$ 5 7 < . 8 à < 52&=1,.,36<&+2/2*,&=1( $11$/62)36<&+2/2*< '2, KWWS G[GRLRUJ USV\FKSO $11$),/,3 $5.$',86=%,$à(. 0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ 8QLZHUV\WHW-DJLHOORĔVNL ,QVW\WXW3V\FKRORJLL
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$
352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
.2081,.$&<-1<&+,-ĉ=<.2:<&+
2GNLONXQDVWXODWQDáDPDFK]DJUDQLF]Q\FKF]DVRSLVPWRF]\VLĊGHEDWDZRNyáUHNXUV\ZQRĞFLOXG] NLFK SURFHVyZ XP\VáRZ\FK -HM LQLFMDWRU L JáyZQ\ SURSDJDWRU WHUPLQX ÄUHNXUVMD´ recursion WR 1RDP &KRPVN\ 2JUDQLF]D RQ MHM Z\VWĊSRZDQLH GR SáDV]F]\]Q\ OXG]NLHJR MĊ]\ND L SU]\SLVXMH FHFKĊUHNXUV\ZQRĞFL recursive property VNáDGQLW]ZMĊ]\NDXP\VáX:\ZRáDáRWRPRFQ\VSU]H FLZEDGDF]\XSDWUXMąF\FKSU]HMDZyZUHNXUVMLWDNĪHQDLQQ\FKSáDV]F]\]QDFKOXG]NLHJRIXQNFMR QRZDQLD MDN NRPXQLNDFMD WHRULD XP\VáX VNáDGQLD GRSHáQLHQLRZD F]\ SUDJPDW\ND7HNVW SU]HG VWDZLDDUJXPHQW\SU]HPDZLDMąFH]DPRĪOLZRĞFLąUR]SDWU\ZDQLDUHNXUVMLMDNRPHFKDQL]PXZVSyO QHJRZV]\VWNLPZVSRPQLDQ\PSáDV]F]\]QRPSRGZDUXQNLHPSU]\MĊFLDUR]ZRMRZHMSHUVSHNW\Z\ XZ]JOĊGQLDMąFHMG\QDPLNĊLVHNZHQF\MQRĞü]DFKRG]ąF\FKZQLFKSURFHVyZL]PLDQ 6áRZDNOXF]RZH UHNXUVMD WHRULDXP\VáX VNáDGQLD SUDJPDW\ND UR]ZyM :SURZDG]HQLH 3URZDG]RQHRGGDZQDQDJUXQFLHSV\FKRORJLLUR]ZRMXUR]ZDĪDQLDLEDGDQLD QDG V]HURNR SRMĊWą UHODFMą PLĊG]\ P\ĞOHQLHP D PRZą 3LDJHW
$GUHV GR NRUHVSRQGHQFML $11$),/,3 ± 8QLZ HUV\WHW -DJLHOORĔVNL ,QVW\WXW 3V\FKRORJLL XO,QJDUGHQD.UDNyZ HPDLO DQNDII#JPDLOFRP
$UW\NXáSRZVWDáZUDPDFKSURMHNWXEDGDZF]HJRÄ6WDELOQRĞüLFLąJáRĞüZUR]ZRMXWHRULLXP\ VáX Z ĞUHGQLP G]LHFLĔVWZLH 7UDMHNWRULH L SUHG\NWRU\ UR]ZRMX´ ILQDQVRZDQHJR SU]H] 1DURGRZH &HQWUXP1DXNL %+6
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
:\JRWVNL SRU&DUUXWKHUV ]RVWDá\Z RVWDWQLPF]DVLH PRFQR ]GRPLQRZDQHSU]H]DQDOL]\]ZLą]NyZPLĊG]\WHRULąXP\VáXDNRPSHWHQFMąMĊ ]\NRZą ]ZáDV]F]D ± VNáDGQLą SRU 6ODGH L 5XIIPDQ 9LOOLHUV L 9LOOLHUV 7HUPLQ ÄWHRULDXP\VáX´ 78 QDMF]ĊĞFLHMNRMDU]\VLĊ ]QD]Z LVNDPL 3UH PDFND L :RRGUXIID NWyU]\ RNUHĞOLOL QLP ]GROQRĞü GR SU]\SLV\ZDQLD VRELH L LQQ\P ZHZQĊWU]Q\FK VWDQyZ QLHREVHUZRZDOQ\FK EH]SRĞUHGQLR Z ]D FKRZDQLX XPRĪOLZLDMąF\FK MHGQDN MHJR SU]HZLG\ZDQLH %DGDQLD UR]ZRMX 78 GRW\F]ąF]ĊVWRW]ZSU]HNRQDĔ,U]ĊGX QSÄ2QP\ĞOLĪHNXONDMHVWZSXGHáNX´ RUD] SU]HNRQDĔ ,, L Z \ĪV]\FK U]ĊGyZ Ä2QD P\ĞOL ĪH RQ P\ĞOL ĪH NXOND MHVW ZSXGHáNX´ W]ZGRMU]DOV]D78 =GROQRĞüLFKZ\NRU]\VWDQLDGODSU]HZLG]HQLD ]DFKRZDĔVWDQRZLRreprezentacyjnym/umysowymFKDUDNWHU]H78LZ\áDQLDVLĊ RGSRZLHGQLR RNRáR F]ZDUWHJR L V]yVWHJR URNX Ī\FLD 3HUQHU L :LPPHU 3DUNHU0DF'RQDOGL0LOOHU 0LOOHU 'RNRQXMąF\VLĊQDSU]HVWU]HQL SLHUZV]\FK F]WHUHFK ODW Ī\FLD D SyĨQLHM PLĊG]\ F]ZDUW\P L V]yVW\P URNLHP UR]ZyM 78 MHVW LVWRWQLH XZDUXQNRZDQ\ UR]ZRMHP MĊ]\ND JáyZQLH ± VNáDGQL 9LOOLHUV L 3\HUV -XDQ L $VWLQJWRQ 0LOOLJDQ $VWLQJWRQ L 'DFN .OXF]RZą UROĊ EDGDF]H 9LOOLHUV 9LOOLHUV L 5RHSHU SU]\SLVXMą ]ZáDV]F]DVNáDGQLGRSHáQLHQLRZHM]F]DVRZQLNDPLPHQWDOQ\PLNWyUHMRSDQRZD QLH SR]ZDOD SU]HZLG\ZDü GRMU]DOV]ą 78 $VWLQJWRQ L -HQNLQV +DOH L7DJHU)OXVEHUJ 9LOOLHUVL9LOOLHUV
=DJDGQLHQLHNRPSHWHQFMLVNáDGQLRZHMMHVWQDMVLOQLHM]ZLą]DQH]NRQFHSFMDPL 1RDPD &KRPVN\¶HJR NWyUHJR UR]ZDĪDQLD RG SHZQHJR F]DVX +DXVHU &KRP VN\L)LWFK VNXSLDMąVLĊ ZRNyáVSHF\ILF]QHM ZáDĞFLZRĞFLSURFHVyZVNáD GQLRZ\FKVWDQRZLąF\FKRZ\MąWNRZ\PFKDUDNWHU]HOXG]NLHJRV\VWHPXMĊ]\NR ZHJR-HVWQLąW]ZUHNXUVMD recursion F]\WHĪUHNXUV\ZQRĞü recursive
proper-ty G]LĊNL NWyUHM PRĪOLZH MHVW ]HVWDZLDQLH Z RGSRZLHGQLFK NRQILJXUDFMDFK
SRMHG\QF]\FK HOHPHQWyZ VNáDGRZ\FK L WZRU]HQLH ] QLFK SRWHQFMDOQLH QLHVNRĔ F]RQHJR ]HVWDZX VWUXNWXU R KLHUDUFKLF]QHM EXGRZLH -DNR MĊ]\NRZH UHDOL]DFMH WDNLH VWUXNWXU\ PRJą SU]\ELHUDü SRVWDü ÄUHNXUV\ZQLH ]DJQLHĪGĪRQ\FK´ F]\OL RVDG]RQ\FKZVRELH V ]GDĔWDNLFKMDN]GDQLDGRSHáQLHQLRZH-DNRUHSUH ]HQWDFMH±PRJąIXQNFMRQRZDüQSZSRVWDFLSU]HNRQDĔQDWHPDWSU]HNRQDĔQD WHPDWSU]HNRQDĔLWG:MHGQ\PLGUXJLPZ\SDGNXGRFKRG]LGRW]Z]DJQLHĪGĪH QLD F]\ WHĪ ÄRVDG]HQLD´ MHGQHM VWUXNWXU\ Z GUXJLHM D SRWHQFMDOQLH L Z WU]HFLHM
1RZV]DSHUVSHNW\ZDMĊ]\NR]QDZVWZDNRJQLW\ZQHJRUyZQLHĪSRĞZLĊFDZLHOHPLHMVFDRPD ZLDQHPX]DJDGQLHQLXMHGQDNMHMRPyZLHQLHZ\NUDF]DáRE\SR]DUDP\IRUPDOQHWHNVWX&]\WHOQLND RGV\áDP\ GR WDNLFK SR]\FML MDN ( 7DEDNRZVND UHG Kognitywne podstawy jĊzyka i jĊzykoznawstwa. .UDNyZ 8QLYHUVLWDV : /DQJDFNHU Gramatyka kognitywna .UDNyZ 8QLYHUVLWDVF]\-57D\ORU Gramatyka kognitywna.UDNyZ 8QLYHUVLWDV
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
F]ZDUWHM L SLąWHM QS Ä2Q P\ĞOL ĪH RQD P\ĞOL ĪH RQL P\ĞOą ĪH«´ 'XQEDU -DN]DVWU]HJD&KRPVN\SURFHVyZUHNXUVMLQLHQDOHĪ\XWRĪVDPLDü]HIHN WDPL LFK G]LDáDQLD MDNLPL Vą GRSHáQLHQLRZHVWUXNWXU\ VNáDGQLRZH UHDOL]RZDQH ZMĊ]\NX UHNXUV\ZQH]GDQLD F]\WHĪXP\VáRZHVWUXNWXU\UHSUH]HQWDF\MQH UH NXUV\ZQH UHSUH]HQWDFMHSU]HNRQDQLD 1LHPQLHM MHGQDN ]JRGQLH ]H VWDQRZL VNLHP]URNXWRMĊ]\NLMHJRVNáDGQLDVą±]GDQLHPDXWRUD±MHG\QąSáDV] F]\]QąSR]QDZF]ąZNWyUHMUHNXUVMDPRĪHVLĊPDQLIHVWRZDü 3RZ\ĪV]\SRJOąGMDNLDUW\NXáZNWyU\P]RVWDáZ\UDĪRQ\VWDá\VLĊSU]HG PLRWHPRĪ\ZLRQHMG\VNXVMLWUZDMąFHMMXĪRGSLĊWQDVWXODW 3LQNHUL-DFNHQGRII -DFNHQGRIIL3LQNHU 7RPDVHOOR 3HUQHUL(VNHQ 0LPRWRZSROVNLPSLĞPLHQQLFWZLHQDXNRZ\PMHG\QLHZ]PLDQNLRQLHMPRĪQD RGQDOHĨü Z SRMHG\QF]\FK WHNVWDFK JáyZQLH ] JUXQWX ILOR]RILL L DQWURSRORJLL :RáNRZVNL :UyEHO RUD] MĊ]\NR]QDZVWZD L SV\FKROLQJZLVW\NL %HUNR*OHDVRQL5DWQHU 0LFKDOLN 7\PF]DVHP QDMOLF]QLHMV]H ]D JUDQLF]QH JáRV\ G\VNXWXMąFH ] SRJOąGHP DXWRUD SRFKRG]ą JáyZQLH ] REV]DUX EDGDĔQDGUR]ZRMHP78GRW\F]ąF\FK MHMQDMZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKSU]HMDZyZ WR EDGDQLD SURZDG]RQH Z QXUFLH VSRáHF]QRLQWHUDNF\MQ\P QS%HKQH &DUSHQWHU L7RPDVHOOR 7RPDVHOOR MHMSRZLą]DĔ]Z\áRQLHQLHPVLĊVNáDGQL GRSHáQLHQLRZHM WREDGDQLDSURZDG]RQHZĞUyGSRSXODFMLSUDZLGáRZRUR]ZLMDMą F\FKVLĊMDNLNOLQLF]Q\FK QS6FKLFN9LOOLHUV9LOOLHUVL+RIIPHLVWHU %DQ UHWL MHMQDE\ZDQLDLZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLDZNRPXQLNDFML WRDQDOL]\RG ZRáXMąFH VLĊ GR UR]ZDĪDĔ ] REV]DUX SUDJPDW\NL QS (YDQV L /HYLQVRQ /HYLQVRQ 3RGHMĞFLHUR]ZRMRZHVNXSLRQHZRNyáVHNZHQFML]PLDQZMD NLPĞ SURFHVLH F]\OL Z\PDJDMąFH REVHUZDFML SLHUZV]\FK SU]HMDZyZ QDVWĊSQLH SU]HNV]WDáFDQLDLZUHV]FLHXMDZQLHQLDVLĊMHJRGRMU]DáHMIRUP\±PRĪHSRND]Dü L Z\MDĞQLü GODF]HJR NLHG\ L Z F]\P QDOHĪ\ XSDWU\ZDü SU]HMDZyZ G]LDáDQLD UHNXUV\ZQ\FKPHFKDQL]PyZWDNĪHQDSáDV]F]\]QDFKIXQNFMRQRZDQLDLQQ\FKQLĪ Z\áąF]QLH MĊ]\NRZD ]D F]\P RSWXMH &KRPVN\ -DNR ĪH FKRG]L R ZáDĞFLZRĞü SURFHVyZ SU]\MĊFLH UR]ZRMRZHM SHUVSHNW\Z\ SR]ZDOD SU]HĞOHG]Lü G\QDPLNĊ ]PLDQLSRZLą]DĔSRPLĊG]\SU]HMDZDPLUHNXUVMLZUyĪQ\FKIRUPDFK]DFKRZDĔ DQJDĪXMąF\FK Z UyĪQ\P VWRSQLX UyĪQH SáDV]F]\]Q\ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD F]áRZLHND QDUyĪQ\FKHWDSDFKĪ\FLD SRU0LOOHUV 3RGHMĞFLHUR]ZRMRZHSRND ]DáRQSĪHSURFHV\]DJQLHĪGĪDQLDPDQLIHVWXMąVLĊZNRPSHWHQFMDFKSRSU]HG]D MąF\FK LOXE ZSá\ZDMąF\FK QD UR]ZyM VNáDGQL RUD] ZQLRVNRZDQLD R SU]HNRQD QLDFK QS/RZL3HUQHU SR]ZROLáRQDZ\áRQLHQLHSRMĊFLDW]ZUHNXUV\Z QHM78 &DLOOLHVL/H6RXUQ%LVVDRXL NWyUHMUR]ZyMSR]RVWDMHZĞFLVá\P SRZLą]DQLX ] UR]ZRMHP NRPSHWHQFML VNáDGQLRZHM 1LHPQLHM MHGQDN G\VNXVMD UHSUH]HQWDQWyZ SRGHMĞFLDUR]ZRMRZHJR Z EDGDQLDFK QDGUR]ZRMHP78LSUDJ
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
PDW\NL ] NRQFHSFMąUHNXUVML MHG\QLH ZMĊ]\NXEDUG]RU]DGNR RGZRáXMHVLĊGR WHJR MDN Z LVWRFLH PRĪQD OXE QDOHĪ\ yZ MĊ]\N UR]XPLHü ]D &KRPVN\P 1D ZVWĊSLH ZDUWR SRGNUHĞOLü LĪ QDV]\P FHOHP MHVW SU]HGVWDZLHQLH DUJXPHQWyZ QD U]HF] WH]\ ĪH SUHF\]\MQD DQDOL]D NRQFHSFML &KRPVN\¶HJR SR]ZDOD XND]Dü SRJOąG\MHJRRSRQHQWyZMDNRGRSHáQLDMąFHMąDQLHZREHFQLHMSU]HFLZVWDZQH :]DVDGQLF]HMF]ĊĞFLWHNVWXRPyZLP\JáyZQHDUJXPHQW\SU]HPDZLDMąFH]D WH]ąĪHUHNXUVMDMHVWZVSyOQ\PSRGáRĪHPMĊ]\ND78RUD]LQWHUDNFMLFRZ\PDJD ±ZSLHUZV]HMNROHMQRĞFL±XSRU]ąGNRZDQLDUR]ZDĪDĔQDGUHNXUV\ZQRĞFLąSUR FHVyZVNáDGQLRZ\FKWDNMDNSRMPXMHMH&KRPVN\&HOHPNROHMQ\FKF]ĊĞFLWHN VWXEĊG]LH±]MHGQHMVWURQ\±X]XSHáQLHQLHVWDQRZLVND&KRPVN\¶HJRSRGHMĞFLD PLUR]ZRMRZRNRPXQLNDF\MQ\PLD]GUXJLHM±RGQLHVLHQLHZQLRVNyZSá\QąF\FK ]SURZDG]RQ\FKQDLFKJUXQFLHEDGDĔGRNRQFHSFMLUHNXUVMLZMĊ]\NX.U\W\F]QH SRGVXPRZDQLH FDáRĞFL SRNDĪH GODF]HJR UHODFMĊ 78±VNáDGQLD PRĪQD Z\MDĞQLü RGZRáXMąFVLĊGRNRQFHSFMLUHNXUVMLSU]\MPXMąFUR]ZRMRZąSHUVSHNW\ZĊ 5HNXUV\ZQRĞüSURFHVyZMĊ]\NRZ\FK 1D]ZLVNR&KRPVN\¶HJRQDMF]ĊĞFLHMNRMDU]\VLĊ]SRMĊFLDPLWDNLPLMDNPy ]JRZ\ PHFKDQL]P SU]\VZDMDQLD MĊ]\ND language acquisition device /$' JUDPDW\ND XQLZHUVDOQD 8* RUD] JHQHUDW\ZQRWUDQVIRUPDF\MQD *7 SRU .XUF] %HUNR *OHDVRQ L 5DWQHU :V]\VWNLH RQH RGZRáXMą VLĊ GR NRQFHSFML ]JRGQLH ] NWyUąF]áRZLHNG\VSRQXMH ZURG]RQą Z LHG]ą JUDPDW\F]Qą SU]HMDZLDMąFą VLĊ Z ]GROQRĞFL NRQVWUXRZDQLD RUD] UR]XPLHQLD ]GDĔ &KRPVN\ &KRPVN\ XWRĪVDPLD MĊ]\N ] SRWHQFMDOQLH QLHVNRĔF]RQ\P ]ELRUHP ]GDĔ F]\OL JUDPDW\F]QLH SRSUDZQ\FK VHNZHQFML ]EXGRZDQ\FK ]H VNRĔF]RQHM OLF]E\HOHPHQWyZVNáDGRZ\FK OLWHUJáRVHNZ\UD]yZVáyZ -XĪSU]HGVWDZLDMąF SLHUZV]ąZHUVMĊVZHMNRQFHSFML &KRPVN\ VWZLHUG]DĪHLFKJHQHURZDQLH RUD] SU]HNV]WDáFDQLH ]DSHZQLDMą GRVWĊSQH JUDPDW\FH MĊ]\ND DF]NROZLHN EOLĪHM QLHRNUHĞORQHÄPHFKDQL]P\UHNXUV\ZQH´ recursive devices of some sortV : URNXRSLVXMHGRNáDGQLHMUHJXá\ IUD]RZHLWUDQVIRUPDF\MQH XPRĪOLZLD MąFHSRZVWDZDQLHVWUXNWXUDLFKGZDJáyZQHW\S\ SRUQLĪHM SR]RVWDMąZĞFL Vá\P ]ZLą]NX ] RGUyĪQLHQLHP SU]H] DXWRUDNRPSHWHQFML RG Z\NRQDQLD -HVW WR SRG]LDáRGSRZLHGQLRQD ZURG]RQąXP\VáRZą]GROQRĞüXPRĪOLZLDMąFąRSDQR ZDQLHMĊ]\NDRUD] UHDOL]DFMĊMĊ]\NRZąF]\OLMHJRSUDNW\F]QHXĪ\FLHZNRQNUHW Q\FKV\WXDFMDFK-DNSLV]H&KRPNV\JáyZQ\FHOJUDPDW\NLWRÄRSLVLPPDQHQW 0RĪQD SRGHMU]HZDü ĪH SU]\F]\QLD VLĊ GR WHJR PQRJRĞü L QLHNRQVHNZHQFMD VWRVRZDQLD SU]H] VDPHJR DXWRUD SRMĊü WDNLFK MDN MĊ]\N NRPSHWHQFMD MĊ]\NRZD MĊ]\NRZH Z\NRQDQLH F]\ QDZHWUHNXUVMDLWS SRU-DFNHQGRIIL3LQNHU :UyEHO
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
QHM kompetencji LGHDOQHJR XĪ\WNRZQLND MĊ]\ND´ D ÄWHRULD OLQJZLVW\F]QD >«@ ]DMPXMHVLĊRGNU\ZDQLHPU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFLpsychicznejOHĪąFHMXSRGVWDZjawnego ]DFKRZDQLD´ V Z\UyĪQLHQLD$)$%0%3 =F]DVHPDX WRUGRFKRG]LGRZQLRVNXĪHLVWRWąJUDPDW\NLXQLZHUVDOQHMSRZLQQRE\üEDGDQLH QDWXU\ ]GROQRĞFL OXG]NLFK &KRPVN\ V ± VWDQRZLVNR NWyUH UR]ZLMD PLQZSURJUDPLHPLQLPDOLVW\F]Q\P &KRPVN\ LNWyUHSR]ZDODPXGR SUHF\]RZ\ZDüMDNLG]LĊNLF]HPXSRZVWDMąVWUXNWXU\MĊ]\NRZH
1LHPQLHM MHGQDN MXĪ UR]EXGRZXMąF UDP\ WHRUHW\F]QH JUDPDW\NL XQLZHUVDO QHM&KRPVN\NRQFHQWUXMHMąZRNyá]GROQRĞFLMĊ]\NRZHM language faculty ±]D XĪ\Z DQLH L UR]XPLHQLH MĊ]\ND RGSRZLDGDMą MHJR ]GDQLHP Z\VSHFMDOL]RZDQH ZURG]RQH XPLHMĊWQRĞFL R Py]JRZ\P SRGáRĪX -HGQą ] QLFK VWDQRZL W]Z I-language MĊ]\NZHZQĊWU]Q\ XWRĪVDPLDQ\]XP\VáRZąSURFHGXUąJHQHUDW\Z QąRGSRZLHG]LDOQą]DZ\áDQLDQLHZ\UDĪHĔMĊ]\ND±XNáDGyZRPLQIRQRORJLF] Q\FKLVHPDQW\F]Q\FKZáDĞFLZRĞFLDFK1DOHĪ\RQLFKP\ĞOHüZNDWHJRULDFK]H VWDZyZ LQVWUXNFML GOD GZyFK V\VWHPyZ Z\NRQDZF]\FK Z NWyU\FK MĊ]\N MHVW RVDG]RQ\,QVWUXNFMH]SR]LRPXIRQRORJLF]QHJRF]\OLIRUPDIRQHW\F]QDZ\UDĪH QLD SU]H]QDF]RQH Vą GOD V\VWHPX DUW\NXODF\MQRSHUFHSF\MQHJR QDWRPLDVW SR ]LRPVHPDQW\F]Q\ IRUPDORJLF]QD ZLąĪHVLĊ]V\VWHPHPNRQFHSF\MQRLQWHQFMR QDOQ\P 3RZ\ĪV]H UR]UyĪQLHQLH GRW\F]\ WHJRMDN G]LDáD I-language QDWRPLDVW GR NZHVWLL WHJRFR ]DDQJDĪRZDQH MHVW Z MHJR G]LDáDQLH RGZRáXMH VLĊ SRG]LDá MĊ]\NDQDOHNV\NRQLV\VWHPREOLF]HQLRZ\ computational system :FHOXJHQH URZDQLD VWUXNWXU V\VWHP REOLF]HQLRZ\ ZGUDĪD PLQ RSHUDFMH Z\ERUX Select RUD]áąF]HQLD Merge ZáDĞFLZ\FKHOHPHQWyZVNáDGRZ\FKNWyUHZ\]QDF]DOHN V\NRQ']LĊNLLFKZGURĪHQLXSRZVWDMHVWUXNWXUDJáĊERNDF]\OL]ELyUHOHPHQWyZ UHSUH]HQWXMąF\FK NDWHJRULH QS IUD]\ L LFK VNáDGRZH ± F]DVRZQLN U]HF]RZQLN LWS NWyUHVąZ\ELHUDQH]OHNV\NRQXG]LĊNLRSHUDFMRPV\VWHPXREOLF]HQLRZHJR : UDPDFK VWUXNWXU\ JáĊERNLHM Z PLHMVFH SRZ\ĪV]\FK HOHPHQWyZ SRGVWDZLRQH ]RVWDMą RGSRZLHGQLH VáRZD D RWU]\PDQD FDáRĞü GURJą WUDQVIRUPDFML SURZDG]L GRZ\áRQLHQLDUyĪQ\FKIRUPVWUXNWXU\SRZLHU]FKQLRZHMSU]HNáDGDQHM]NROHLQD UHDOL]DFMHMĊ]\NRZH ZPRZLHOXESLĞPLH :\JHQHURZDQD]HOHPHQWyZOHNV\ NRQXL]DVSUDZąRSHUDFMLV\VWHPXREOLF]HQLRZHJRNRQVWUXNFMDMHVW]DWHPSU]H NV]WDáFDQD QD IRUP\ IRQHW\F]Qą L ORJLF]Qą GURJą SU]\SRU]ąGNRZ\ZDQLD HOH PHQWyZLLQIRUPDFML]MHGQHJRSR]LRPX QSVWUXNWXU\JáĊERNLHM GRHOHPHQWyZ LLQIRUPDFML]SR]LRPyZNROHMQ\FK QSVWUXNWXU\SRZLHU]FKQLRZHMIRUP\IRQR ORJLF]QHMLORJLF]QHM .DĪGHZ\UDĪHQLHMĊ]\NRZHVWDQRZL]DWHPVHNZHQFMĊUH :SUDFDFK&KRPVN\¶HJRSRMDZLDMąVLĊ]DPLHQQLHFKRüQLH]DZV]HNRQVHNZHQWQLHSRMĊFLD ÄNRPSHWHQFMD]GROQRĞüJUDPDW\F]QRĞüZLHG]DMĊ]\NRZD,ODQJXDJH´YVÄZ\NRQDQLHUHDOL ]DFMDXĪ\FLHMĊ]\ND(ODQJXDJH´ ÄMĊ]\N]HZQĊWU]Q\´ SRU&KRPVN\
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
SUH]HQWDFML ] GDQ\FK SR]LRPyZ L REHMPXMH UyZQLHĪ LFK SU]HNV]WDáFHQLD RUD] Z]DMHPQH UHODFMH:V]\VWNLH RSLVDQH VHNZHQFMH JHQHUXMH I-language D SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ± Z\UyĪQLRQ\ Z QLP NRPSRQHQW REOLF]HQLRZ\ LVWRWD ]GROQRĞFL MĊ]\NRZHM
:URNXI-languageXOHJáGDOV]HPXSRG]LDáRZL±QDW]Z]GROQRĞüMĊ]\ NRZąÄZZąVNLP]QDF]HQLX´ „faculty of language in the narrow sense” )/1 ± DVSHNW\MĊ]\NDVSHF\ILF]QHW\ONRGODQLHJRRUD]SR]RVWDáH±W]Z]GROQRĞüMĊ]\ NRZąÄZV]HURNLP]QDF]HQLX´ „faculty of language in the broad sense” )/% .OXF]RZą UROĊ SU]\SLVDQR )/1 NWyUD VWDQRZL XP\VáRZ\ UG]HĔ REOLF]HQLRZ\ JHQHUXMąF\ZHZQĊWU]QHUHSUH]HQWDFMHLZLąĪąF\MH]V\VWHPDPLZ\NRQDZF]\PL VHQVRU\F]QRPRWRU\F]Q\P ]DSRĞUHGQLFWZHPIRUP\IRQRORJLF]QHM LNRQFHSWX DOQRLQWHQFMRQDOQ\P SRSU]H]IRUPĊVHPDQW\F]Qą ,VWRWĊIXQNFMRQRZDQLD)/1 VWDQRZLZáDĞQLHUHNXUVMDXPRĪOLZLDMąFDWZRU]HQLHSRWHQFMDOQLHQLHVNRĔF]RQHJR ]ELRUX Z\UDĪHĔ ]H VNRĔF]RQHM OLF]E\ VNáDGRZ\FK F]ąVWHN NRQFHSF\MQ\FK GR
VWDUF]RQ\FKSU]H]OHNV\NRQ 5HNXUV\ZQRĞüSU]\SLVDQRSURFHVRPVNáDGQL Änar-row syntax´ D ]DWHP GRW\F]\ RQD SU]HNV]WDáFHĔ ]DFKRG]ąF\FK QD GURG]H RG
VWUXNWXU\JáĊERNLHMZ\UDĪHQLDDĪGRMHJRIRUP\ORJLF]QHM2]QDF]DWRĪHUHNXU V\ZQHPDMąE\üWDNĪHSURFHV\SRĞUHGQLF]ąFHZSU]HND]LHSRZVWDáHJRZ\UDĪHQLD GRV\VWHPyZ Z\NRQDZF]\FKSU]HWZDU]DMąF\FKLRSUDFRZXMąF\FKMHZMĊ]\NR ZHM UHDOL]DFML .RQVHNZHQFMą G]LDáDQLD UHNXUVML QD SR]LRPLH I-language MHVW PRĪOLZRĞüWZRU]HQLDSRWHQFMDOQLHQLHVNRĔF]HQLHGáXJLFKL]áRĪRQ\FKZ\UDĪHĔ± WHRUHW\F]QLH NDĪGH PRĪQD UR]EXGRZDü QS ]DJQLHĪGĪDMąF MH Z NROHMQ\P 1LH PQLHMMHGQDNQDMHJRUHDOL]DFMĊ Z\NRQDQLHQSZSRVWDFL]GDQLD]DJQLHĪGĪRQH JR Ä2Q P\ĞOL ĪH«´ SRU +DXVHU &KRPVN\ L )LWFK V ZSá\ZDMą RJUDQLF]HQLD )/% ± RUJDQLF]QH QS SRMHPQRĞü SáXF F]\ SR]QDZF]H QS SR MHPQRĞüSDPLĊFL 'RSUHF\]RZXMąFSRJOąG\&KRPVN\]DVWU]HJáĪHFKRüWRKLH UDUFKLF]QH QLH OLQHDUQH UHODFMH Vą NOXF]RZH GOD V\VWHPX REOLF]HQLRZHJR LMHJRUHNXUV\ZQ\FKRSHUDFMLWRMHGQDNUHNXUVMLQLHQDOHĪ\XWRĪVDPLDü]KLHUDU FKLF]Qą VWUXNWXUą VDPHJR Z\UDĪHQLD DQL ] MHJR UHDOL]DFMą Z IRUPLH ]GDQLD )LWFK +DXVHU L &KRPVN\ +DXVHU L LQ 5HNXUV\ZQRĞü SR]RVWDMH FHFKąRSHUDFMLVNáDGQLRZ\FKZHZQĊWU]QHJRMĊ]\NDXP\VáXG]LDáDMąFHJRQDLGH DFKOXESRMĊFLDFKNWyUHQDSR]LRPLHUHDOL]DFMLMĊ]\NRZHMLGHQW\ILNXMHVLĊQS]H VáRZDPLOXEZ\UD]DPL-Ċ]\NUR]XPLDQ\MDNRV\VWHPZHUEDOL]RZDQ\FKUHDOL]D FMLMĊ]\NRZ\FKMHVWZLĊFF]\PĞLQQ\PRGMĊ]\NDSRMPRZDQHJRMDNRI-language F]\OLDEVWUDNF\MQHXP\VáRZHSURFHGXU\NWyUHOHĪąXSRGáRĪDMĊ]\NRZ\FKUHDOL ]DFMLRUD]PRJą DOHQLHPXV]ą VLĊZQLFKPDQLIHVWRZDü
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
.RQFHSFMD&KRPVN\¶HJRMHVWSU]HGPLRWHPOLF]Q\FKNRQWURZHUVMLLG\VNXVML NWyUH VNXSLDMą VLĊ JáyZQLH ZRNyá UHNXUVML UR]XPLDQHM MDNR KLHUDUFKLF]QH ]D JQLHĪGĪDQLH 1DMREV]HUQLHM G\VNXWXMH VLĊ ] ]DáRĪHQLHP R MĊ]\NX MDNR MHG\QHM SáDV]F]\ĨQLHGRSXV]F]DMąFHMUHNXUV\ZQRĞüSURFHVyZLVWUXNWXU±&KRPVN\X]QD MH ĪHMĊ]\NRZH P\ĞOHQLHZSá\ZD QD FDáH QDV]H GRĞZLDGF]HQLH XWRĪVDPLDMąF ZHZQĊWU]Q\NRPSRQHQWXP\VáX]NRPSHWHQFMąMĊ]\NRZąLW\ONRMHMSU]\SLVXMąF UHNXUVMĊ +DXVHULLQ 7DNLHPXXMĊFLXSU]HFLZVWDZLDMąVLĊVWDQRZL VND VSRáHF]QRLQWHUDNF\MQH RUD] SUDJPDW\F]QH NáDGąFH QDFLVN QDNRPSHWHQFMĊ NRPXQLNDF\MQą 2EHMPXMHRQDV]HUV]\UHSHUWXDUĞURGNyZSRUR]XPLHZDQLDVLĊ RSDUW\FKQDELRORJLF]QLHXZDUXQNRZDQ\FKXQLNDWRZ\FKGODF]áRZLHND]GROQR ĞFLDFK ]ZLą]DQ\FK ] 78 SRU .XUF] 3U]\WRF]HQLH NOXF]RZ\FK ZQLR VNyZSá\QąF\FK]SRGHMĞüLEDGDĔUR]ZRMRZ\FKXQDRF]QLNLHG\JG]LHLGODF]H JRPRĪQD]GDQLHPLFKDXWRUyZPyZLüRQDMZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKSU]HMDZDFKUHNXU V\ZQ\FK SURFHVyZ XP\VáRZ\FK D WDNĪH MDN LFK UR]ZyM PD VLĊ GR UR]Z RMX VNáDGQLRUD]ZHUEDOQ\FKIRUPNRPXQLNDFMLRSDUW\FKQDGLDORJX
5HNXUV\ZQRĞüSURFHVyZ78
%DGDQLD 78 PRJą SROHJDü QD EH]SRĞUHGQLP L SRĞUHGQLP SRPLDU]H /RZ L3HUQHU 3RPLDUEH]SRĞUHGQLRSLHUDVLĊQDRFHQLHZHUEDOQ\FKRGSRZLHG]L G]LHFLQDS\WDQLDGRW\F]ąFHQSSU]HZLG\ZDĔLZ\MDĞQLHĔ]DFKRZDQLDLQQHMRVR E\ ERKDWHUDKLVWRULL QDSRGVWDZLHSRVLDGDQHJRSU]H]QLąSU]HNRQDQLDRU]HF]\ ZLVWRĞFL QS IDáV]\ZH Z SU]\SDGNX W]Z WHVWyZ IDáV]\Z\FK SU]HNRQDĔ 7)3 3RPLDU SRĞUHGQL Z\NRU]\VWXMH PLQ W]Z SDUDG\JPDW QDUXV]DQLD RF]HNLZDĔ LRFHQĊF]DVyZSDWU]HQLD±GáXĪV]\FKZV\WXDFMLJG\GRFKRG]LGRG]LDáDQLDOXE ]DFKRZDQLD QLH]JRGQHJR ] W\P F]HJR QDOHĪDáRE\ VLĊ VSRG]LHZDü 7HJR W\SX SURFHGXU\VWRVXMHVLĊZEDGDQLXSUHZHUEDOQ\FKQLHPRZOąW]DNáDGDMąFĪHGáXĪ V]H SU]\JOąGDQLH VLĊ F]\QQRĞFLRP NWyU\FK NWRĞ QLH SRZLQLHQ SRGHMPRZDü ]H Z]JOĊGXQDGRVWĊSQąPXZLHG]Ċ WRFRZLG]LDáLF]HJRQLHZLG]LDá ĞZLDGF]\ R ]G]LZLHQLX SRVWĊSRZDQLHP QLH]JRGQ\P ] SU]\SLVDQ\P PX SU]HNRQDQLHP :\QLNLEDGDĔSRND]XMąĪHFKRüGZXLWU]\OHWQLHG]LHFLQLHXG]LHODMąSUDZLGáR Z\FKRGSRZLHG]LZSRPLDUDFKEH]SRĞUHGQLFKWRMXĪXVLHGPLRF]\SLĊWQDVWR PLHVLĊF]Q\FKVWZLHUG]DVLĊGáXĪV]HF]DV\SDWU]HQLDZSU]\SDGNXG]LDáDĔRVRE\ QLH]JRGQ\FK]MHMZLHG]ą .RYiFV7pJOiVL(QGUHVV 2QLVKLL%DLOODUJHRQ ,VWQLHMąGZLHZLRGąFHDOHLSU]HFLZVWDZQHZREHFVLHELHLQWHUSUHWDFMHWHM UR]ELHĪQRĞFL3LHUZV]D]QLFK]DNáDGDĪHSURFHV\XP\VáRZHNRQLHF]QHGRSU]\ SLVDQLD LQQ\P SU]HNRQDĔ ]DFKRG]ą MXĪ QD EDUG]R ZF]HVQ\FK HWDSDFK MHGQDN G]LHFL QLH PRJą Z SHáQL VNRU]\VWDü ] LFK HIHNWyZ ]H Z]JOĊGX QD RJUDQLF]HQLD
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
]ZLą]DQHQLHW\OH]WUHĞFLąLFKZLHG]\LOH]LQQ\PLNRPSHWHQFMDPLSR]QDZF]\PL OXE Z\PRJDPL ]DGDĔ XQLHPRĪOLZLDMąF\PL MHM XMDZQLHQLH SRU &RXOO /HHNDP L %HQQHWW 5HDG : P\ĞO GUXJLHJR VWDQRZLVND UyĪQLFD Z\QLND ] G]LDáDQLD GZyFK RGPLHQQ\FK SR]QDZF]\FK PHFKDQL]PyZ RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\FK ]DSUDZLGáRZHZ\NRQDQLHQLHZHUEDOQ\FKLZHUEDOQ\FKWHVWyZ78 SRU6FKQH LGHU1RWWL'X[ +H\HV :W\PRVWDWQLPZ\SDGNXIDNWLĪGRSLHUR F]WHURODWNL XG]LHODMą SUDZLGáRZ\FK RGSRZLHG]L QD S\WDQLD Z 7)3 LQWHUSUHWXMH VLĊ MDNR SU]HMDZ IXQNFMRQRZDQLD W]Z MDZQHM 78 ± Z SHáQL XĞZLDGDPLDQ\FK SURFHVyZP\ĞORZ\FKSU]HNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊQDGHNODUDW\ZQąZLHG]ĊRVXELHNW\Z Q\FKFHODFKLLQWHQFMDFKOHĪąF\FKXSRGáRĪDVXELHNW\ZQ\FKSU]HNRQDĔNLHUXMą F\FK]DFKRZDQLHP=DMHMUR]ZRMRZ\SRSU]HGQLNX]QDMHVLĊQLHMDZQą78NWyUD ± ]ZáDV]F]D ]GDQLHP SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL W]Z SR]QDZF]R V]F]RGUHM LQWHUSUHWDFML VNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊQDQLąNRPSHWHQFML SRU%LDáHNL)LOLS ±MHVWUHNXUV\ZQD SRU7RPDVHOOR ĝZLDGF]ąRW\PPLQWDNLH]MDZLVNDMDNUR]SR]QDZDQLH L SRG]LHODQLH LQWHQFML QDSU]HPLHQQH SRGHMPRZDQLH UyO F]\ Z\NRQ\ZDQLH L UR ]XPLHQLHJHVWyZZVND]XMąF\FKFRZDUXQNXMHXG]LDáZV\WXDFMDFKNRPXQLNDFML LZVSyáSUDF\MXĪPLĊG]\DPLHVLąFHPĪ\FLD
8ZDĪD VLĊ ĪH MXĪ PDMąF PLHVLĊF\ G]LHFL UR]XPLHMą FXG]H LQWHQFMH Z NDWHJRULDFK ZHZQĊWU]Q\FK UHSUH]HQWDFML SRĪąGDQ\FK FHOyZ NLHUXMąF\FK ]D FKRZDQLHP &DUSHQWHU1DJHOOL7RPDVHOOR &RZLĊFHMSRWUDILąZ\NRU]\ VWDüWRUR]XPLHQLHZHZáDVQ\P]DFKRZDQLXQSUyĪQLFXMąFMHZ]DOHĪQRĞFLRG WHJR F]\ NWRĞ QLH GD UDG\ F]\QLH FKFH GDü LP ]DEDZNL %HKQH L LQ 5R]SR]QDZDQLHLQWHQFMLX]QDMHVLĊ]DZDUXQHNNRQLHF]Q\GODZVSyOQHJR]DDQJD ĪRZ DQLD ± V\WXDFML Z NWyUHM XF]HVWQLF]ąFH Z QLHM ZVSyOQLH VWURQ\ ZLHG]ą ĪH QDZ]DMHPMHMGRĞZLDGF]DMą 7RPDVHOOR -HVWRQRSRGVWDZąZ\áRQLHQLDVLĊ ]GROQRĞFL L PRW\ZDFML GR SRG]LHODQLD LQWHQFML ± NOXF]RZ\FK GOD NRPXQLNDFML L ZVSyáSUDF\ ER XPRĪOLZLDMąF\FK WDNĪH UR]XPLHQLH NRPSOHPHQWDUQRĞFL UyO XF]HVWQLF]ąF\FKZQLFKVWURQ%DGDQLDQDGSRZ\ĪV]\PLNRPSHWHQFMDPLSRND]X Mą ĪH PDMąF PLHVLĊF\ QD SRGVWDZLH ZF]HĞQLHMV]HM ]DEDZ\ Z FKRZD QLHV]XNDQLHRELHNWXG]LHFLWUDIQLHLQWHUSUHWXMąJHVWZVND]XMąF\GRURVáHJRMDNR VXJHUXMąF\ G]LHFNX PLHMVFD MHJR XNU\FLD %HKQH &DUSHQWHU &DOO L 7RPDVHOOR VDPHF]ĊĞFLHMZVND]XMąSRV]XNLZDQ\SU]H]GRURVáHJRRELHNWMHĞOLZF]H ĞQLHMZLG]LDá\ĪHGRURVá\QLH]DXZDĪ\áJG]LHRQXSDGá /LV]NRZVNL&DUSHQWHU L7RPDVHOOR 5yĪQLFXMą]DWHP]DFKRZDQLDSR]EDZLRQHRGQLHSR]EDZLR Q\FK LQWHQFML NRPXQLNDF\MQ\FK )DNW LĪ PLĊG]\ D PLHVLąFHP G]LHFL Vą VNáRQQH GR QDSU]HPLHQQHJR SRGHMPRZDQLD UROL ZáDVQHM L FXG]HM Z UDPDFK ZVSyOQHM DNW\ZQRĞFL ĞZLDGF]\ ]GDQLHP EDGDF]\ R UR]XPLHQLX SU]H] QLH RE\ GZXUyOLUR]SDWU\ZDQLXFDáHMV\WXDFMLSRQLHNąGÄ]ORWXSWDND´±ZUDPDFKUHSUH
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
]HQWDFML VWZRU]RQHM ] WU]HFLRRVRERZHM SHUVSHNW\Z\ &DUSHQWHU 7RPDVHOOR L6WULDQR =JRGQLH]WDNąÄSR]QDZF]RV]F]RGUą´ÄPHQWDOLVW\F]Qą´LQWHU SUHWDFMąMXĪQDHWDSLHUR]ZRMXQLHMDZQHM78G]LHFLSU]HSURZDG]DMąUHNXUV\ZQH ]DJQLHĪGĪRQH UR]XPRZDQLD Z UDPDFK SRG]LHODQHM LQWHQFMRQDOQRĞFL QS Ä:L G]LV] ĪH ZLG]Ċ«´ 0yZL VLĊ WX QLHNLHG\ R W]Z LQWHQFMRQDOQRĞFLP\ we-
-intentionality NLHG\WRRVRE\ZVSyOQLHLUHNXUV\ZQLH jointly and recursively
]D 3HUQHUL(VNHQ XZ]JOĊGQLDMąZ]DMHPQHUHSUH]HQWDFMHVWDQyZGRFHOR Z\FK 1D SU]\NáDG Z\NRQDQLH]LQWHUSUHWRZDQLH JHVWX ZVND]XMąFHJR PLHMVFH XNU\FLD RELHNWX MHVW UyZQR]QDF]QH ] SU]HND]DQLHPRGF]\WDQLHP SU]H] G]LHFL LQWHQFML ÄFKFĊĪHE\ĞZLHG]LDáĪHRELHNWMHVWZPLHMVFX;´-XĪPDMąFURNZ\ NRU]\VWXMą ]DWHP QLHMDZ Qą 78 GR UHNXUV\ZQHJR UR]XPRZDQLD W\SX Ä< FKFH ĪHE\PMDZLHG]LDáĪH;´RUD]GRRFHQ\ZáDVQHJR]DFKRZDQLD]SHUVSHNW\Z\<± Ä>0\ĞOĊĪH@<FKFHĪHE\PMDP\ĞODáĪH;´6ąG]LVLĊ 7RPDVHOOR ĪHMHG\QLHOXG]LHVą]GROQLGRUHNXUV\ZQ\FKZQLRVNRZDĔRFXG]\FKLZáDVQ\FK LQWHQFMDFK GRLQWHUSUHWDFMLFXG]\FKVWDQyZZHZQĊWU]Q\FKZREHFLFKZáDVQ\FK VWDQyZZHZQĊWU]Q\FKRUD]NRRUG\QRZDQLDQDWHMSRGVWDZLHZVSyOQ\FKG]LDáDĔ Z UDPDFK NRPXQLNDFML L ZVSyáSUDF\ 8PRĪOLZLD LP WR UHSUH]HQWRZDQLH W\FK VDP\FK V\WXDFMLRELHNWyZ ] UyĪQ\FK SHUVSHNW\Z MXĪ QD SUHZHUEDOQ\P HWDSLH UR]ZRMX 0RĪQD SRGHMU]HZDü ĪH SRMDZLHQLH VLĊ SURGXNFML MĊ]\NRZ\FK D]ZáDV]F]D]GDĔGRSHáQLHQLRZ\FKSR]ZDODQDÄXMDZQLHQLH´ MĊ]\NRZąUHDOL]D FMĊ UHNXUV\ZQ\FK NRPSHWHQFML WHRULRXP\VáRZ\FK REHFQ\FK MXĪ QD SRF]ąWNX GUXJLHJRURNXĪ\FLD5HNXUV\ZQDZáDĞFLZRĞü recursive property EDUG]RZF]H VQ\FKSURFHVyZXP\VáRZ\FK]DF]\QDVLĊSU]HMDZLDüUyZQLHĪZVNáDGQL
6WDUDMąFVLĊSRJRG]LüNRQFHSFMĊUHNXUVML&KRPVN\¶HJR]HV]F]RGU\PLLQWHU SUHWDFMDPL QLHMDZQHM 78 PRĪQD ]DWHP SRWUDNWRZDü GRSHáQLHQLRZH UHDOL]DFMH VNáDGQLRZH ] F]DVRZQLNLHP PHQWDOQ\P MDNR ZHUEDOQH RG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLH UHNXU V\ZQHJRXP\VáRZHJRI-languageZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQHJRZNRPXQLNDFMLLQWHUDNFML L ZVSyáSUDF\ MXĪ QD SUHZHUEDOQ\P HWDSLH UR]ZRMX &R FLHNDZH EDGDQLD QDG GDOV]\PUR]ZRMHPSRZLą]DĔPLĊG]\MĊ]\NLHPDMDZQąUHNXUV\ZQą78SRND]X MąĪHWRJáyZQLH]GROQRĞü]SR]LRPXMĊ]\NRZHMUHDOL]DFMLSROHJDMąFDQDZ\NR U]\VW\ZDQLX RUD] ]DSDPLĊW\ZDQLX ]DJQLHĪGĪRQ\FK ]GDĔ GRSHáQLHQLRZ\FK SR ]ZDOD SU]HZLG\ZDü Z\QLNL Z WHVWDFK IDáV]\Z\FK SU]HNRQDĔ 7)3 9LOOLHUV L 3\HUV 2SDQRZDQLH SU]H] G]LHFL VNáDGQL GRSHáQLHQLRZHM E\ZD XWRĪVD PLDQH]MDNRĞFLRZą]PLDQąZLFK78 9LOOLHUV
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ 5HNXUV\ZQRĞüSURFHVyZ78 DUHNXUV\ZQRĞüVNáDGQL 1DSRGVWDZLHPHWDDQDOL]\Z\QLNyZEDGDĔQDG]ZLą]NDPL]GROQRĞFLMĊ ]\NRZ\FK]78XVWDORQRĪHVNáDGQLDMHVWLVWRWQ\PSUHG\NWRUHPUR]ZRMXPLQ UR]XPLHQLD IDáV]\Z\FK SU]HNRQDĔ )3 L RV]XNLZDQLD 0LOOLJDQ L LQ .OXF]RZą UROĊ SU]\SLVXMH VLĊ ]GDQLRP GRSHáQLHQLRZ\P ZSURZDG]DQ\P SU]H] F]DVRZQLNL RGQRV]ąFH VLĊ GR VWDQyZ HSLVWHPLF]Q\FK Ä2Q P\ĞOL ĪH«´ =D Z\UyĪQLDMąFą Z áDĞFLZRĞü WHJR W\SX VWUXNWXU X]QDMH VLĊ ]DJQLHĪGĪHQLH XPRĪOL ZLDMąFHZ\UDĪDQLHXVWRVXQNRZDQLDZREHFZ\JáDV]DQHJRVąGXRU]HF]\ZLVWRĞFL± WUHĞü WZ LHUG]HQLD propositional content QS Ä« ]LHPLD MHVW SáDVND´ ]RVWDMH RGUyĪQLRQDRGVWRVXQNXZREHFWHMWUHĞFL propositional attitude QSÄ2QP\ĞOL ĪH´ 8PRĪOLZLDWRXFKZ\FHQLHWHPDWX ]GDQLDSRGU]ĊGQHJR ZUHODFMLGR RVR E\ SRGPLRWX =GDQLH GRSHáQLHQLRZH PD QLHMDNR RGUĊEQ\ ÄSXQNW ZLG]HQLD´ Point of Viev feature 3R9 9LOOLHUV 9LOOLHUV L 5RHSHU X]DOHĪQLRQ\ RG ]GDQLDJáyZQHJR
%DGDQLDG]LHFLZZLHNXRGGRODWGRZRG]ąVLOQ\FKSRZLą]DĔPLĊG]\UR ]XPLHQLHP ]DSDPLĊW\ZDQLHP F]\ WHĪ WUHQLQJLHP XĪ\ZDQLD ]GDĔ GRSHáQLHQLR Z\FK D UR]ZRMHP 78 SU]\ F]\P NLHUXQHN ZSá\ZX QDMF]ĊĞFLHM SURZDG]L RG VWUXNWXUVNáDGQLRZ\FKGRNRPSHWHQFMLWHRULRXP\VáRZ\FK /RKPDQQL7RPDVHO OR +DOHL7DJHU)OXVEHUJ )DNWLĪWR]GDQLDGRSHáQLHQLRZHVąSUH G\NWRUDPL UR]ZRMX 78 ĞZLDGF]\ ]GDQLHP EDGDF]\ R W\P ĪH ]DJQLHĪGĪHQLH VNáDGQLRZH MHVW ÄQDU]ĊG]LHP´ GOD Z\áDQLDQLD L WZRU]HQLD UHNXUV\ZQ\FK UHSUH ]HQWDFML QD NWyU\FK ED]XMH GRMU]DOV]D UHNXUV\ZQD78 6WRQH L*HUUDQV &DLOOLHVL/H6RXUQ%LVVDRXL -HMEDGDQLDGRW\F]ąQDMF]ĊĞFLHMW]ZUHSUH ]HQWDFML,,U]ĊGX±VWDQyZXP\VáRZ\FKRGQRV]ąF\FKVLĊGRLQQ\FKVWDQyZXP\ VáRZ\FK:\áDQLDMąVLĊRQHRNRáRV]yVWHJRURNXĪ\FLD QS1DLWRL6HNL DQDSR]LRPLHUHDOL]DFMLMĊ]\NRZHMPRJą]RVWDüZ\UDĪRQHZIRUPLH]GDQLD]D JQLHĪGĪRQHJR Ä2QP\ĞOLĪHRQDP\ĞOLĪH;´.OXF]RZHMHVWWXWDM]DJQLHĪGĪD QLHUHODFML SXQNWyZZLG]HQLD ZUDPDFKMHGQHMVWUXNWXU\RURVQąF\PSR]LRPLH ]áRĪRQRĞFL FR XPRĪOLZLDMą Z áDĞQLH ]GDQLD GRSHáQLHQLRZH 9LOOLHUV L 9LOOLHUV 6FKLFNLLQ 6áXĪąRQHMDNRW]ZUHSUH]HQWDF\MQ\IRUPDW SRU9LO OLHUV NWyU\±JG\W\ONRVWDMHVLĊGRVWĊSQ\±XPRĪOLZLDSU]HSURZDG]DQLH FRUD] EDUG]LHM UHNXUV\ZQ\FK SURFHVyZ XP\VáRZ\FK = GUXJLHM VWURQ\ NU\W\F\ WHVWyZ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\FK GR EDGDQLD W\FK SURFHVyZ 7)3 WZLHUG]ą ĪH LFK SRSUDZQH Z\NRQDQLH VWDZLD EDGDQ\P Z\VRNLH Z\PRJL MĊ]\NRZH SRU %ORRP L*HUPDQ :LVWRFLH]ZHUEDOL]RZDQLHLQWHUSUHWDFML]DFKRZDĔRGZRáXMąFH
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
VLĊ GR F]\LFKĞ P\ĞOL P\ĞOL QD WHPDW P\ĞOL LWG Z\PDJD Z\VRNLFK ELHUQ\FK L F]\QQ\FK NRPSHWHQFML MĊ]\NRZ\FK ± ]UR]XPLHQLD L VNRQVWUXRZDQLD ]áRĪRQHM NRQVWUXNFMLGRSHáQLHQLRZHM]F]DVRZQLNLHPPHQWDOQ\P$UJXPHQWXMHVLĊ]DWHP ĪH MHG\QH FR PRĪQD VWZLHUG]Lü WR W\OH ĪH Z\VWĊSXMąFH Z UR]ZRMX ZF]HĞQLHM ]GROQRĞFL VNáDGQLRZH SU]HZLGXMą ]GROQRĞFL VNáDGQLRZH Z\VWĊSXMąFH SyĨQLHM %URQLąFVLĊSU]HGW\P]DU]XWHP]ZROHQQLF\WUDNWRZDQLDVNáDGQLMDNRPHFKDQL ]PXMDNRĞFLRZHM]PLDQ\ZUR]ZRMX78SRZRáXMąVLĊGRGDWNRZRQDZ\QLNLED GDĔRVyEGRURVá\FK±SRSXODFML]GURZ\FKMDNLNOLQLF]Q\FK :EDGDQLDFKHNVSHU\PHQWDOQ\FK]XG]LDáHP]GURZ\FKGRURVá\FKZ\NRU]\ VW\ZDQRPLQSURFHGXUĊ]DGDQLDSRGZyMQHJRF]\OL]DGDQLDMHGQRF]HĞQLHDQJD ĪXMąFHJRLFKZGZLHDNW\ZQRĞFL 1HZWRQL9LOOLHUV -HGQD]QLFKWRQS SRZWDU]DQLH GLDORJX YV Z\VWXNLZDQLH U\WPX Vá\V]DQHJR UyZQROHJOH Z VáX FKDZNDFK D GUXJD ± ĞOHG]HQLH SU]HELHJX QLHPHM V\WXDFML QD SRGVWDZLH F]HJR ]DGDZDQHMHVWQDNRĔFXS\WDQLHRIDáV]\ZHSU]HNRQDQLH )3 MHMERKDWHUD)DNW LĪWRZZDUXQNXGLDORJX DOHQLHU\WPX SDGDZLĊFHMEáĊGQ\FKRGSRZLHG]LWáX PDF]\ VLĊ EUDNLHP GRVWĊSX 78 GR UHNXUV\ZQ\FK SURFHVyZ I-language ± SR WU]HEQ\FKGODSU]HWZRU]HQLD)3ZKLVWRULL QDZHWQLHPHM D]DDQJDĪRZDQ\FKMXĪ Z MHGQRF]HVQH RGWZDU]DQLH NRQZHUVDFML SRU 9LOOLHUV -HVW WR NROHMQ\ DUJXPHQW SU]HPDZLDMąF\ ]D UHNXUV\ZQRĞFLą MDNR ZVSyOQą Z áDĞFLZRĞFLą SURFH VyZ PHQWDOQ\FK L ZHUEDOQ\FK 3U]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ERZLHP ]DDQJDĪRZDQLH Z SRZWDU]DQLH GLDORJX Z ]DGDQLX SRGZyMQ\P VNXWNXMH EUDNLHP GRVWĊSX GR XP\VáRZ\FK PHFKDQL]PyZ XPRĪOLZLDMąF\FK XFKZ\FHQLH GDQHM WUHĞFL SU]HNR QDQLD ZUHODFMLGRSRGPLRWXSRGPLRWyZFR±MDNMXĪZVSRPQLDQR±MHVWWDNĪH IXQNFMą VNáDGQL GRSHáQLHQLRZHM ] F]DVRZQLNLHP PHQWDOQ\P 3UDZGRSRGREQLH XP\VáRZHUHSUH]HQWRZDQLHUHODF\MQRĞFLQLHW\ONRZ\PDJDUHNXUV\ZQ\FKSURFH VyZI-languageOHF]WDNĪHZVSLHUDVLĊHIHNWDPLLFKG]LDáDQLD]SR]LRPXUHDOL]D FMLF]\OL]GDQLDPL2ND]XMHVLĊĪHQDZHWSU]HWZDU]DQLHL]DSDPLĊW\ZDQLHERGĨ FyZZ]URNRZ\FKNWyU\FKSRGRELHĔVWZRRSLHUDVLĊQDUHODFMDFKZMDNLFKSR]R VWDMą Z ]JOĊGHP VLHELH LFK HOHPHQW\ VNáDGRZH XOHJD SRJRUV]HQLXSROHSV]HQLX Z]DOHĪQRĞFLRGWHJRF]\EDGDQLQLHPRJąPRJąNRU]\VWDü]MĊ]\NDZWUDNFLH LFK SU]HWZDU]DQLD OXE ]DSDPLĊW\ZDQLD ]D 9LOOLHUV 6WZLHUG]RQR WR QD SRGVWDZLHEDGDĔGRURVá\FKNWyU]\QLH]DSDPLĊW\ZDOLUHODFMLZ\NRQXMąFMHGQR F]HĞQLH]DGDQLHDQJDĪXMąFHSURFHV\MĊ]\NRZHDOHWHĪSRSUDZ\]DSDPLĊW\ZDQLD X F]WHURODWNyZ NWyUH ZVSLHUDá\ VLĊ MĊ]\NRZą Z VND]yZ Ną Z SRVWDFL ]GDQLD 6WUXNWXU\ GRSHáQLHQLRZH XPRĪOLZLDMąFH XFKZ\FHQLH WUHĞFL ]GDQLD Z UHODFML GR SRGPLRWXWRQLHW\ONRNRPSHWHQFMHMĊ]\NRZHSR]ZDODMąFH]ZHUEDOL]RZDüRGSR
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ ZLHGĨ±MHMSRSUDZQRĞü ĞZLDGF]\RGRVWĊSLHGRQRZHJRIRUPDWXUHSUH]HQWDF\M QHJRNWyUHJRRZHVWUXNWXU\GRVWDUF]DMą'RGDWNRZ\PZVSDUFLHPWHJRVWDQRZL VNDVąEDGDQLD78XSDFMHQWyZ]DID]MąNWyU]\MXĪZRNUHVLHGRURVáRĞFLXWUDFLOL F]ĊĞü ]GROQRĞFLMĊ]\NRZ\FK 6LHJDOL9DUOH\ %DQUHWL 1DS\WDQLH RF]\MHĞP\ĞOLZ\SRZLHG]L]DPLDVW]GDQLHPGRSHáQLHQLRZ\PRGSRZLDGDMąRQL ]D SRPRFąF]HJRĞFRQD]ZDQR
Ä]DJQLHĪGĪHQLHPRW\SLHWHRULLXP\VáX´ state-ments with “theory of mind” type embeddings %DQUHWL 6ąWRNRQVWUXNFMH
RW\SLHPRZ\QLH]DOHĪQHMZNWyU\FKF]DVRZQLNPHQWDOQ\]DPLDVW]GDQLDGRSHá QLHQLRZHJR ZSURZDG]D ]GDQLH Z IRUPLH SLHUZV]RRVRERZHM VZHJR URG]DMX ÄF\WDW´ FXG]HM Z\SRZLHG]L 6NáRQLáR WR DXWRUyZ $SSHUO\ 6DPVRQ &DUUROO +XVVDLQL+XPSKUH\V 6LHJDOL9DUOH\ GRVWZLHUG]HQLDĪHVNáDGQLD MHVW ÄUXV]WRZDQLHP´ QLH]EĊGQ\P GOD Z\áRQLHQLD UHSUH]HQWDFML SR]QDZF]HM XPRĪOLZLDMąFHMZQLRVNRZDQLHR XP\ĞOH7DND NRPSHWHQFMD±UD]RSDQRZDQD± QLH E\áDE\ MXĪ LFK ]GDQLHP X]DOHĪQLRQD RG UHDOL]DFML MĊ]\NRZHM MDNR VSRVREX HNVSUHVML WHJR FR G]LĊNL GRVWĊSRZL GR QLHM QD SHZQ\P HWDSLH UR]ZRMX ZFLąĪ PRĪH ]RVWDü SRGGDQH WUDIQHM UHSUH]HQWDFML Z XP\ĞOH7DN QDOHĪDáRE\ UR]XPLHü PLQ IDNW LĪ QLHNWyUH RVRE\ ] DID]Mą SRWUDILą UR]Z Lą]Dü QLHZHUEDOQH ]DGDQLD GUXJRU]ĊGRZHM78
1LHZ\NOXF]RQH ĪH RVRE\ ] DID]Mą VWRVXMą SHZQH VWUDWHJLH NRPSHQVDF\MQH %DQUHWL +RIIPDQ L9LQF]H ZFLąĪ MHGQDN SROHJDMąFH QD ]DJQLHĪGĪDQLX DOH SHUVSHNW\Z perspective embeddings QLHPQLHM QLHNRQLHF]QLH SRFLąJDMąFH ]D VREą GRSHáQLHQLRZH ]DJQLHĪGĪHQLH :\NRU]\VWDQLH WDNLFK ÄVWUDWHJLL QDSUDZ F]\FK´ repair strategies MHVW X]DOHĪQLRQH QLH W\ONR RG GRVWĊSQ\FK SR]LRPyZ L SRWHQFMDOQ\FK ]DVWĊSF]\FK IRUP UHSUH]HQWDFML OHF] WDNĪH GRVWĊSQHM ZLHG]\ RNRQWHNVWDFKVSRáHF]Q\FKLSUDJPDW\FHV\WXDFMLNRPXQLNDF\MQ\FK SRUV
5HNXUVMDZSUDJPDW\FH
:ĞUyG RSRQHQWyZ &KRPVN\¶HJR ]QDMGXMą VLĊ SV\FKRORJRZLH UR]ZRMX QS 7RPDVHOOR DOHLEDGDF]H SRVWXOXMąF\ ĪHUHNXUV\ZQRĞüMHVWWDNĪH FHFKą ]áRĪR Q\FK KLHUDUFKLF]QLH XVWUXNWXU\]RZDQ\FK G]LDáDĔ]DFKRZDĔ LQWHQFMRQDOQ\FK 9LFDULL$GHQ]DWR 'XĪRQRZHJRZQLRVá\WXEDGDQLD]ZLą]NyZSRPLĊG]\ OXG]NLP V\VWHPHP VHQVRPRWRU\F]Q\P MĊ]\NRZ\P RUD] LQQ\PL SURFHVDPL ]]DNUHVXSR]QDQLDVSRáHF]QHJRZW\P 78 *ROGLQ0HDGRZ .QREOLFK %XWWHUILOOL6HEDQ] '¶$XVLOLR0DIIRQJHOOLL)DGLJD :\NRU]\VWXMą RQH PLQ WHFKQLNL QHXRURREUD]RZDQLD L SRND]XMą QS ĪH XVá\V]HQLH VáyZ OXE
1DSU]\NáDG]DPLDVWÄ2QDP\ĞOLĪHGXĪRZDĪ\´±Ä2QDP\ĞOLĪH«Ojej, jak duĪo!´ %DQ UHWLV
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
]GDĔR]QDF]DMąF\FKNRQNUHWQHG]LDáDQLDPRGXOXMHXRGELRUFyZDNW\ZQRĞüNRUH VSRQGXMąF\FK ] LFK Z\NRQDQLHP REV]DUyZ NRU\ UXFKRZHM QS ÄSRGQLHĞ´ ÄNRSQLM´ SREXG]D REV]DU\ DNW\ZXMąFH VLĊ SRGF]DV F]\QQRĞFL DQJDĪXMąF\FK RG SRZLHGQLRUĊNĊVWRSĊ &RFLHNDZHRGZRáXMąFHVLĊGRG]LDáDQLDLGLRP\ Ä.RS Qąü Z NDOHQGDU]´ RUD] QLHEH]SRĞUHGQLH Z\SRZLHG]L ]LOXVWURZDQH ]GMĊFLHP NRMDU]RQ\P ] G]LDáDQLHP QS Ä*RUąFR WX´ SOXV ]GMĊFLH ]DPNQLĊWHJR RNQD RSUyF] RGSRZLHGQLFK REV]DUyZ PRWRU\F]Q\FK SREXG]DMą UyZQLHĪ WH DNW\Z QH SRGF]DV UR]ZLą]\ZDQLD WHVWyZ 78 SRU QS +DXN -RKQVUXGH L 3XOYHUPOOHU 5DSRVR 0RVV 6WDPDWDNLV L 7\OHU 1LH G]LZL ]DWHP ĪH REHFQLH FRUD] ZLĊNV]HJR ]QDF]HQLD QDELHUDMą EDGDQLD L SRGHMĞFLD VNXSLDMąFH VLĊ QD ZVSyáG]LDáDQLX LQWHUDNFMDFK L V\WXDFMDFK VSRáHF]Q\FK FKDUDNWHU\]XMąF\FK VLĊ PLQUyĪQRURGQRĞFLąLUyĪQROLF]QRĞFLą ]DFKRZDĔZHUEDOQ\FKLQLHZHUEDOQ\FK XF]HVWQLNyZ NRQWHNVWyZ LFK ]DLVWQLHQLD F]\ WHĪ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQ\FK ĞURGNyZ SU]HND]X SRU'H-DHJKHU'L3DRORL*DOODJKHU =UHV]WąSRZLą]DQLDMĊ ]\N±XP\Vá±G]LDáDQLHWRLVWRWQ\ZąWHNNODV\F]Q\FKNRQFHSFML]DUyZQRUR]ZRMR Z\FK 3LDJHW 6]XPDQ MDNLSUDJPDW\F]Q\FK $XVWLQ 6HDUOH
8 RVyE GRURVá\FK NRRSHUDW\ZQD NRPXQLNDFMD XZ]JOĊGQLDMąFD XPLHMĊWQRĞü UHSUH]HQWRZDQLDLSRGHMPRZDQLDSHUVSHNW\Z\PRĪHSU]\EUDüSRVWDüNRQZHUVD FML RSDUWHM QD GLDORJX 5HODFMH SRPLĊG]\ Z\SRZLHG]LDPL UR]PyZ FyZ PRJą RSLHUDüVLĊQDPHFKDQL]PLHZLHORNURWQHJR]DJQLHĪGĪHQLD /HYLQVRQ 'R W\F]\ WR QS VHNZHQFML ÄS\WDQLH RGSRZLHGĨ´ JG]LH HIHNW\ZQRĞü Z \PLDQ\ XZDUXQNRZDQD MHVW GRVWĊSHP GR GRGDWNRZ\FK LQIRUPDFML MDN Z SRQLĪV]\P SU]\NáDG]LH 3\WDQLH 3 6ąMDNLHĞZROQHWHUPLQ\" 2GSRZLHGĨ 2 7DNDNLHG\FKFLDáE\SDQSU]\MĞü" 3 3 $MDNLHVąGRZ\ERUX" 3 $ZROLSDQZHHNHQG\F]\ZW\JRGQLX" 2 :HHNHQG\ 2 7RPRĪHE\üMXWURUDQRDOERZQDVWĊSQąQLHG]LHOĊRGRZROQHMSRU]H 2 7RQLHFKEĊG]LHQLHG]LHODWDNVDPRMDNG]LĞ : VHNZHQFML 32 ]DJQLHĪGĪRQH Vą GRGDWNRZR GZLH SDU\ S\WDQLH RGSRZLHGĨ WDNĪH RSDUWH QD PHFKDQL]PLH UHNXUVML ± SDUD 32 MHVW RVDG]RQD Z SDU]H32D XG]LHOHQLHRGSRZLHG]LQDS\WDQLH3 XZDUXQNRZDQHMHVWLQ IRUPDFMąX]\VNDQąZUDPDFK2NWyUą]NROHLZDUXQNXMHHIHNWZ\PLDQ\32
3U]\MPXMHVLĊĪHMHGQRVWNąNRPSHWHQFMLMĊ]\NRZHMMHVW]GDQLHDNRPXQLNDF\MQHM±Z\SR ZLHGĨ *DMGD
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
$QDORJLF]QLH MDN Z SU]\SDGNX ZVSyáG]LDáDQLD PLHVLĊF]Q\FK G]LHFL QD SU]HPLHQQRĞü L NRPSOHPHQWDUQRĞü UyO RUD] VNáRQQRĞü GR SRG]LHODQLD LQWHQFML NRPXQLNDF\MQ\FKXPRĪOLZLDMąWXXVWDOHQLHUHNXUV\ZQ\FKSRZLą]DĔ]DNáDGDMąF ĪHWUDIQRĞüRZ\FKXVWDOHĔZDUXQNXMHRVLąJQLĊFLHZVSyOQHJRFHOX XVWDOHQLHWHU PLQX ZL]\W\ 7DNLH ÄSUDJPDW\F]QH ]DJQLHĪGĪHQLH´ pragmatic embedding SU]HPDZLD ]GDQLHP /HYLQVRQD ]DWUDNWRZDQLHPUHNXUVMLMDNRXZLGDF]QLDMąFHM VLĊ QDMEDUG]LHM Z MĊ]\NRZHM NRPXQLNDFML language use 3U]HZDJą NRQZHUVD F\MQHM Z VWRVXQNX GR VNáDGQLRZHM UHNXUVML MHVW PRĪOLZRĞü RVLąJDQLD EDU G]LHMZLHORNURWQLH]áRĪRQ\FK]DJQLHĪGĪHĔ]QDF]QLHHIHNW\ZQLHMSU]HWZDU]DQ\FK Z SRUyZQDQLX ] UR]EXGRZDQ\PL UHNXUV\ZQ\PL UHDOL]DFMDPL MĊ]\NRZ\PL 'OD SRUyZQDQLDVNáDGQLRZ\PRGSRZLHGQLNLHPSU]\WRF]RQHJRZF]HĞQLHMSU]\NáDGX WU]HFLRU]ĊGRZHJR]DJQLHĪGĪHQLDVHNZHQFMLÄS\WDQLHRGSRZLHGĨ´NWyUHPRĪQD ]REUD]RZDü MDNR 3>3>32@2@2@ E\áRE\ ]GDQLH W\SX Ä6]F]XU NWyUHJR NRW NWyUHJR SLHV JRQLá XJU\]á ]MDGá FDá\ VHU´ %HUNR *OHDVRQ L 5DWQHU V SU]HGVWDZLRQHMDNR$>%>&&@%@$1LHMHVWWRMHGQDN GRNRĔFDDGHNZDWQHSRUyZQDQLH±NRQZHUVDFMDWDNVDPRMDNMHMZ\áDQLDMąFDVLĊ QD ELHĪąFR VWUXNWXUD WR PLPR ZV]\VWNR LQWHUDNW\ZQ\ SURFHV Z\SRZLHG]LRP EOLĪHM WX GR NRPSOHPHQWDUQ\FK ZVSyOQ\FK G]LDáDĔ 6HDUOH &ODUN UR]G]LHORQ\FKSRPLĊG]\NLONXXF]HVWQLNyZ$]DWHPZSU]\SDGNXGLDORJX HIHNW\ZQRĞü]DJQLHĪGĪDQLDPRĪHE\üGRGDWNRZRZ]PDFQLDQDSU]H]NRRSHUDF\M QRNRPXQLNDF\MQ\NRQWHNVW±LPEDUG]LHMDEVWUDNF\MQHZ\DEVWUDKRZDQH]QLHJR MHVWUHNXUV\ZQHUR]XPRZDQLHW\PZLĊNV]\FKWUXGQRĞFLZDGHNZDWQHMLQWHUSUH WDFML PRĪQD VLĊ VSRG]LHZDü /HYLQVRQ V 1LHPQLHM MHGQDN Z REX SU]\SDGNDFK PDP\ GR F]\QLHQLD ] SURFHVXDOQ\P UHNXUV\ZQ\P Z\áDQLDQLHP VWUXNWXU\ LQWHUDNF\MQHM±ERGRW\F]ąFHMNRQZHUVDFML LQWUDSV\FKLF]QHM±ERRG QRV]ąFHMVLĊGRUR]XPRZDQLDRLQWHQFMDFKLVWDQDFKPHQWDOQ\FKQSMHJRXF]HVW QLNyZSRVLáNXMąFVLĊUHSUH]HQWDF\MQ\PIRUPDWHP]GDQLD
3U]\JOąGDMąF VLĊ NU\W\FH SRJOąGX &KRPVN\¶HJR Z SRGHMĞFLDFK NRPXQLND F\MQRVSRáHF]Q\P L SUDJPDW\F]Q\P RUD] EDGDQLRP ]ZLą]NyZ VNáDGQLD±78 PRĪQDRGQLHĞüZUDĪHQLHĪHMĊ]\NE\ZDSU]H]LFKDXWRUyZXWRĪVDPLDQ\JáyZQLH ]MĊ]\NRZ\PL UHDOL]DFMDPL ]GDQLDPL Z\SRZLHG]LDPL .RQVHNZHQFMą E\Z D EáĊGQH XWRĪVDPLDQLHUHNXUV\ZQRĞFL SURFHVyZ ] HIHNWDPL LFK G]LDáDQLD MDNLPL PRJąE\üUHDOL]RZDQHMĊ]\NRZR]DJQLHĪGĪRQHVWUXNWXU\VNáDGQLRZH1LHPQLHM MHGQDN WR UR]ZRMRZD SHUVSHNW\ZD NU\W\NyZ &KRPVN\¶HJR XQDRF]QLD ZLHORĞü LUyĪQRURGQRĞüSU]HMDZyZLSRZLą]DĔUHNXUV\ZQRĞFLI-language]LQQ\PLSáDV] F]\]QDPLOXG]NLHJRIXQNFMRQRZDQLDXZ]JOĊGQLDMąFSU]\W\PG\QDPLNĊ]DFKR G]ąF\FKZQLFK]PLDQ
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
3RGVXPRZDQLH
6NáDGQLD EH] ZąWSLHQLD SR]ZDOD XFKZ\FLü Z MĊ]\NX UHNXUV\ZQH ]MDZLVND XP\VáRZH QLHPQLHM MHGQDN QLH PRĪQD Z\NOXF]\ü ĪH ]DFKRG]ą RQH MXĪ SU]HG SRMDZLHQLHP VLĊ ]GROQRĞFL UHDOL]RZDQLD UHNXUVML Z ]GDQLDFK GRSHáQLHQLRZ\FK 2QH]NROHLPRJąVWDQRZLüÄUXV]WRZDQLH´GODGRMU]DOV]HMUHNXUV\ZQHM78GR VWDUF]DMąFQRZ\FKMDNRĞFLRZRĞURGNyZUHSUH]HQWDFML3RZ\ĪV]HZQLRVNLQLHVą MHGQDN VSU]HF]QH ] SRVWXODWHP UHNXUVML MDNR ZáDĞFLZRĞFL SURFHVyZ I-language ± SRGHMĞFLD UR]ZRMRZH GRSUHF\]RZXMą NRQFHSFMĊ &KRPNV\¶HJR SRND]XMąF MDN LNLHG\UHNXUV\ZQąVNáDGQLĊXP\VáXPRĪQDSRáąF]\ü]V]HURNLPVSHNWUXPNRP SHWHQFML]REV]DUX NRPXQLNDFMLSR]QDQLDVSRáHF]QHJRF]\UHDOL]DFMLMĊ]\NRZHM LSUDJPDW\NL
'RNRQDQ\SU]HJOąGSRGHMĞüWHRUHW\F]Q\FKLZ\QLNyZEDGDĔGRSUHF\]RZXMH L SRJáĊELD FKDUDNWHU\VW\NĊ SURFHVyZ ZLąĪąF\FK PRZĊ L MĊ]\N ] P\ĞOHQLHP SU]HGHZV]\VWNLPG]LĊNLXQDRF]QLHQLXZMDNLVSRVyESRVWXORZDQHSU]H]&KRP VN\¶HJRPHFKDQL]P\I-languageRG]ZLHUFLHGODMąVLĊZUyĪQ\FK]MDZLVNDFKSR ]QDZF]RVSRáHF]Q\FK 5HNXUV\ZQH SURFHV\ áąF]HQLD HOHPHQWDUQ\FK F]ąVWHN NRQFHSF\MQ\FK SURZDG]ą GR Z\áRQLHQLD ZHZQĊWU]QHM UHNXUV\ZQHM VWUXNWXU\ Z\UDĪHQLD L XPRĪOLZLDMą ÄSU]HáRĪHQLH JR´ QD UHNXUV\ZQą ]HZ QĊWU]Qą VWUXNWXUĊ ]GDQLD-HĞOL]DWHPSU]\MąüĪHF]ąVWNLNRQFHSF\MQHPDMąFKDUDNWHUUHSUH]HQWDFML WDNVDPRMDNFHOH SRU5HNXUV\ZQRĞüSURFHVyZ78 WRZHZQĊWU]QDUHNXUV\ZQD VWUXNWXUD I-language RGSRZLDGD UHSUH]HQWDF\MQHPX WU]HFLRRVRERZHPX XMPR ZDQLXLQWHQFMLL SHUVSHNW\Z ZHZVSyáSUDF\L NRPXQLNDFML:yZF]DV SU]\SLV\ ZDQLHUHNXUV\ZQ\FKSURFHVyZXP\VáRZ\FKG]LHFLRPQLHSRVáXJXMąF\PVLĊMHV] F]HMĊ]\NLHPZFDOHQLHNáyFLVLĊ]NRQFHSFMą&KRPVN\¶HJR7UDNWXMąFVNáDGQLĊ narrow syntax MDNRZáDĞFLZHGODXP\VáRZHJRV\VWHPXREOLF]HQLRZHJR )/1 UHNXUV\ZQH RSHUDFMH QD UHSUH]HQWDFMDFK QS FHODFK PRĪQD SRNXVLü VLĊ RVWZLHUG]HQLHĪHQLHMDZQD78WRVSHF\ILF]Q\VSRVyEZ\NRU]\VWDQLDI-language L MHJR VNáDGQL Z V\WXDFMDFK NRRSHUDW\ZQHM NRPXQLNDFML SU]\F]\QLDMąF\ VLĊ GR UR]ZRMX SLHUZV]\FK ZHUEDOQ\FK UHDOL]DFML 7DN SRMPRZDQ\ MĊ]\N VWDQRZLáE\ ZyZF]DV VZHJR URG]DMX UHSUH]HQWDF\MQą ÄPDWU\FĊ´ NWyUD XPRĪOLZLD L XáDWZLD IRUP\]áRĪRQHJRUR]XPRZDQLDREVHUZRZDQH]DUyZQRMXĪXNLONXQDVWRPLHVLĊF] Q\FKG]LHFLMDNLGRURVá\FKZDUXQNXMąF±ZUD]]UR]ZRMHPLGRĞZLDGF]HQLHP± FRUD] EDUG]LHM Z\UDILQRZDQH UHNXUV\ZQH VSRVRE\ P\ĞOHQLD DQJDĪRZDQH ZIXQNFMRQRZDQLHQDFRUD]OLF]QLHMV]\FKEDUG]LHMUyĪQRURGQ\FKSáDV]F]\]QDFK
3RUNRQFHSFMĊMĊ]\NDMDNRGRGDWNRZHJRIRUPDWXUHSUH]HQWDF\MQHJR ÄPHQWDOVFUDWFKSDG´ RUD] ]GROQRĞFL GR SU]HFKRZ\ZDQLD LQIRUPDFML Z MĊ]\NRZ\P IRUPDFLH L PDQLSXORZDQLH QLPL )HGRUHQNRL9DUOH\
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ 'OD&KRPVN\¶HJRMĊ]\NMHVWZ\QLNLHPG]LDáDQLDGZyFKF]\QQLNyZ ZURG]RQHJR /$' RUD] GRĞZLDGF]HQLD /$' Z\NRU]\VWXMH GRĞZLDGF]HQLH MDNR ÄGDQH ZHM ĞFLRZH´ input LGRVWDUF]DÄGDQ\FKZ\MĞFLRZ\FK´ output NWyUHVąMHGQDNRG SRF]ąWNXUHSUH]HQWRZDQHZXP\ĞOHPy]JX &KRPVN\V 5R]ZRMRZH EDGDQLD]ZLą]NyZQLHMDZQHM78]QDE\ZDQLHPMĊ]\NDSRND]XMąĪHSRG]LHODQLH XZDJL Z WULDG]LH PLHVLąF SR]ZDOD G]LHFLRP XVWDOLü DGHNZDWQą UHODFMĊ SRPLĊG]\RELHNWHPRGQLHVLHQLDDMHJRQD]ZąG]LĊNLF]HPXRSDQRZXMąSLHUZV]H VáRZD 7RPDVHOOR 1LHZ\NOXF]RQHĪHMHGQą]IXQNFMLQLHMDZQHM78MHVW ZLą]DQLH RELHNWX ]H VáRZHP SU]\ Z\NRU]\VWDQLX UHNXUV\ZQHM XP\VáRZHM VNáDGQLI-languageZUDPDFKLQWHUDNFML&RFLHNDZHZ\QLNLEDGDĔG]LHFLSRVáX JXMąF\FKVLĊMXĪPRZąSRND]XMąĪHXVWDODMąRQH]QDF]HQLDVáyZQDOHĪąF\FKGR UR]PDLW\FKNDWHJRULLJUDPDW\F]Q\FKPLQQDSRGVWDZLHZVND]yZHNV\QWDNW\F] Q\FK %ORRP
=EDGDĔUR]ZRMRZ\FK 0LOOLJDQLLQ Z\QLNDĪHWRV\QWDNW\ND JáyZ QLH VNáDGQLD GRSHáQLHQLRZD ] F]DVRZQLNLHP PHQWDOQ\P MHVW SUHG\NWRUHP UR] ZRMXMDZQHM78(NVSHU\PHQW\]XG]LDáHPGRURVá\FKVXJHUXMąĪHGRVWĊS78GR UHNXUV\ZQ\FKSURFHVyZI-languageMHVWNOXF]RZ\GODPRĪOLZRĞFLSU]HWZDU]DQLD QD SR]LRPLH UHSUH]HQWDFML QDZHW Z SU]\SDGNX QLHZHUEDOQ\FK 7)3 1HZWRQ L9LOOLHUV %UDNGRVWĊSXGRUHSUH]HQWDF\MQHJRMĊ]\NRZHJRIRUPDWXXQLH PRĪOLZLD]DWHPP\ĞOHQLHRSURFHVDFKP\ĞORZ\FKSURZDG]ąF\FKGRZ\WZRU]H QLD SU]HNRQDĔ R U]HF]\Z LVWRĞFL 3RVWXODW GRSHáQLHQLRZHJR ]DJQLHĪGĪHQLD MDNR GRVWDUF]DMąFHJR78 ÄUHSUH]HQWDF\MQHJR QDU]ĊG]LD´ 9LOOLHUV Z]PDFQLDMą Z\QLNLEDGDĔRVyE]JUXSNOLQLF]Q\FK)DNWLĪZQLRVNRZDQLHRXP\ĞOHPRĪHVLĊ RGE\ZDüSRPLPRQLHPRĪQRĞFLMĊ]\NRZHJRZ\UDĪHQLDZQLRVNyZZIRUPLH]GD QLD GRSHáQLHQLRZHJR SU]HPDZLD ]D WUDNWRZDQLHP ]DOHĪQRĞFL ÄVNáDGQLD GRSHá QLHQLRZD±MDZQD78´MDNR]ZLą]DQHM]SURFHVHPUR]ZRMX SRU6LHJDOL9DUOH\ 1D SHZQ\P MHJR HWDSLH QLHMDZQH VSRVRE\ UR]XPRZDQLD PRJą XOHJDü ÄSU]HSLVDQLX´ QD MDNRĞFLRZR QRZ\ V]DEORQ FR XPRĪOLZLD Z\NRU]\VWDQLH LFK Z ]áRĪRQ\FK RSHUDFMDFK MDZQHM 78 SRU .DUPLORII6PLWK 7RPDVHOOR V -Ċ]\NUR]XPLDQ\MDNRI-languageMHVWZQLH]DDQJDĪRZDQ\±JG\ VWDMHVLĊQLHGRVWĊSQ\XOHJDMąRQH]DNáyFHQLXMHGQDNXWUDWDPRĪOLZRĞFLZ\UDĪD QLDHIHNWyZLFKG]LDáDQLDZ]GDQLXGRSHáQLHQLRZ\PQLHPXVLZSá\ZDüQDWUDI QRĞüUR]XPRZDQLD3U]\SLVDQLHZVSRPQLDQHPXV]DEORQRZLUHNXUV\ZQ\FKZáD ĞFLZRĞFLPRĪOLZHG]LĊNLMHJRUHLQWHUSUHWDFMLZNOXF]XNRQFHSFML&KRPVN\¶HJR SR]ZDODZ\MDĞQLüGODF]HJRF]ĊĞFLRZDXWUDWDPRZ\ZGRURVáRĞFLQLHNRQLHF]QLH ]XEDĪD]áRĪRQRĞüSURFHVyZP\ĞORZ\FKĝZLDGF]ąRW\PPLQQDSUDZF]HVWUDWH JLHÄ]DJQLHĪGĪDQLDSHUVSHNW\Z´QLHNWyU\FKSDFMHQWyZ]DID]Mą
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
3U]H] SU\]PDW XVWDODQLD L SRGHMPRZDQLD SHUVSHNW\Z PRĪQD VSRMU]Hü WDNĪH QD NRQZHUVDFMĊ:\áRQLHQLHMHM]DJQLHĪGĪRQHM NRQVWUXNFMLRSRSUDZQHMKLHUDU FKLLSRZLą]DQ\FK]HVREąZ\SRZLHG]LXF]HVWQLNyZWRHIHNWSURFHVyZXVWDOHQLD UHODFMLSRPLĊG]\URODPLRUD]UHSUH]HQWDFMDPLFHOyZ.RPSHWHQFMą78E\áRE\WX Z\NRU]\VWDQLH VNáDGQLRZ\FK PHFKDQL]PyZ I-language GR UyZQROHJáHJR NRRU G\QRZDQLD NLONXZLHOX SHUVSHNW\Z 3RND]XMH VLĊ /HYLQVRQ ĪH Z NRQ ZHUVDFMLPRĪQD]LGHQW\ILNRZDüZ\ĪV]HSR]LRP\]DJQLHĪGĪHQLDQLĪZUHDOL]RZD QHMMĊ]\NRZRVNáDGQL 1DOHĪ\MHGQDNSDPLĊWDü ĪH ]JRGQLH ] NRQFHSFMą&KRP VN\¶HJRUHNXUVMDGRW\F]\WDNĪHSURFHGXU]ZLą]DQ\FK]SU]HND]DQLHPZ\UDĪHĔGR V\VWHPXZ\NRQDZF]HJRLQDWDNLHUHDOL]DFMHZSá\ZDMąRJUDQLF]HQLD]SR]LRPX ]GROQRĞFLMĊ]\NRZHMÄZV]HURNLP]QDF]HQLX´ faculty of language in the broad
sense )/% : SU]\SDGNX JG\ UHDOL]DFMH SU]\MPXMą SRVWDü SU]\VWDMąF\FK GR
VLHELHSDUUR]G]LHORQ\FK PLĊG]\RGUĊEQ\FKXF]HVWQLNyZ GLDORJXGRFKRG]LUD F]HMGRQDSU]HPLHQQHJRZ\áDQLDQLDSRMHG\QF]\FKF]áRQyZVNáDGDMąF\FKVLĊQD FDáą]áRĪRQąUHNXUV\ZQąVWUXNWXUĊ5yZQLHGREU]HPRĪHWRĞZLDGF]\üQLHW\OH R ÄSU]HZDG]H´ NRQZHUVDF\MQHM UHNXUVML LOH R PQLHMV]\FK REFLąĪHQLDFKRJUDQL F]HQLDFK]HVWURQ\)/%ZV\WXDFMDFKWDNLHJRLQWHUDNF\MQHJRMHMZ\NRU]\VWDQLD 0LPRZV]\VWNR±Z]DGDQLXZHUEDOQ\P]GURZHRVRE\GRURVáHVą]GROQHUR]X PRZDüRSHUVSHNW\ZLH]DJQLHĪGĪRQHMDĪGRF]ZDUWHJRF]\QDZHWSLąWHJRU]ĊGX 'XQEDU
3RGVXPRZXMąF VWZLHUG]HQLH R W\P ĪH MĊ]\NRZH NRPELQDFMH NRQFHSF\MQH SR]ZDODMą QDP UHSUH]HQWRZ Dü UyĪQH SRGPLRW\ L V\WXDFMH 7RPDVHOOR V Z\GDMHVLĊWUDIQLHRSLV\ZDüQLHW\ONRUHDOL]DFMHVNáDGQLRZHOHF]WDNĪH MĊ]\NZHZQĊWU]Q\6SRMU]HQLHQDUHNXUV\ZQ\I-language]SHUVSHNW\Z\UR]ZR MRZHMX]XSHáQLHQLHMHJRNRQFHSFMLSRGHMĞFLDPLNRPXQLNDF\MQ\PLSUDJPDW\F] Q\PDMHGQRF]HĞQLHW\FKSRGHMĞü±MHJRNRQFHSFMąSR]ZDOD]UR]XPLHüGODF]HJR R UHNXUVML PRĪQD PyZLü Z NRQWHNĞFLH ]DUyZQR QDMZF]HĞQLHMV]\FK SU]HMDZyZ NRRSHUDW\ZQHMNRPXQLNDFMLMDNL]áRĪRQHMZHUEDOQHMVNáDGQLRUD]GRMU]DáHM78 F]\ SUDJPDW\NL 5HNXUV\ZQRĞü MDNR Z áDĞFLZRĞü SRG]LHODQD SU]H] Z\PLHQLRQH ]MDZLVND±ERZáDĞFLZDW\PSURFHVRPLOXEVWUXNWXURP±GRGDWNRZRXQDRF]QLD ZMDNLVSRVyEMĊ]\NZVSLHUDZ\áDQLDQLHVLĊFRUD]EDUG]LHM]áRĪRQ\FKSURFHVyZ P\ĞORZ\FK]ZáDV]F]D]DDQJDĪRZDQ\FKZUR]XPRZDQLHRĞZLHFLHVSRáHF]Q\P :WDNLPáąF]ąF\PUyĪQHWHRULHLSRGHMĞFLDEDGDZF]HXMĊFLXUHNXUV\ZQRĞüPRĪQD UR]SDWU\ZDü MDNR ZVSyOQą SRGVWDZĊ Z\PLHQLRQ\FK NRPSHWHQFML D UHDOL]DFMH VNáDGQLRZH±MDNRPHFKDQL]PSURZDG]ąF\GR]PLDQ\VSRVREXZ\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD
I-languageZHZQLRVNRZDQLXRVWDQDFKPHQWDOQ\FK
1LHZ\NOXF]RQHĪHSHZQH]áRĪRQHNRQVWUXNFMHMĊ]\NRZHPDMąVZRMHĨUyGáRZUHDOL]DFMDFK UR]G]LHORQ\FKSLHUZRWQLHSRPLĊG]\XF]HVWQLNyZGLDORJX ]D /HYLQVRQ
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ /,7(5$785$&<72:$1$ $SSHUO\,$6DPVRQ'&DUUROO1+XVVDLQ6L+XPSKUH\V*: ,QWDFWILUVWDQG VHFRQGRUGHUIDOVHEHOLHIUHDVRQLQJLQDSDWLHQWZLWKVHYHUHO\LPSDLUHGJUDPPDUSocial Neu-roscience, 1 $VWLQJWRQ-:L-HQNLQV-0 $ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQODQJXDJHDQG WKHRU\RIPLQGGHYHORSPHQWDevelopmental Psychology, 35
$XVWLQ - / Jak dziaaü sowami. : - /$XVWLQ Mówienie i poznawanie :DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
%DQUHWL= 5HFXUVLRQLQDSKDVLDClinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 24 %DQUHWL = +RIIPDQ , L 9LQF]H 9 5HFXUVLYH VXEV\VWHPV LQ DSKDVLD DQG$O]KHLPHU¶V
GLVHDVH &DVHVWXGLHVLQV\QWD[DQGWKHRU\RIPLQGFrontiers in Psychology, 7
%HKQH 7 &DUSHQWHU 0 &DOO - L 7RPDVHOOR 0 8QZLOOLQJ YHUVXV XQDEOH ,QIDQWV¶ XQGHUVWDQGLQJRILQWHQWLRQDODFWLRQDevelopmental Psychology, 41
%HKQH7&DUSHQWHU0L7RPDVHOOR0 2QH\HDUROGVFRPSUHKHQGWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYH LQWHQWLRQVEHKLQGJHVWXUHVLQDKLGLQJJDPHDevelopmental Science, 8
%HUNR*OHDVRQ-L5DWQHU1% Psycholingwistyka*GDĔVN *:3
%LDáHN $ L )LOLS $ 8G]LDá JHVWyZ ZVND]XMąF\FK Z UR]ZRMX XPLHMĊWQRĞFL RVLąJDQLD ZVSyOQHJRRGQLHVLHQLDStudia Psychologiczne, 51
%ORRP 3 .RQWURZHUVMH ZRNyá SU]\VZDMDQLD MĊ]\ND XF]HQLH VLĊ Z\UD]yZ L F]ĊĞFL PRZ\: %%RNXVL*:6KXJDU UHG Psychologia jĊzyka dziecka*GDĔVN *:3 %ORRP3L*HUPDQ73 7ZRUHDVRQVWRDEDQGRQWKHIDOVHEHOLHIWDVNDVDWHVWRIWKHRU\
RIPLQGCognition, 77 %%
&DLOOLHV 6 L /H 6RXUQ%LVVDRXL 6 1RQGHFRPSRVDEOH LGLRP XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LQ FKLOGUHQ 5HFXUVLYH WKHRU\ RI PLQG DQG ZRUNLQJ PHPRU\ Canadian Journal of Experimental Psy-chology, 67
&DUSHQWHU 0 1DJHOO . L 7RPDVHOOR 0 6RFLDO FRJQLWLRQ MRLQW DWWHQWLRQ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLYH FRPSHWHQFLHV IURP WR PRQWKV RI DJH Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 63
&DUSHQWHU07RPDVHOOR 0L 6WULDQR7 5ROHUHYHUVDOLPLWDWLRQLQDQGPRQWK ROGVDQGFKLOGUHQZLWKDXWLVPInfancy, 8
&DUUXWKHUV3 7KHFRJQLWLYHIXQFWLRQVRIODQJXDJHBehavioral and Brain Sciences, 25
&RXOO*-/HHNDP65L%HQQHWW0 6LPSOLI\LQJVHFRQGRUGHUEHOLHIDWWULEXWLRQ :KDW IDFLOLWDWHV FKLOGUHQ¶V SHUIRUPDQFH RQ PHDVXUHV RI FRQFHSWXDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ" Social Devel-opment, 15
&KRPVN\1 Syntactic structures7KH+DJXH 0RXWRQ3XEOLVKHUV
&KRPVN\ 1 Zagadnienia teorii skadni :URFáDZ =DNáDG 1DURGRZ\ LP 2VVROLĔVNLFK
&KRPVN\1 The minimalist program&DPEULGJH0$ 0,73UHVV &KRPVN\1 Language and mind &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
&ODUN+ -RLQWDFWLYLWLHV: +&ODUNUsing language&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
'¶$XVLOLR $ 0DIIRQJHOOL / L )DGLJD / /¶RULJLQH FRPXQH GL OLQJXDJJLR H D]LRQH Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia, 4
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
'H -DHJKHU + 'L 3DROR ( L *DOODJKHU 6 &DQ VRFLDO LQWHUDFWLRQ FRQVWLWXWH VRFLDO FRJQLWLRQ"Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14
'XQEDU5 Czowiek: biografia.UDNyZ &RSHUQLFXV&HQWHU3UHVV
(YDQV1L/HYLQVRQ6& 7KHP\WKRIODQJXDJHXQLYHUVDOV /DQJXDJHGLYHUVLW\DQGLWV LPSRUWDQFHIRUFRJQLWLYHVFLHQFHBehavioral and Brain Sciences, 32
(YHUHWW'/ &KDOOHQJLQJ&KRPVN\DQOLQJXLVWLFV 7KHFDVHRI3LUDKmHuman Develop-ment, 50
)HGRUHQNR ( L 9DUOH\ 5 /DQJXDJH DQG WKRXJKW DUH QRW WKH VDPH WKLQJ (YLGHQFH IURP QHXURLPDJLQJDQGQHXURORJLFDOSDWLHQWVAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369
)LWFK:7+DXVHU0'L&KRPVN\1 7KHHYROXWLRQRIWKHODQJXDJHIDFXOW\ &ODULILFD WLRQVDQGLPSOLFDWLRQVCognition, 97
*DMGD6 Lingwistyczne podstawy logopedii.: 7*DáNRZVNLL*-DVWU]ĊERZVND UHG Logopedia – pytania i odpowiedzi. PodrĊcznik akademicki W V 2SROH :\GDZ QLFWZR8QLZHUV\WHWX2SROVNLHJR
*ROGLQ0HDGRZ6 7DONLQJDQGWKLQNLQJZLWKRXUKDQGVCurrent Directions in Psycholog-ical Science, 15 +DOH&0L7DJHU)OXVEHUJ+ 7KHLQIOXHQFHRIODQJXDJHRQWKHRU\RIPLQG $WUDLQLQJ VWXG\Developmental Science, 6 +DXN2-RKQVUXGH,L3XOYHUPOOHU) 6RPDWRWRSLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDFWLRQZRUGVLQ KXPDQPRWRUDQGSUHPRWRUFRUWH[Neuron, 41 +DXVHU0'&KRPVN\1L)LWFK:7 7KHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH :KDWLVLWZKRKDVLW DQGKRZGLGLWHYROYH"Science, 298 +DXVHU0'<DQJ&K%HUZLFN5&7DWWHUVDOO,5\DQ0-:DWXPXOO-&KRPVN\1 L /HZRQWLQ 5 & 7KH P\VWHU\ RI ODQJXDJH HYROXWLRQ Frontiers in Psychology, 5
+H\HV& )DOVHEHOLHILQLQIDQF\ $IUHVKORRNDevelopmental Science, 17 -DFNHQGRII 5 L 3LQNHU 6 7KH QDWXUH RI WKH ODQJXDJH IDFXOW\ DQG LWV LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU
HYROXWLRQRIODQJXDJH 5HSO\WR)LWFK+DXVHUDQG&KRPVN\ Cognition, 97 -XDQ96L$VWLQJWRQ-: %ULGJLQJWKHJDSEHWZHHQLPSOLFLWDQGH[SOLFLWXQGHUVWDQGLQJ
+RZODQJXDJHGHYHORSPHQWSURPRWHVWKHSURFHVVLQJDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIIDOVHEHOLHIBritish Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30
.DUPLORII6PLWK $ Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science&DPEULGJH 0,73UHVV
.QREOLFK*%XWWHUILOO6L6HEDQ]1 3V\FKRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKRQMRLQWDFWLRQ 7KHRU\DQG GDWD. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 54
.RYiFV È 0 7pJOiV ( L (QGUHVV $ ' 7KH VRFLDO VHQVH 6XVFHSWLELOLW\ WR RWKHUV¶ EHOLHIVLQKXPDQLQIDQWVDQGDGXOWVScience, 330
.XUF] , Psycholingwistyka ogólna. : , .XUF] L + 2NXQLHZ VND UHG JĊzyk jako przedmiot badaĔ psycholingwistycznych. Psycholingwistyka ogólna i neurolingwistyka :DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR6]NRá\:\ĪV]HM3V\FKRORJLL6SRáHF]QHMÄ$FDGHPLFD´
/HYLQVRQ 6 & 5HFXUVLRQ LQ SUDJPDWLFV Language: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, 89
/LV]NRZVNL8&DUSHQWHU0L7RPDVHOOR0 7ZHOYHPRQWKROGVFRPPXQLFDWHKHOSIXOO\ DQGDSSURSULDWHO\IRUNQRZOHGJHDEOHDQGLJQRUDQWSDUWQHUVCognition, 108
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
/RKPDQQ + L 7RPDVHOOR 0 7KH UROH RI ODQJXDJH LQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI IDOVH EHOLHI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ $WUDLQLQJVWXG\Child Development, 74
/RZ-L3HUQHU- ,PSOLFLWDQGH[SOLFLWWKHRU\RIPLQG 6WDWHRIWKHDUWBritish Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30
0LFKDOLN0 Kompetencja skadniowa w normie i zaburzeniach.UDNyZ :\GDZQLFWZR 83
0LOOHU3+ Theories of developmental psychology.1HZ<RUN :RUWK3XEOLVKHUV
0LOOHU 6$ Theory of mind: Beyond the preschool years 1HZ <RUN 1< 3V\FKRORJ\ 3UHVV
0LOOLJDQ.$VWLQJWRQ-:L'DFN/$ /DQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQG 0HWDDQDO\VLVRI WKH UHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ ODQJXDJH DELOLW\ DQG IDOVHEHOLHI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ Child Development, 78
1DLWR0L6HNL< 7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVHFRQGRUGHUIDOVHEHOLHIDQGGLVSOD\UXOHV UHDVRQLQJ 7KH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FRJQLWLYH DQG DIIHFWLYH VRFLDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ Developmental Science, 12 1HZWRQ$0L9LOOLHUV-* 7KLQNLQJZKLOHWDONLQJ$GXOWVIDLOQRQYHUEDOIDOVHEHOLHI UHDVRQLQJPsychological Science, 18 2QLVKL.+L%DLOODUJHRQ5 'RPRQWKROGLQIDQWVXQGHUVWDQGIDOVHEHOLHIV"Science, 308 3DUNHU-50DF'RQDOG&$L0LOOHU6$ ³-RKQWKLQNVWKDW0DU\IHHOV´)DOVHEHOLHI LQFKLOGUHQDFURVVDIIHFWLYHDQGSK\VLFDOGRPDLQVThe Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168
3HUQHU-L(VNHQ) (YROXWLRQRIKXPDQFRRSHUDWLRQLQHomo heidelbergensis 7HOHRORJ\ YHUVXVPHQWDOLVPDevelopmental Review, 38
3HUQHU-L:LPPHU+ ³-RKQWKLQNVWKDW0DU\WKLQNVWKDW´$WWULEXWLRQRIVHFRQGRUGHU EHOLHIVE\WR\HDUROGFKLOGUHQJournal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39 3LDJHW- Genetic epistemology1HZ<RUN 7KH1RUWRQ/LEUDU\
3LDJHW- Mowa i myĞlenie dziecka:DUV]DZD 3:1
3LQNHU6L-DFNHQGRII5 7KHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH :KDW¶VVSHFLDODERXWLW"Cognition, 95
3UHPDFN ' L :RRGUXII * 'RHV FKLPSDQ]HH KDYH D WKHRU\ RI PLQG" Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4
5DSRVR $ 0RVV + 6WDPDWDNLV ( L 7\OHU / . 0RGXODWLRQ RI PRWRU DQG SUHPRWRU FRUWLFHVE\DFWLRQVDFWLRQZRUGVDQGDFWLRQVHQWHQFHVNeuropsychologia, 47 5HDG': :RUNLQJPHPRU\ $FRJQLWLYHOLPLWWRQRQKXPDQSULPDWHUHFXUVLYHWKLQNLQJ
SULRUWRKRPLQLGHYROXWLRQEvolutionary Psychology, 6
6FKLFN%9LOOLHUV-*9LOOLHUV3$L+RIIPHLVWHU5 /DQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQG $VWXG\RIGHDIFKLOGUHQChild Development, 78
6FKQHLGHU ' 1RWW = ( L 'X[ 3 ( 7DVN LQVWUXFWLRQV DQG LPSOLFLW WKHRU\ RI PLQG Cognition, 133
6HDUOH-5 CzynnoĞci mowy. RozwaĪania z filozofii jĊzyka:DUV]DZD 3$; 6HDUOH-5 Umys, mózg i nauka:DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1 6LHJDO0L9DUOH\5 $SKDVLDODQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQGSocial Neuroscience, 1
5(.856-$-$.2:63Ï/1$32'67$:$352&(6Ï:80<6à2:<&+
6ODGH / L 5XIIPDQ 7 +RZ ODQJXDJH GRHV DQG GRHV QRW UHODWH WR WKHRU\ RI PLQG $ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIV\QWD[VHPDQWLFVZRUNLQJPHPRU\DQGIDOVHEHOLHIDevelopmental Psychology, 23
6WRQH 9 ( L *HUUDQV 3 *HQHURXV RU SDUVLPRQLRXV FRJQLWLYH DUFKLWHFWXUH" &RJQLWLYH QHXURVFLHQFH DQGWKHRU\RI PLQGThe British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 59
6]XPDQ6 O rozwoju jĊzyka i myĞlenia dziecka:DUV]DZD 3:1
7RPDVHOOR0 7KHVRFLDOSUDJPDWLFWKHRU\RIZRUGOHDUQLQJ Pragmatics, 10 7RPDVHOOR0 Kulturowe Ĩróda ludzkiego poznawania:DUV]DZD 3,:
7RPDVHOOR0 &RRSHUDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWKHQG\HDURIOLIHChild Development Perspectives, 1
7RPDVHOOR0 Historia naturalna ludzkiego myĞlenia.UDNyZ &RSHUQLFXV&HQWHU 3UHVV
7RPDVHOOR0 Historia Naturalna Ludzkiego MyĞlenia.UDNyZ &RSHUQLFXV&HQWHU3UHVV 9LOOLHUV-* 7KHLQWHUIDFHRIODQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQG Lingua, 117 9LOOLHUV - * L 3\HUV - ( &RPSOHPHQWV WR FRJQLWLRQ $ ORQJLWXGLQDO VWXG\ RI WKH
UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFRPSOH[V\QWD[DQGIDOVHEHOLHIXQGHUVWDQGLQJCognitive Development, 17
9LOOLHUV - * L 9LOOLHUV 3$ 'HFHSWLRQ GLVVRFLDWHV IURP IDOVH EHOLHI UHDVRQLQJ LQ GHDI FKLOGUHQ ,PSOLFDWLRQV IRU WKH LPSOLFLWH YHUVXV H[SOLFLW WKHRU\ RI PLQG GLVWLQFWLRQBritish Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30
9LOOLHUV - *9LOOLHUV 3$ L 5RHSHU7 :KTXHVWLRQV 0RYLQJ EH\RQG WKH ILUVW FKDVH Lingua, 121 9LOOLHUV-* :KDWNLQGRIFRQFHSWVQHHGODQJXDJH"Language Sciences, 46 9LOOLHUV-*L9LOOLHUV3$ 7KHUROHRIODQJXDJHLQWKHRU\RIPLQGGHYHORSPHQWTopics in Language Disorders, 34 :RáNRZVNL3 %LRORJLF]QHDVSHNW\WHRULL]GROQRĞFLMĊ]\NRZHM&KRPVN\¶HJRDiametros, 23
:UyEHO6] Umys, gramatyka, ewolucja:DUV]DZD :\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1 :\JRWVNL/ MyĞlenie i mowa7áXP()OHV]QHURZDL-)OHV]QHU:DUV]DZD 3:1
!["Wybrane motywy orientalne w literaturze polskiego pozytywizmu (sansara, karman, nirwana)", Wiesław Olkusz, "Zeszyty Naukowe WSP Opole" XIX, Filologia Polska, Opole 1981 : [recenzja]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAP///wAAACH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==)