Wpływ nielegalnej imigracji na zmiany w nastawieniu społeczeństw wybranych państw członkowskich oraz w polityce państw członkowskich Unii Europejskiej

Pełen tekst

(1)=HV]\W\ 1DXNRZHQU. . 8QLZHUV\WHWX(NRQRPLF]QHJRZ.UDNRZLH. 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND .DWHGUD1DXN3ROLW\F]Q\FK. :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML QD]PLDQ\ZQDVWDZLHQLX VSRãHF]HĸVWZZ\EUDQ\FKSDĸVWZ F]ãRQNRZVNLFKRUD]ZSROLW\FH SDĸVWZF]ãRQNRZVNLFK8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM :VWÚS 2GNRĸFDODW;;Z]DXZDŧDVLĕZ]PRŧRQ\UXFKPLJUDF\MQ\GR(XURS\ V]F]HJyOQLH]$PHU\NL3RãXGQLRZHM$]MLL$IU\NL&]ĕŋFLRZRVSRZRGRZDQHMHVWWR SURLPLJUDF\MQćSROLW\NćU]ćGyZNUDMyZF]ãRQNRZVNLFK8QLL ]XZDJLQDQLVNLSU]\ URVWGHPRJUDILF]Q\VWDU]HQLHVLĕVSRãHF]HĸVWZ]DSRWU]HERZDQLHQDVLãĕURERF]ć RUD]SRZLć]DQLDSRNRORQLDOQH

(2) DWDNŧHFRUD]ZLĕNV]\P]XERŧHQLHPVSRãHF]HĸVWZ REV]DUyZW]ZWU]HFLHJRŋZLDWDLSRVWĕSXMćFćZV]\ENLPWHPSLHJOREDOL]DFMć 1DSã\ZLPLJUDQWyZURG]LMHGQDN]DQLHSRNRMHQLHVSRãHF]HĸVWZSDĸVWZF]ãRQNRZ VNLFK:VWRVXQNXGROHJDOQLHSU]HE\ZDMćF\FKZQLFKFXG]R]LHPFyZQLHSRNyM ]ZLć]DQ\MHVWJãyZQLH]REDZćXWUDW\SUDF\OXEZ]URVWHPREFLćŧHĸVRFMDOQ\FKFR ZJãyZQHMPLHU]HGRW\F]\XFKRGťFyZLD]\ODQWyZNWyU\PSU]\VãXJXMćVSHF\ILF]QH SUDZDZ\QLNDMćFH]]RERZLć]DĸPLĕG]\QDURGRZ\FKUHJXORZDQ\FKNRQZHQFMDPL 21=RUD]SRUR]XPLHQLDPLPLĕG]\QDURGRZ\PLQDSR]LRPLHZVSyOQRWRZ\P 3U]\NãDGRZRQDPRF\.RQZHQFML21=GRW\F]ćFHM8FKRGťFyZ *HQHZDU

(3) . :\VWćSLHQLH$=ROODQDPLĕG]\QDURGRZHMNRQIHUHQFMLU]HF]QLNyZSUDZRE\ZDWHOVNLFK KWWSZZZXQKFUSOSXEOLNDFMH]REFHM]LHPLQUSUDZDBZBXHSKSÅ=2EFHM=LHPLµQU

(4) .

(5) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. SDĸVWZDPDMćRERZLć]HNWUDNWRZDQLDD]\ODQWDÅWDNMDNRE\ZDWHODVZRMHJRNUDMXµ OXEÅWDNVDPREćGťNRU]\VWQLHMQLŧLQQHJRFXG]R]LHPFDSU]HE\ZDMćFHJROHJDOQLH QDWHU\WRULXPGDQHJRNUDMXµFKRþPDMćSUDZRGRLQG\ZLGXDOQHJRXVWDODQLD VWDQGDUGyZSU]\VãXJXMćF\FKXFKRGťFRPWM]DNZDWHURZDQLDSUDZDGRŋZLDG F]HĸVSRãHF]Q\FKSRPRF\VRFMDOQHMLPHG\F]QHMRUD]GROHJDOQHJR]DWUXGQLHQLD =POQZQLRVNyZRD]\O]ãRŧRQ\FKZODWDFK²SU]\SDGDãRQD (XURSĕ/LF]EDREF\FKQDURGRZRŋFLSU]HE\ZDMćF\FKZNUDMDFKHXURSHMVNLFK ZODWDFK²Z\QRVLãDRNPOQRVyEVWDQRZLćFRN]DJUHJRZDQHM SRSXODFMLHXURSHMVNLHM1DMZLĕFHMD]\ODQWyZSRFKRG]LãR]$]ML ²,UDN7XUFMD $IJDQLVWDQ

(6) %DãNDQyZ

(7) L$IU\NL RN

(8) 6]F]HJyOQLH]WHJRRVWDWQLHJR NRQW\QHQWXVNãDGDQ\FKMHVWFRUD]ZLĕFHMZQLRVNyZRD]\O]ZãDV]F]D]WDNLFKNUD MyZMDN0DOL R

(9) =LPEDEZH R

(10) :\EU]HŧH.RŋFL6ãRQLRZHM R

(11) L'HPRNUDW\F]QD5HSXEOLND.RQJR R

(12) 250 000 200 000 150 000 100 000 50 000 0. 2006. 2007. I poł. 2008. wnioski. 8ZDJDGDQH]DODWD²QLHXZ]JOĕGQLDMćZQLRVNyZ]ãRŧRQ\FKZH:ãRV]HFK. 5\V/LF]ED]ãRŧRQ\FKZQLRVNyZRD]\OZ(8ZODWDFK² ,SRã

(13) ZW\V ŤUyGãRRSUDFRZDQLHZãDVQHQDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FK81+&5. 6]DFXMHVLĕŧHQDWHUHQ8(SRF]ćZV]\RGODWXELHJãHJRZLHNXQDSã\ZDRN POQLPLJUDQWyZURF]QLHDZUSU]\E\ãRMXŧQLHPDOPOQLPLJUDQWyZ V]F]HJyOQLH]$IU\NL3yãQRFQHML$]ML . KWWSZZZKIKUSROZDZSOLQGH[BSOLNLSUDZR.RQZHQFMDB'RW\F]DFDB8FKRG]FRZUWI PDU]HF

(14) . ,ELGHP. . :RUOG(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO6XUYH\,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ81V. . KWWSZZZXQKFURUJVWDWLVWLFV67$7,67,&6ISGI OXW\

(15) . . 'DQH(XURSROX]D$.RQDU]HZVND0LJUDF\MQHSUREOHP\8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM%LXUR%H]SLH F]HĸVWZD1DURGRZHJRZZZEEQJRYSOGRZQORDGSKS"V LG

(16) .

(17) . :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«. 2000 1500 1000 500 0. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005. wielkość migracji do UE. 5\V:LHONRŋþPLJUDFMLGR8QLL(XURSHMVNLHMZODWDFK² ŤUyGãR$.RQDU]HZVND0LJUDF\MQHSUREOHP\8QLL(XURSHMVNLHMV%LXUR%H]SLHF]HĸVWZD 1DURGRZHJRZZZEEQJRYSOGRZQORDGSKS"V LG

(18) . 30 29 25 22 20 14. 15 10 4. 6. 5. 5. 4. 3. 2. 3. 2. Afryka Subsaharyjska. Afryka Południowa. Środkowy Wschód i Afryka Północna. Były ZSRR. Europa poza UE. Unia Europejska. Karaiby. Ameryka Środkowa. Ameryka Południowa. Ameryka Północna. Azja Południowa. 0 Azja Południowo-Wschodnia. 0. Oceania. 1. Azja Wschodnia. 5. 5\V,PLJUDQFLZ(XURSLHZUZHGãXJUHJLRQXSRFKRG]HQLDZ ŤUyGãR%DQNŊZLDWRZ\]DKWWSQHZVEEFFRXNKLHXURSHVWP

(19) . :ŋUyGLPLJUDQWyZŧ\MćF\FKZ(XURSLHQDMZLĕNV]ćOLF]EĕVWDQRZLćPLHV] NDĸF\8(NRU]\VWDMćF\]SUDZDGRVZRERGQHJRSU]HSã\ZXRVyERUD]PRŧOLZRŋFL SRGHMPRZDQLDSUDF\ZLQQ\PSDĸVWZLHF]ãRQNRZVNLPNROHMQćSRGZ]JOĕGHP.

(20) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. OLF]E\JUXSćVćRVRE\SRFKRG]ćFH]$PHU\NL3yãQRFQHMLŊURGNRZHJR:VFKRGX DWDNŧHSR]RVWDã\FKNUDMyZHXURSHMVNLFK 3RZLÈ]DQLDSRPLÚG]\QLHOHJDOQÈLPLJUDFMÈDĂZLDWHP SU]HVWÚSF]\P :EDGDQLDFK(XUREDURPHWUX]URUD]U]MDZLVNRLPLJUDFMLMHVW Z\PLHQLDQHMDNRMHGQR]JãyZQ\FK]DJURŧHĸ6]F]HJyOQH]DQLHSRNRMHQLHEXG]L QLHVã\FKDQLHWUXGQHGRRV]DFRZDQLD]MDZLVNRQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML]ZãDV]F]DMHŋOL GRW\F]\WRZLĕNV]HMOLF]E\SDĸVWZOXEUHJLRQyZ1LHOHJDOQDLPLJUDFMDZ\VWĕSXMH ZSU]\SDGNXRVyENWyUHZMHFKDã\OHJDOQLHQDWHUHQ8(OHF]QLHOHJDOQLHSU]HGãX ŧ\ã\VZyMSRE\WLSU]HE\ZDMćEH]ZDŧQ\FKGRNXPHQWyZQDWHUHQLHSDĸVWZF]ãRQ NRZVNLFKRUD]RVyENWyUHQLHOHJDOQLHSU]HNUDF]DMćJUDQLFH]HZQĕWU]QH8QLL'DQH V]DFXQNRZHGRW\F]ćFH]DWU]\PDQLDQLHOHJDOQLHSUyEXMćF\FKSU]HNURF]\þJUDQLFH 8(ZUPyZLćRW\VRVyESU]HP\FRQ\FKLSU]HV]PXJORZDQ\FK1DOHŧ\ VRELHXŋZLDGRPLþŧHQDMZLĕNV]H]DJURŧHQLHQLHVLHQLHW\OHVDPRZ\VWĕSRZDQLH]MD ZLVNDQLHOHJDOQHMSUDF\LLPLJUDFMLLOHMHJRSRãćF]HQLH]HŋZLDWHPSU]HVWĕSF]\P ZW\PV]F]HJyOQLH]SU]HVWĕSF]RŋFLć]RUJDQL]RZDQć3U]HP\WOXG]LMHVWMHGQ\P ]QDMZDŧQLHMV]\FKREV]DUyZG]LDãDQLD]RUJDQL]RZDQ\FKJUXSSU]HVWĕSF]\FKSU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP]XZDJLQD]\VNLMDNLHSU]\QRVLDWDNŧHQDZ\NRU]\VWDQLHGUyJSU]H U]XWRZ\FKGODLQQHJRURG]DMXSU]HP\WX QSQDUNRW\NyZ

(21) &]ĕVWR]GDU]DVLĕWDNŧH ŧHQLHOHJDOQLLPLJUDQFLNRU]\VWDMćF\]XVãXJVLHFLSU]HU]XWRZ\FK]RVWDMćSU]H]GDQH JUXS\SU]HVWĕSF]HZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLVHNVXDOQLHDWDNŧHVć]PXV]DQLGRRGGDZDQLD RUJDQyZOXEG]LDãDQLDZãDĸFXFKXGDQHMJUXS\:]DOHŧQRŋFLRGXPRZ\]SU]H ZRťQLNDPLLPLJUDQFLPXV]ć]DSãDFLþ]DSRGUyŧ²QDVWĕSXMHWRZIRUPLH]DOLF]NL SU]HGSRGUyŧćDUHV]WDOXEF]ĕVWRSHãQDNZRWDPDE\þX]XSHãQLRQDGRSLHURSR RVLćJQLĕFLXFHOX1LH]DZV]HMHGQDN]QDQDMHVWLPLJUDQWRPSHãQDNZRWDFRF]ĕ . (XUREDURPHWUPDU]HF²NZLHFLHĸKWWSZZZHXURSDHXLQWFRPPSXEOLFBRSLQLRQ DUFKLYHVHEHEHEBHQSGI(%ILUVWUHVXOWVVSULQJKWWSHXURSDHXLQWFRPPSXEOLFB RSLQLRQDUFKLYHVHEHEHEBHQBILUVWBSGI . .,JOLFND1LHOHJDOQDLPLJUDFMDZ(XURSLH3UREOHP\GDQHWHFKQLNLRUD]ZF]HŋQLHMV]H SUyE\VWZRU]HQLDSRUyZQDZF]HMED]\GDQ\FKOXEV]DFXQNRZ\FKGDQ\FKZZZFVPRUJSOLPDJHV UWHILOHSURJUDPPLJUDFMHSRURZQDQLHBGDQ\FKSGI PDU]HF

(22) . 0'XV]F]\N8QLMQDSROLW\NDPLJUDF\MQD²FRVLĕZ\GDU]\ZQDMEOLŧV]HMSU]\V]ãRŋFL"%LXOH W\Q0LJUDF\MQ\VLHUSLHĸ²ZU]HVLHĸ . 3U]\]DãRŧHQLXŧHQDMHGQć]DWU]\PDQćRVREĕSU]\SDGDMćGZLHNWyU\PXGDãRVLĕJUDQLFĕ SU]HNURF]\þ²)+HFNPDQQ7KH6RFLDO2UJDQLVDWLRQRI+XPDQ6PXJJOLQJ>Z@,PPLJUDWLRQ3ROL FLHVDQG6HFXULW\UHG.,JOLFND&60:DUV]DZD . 7KH5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ2UJDQLVHG&ULPHDQG7UDIILFNLQJLQ$OLHQV,&03':LHGHĸ F]HUZLHF.

(23) :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«. . VWRSURZDG]LGRV\WXDFMLZNWyUHMVW\NDMćVLĕRQL]HŋZLDWHPEUXWDOQHMSU]HPRF\ LZ\NRU]\VWDQLDZW\P]SU]\PXVHPZãćF]HQLDVLĕZG]LDãDOQRŋþSU]HVWĕSF]ć :HGãXJEDGDĸ21=FRURF]QLHGR8QLL(XURSHMVNLHMSU]\E\ZDSRQDGW\V QLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZ]$IU\NLDGRGDWNRZRXFLHNLQLHUyZSRGHMPXMH WDNćSUyEĕJLQćFZF]DVLHSRGUyŧ\:ULPLJUDQWyZ]PDUãR]Z\FLHĸ F]HQLDOXE]JLQĕãRZZ\SDGNXSUyEXMćFSU]HGRVWDþVLĕGR+LV]SDQLL 3RQLŧHMSRGDQRV]DFXQNRZHNZRW\MDNLHPXV]ćXLŋFLþLPLJUDQFL]$IU\NLE\ SU]HGRVWDþVLĕGR(XURS\

(24) GURJćPRUVNć ²]NRQW\QHQWXQD:\VS\.DQDU\MVNLH²²HXUR ²]SyãQRFQHJR0DURNDGR+LV]SDQLL²RNHXUR ²]/LELLGR:ãRFK²²HXUR

(25) GURJćOćGRZć ²]$IU\NL6XEVDKDU\MVNLHMGR0DURND²²HXUR ²SU]H]0DOL²HXUR ²SU]H]6DKDUĕ²²HXUR

(26) GURJćSRZLHWU]Qć]SRãXGQLRZHM$]MLSU]H]$IU\NĕGR(XURS\²² HXUR &HQ\NWyUHQLHOHJDOQLLPLJUDQFLPXV]ć]DSãDFLþ]DOHŧćRGSRZLć]DĸJUXS SU]HVWĕSF]\FK]HŋZLDWHPXU]ĕGQLF]\PLSROLW\NDPLDWDNŧHRGSRG]LDãXQD NODVĕLEH]SLHF]HĸVWZRSRGUyŧ\1DMWDĸV]DWDU\ID ZZ\VRNRŋFLRGNLONXVHWGR QDZHWNLONXW\VLĕF\HXUR

(27) REHMPXMHSRGUyŧZPDã\FKãyGNDFKNRQWHQHUDFKVWDW NyZWUDQVRFHDQLF]Q\FKOXEVNU]\QLDFKZãDGRZQLDFKVDPRORWyZ,PZLĕNV]HMHVW EH]SLHF]HĸVWZRSRGUyŧ\RUD]SUDZGRSRGRELHĸVWZRGRWDUFLDGRFHOXW\PZ\ŧV]ć NZRWĕPXV]ć]DSãDFLþXFLHNLQLHU]\ ÅGUXJDNODVDµGRW\F]\RWU]\PDQLDQSVIDã V]RZDQ\FKGRNXPHQWyZSRE\WRZ\FKOXE]DDUDQŧRZDQLDILNF\MQHJRPDãŧHĸVWZD QDMGURŧV]\MHVWQDMZ\JRGQLHMV]\LQDMEH]SLHF]QLHMV]\SU]HMD]GZW\PWDNŧHRWU]\ PDQLHRU\JLQDOQ\FKSDSLHUyZ²]GRE\ZDQ\FKSU]H]VNRUXPSRZDQ\FKXU]ĕGQLNyZ GDQHJRSDĸVWZD

(28) :HGãXJUDSRUWyZ21=ZODWDFK²QDWHUHQLH8(SU]HE\ZDãRRN POQLPLJUDQWyZZW\PRNVWDQRZLOLLPLJUDQFLQLHOHJDOQL3DĸVWZD . ZZZLQWHUSROFRP3XEOLF7+%3HRSOHVPXJJOLQJGHIDXOWDVS OXW\

(29) . . 'DQH]D2UJDQL]HG&ULPHDQG,UUHJXODU0LJUDWLRQIURP$IULFDWR(XURSHZZZFUX]URMDHV RUD]812'&OLSLHF . KWWSZZZXQKFURUJVWDWLVWLFVKWPO OXW\

(30) . . )6DUULFD7KH6PXJJOLQJRI0LJUDQWV$)ORXULVKLQJ$FWLYLW\RI7UDQVQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]HG &ULPHÅ&URVVURDGµYROQUV² . '*3DSDGHPHWULRX7KH*OREDO6WUXJJOHZLWK,OOHJDO0LJUDWLRQ1R(QGLQ6LJKWKWWS ZZZPLJUDWLRQLQIRUPDWLRQRUJ)HDWXUHGLVSOD\FIP",' OXW\

(31) .

(32) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. 8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM]XZDJLQDVWDQGDUGŧ\FLDPLHV]NDĸFyZRUD]JHRJUDILF]Qć EOLVNRŋþVćFHOHPGODZLHOXXFKRGťFyZ²]ZãDV]F]DSRFKRG]ćF\FK]$IU\NL² QLH]DOHŧQLHRGNRV]WyZMDNLHQLHOHJDOQLLPLJUDQFL]PXV]HQLEĕGćSRQLHŋþ'R ]Z\F]DMQ\FKSUDNW\N]ZãDV]F]DZ6RPDOLL PLHVLĕF]QLHRNSU]\SDGNyZ

(33) QDOHŧ\Z\V\ãDQLHNLONXQDVWROHWQLFKDQDZHWNLONXOHWQLFKG]LHFLEH]RSLHNLGRUR Vã\FKZSRGUyŧGR(XURS\ZQDG]LHLŧHSRWHPEĕGćPRJã\VNRU]\VWDþ]SUDZD GRD]\OXLãćF]HQLDURG]LQ6]F]HJyOQLHQDUDŧRQHQDQDSã\ZQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPL JUDQWyZVćNUDMH(XURS\3RãXGQLRZHM. Wspólne patrole graniczne (FRONTEX) Pustynia Sahara. 5\V'URJLSU]HU]XWXQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZ]$IU\NLGR(XURS\ ŤUyGãRKWWSQHZVEEFFRXNKLHXURSHVWP

(34) . :\UyŧQLDVLĕNLONDJãyZQ\FKDIU\NDĸVNLFKWUDVSU]HU]XWRZ\FKGR(XURS\ ²Z]GãXŧ=DFKRGQLHJR:\EU]HŧD²SU]H]/LEHULĕ6LHUUD/HRQH*ZLQHĕ *ZLQHĕ%LVVDX*DPELĕ0DXUHWDQLĕL=DFKRGQLć6DKDUĕGR0DURNDLQD:\VS\ .DQDU\MVNLH GRW\F]\JãyZQLHPLHV]NDĸFyZZ\PLHQLRQ\FKNUDMyZ

(35) . . 59D\U\QHQ,OOHJDOO,PPLJUDWLRQ+XPDQ7UDIILFNLQJDQG2UJDQL]HG&ULPH8QLYHUVLW\RI +HOVLQNL . 81)URQWH[QHZVEEFFRXNKLHXURSHVWP OXW\

(36) .

(37) :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«. . ²GURJD]DFKRGQLRVDKDU\MVND²SU]H]0DOL0DXUHWDQLĕ=DFKRGQLć6DKDUĕ LSRãXGQLRZH0DURNR²QD:\VS\.DQDU\MVNLH GRW\F]\JãyZQLHXFKRGťFyZ ]%XUNLQD)DVR7RJRL%HQLQX:\EU]HŧD.RŋFL6ãRQLRZHML*KDQ\

(38) ²FHQWUDOQD6DKDUD²SU]H]1LJHU0DOL0DXUHWDQLĕ=DFKRGQLć6DKDUĕ²QD :\VS\.DQDU\MVNLHSU]H]$OJLHULĕ7XQH]MĕOXE/LELĕ²QDZ\EU]HŧH:ãRFKSU]H] $OJLHULĕL0DURNR²QDZ\EU]HŧH+LV]SDQLL GRW\F]\V]F]HJyOQLHXFLHNLQLHUyZ ]1LJUX.DPHUXQXL1LJHULL

(39) ²GURJDZVFKRGQLRVDKDU\MVND²SU]H]7XQH]MĕL/LELĕQD/DPSHGXVĕ6\F\OLĕ L0DOWĕ JãyZQLHPLJUDQFL]$IU\NL6XEVDKDU\MVNLHM

(40) ²3yãZ\VHS6RPDOLMVNLL/LELDSU]H]6XGDQQD0DOWĕ/DPSHGXVĕL6\F\OLĕ SU]HGHZV]\VWNLP6RPDOLMF]\F\L(WLRSF]\F\

(41) 3RZLć]DQLH]HŋZLDWHPSU]HVWĕSF]\PSRZRGXMHŧH]MDZLVNRLPLJUDFMLEXG]ćF FRUD]ZLĕFHM]DVWU]HŧHĸVSRãHF]HĸVWZZSDĸVWZDFK8(ZSã\ZDEDUG]RVLOQLH QDG]LDãDQLDZãDG]]PLHU]DMćFHGR]DRVWU]HQLDSROLW\NLLPLJUDF\MQHM6WRVRZD QLHãDJRGQHMSROLW\NLLQWHJUDF\MQHMZREHFLPLJUDQWyZFRUD]F]ĕŋFLHMVSRW\NDVLĕ ]NU\W\NćVSRãHF]HĸVWZDSRQRV]ćFHJRNRV]W\XWU]\PDQLDLPLJUDQWyZFRQDELHUD QRZHJR]QDF]HQLDZRNUHVLHSRJãĕELDMćFHJRVLĕNU\]\VXILQDQVRZHJR =PLDQ\ZQDVWDZLHQLXVSRïHF]HñVWZZ\EUDQ\FKSDñVWZ 8QLL(XURSHMVNLHMZRGQLHVLHQLXGRSROLW\NLLPLJUDF\MQHM U]ÈGöZ :SRãRZLHODW;;Z0LQLVWHUVWZR6SUDZ6RFMDOQ\FK+LV]SDQLLSU]\JR WRZDãRSODQLQWHJUDF\MQ\ZNWyU\PSRGNUHŋODQRZDJĕWDNLFKG]LDãDĸMDNZDOND ]UDVL]PHPLNVHQRIRELćRUD]ZãćF]DQLHLPLJUDQWyZZŧ\FLHVSRãHF]QH:U UR]SRF]ĕWRQDMV]HUV]ćDNFMĕOHJDOL]XMćFćSRE\WQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZZW\P SDĸVWZLHZZ\QLNXNWyUHM]DOHJDOL]RZDQRSRE\WSRQDGSyãPLOLRQDRVyE3R NLONXPLHVLćFDFKRND]DãRVLĕMHGQDNŧHG]LDãDQLDWHQLHRGQLRVã\]DPLHU]RQHJR SU]H]ZãDG]HVNXWNX ]PQLHMV]HQLDOLF]E\QLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZSU]HE\ZDMćF\FK QDWHU\WRULXP+LV]SDQLL

(42) OHF]VSRZRGRZDã\QDSã\ZNROHMQ\FKJUXSLPLJUDQWyZQD NWyUH+LV]SDQLDQLHE\ãDJRWRZD1DVDPH:\VS\.DQDU\MVNLHZUSU]\E\ãR QLHPDOW\VQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZ]$IU\NL6\WXDFMD]ZLć]DQD]QDSã\ZHP LPLJUDQWyZVWDãDVLĕQDW\OHVNRPSOLNRZDQDŧHZãDG]H+LV]SDQLL]ZUyFLã\VLĕ ]SURŋEćRSRPRFGRSR]RVWDã\FKNUDMyZF]ãRQNRZVNLFK8(RUD]21=. . â:yMFLN0LJUDFMHGR+LV]SDQLL%LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\F]HUZLHF²OLSLHF. . ,ELGHPV.

(43) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0. Ceuta. Melilla. Wyspy Kanaryjskie 2005. Hiszpania Kontynentalna. 2006. 5\V/LF]EDLPLJUDQWyZSU]\E\ZDMćF\FKQDWHU\WRULXP+LV]SDQLLGURJćPRUVNć ZODWDFK²ZW\V ŤUyGãR0LQLVWHUVWZR6SUDZ:HZQĕWU]Q\FK+LV]SDQLLKWWSQHZVEEFFRXNKL HXURSHVWP

(44) . 7DNŧH:ãRFK\RGODWERU\NDMćVLĕ]SUREOHPHPQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML:U GRZ\EU]Hŧ\VDPHM/DPSHGXV\SU]\ELãRSRQDGW\VLPLJUDQWyZDZUGR Z\EU]HŧD:ãRFKPDã\PLãRG]LDPLSU]\ELãRLFKSRQDGW\V 30 000 22 824 18 225. 20 000. 14 017. 13 594. 2003. 2004. 10 000 5504 2782 0 2000. 2001. 2002. 2005. 5\V1DSã\ZQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZQD6\F\OLĕZODWDFK²ZW\V ŤUyGãR0LQLVWHUVWZR6SUDZD:HZQĕWU]Q\FK:ãRFK]D2UJDQL]HG&ULPHDQG,UUHJXODU 0LJUDWLRQIURP$IULFDWR(XURSH812'&. . Å0LJUDWLRQ1HZVµ-DQXDU\YROQUKWWSPLJUDWLRQXFGDYLVHGXPQPRUH SKS"LG BBB PDU]HF

(45) .

(46) :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«. . :EDGDQLDFKRSLQLLSXEOLF]QHM:ãRVLZ\UDŧDMćRSLQLĕŧHLPLJUDFMD V]F]HJyO QLHDIU\NDĸVND

(47) PDQHJDW\ZQ\ZSã\ZQDLFKNUDMRUD]RSRZLDGDMćVLĕ]D]DRVWU]H QLHPSU]HSLVyZLPLJUDF\MQ\FK *DELQHW6LOYLR%HUOXVFRQLHJR]DSRZLHG]LDã ]GHF\GRZDQćZDONĕ]QLHOHJDOQćLPLJUDFMć3URMHNWRZDQH]PLDQ\REHMPXMćWZR U]HQLHW]ZRER]yZILOWUDF\MQ\FKF]\OLPLHMVFL]RODFMLQLHSRŧćGDQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZ ZSURZDG]HQLHGRSUDZDNDUQHJRQRZ\FKW\SyZSU]HVWĕSVWZ QS]DWUXGQLDQLHF]\ WHŧSRPRFQLHOHJDOQ\PLPLJUDQWRP

(48) :PDMXUU]ćGSU]\MćãSDNLHWUHJXODFML SRŋZLĕFRQ\SU]HFLZG]LDãDQLXSU]HVWĕSF]RŋFLLQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFMLDZOLSFX UZãRVNLVHQDW]DWZLHUG]LãSDNLHWUHJXODFML]ZDQ\GHNUHWHPEH]SLHF]HĸVWZD G]LĕNLNWyUHPXZDOND]QLHOHJDOQćLPLJUDFMćEĕG]LHSURZDG]RQDSU]\Xŧ\FLXŋURG NyZNDUQ\FK =GHF\GRZDQH ]PLDQ\ Z QDVWDZLHQLX VSRãHF]HĸVWZD Z]JOĕGHP LPLJUDFML PRŧQDWDNŧH]DXZDŧ\þZH)UDQFMLZ*UHFMLDWDNŧH5)1L+RODQGLL :5)1ZU%XQGHVUDWL%XQGHVWDJSU]\Mĕã\SRSUDZNLGRRERZLć]XMćFHM XVWDZ\LPLJUDF\MQHM]UGRW\F]ćFHJãyZQLHSUREOHPyZLQWHJUDF\MQ\FKLPL JUDQWyZ:SURZDG]DMćRQHPLQZ\PyJSU]\QDMPQLHMSRGVWDZRZHM]QDMRPRŋFL Mĕ]\NDQLHPLHFNLHJR LZROĕSU]HVLHGOHQLDVLĕGR1LHPLHF

(49) VDQNFMHILQDQVRZH]D QLHXF]HVWQLF]HQLHZSURJUDPDFKLQWHJUDF\MQ\FKDWDNŧHZSURZDG]DMćWHVW\LQWH JUDF\MQH]ZLHG]\RVSRãHF]HĸVWZLHSUDZLHLNXOWXU]H1LHPLHF=GDQLHWHVWyZMHVW ZDUXQNLHPQLH]EĕGQ\PZVWDUDQLDFKRRE\ZDWHOVWZR5)1 :+RODQGLLMXŧZU]DXZDŧRQR]GHF\GRZDQć]PLDQĕQDVWDZLHQLDVSR ãHF]QHJRZ]JOĕGHPREFRNUDMRZFyZFR]QDOD]ãRRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHZSRSDUFLX MDNLHX]\VNDãDDQW\LPLJUDF\MQDNDPSDQLDZ\ERUF]D3LPD)RUWLMQD3RF]ćWNRZć SROLW\NĕZãćF]DQLDLPLJUDQWyZZŧ\FLHVSRãHF]QHLG]LDãDQLDSU]HFLZG]LDãDMćFH Z\NOXF]HQLXNXOWXURZHPXFRFKDUDNWHU\]RZDãRSROLW\Nĕ+RODQGLLZODWDFK ;;ZSRZROL]DVWĕSXMćG]LDãDQLD]PLHU]DMćFHGR]DRVWU]HQLDSU]HSLVyZLPLJUD F\MQ\FKRJUDQLF]DQLDLPLJUDFMLLãćF]HQLDURG]LQPLQSRSU]H]UHVWU\NF\MQRŋþ GRW\F]ćFćRGE\ZDQLDNXUVyZLQWHJUDF\MQ\FK ZW\PMĕ]\NRZ\FKLNXUVyZRULHQ WDFMLVSRãHF]Q\FK

(50) :\EU]HŧD*UHFMLWDNŧHVWDMćVLĕFRUD]F]ĕŋFLHMFHOHPQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZ 'RW\F]\WRV]F]HJyOQLHZ\VS/HURVL3DWPRVOHŧćF\FKZHZVFKRGQLHMF]ĕŋFL0RU]D. . 3HZ*OREDO$WWLWXGHVVXUYH\$SULO²0D\SHZUHVHDUFKRUJSXEVLWDO\VPDODLVH ODYLWDQRQHFRVLGROFH . KWWSZZZIUDQFHFRPHQLWDO\EHUOXVFRQLLPPLJUDWLRQODZVFULPHWUDVK

(51) . . Å%LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\µSDťG]LHUQLNZZZFVPRUJSO. . Å%LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\µF]HUZLHF²OLSLHFZZZFVPRUJSO. . 30DWXV]3ROLW\NDPLJUDF\MQD+RODQGLLÅ%LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\µPDU]HF²NZLHFLHĸ. . ,ELGHPV.

(52) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. (JHMVNLHJR'RZU]HŋQLDUQD/HURVGRSã\QĕãRSRQDGLPLJUDQWyZ :ãDG]HJUHFNLHQLHG\VSRQXMćFRGSRZLHGQLćOLF]EćSHUVRQHOXV]SLWDOQHJRVWUDŧ\ SU]\EU]HŧQHMLSROLFMLDODUPRZDã\RWUDJLF]QHMV\WXDFMLKXPDQLWDUQHMSDQXMćFHM ZW\FKPLHMVFDFK=DRVWU]HQLXXOHJãRSU]\]QDZDQLHD]\OX²ZUQDQLHPDO W\V]ãRŧRQ\FKZQLRVNyZD]\ORZ\FKZ*UHFMLSR]\W\ZQLHUR]SDWU]RQR 3R]DPLHV]NDFKUR]SĕWDQ\FKSU]H]LPLJUDQWyZ]$IU\NLNWyUHRJDUQĕã\F]ĕŋþ IUDQFXVNLFKPLDVWZUU]ćG5HSXEOLNL)UDQFXVNLHMZOXW\PUZSUR ZDG]LãZLHOHRJUDQLF]HĸGRW\F]ćF\FK]DVDGZMD]GXLSRE\WXREFRNUDMRZFyZZH )UDQFMLZSURMHNFLHXVWDZ\RLPLJUDFMLLLQWHJUDFMLFXG]R]LHPFyZ3URMHNWWHQ SU]\JRWRZDQ\]RVWDãSU]H]0LQLVWHUVWZR6SUDZ:HZQĕWU]Q\FKNLHURZDQHSU]H] 16DUFR]\·HJR²ZyZF]DVNDQG\GDWDQDSUH]\GHQWD)UDQFML'RSRGVWDZRZ\FK ]DãRŧHĸSURMHNWXQDOHŧ\LPLJUDFMDVHOHNW\ZQD²SU]H]Z\EyUFXG]R]LHPFyZ RGSRZLDGDMćF\FK SRWU]HERP NUDMX JRVSRGDUF]\P VSRãHF]Q\P QS ] UDFML ]DZRGX

(53) ]DRVWU]HQLHSU]HSLVyZ]ZLć]DQ\FK]SUDZHPãćF]HQLDURG]LQ PLQ SRSU]H]ZSURZDG]HQLHWHVWyZ'1$SR]ZDODMćF\FKQDVWZLHUG]HQLHSRNUHZLHĸ VWZD

(54) XãDWZLHQLDGHSRUWDF\MQHUHVWU\NFMHGRW\F]ćFHRERZLć]NyZLQWHJUDF\MQ\FK QDXNDMĕ]\ND]DVDGVSRãHF]Q\FKNXOWXU\LWS

(55) DWDNŧHSRVLDGDQLHZH)UDQFML NUHZQ\FKJRWRZ\FKGRXWU]\P\ZDQLDLPLJUDQWD$QW\LPLJUDF\MQHQDVWDZLHQLH 6DUNR]\·HJRNWyU\MDNRNDQG\GDWQDSUH]\GHQWDRELHF\ZDãUR]ZLć]DQLHNZHVWLL QLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZL]UHDOL]RZDQLHUDG\NDOQ\FKUHIRUPSR]\W\ZQLHZSã\ QĕãRQDMHJRZ\QLNZZ\ERUDFKSUH]\GHQFNLFK =PLDQ\ZSROLW\FHXQLMQHMRGQRV]ÈFHMVLÚGR]DJDGQLHñ LPLJUDFML .RQWUROD]MDZLVNDPLJUDFMLF]\UDF]HM]DJURŧHĸMDNLHRQR]HVREćQLHVLH VWDMHVLĕZ\]ZDQLHPLSRZDŧQ\PSUREOHPHPGODU]ćGyZZLĕNV]RŋFLSDĸVWZ :HGãXJEDGDĸ(XUREDURPHWUX]JUXGQLDURE\ZDWHOL8(SRVWXOXMH Z]PRFQLHQLHNRQWUROLQDJUDQLFDFK]HZQĕWU]Q\FKZVWRVXQNXGRRVyEWU]HFLFK 2EDZ\]ZLć]DQH]QLHOHJDOQćLPLJUDFMćRUD]]RUJDQL]RZDQćSU]HVWĕSF]RŋFLćE\ã\ WDNŧHEDUG]RPRFQRSRGNUHŋODQHZEDGDQLDFK(XUREDURPHWUXSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FK ZLRVQćLMHVLHQLćU V]F]HJyOQLHZ+LV]SDQLLQD0DOFLHLZ:LHONLHM%U\WD . KWWSZZZHXGHEDWHHXSROWDJLPLJUDFMD

(56) . ,ELGHP. . 81+&5. . KWWSZZZZVLVZQDWROLQHGXSOZVLVZZVLVZQVI

(57) . . KWWSZZZWYQSOIUDQFX]LZ\EUDOLVDUNR]\HJRUDSRUWKWPO

(58) . . 7UHQGVLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ0LĕG]\QDURGRZD2UJDQL]DFMDGV0LJUDFMLZZZLRP LQWGRFXPHQWJRYHUQPHQWHQ0FLXISGI

(59) .

(60) :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«. . QLL

(61) :GDOV]\PFLćJXQDQLH]PLHQLRQ\PSR]LRPLHXWU]\PXMHVLĕRGVHWHNRVyE SRVWXOXMćF\FKZSURZDG]HQLHLSRGHMPRZDQLHQDV]F]HEOXHXURSHMVNLPGHF\]ML L]GHF\GRZDQ\FKG]LDãDĸSU]HFLZNRKDQGORZLOXGťPLL]RUJDQL]RZDQHMSU]HVWĕS F]RŋFL SRQDGEDGDQ\FK

(62) Z]PRFQLRQćNRQWUROĕQDJUDQLFDFK]HZQĕWU]Q\FK 8(

(63) RUD]SURZDG]HQLHZVSyOQHMSROLW\NLPLJUDF\MQHMLD]\ORZHM

(64) :NZLHWQLXUPLQLVWURZLHSDĸVWZ8(RUD]SR]RVWDã\FKSDĸVWZEDVHQX 0RU]DŊUyG]LHPQHJRSU]\MĕOLVSHFMDOQ\SURJUDPZVSyãSUDF\SRŋZLĕFRQ\ZDOFH ]WHUURU\]PHPSU]HVWĕSF]RŋFLć]RUJDQL]RZDQćRUD]SU]HP\WHPQDUNRW\NyZ 3RLQF\GHQFLHZKLV]SDĸVNLFKHQNODZDFKZ0DURNRSRGF]DVVZRMHJRZ\VWć SLHQLDQDNRQIHUHQFML]RUJDQL]RZDQHMSU]H])XQGDFMĕLP.$GHQDXHUDZ%UXN VHOLZOLVWRSDG]LHUZLFHSU]HZRGQLF]ćF\.RPLVML(XURSHMVNLHMNRPLVDU] )UDQFR)UDWWLQL RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\]DREV]DUZROQRŋFLEH]SLHF]HĸVWZDLVSUDZLH GOLZRŋFL

(65) RSRZLHG]LDãVLĕ]DZ]PRFQLHQLHPNRQWUROLQDJUDQLFDFK]HZQĕWU]Q\FK 8(ZW\P]DXUXFKRPLHQLHPSDWUROLPRUVNLFKZUHMRQLH0RU]DŊUyG]LHPQHJR SDWUROHWHPRJã\E\E\þZUD]LHSRWU]HE\ZVSLHUDQHSU]H]PDU\QDUNĕZRMHQQć DWDNŧHSU]H]Z\NRU]\VWDQLHREVHUZDFMLVDWHOLWDUQHMQHZUDOJLF]Q\FKUHMRQyZ

(66) ]DŋFLŋOHMV]ćZVSyãSUDFć]NUDMDPLDIU\NDĸVNLPLZSU]HFLZG]LDãDQLXQLHOHJDO QHMLPLJUDFMLLKDQGORZLOXGťPL:OLSFXU.RPLVMD(XURSHMVNDSU]\MĕãD NRPXQLNDWZVSUDZLHSULRU\WHWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKZZDOFH]QLHOHJDOQćLPLJUDFMć RE\ZDWHOLSDĸVWZWU]HFLFKZNWyU\PXMPXMH]DVDG\RUD]ŋURGNLQLH]EĕGQHGR SU]HFLZG]LDãDQLDQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML'RW\FKSULRU\WHWyZQDOHŧćPLQ ²ZVSyãSUDFD]SDĸVWZDPLWU]HFLPLWMSDĸVWZDPLSRFKRG]HQLDQLHOHJDOQ\FK LPLJUDQWyZRUD]NUDMDPLWUDQ]\WRZ\PL ZVSyãSUDFDWDV]F]HJyOQLHGRW\F]\ SDĸVWZEDVHQX0RU]DŊUyG]LHPQHJRRUD]NUDMyZ$IU\NL6XEVDKDU\MVNLHMMDN. . KWWSHFHXURSDHXSXEOLFBRSLQLRQDUFKLYHVHEVHEVBBUHSRUWSGIKWWSHFHXURSDHX SXEOLFBRSLQLRQDUFKLYHVHEHEHEBHQKWP OXW\²PDU]HF

(67) . (%(%6SHFLDOKWWSHFHXURSDHXSXEOLFBRSLQLRQDUFKLYHVHEVHEVBBHQSGI OXW\²PDU]HF

(68) . HFHXURSDHXMXVWLFHBKRPHIVMLPPLJUDWLRQLOOHJDOIVMBLPPLJUDWLRQBLOOHJDOBHQKWP OXW\² PDU]HF

(69) . 1DSyUDIU\NDĸVNLFKLPLJUDQWyZQD&HXWĕL0HOLOOĕ. . )UDQFR)UDWWLQL9LFH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQUHVSRQVLEOHIRU-XVWLFH)UHHGRP DQG6HFXULW\5HFHQWGHYHORSPHQWVRILPPLJUDWLRQDQGLQWHJUDWLRQLQWKH(8DQGRQUHFHQWHYHQWV LQWKH6SDQLVKHQFODYHLQ0RURFFR.RQUDG$GHQDXHU)RXQGDWLRQ%UXVVHOV1RYHPEHU KWWSHXURSDHXUDSLGSUHVV5HOHDVHV$FWLRQGR"UHIHUHQFH 63((&+ IRUPDW +70/ DJHG ODQJXDJH (1 JXL/DQJXDJH HQ OXW\²PDU]HF

(70) . &20NRĸFRZ\. . .RPXQLNDW.RPLVMLZVSUDZLHSULRU\WHWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKZZDOFH]QLHOHJDOQćLPLJUDFMć RE\ZDWHOLSDĸVWZWU]HFLFK&20

(71) ZHUVMDRVWDWHF]QD%UXNVHOD.

(72) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. UyZQLHŧRUJDQL]DFMLDIU\NDĸVNLFKWM:VSyOQRW\*RVSRGDUF]HM3DĸVWZ$IU\NL =DFKRGQLHML8QLL$IU\NDĸVNLHM

(73) ²ZSURZDG]HQLHZVSyOQ\FKSDWUROLQDG]yULSRSUDZD]GROQRŋFLUHDJRZDQLD PDMćFH]DSRELHFSU]\SDGNRPXWUDW\ŧ\FLDQDPRU]X ²]LQWHJURZDQH]DU]ćG]DQLHJUDQLFDPL]HZQĕWU]Q\PL ZW\PWDNŧH]Xŧ\FLHP VSHFMDOQ\FKSDWUROLPRUVNLFK

(74) ²VWZRU]HQLHRJyOQHJRLDXWRPDW\F]QHJRV\VWHPXUHMHVWUDFMLZMD]GyZLZ\MD] GyZ NWyU\PLDãE\VWDQRZLþX]XSHãQLHQLHLVWQLHMćF\FKED]GDQ\FK

(75) XãDWZLDMćFHJR NRQWURORZDQLHVWDWXVXLPLJUDF\MQHJRLSRE\WRZHJRRE\ZDWHOLSDĸVWZWU]HFLFK ZMHŧGŧDMćF\FKQDWHU\WRULXP8(L]QLHJRZ\MHŧGŧDMćF\FK QSSRSU]H]VSUDZG]D QLHNRU]\VWDQLD]SUDZDGRD]\OXOXEGãXŧV]HJRSRE\WX

(76) ²]DZLHUDQLHNROHMQ\FKXPyZRUHDGPLVMLRUD]RUJDQL]RZDQLHZVSyOQ\FKORWyZ SRZURWQ\FK :OLSFXUZ5DEDFLHRGE\ãDVLĕWDNŧHSLHUZV]DHXURDIU\NDĸVNDNRQIH UHQFMDPLQLVWHULDOQDQDWHPDWPLJUDFMLLUR]ZRMX]RUJDQL]RZDQDSU]H])UDQFMĕ +LV]SDQLĕL0DURNR:NRQIHUHQFMLEUDãRXG]LDãSDĸVWZEDVHQX0RU]DŊUyG ]LHPQHJR 8(UHSUH]HQWRZDQDE\ãDSU]H]NRPLVDU]D))UDWWLQLHJR

(77) :VLHUSQLX UNRPLVDU])UDWWLQLSRLQIRUPRZDãRXUXFKRPLHQLXRSHUDFML+(5$,,NWyUHM FHOHPMHVWRJUDQLF]HQLHQDSã\ZXQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZQD:\VS\.DQDU\MVNLH 2SHUDFMDWD]RVWDãDSU]\JRWRZDQDSRGQDG]RUHPDJHQFML)URQWH[3RGREQHM RFKURQLHSRGGDQH]RVWDQćZ\EU]HŧD:ãRFKL0DOW\:]PRFQLHQLHNRQWUROLJUDQLF ZSDĸVWZDFKF]ãRQNRZVNLFK(XURS\3RãXGQLRZHMQDOHŧ\GRQDMEDUG]LHMSULRU\WH WRZ\FK]DGDĸ3RGNUHŋORQHWR]RVWDãRWDNŧHQDNROHMQ\PVSRWNDQLX5DG\ZSDť G]LHUQLNXU :F]HUZFXU.RPLVMD(XURSHMVNDSU]\MĕãDNRPXQLNDWÅ:VSyOQDHXUR SHMVNDSROLW\NDPLJUDF\MQDGOD(XURS\]DVDG\G]LDãDQLDLQDU]ĕG]LDµZNWyU\P SURSRQXMHZSURZDG]HQLHUHJXãGRW\F]ćF\FKGREURE\WXVROLGDUQRŋFLLEH]SLHF]Hĸ VWZD2GQRŋQLHGREH]SLHF]HĸVWZDZ\PLHQLRQRPLQWDNLHFHOHMDN]LQWHJURZDQH ]DU]ćG]DQLHJUDQLFDPL]HZQĕWU]Q\PLVNXWHF]QH]ZDOF]DQLHQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML RUD]]HURWROHUDQFMLGODKDQGOXOXGťPL. . KWWSXQLDVFVPSONXODNRZVNLLQGH[SKS"6758&7 0(18 SLRQ /$1* SO

(78) . KWWSZZZZVLVZQDWROLQHGXSOZVLVZZVLVZQVIYLHZ'2&$*5.6/+;4

(79) . . ,ELGHP. . HXURSDHXUDSLGSUHVV5HOHDVHV$FWLRQGR"UHIHUHQFH ,3 IRUPDW 3') DJHG ODQJ XDJH 3/ JXL/DQJXDJH HQ PDU]HF

(80) .

(81) :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«. . 3RGNRQLHFF]HUZFDU3DUODPHQW(XURSHMVNLSU]\MćãG\UHNW\ZĕZVSUD ZLHSRZURWXQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQWyZ8VWDODRQDZVSyOQćSROLW\NĕHXURSHM VNćZVWRVXQNXGRQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFMLPLQZVSLHUDMćFGREURZROQHSRZURW\ SRZ\GDQLXGHF\]MLRGHSRUWDFMLLPLJUDQWEĕG]LHPLDã²GQLQDGREURZROQH RSXV]F]HQLH8(MHŋOL]QLHJRQLHVNRU]\VWD²EĕG]LHGHSRUWRZDQ\PRŧHWDNŧH ]RVWDþ]DWU]\PDQ\MHŋOL]DFKRG]LSRGHMU]HQLHXFLHF]NL

(82) '\UHNW\ZDZSURZDG]D WDNŧH]DND]ZMD]GXGODRVyEGHSRUWRZDQ\FKQDRNUHVODW OXEGãXŧV]\MHŋOL ]DFKRG]LSRGHMU]HQLHG]LDãDQLDSU]HFLZNREH]SLHF]HĸVWZXSXEOLF]QHPX

(83) XVWDOD PLQLPDOQHVWDQGDUG\WUDNWRZDQLDLPLJUDQWyZL]DSHZQLD]QDF]QćOLF]EĕJZDUDQ FMLSUDZQ\FK QSEH]SãDWQćSRPRFSUDZQćRSLHNĕ]GURZRWQćHGXNDFMĕ

(84) -HGQR F]HŋQLHSDĸVWZDF]ãRQNRZVNLHPDMćSUDZRGRVWRVRZDQLDZãDVQ\FKVWDQGDUGyZ 7DNŧHSULRU\WHW\IUDQFXVNLHMSUH]\GHQFMLZ5DG]LH8(ZUREHMPRZDã\ DVSHNW\SROLW\NLLPLJUDF\MQHM6]F]HJyOQLHSRGNUHŋORQRSRWU]HEĕUR]ZRMX(XUR SHMVNLHM$JHQFML=DU]ćG]DQLD:VSyãSUDFć2SHUDF\MQćQD*UDQLFDFK=HZQĕWU]Q\FK Å)URQWH[µSURZDG]HQLDVNXWHF]QLHMV]HMSROLW\NLZ\GDODQLDQLHOHJDOQ\FKLPLJUDQ WyZGDOV]HJRUR]ZRMX6\VWHPX,QIRUPDFML:L]RZHM :OLVWRSDG]LHUZ3DU\ŧXRGE\ãDVLĕGUXJDHXURDIU\NDĸVNDNRQIHUHQFMD PLQLVWHULDOQDQDWHPDWPLJUDFMLLUR]ZRMXZNWyUHMXF]HVWQLF]\ãRSRQDGGHOH JDFML]SDĸVWZ(XURS\LSDĸVWZ$IU\NLZFHOXRNUHŋOHQLDÅ:LHOROHWQLHJR SURJUDPXZVSyãSUDF\ZG]LHG]LQLHPLJUDFMLLUR]ZRMXµ*ãyZQ\PSRUXV]DQ\P SUREOHPHPE\ãRZ]PRFQLHQLHZVSyãSUDF\PLĕG]\NUDMDPL(XURS\L$IU\NLGRW\ F]ćFHMNZHVWLLPLJUDFMLZUDPDFK]DFKRGQLRDIU\NDĸVNLHJRV]ODNXPLJUDF\MQHJR 5yZQLHŧZŋUyGSULRU\WHWyZSUH]\GHQFMLF]HVNLHMQDSLHUZV]HSyãURF]HU ]QDOD]ã\VLĕNZHVWLHGRW\F]ćFH]ZDOF]DQLDQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFMLRUD]]DSHZQLHQLD EH]SLHF]HĸVWZDSU]H]ZDONĕ]H]RUJDQL]RZDQćSU]HVWĕSF]RŋFLćZW\PKDQGOHP OXGťPL'RFHOyZSUH]\GHQFMLQDOHŧDã\WDNŧHVWZRU]HQLH:VSyOQHJR(XURSHM VNLHJR6\VWHPX$]\ORZHJRSROLW\NDZVSLHUDMćFćLQWHJUDFMĕFXG]R]LHPFyZRUD] LFKSRWHQFMDãXVSRãHF]QRHNRQRPLF]QHJRHIHNW\ZQDZVSyãSUDFD]SDĸVWZDPL WU]HFLPL]LQWHJURZDQH]DU]ćG]DQLHLUR]ZyMRFKURQ\]HZQĕWU]Q\FKJUDQLF8QLL. . KWWSZZZHXURSDUOHXURSDHXQHZVH[SHUWLQIRSUHVVBSDJH ,35WUXHGHIDXOWBSOKWP'\UHNW\ZDVWDQLHVLĕRERZLć]XMćFDSR PLHVLćFDFKRGSXEOLNDFMLZ']LHQQLNX8U]ĕGRZ\PF]\OLZU . KWWSZZZXNLHJRYSO+/3PRLQWQVI(''%%(&(ILOH 0(B

(85) SGI"2SHQ OXW\

(86) . KWWSZZZHXIUZHEGDYVLWH3)8(VKDUHGLPSRUWBFRQIHUHQFHBLPPLJUDWLRQ 'UXJDBHXURDIU\NDQVNDBNRQIHUHQFMDBPLQLVWHULDOQDBQDBWHPDWBPLJUDFMLBLBUR]ZRMXSGI OXW\

(87) . KWWSSUH]\GHQFMDXHJRYSOF]\PMHVWSUH]\GHQFMDSULRU\WHW\SUH]\GHQFMLF]HVNLHM OXW\

(88) .

(89) . 'RPLQLND.DUZRWK=LHOLĸVND. ]DSRPRFćQSQRZ\FKWHFKQRORJLL3UH]\GHQFMDGćŧ\þEĕG]LHWDNŧHGRRVLćJQLĕFLD NRPSURPLVXRUD]Z\SUDFRZDQLDZVSyOQHJRSRGHMŋFLDGRGDOV]HJRUR]ZRMX]UyZ QRZDŧRQHJR]DU]ćG]DQLDRFKURQćJUDQLF /LWHUDWXUD 'XV]F]\N08QLMQDSROLW\NDPLJUDF\MQD²FRVLĕZ\GDU]\ZQDMEOLŧV]HMSU]\V]ãRŋFL" %LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\VLHUSLHĸ²ZU]HVLHĸ (XURSHDQ8QLWHG/HIW1RUGLF*UHHQ/HIW/DPSHGXVDDQG0HOLOOD6RXWKHUQ)URQWLHURI )RUWUHVV(XURSH%UXNVHOD *OREDO5HSRUW²81+&5*HQHZD +HFNPDQQ)7KH6RFLDO2UJDQLVDWLRQRI+XPDQ6PXJJOLQJ>Z@,PPLJUDWLRQ3ROLFLHV DQG6HFXULW\UHG.,JOLFND&60:DUV]DZD ,JOLFND.1LHOHJDOQDLPLJUDFMDZ(XURSLH3UREOHP\GDQHWHFKQLNLRUD]ZF]HŋQLHMV]H SUyE\VWZRU]HQLDSRUyZQDZF]HMED]\GDQ\FKOXEV]DFXQNRZ\FKGDQ\FKÅ%LXOHW\Q 0LJUDF\MQ\µQU ,UUHJXODU7UDQVLW0LJUDWLRQLQ7KH0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6RPH)DFWV)LJXUHVDQG,QVLJKWV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&HQWUHIRU0LJUDWLRQ3ROLF\'HYHORSPHQW:LHGHĸOXW\ .RPLVMD(XURSHMVND7HFKQLFDO0LVVLRQWR/LE\DRQ,OOHJDO,PPLJUDWLRQ(& .RPXQLNDW.RPLVMLZVSUDZLHSULRU\WHWyZSROLW\F]Q\FKZZDOFH]QLHOHJDOQćLPLJUDFMć RE\ZDWHOLSDĸVWZWU]HFLFK.20

(90) ZHUVMDRVWDWHF]QD%UXNVHOD .RQDU]HZVND$0LJUDF\MQHSUREOHP\8QLL(XURSHMVNLHM%LXUR%H]SLHF]HĸVWZD1DUR GRZHJR:DUV]DZD 0DWXV]33ROLW\NDPLJUDF\MQD+RODQGLL%LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\PDU]HF²NZLHFLHĸ 2UJDQL]HG&ULPHDQG,UUHJXODU0LJUDWLRQIURP$IULFDWR(XURSH812'&OLSLHF 3DSDGHPHWULRX'*7KH*OREDO6WUXJJOHZLWK,OOHJDO0LJUDWLRQ1R(QGLQ6LJKW0LJUD WLRQ3ROLF\,QVWLWXWH 6DUULFD)7KH6PXJJOLQJRI0LJUDQWV$)ORXULVKLQJ$FWLYLW\RI7UDQVQDWLRQDO2UJDQL]HG &ULPHÅ&URVVURDGµYROQU 7KH5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ2UJDQLVHG&ULPHDQG7UDIILFNLQJLQ$OLHQV,&03':LHGHĸ F]HUZLHF 7UHQGVLQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ0LĕG]\QDURGRZD2UJDQL]DFMDGV0LJUDFML,20 9D\U\QHQ5,OOHJDOO,PPLJUDWLRQ+XPDQ7UDIILFNLQJDQG2UJDQL]HG&ULPH8QLYHUVLW\ RI+HOVLQNL :yMFLNâ0LJUDFMHGR+LV]SDQLL%LXOHW\Q0LJUDF\MQ\F]HUZLHF²OLSLHF :RUOG(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO6XUYH\,QWHUQDWLRQDO0LJUDWLRQ81 7KH,QIOXHQFHRI,OOHJDO,PPLJUDWLRQRQ&KDQJHVLQ$WWLWXGH RI6HOHFWHG0HPEHU6WDWHVDQGLQ(XURSHDQ8QLRQ0HPEHU6WDWH 3ROLF\ 7KHDUWLFOHGLVFXVVHVLVVXHVUHODWHGWRPLJUDWLRQIORZVRIIRUHLJQHUVLQ(XURSHDQ8QLRQ WHUULWRU\SDUWLFXODUO\WKHSKHQRPHQRQRILOOHJDOLPPLJUDWLRQDQGLWVLQIOXHQFHRQWKH VRFLHW\RIDFRXQWU\.

(91) :Sã\ZQLHOHJDOQHMLPLJUDFML«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

(92)