« l a s t o f t h e d i s c u s s e d n o n e l e c t r o l y t e s - u re a (U )s h o w s a s t r o n g h y d r o p h i l l i c c h a r a c t e r . U re a i n t r o d u c e d t o w a te r c a u s e s w a t e r s t r u c t u r e d i s o r d e r i n g [ 3 7 ] . B eca u se o f t h e h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r t h e d i s c u s s e d n o n e l e c ­ t r o l y t e s c a n b e a r r a n g e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w ay:

U < F < AcNH2 < NMF < MeOH < DMSO < DMF < AcT < t-BuOH

The ex a m in e d AcNH2 e x h i b i t s v e r y s m a ll h y d ro p h o b ic and h y d r o p t i i l l i c i n t e r a c t i o n s w ith w a t e r . C om paring t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e a n a l y s i s o f an d th erm o d y n a m ic v a l u e s b o th o f b i n a r y m i x t u r e s and e l e c t r o l y t e s o l u t i o n s i n t h e s e m i x tu r e s we c a n o b s e r v e some d i s c r e p a n c i e s . As f o r a s DMF i s c o n c e r n e d i t f o l ­ lo w s fro m t h e th erm o d y n a m ic a n a l y s i s [1 8 ] t h a t t h i s s u b s t a n c e d i a t u r b e s w a te r s t r u c t u r e . A s i m i l a r o r d e r o f t h e h y d ro p h o b ic c h a r a c t e r may b e o b s e r v e d when t h e v a l u e s Ay g iv e n i n T a b le 2 a r e d i s c u s s e d . The s m a l l e s t a b s o l u t e v a l u e s Ay w e re N o b t a i n e d f o r AcNH2 an d F w h ich a c c o r d i n g t o l i t e r a t u r e [1 9 - 2 2 ] , p o i n t s t o t h e g r e a t e r c a p a b i l i t y o f h y d ro g e n bond f o r m a ti o n among AcNHg a n d F m o le c u le s i n c o m p a riso n t o t h e re m a in in g s u b s t a n c e s . C e r t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e 'd i s s o l v e d • s u b s t a n c e on t h e s o l v e n t s t r u c t u r e c a n b e o b t a i n e d fro m t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f volum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t a on t h e

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c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n an d on t h e t e m p e r a t u r e . I t f o l l o w s fro m w o rk s o f K r u m g a l z [ 3 8 , 3 9 ] a n d B a r o n [ 4 0 ] t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e o f te m p e r a t u r e o r i n t r o d u c t i o n o f some e l e c ­ t r o l y t e s b r e a k i n g t h e s o l v e n t s t r u c t u r e c a u s e t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e v a l u e s o f t h e a b o v e m e n tio n e d c e o f f i c i e n t . S o l v e n t s t r u c ­ t u r e o r d e r i n g e l e c t r o l y t e s , on t h e o t h e r h a n d , c a u s e t h e lo w e ­ r i n g o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a v a l u e . I n o r d e r t o g e t a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a c e ta m id e e f ­ f e c t on w a te r s t r u c t u r e t h e v a l u e s o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t a w e re c a l c u l a t e d o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 2 5 - -8 5 °C ( f o r m u la 5 ) . As i t i s s e e n fro m F i g . 3 t h e v alu m e ex p a n ­ s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t a o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n s g ro w s w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n a n d i t s t e m p e r a t u r e . F i g . 3 . The volum e e x p a n s i b i l i t y c o e f f i c i e n t a s f u n c t i o n o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n an d t e m p e r a t u r e I t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e m ore c o n c e n t r a t e d s o l u t i o n s ex p a n d s m ore th a n t h e d i l u t e d o n e s , w h ic h may p o i n t t o t h e d i s o r d e r i n g e f ­ f e c t o f t h e i n t r o d u c e d a c e ta m id e on w a te r s t r u c t u r e . A t a h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e t h e v a l u e s o f th e c o e f f i c i e n t a a r e a l s o g r e a t e r , s i n c e t h e s o l u t i o n e x p a n d s m ore e a s i l y b e c a u s e o f m ore i n t e n

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-s l v e th e r m a l m o tio n -s o f t h e m o l e c u l e s . A t t h e same tim e t h e e f ­ f e c t o f t h e d i s s o l v e d s u b s t a n c e on t h e v a l u e o f c o e f f i c i e n t a d e c r e a s e s , a s t h e a ■ f ( x ) c u r v e s l o p e i n d i c a t e s . Q u ite o b v i o u s l y t h e r e e x i s t s a t e m p e r a t u r e a t w h ic h t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a d o e s n o t d e p e n d on t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n , w h e re a s above t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t a w i l l d e c r e a s e w i t h t h e g ro w th o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n . T h i s te m p e r a t u r e may be c a l l e d t h e i n v e r s i o n t e m p e r a t u r e . A t t h i s t e m p e r a t u r e th e e f f e c t o f d i s o r d e r i n g t h e s o l v e n t s t r u c t u r e com­ p e n s a t e w i t h t h e e f f e c t s o f s o l v a t i o n , a s s o c i a t i o n e t c . From t h e c o u r s e o f t h e r e l a t i o n a » f ( T ) o f a q u e o u s a c e ta m id e s o l u t i o n s i t f o l l o w s t h a t t h e i n v e r s i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i s i n t h i s c a s e 123°C , so i t i s ab o v e w a te r b o i l i n g t e m p e r a t u r e . I t a l s o f o l ­ lo w s t h a t o v e r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e 0 -1 0 0 °C a c e ta m id e w e a k ly d i s o r d e r s w a t e r s t r u c t u r e . The ab o v e o p i n i o n i s i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e c o n c l u s i o n s a r i ­ s i n g fro m t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o u r s e o f r e l a t i o n o f t h e e x c e s s o f t h e r e l a t i v e p a r t i a l m o la l e n t r o p y o f w a t e r i n a q u e o u s a c e t ­ am id e s o l u t i o n s on c o n c e n t r a t i o n an d t e m p e r a t u r e [ 4 1 ] a n d i s c o m p l i a n t w it h t h e c o n c lu s i o n fro m t h e d i e l e c t r i c p e r m i t t i v i t y o f AcNHg-HgO s y s te m [ 4 2 - 4 4 ] . G onczarow e t a l . [ 4 2 , 4 3 ] c l a i m t h a t AcNHg m o le c u le c a n w i t h o u t g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y b u i l t i n w a t e r s t r u c t u r e i f t h i s m o le c u le o c c u p ie s o ne i n t e r s t i t i a l h o l e a n d t h r e e l a t t i c e n o d e s . The a c e ta m id e m o le c u le fo rm s h y d ro g e n b o n d s w i th w a te r m o le c u le s s l i g h t y c h a n g in g t h e l e n g t h of h y d ro ­ gen b o n d s an d t h e a n g l e s b e tw e e n th e m . A c c o rd in g t o t h e ab o v e m e n tio n e d a u t h o r s [ 4 2 , 4 3 ] t h e s e b o n d in g s a r e a b i t w e a k e r th a n th e h y d ro g e n b o n d in g s i n p u r e w a t e r . U n lik e w a t e r m o le c u le s , t h e p o l a r g r o u p s o f AcNH2 m o le c u le s c a n n o t fo rm f o u r h y d ro g e n b o n d s , so i n t h e new s t r u c t u r e o f H20~AcNH2 s y s te m t h e r e w i l l b e much m ore b ro k e n h y d ro g e n b o n d s th a n i n p u r e w a t e r . Then t e t r a h e d r i c s t r u c t u r e o c c u r s c o n s t r u c t e d fro m w a te r an d a c e t a m i d e , w h ich i s g r a d u a l l y d e s t r u c t e d a t h i g h e r AcNtij c o n ­ t e n t i n t h e ^ s o l u t i o n . The o p i n io n a b o u t b r e a k i n g w a t e r s t r u c t u r e b y AcNHg m o le c u le s i s a l s o e x p r e s s e d by C h r i s t o f f e r s an d K ege- l e s who ex a m in e d t h e d i f f u s s i o n c o e f f i i g n t o f a c e ta m id e i n w a t e r a t t h e te m p . 25°C [ 4 5 ] ,

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M aria n W oldan, S t e f a n i a T a n ie w s k a -O s lń s k a

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