• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Widok An assessment of natural language robustness and how it relates to natural language sustainability: a fuzzy ecological approach to the lives of natural languages

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Widok An assessment of natural language robustness and how it relates to natural language sustainability: a fuzzy ecological approach to the lives of natural languages"

Copied!
8
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

678',$5266,&$3261$1,(16,$YRO;;;9,,,SS,6%1,661 $GDP0LFNLHZLF]8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3R]QDę





$1$66(660(172)1$785$//$1*8$*(52%8671(66$1' +2:,75(/$7(6721$785$//$1*8$*(6867$,1$%,/,7< $)8==<(&2/2*,&$/$3352$&+727+(/,9(6 2)1$785$//$1*8$*(6



2&(1$7Čį<=1<-Č=<.Ð:1$785$/1<&+ ,-(-=:,ć=.8=,&+35=(į<:$/12ģ&,ć 52=0<7(32'(-ģ&,((.2/2*,&=1('2.:(67,,į<&,$ -Č=<.Ð:1$785$/1<&+



67$1,6â$:3833(/



$%675$&7$OOOLYLQJQDWXUDOODQJXDJHVPD\EHFKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWHUPVRIWKHLURYHUDOO ¶UREXVWQHVV· 7KH FRQFHSW PD\ EH GHILQHG DV UHODWLQJ GLUHFWO\ WR WKH KHDOWKYLWDOLW\ ZHOOEHLQJ LH VXVWDLQDELOLW\  RI WKHVH ODQJXDJHV ,Q WKH SDSHU DQDWWHPSWLVPDGHWR IXUWKHUGHILQHWKHFRQFHSWLQWHUPVRIDVHWRISDUDPHWHUVDVZHOODVWRVKRZWKDWQDWXUDO ODQJXDJHVGLIIHUDVWRWKHGHJUHHRIWKHLURYHUDOOUREXVWQHVV



6WDQLVãDZ3XSSHO8QLZHUV\WHWLP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX3R]QDę²3ROVND



$ QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH PD\ EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG LQ WHUPV RI LWV ¶UREXVWQHVV· 7KH FRQFHSW PD\ EH GHILQHG DV DQ LQWHUSOD\ RI D QXPEHU RI VHOHFWHG SDUDPHWHUV DQG WKHLU IX]]\ YDOXHV FRQWULEXWLQJ MRLQWO\ WR WKH ODQJXDJH·V RYHUDOO¶KHDOWKYLWDOLW\ZHOOEHLQJ·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

(2)

63XSSHO  7KH,QWHUQDO3DUDPHWHUVRI1/5 LHWKRVHSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKPD\EHGHILQHGDVWKHRQHVZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]H WKHLQWHUQDOVWDWHG\QDPLVPRIDQ\1/DWDJLYHQSRLQWRIWLPH  

 1/V FKDUDFWHUL]HG LQ WHUPV RI WKH W\SHV RI PRGDOLWLHV XVHG LQ FXUUHQW FRPPXQLFDWLYHSUDFWLFH

$XGLRYRFDOPRGDOLW\ $9R 

− UHJLRQDO GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ RI VSRNHQ RUDO  ODQJXDJH LQFOXGLQJ WKH

SUHVHQFH QXPEHU DQG VL]H RI UHJLRQDO GLDOHFWV DV VRPH NLQG RI ¶EUHHGLQJ ORFL· IRU D QDWLRQDO VWDQGDUG  ODQJXDJH DV D GLDOHFWDOO\ SRO\PRUSKLF SKHQRPHQRQ LH WKH SUHVHQFH RI UHJLRQDO GLDOHFWV YHUVXVVWDQGDUGGLDOHFW 

− WKH SUHVHQFH DQG VL]H RI FXOWXUHVSHFLILF QRQYHUEDO FRPPXQLFDWLYH

UHVRXUFHV VXFK DV FXOWXUHGHWHUPLQHG SDUDODQJXDJH FI 3R\DWRV  

9LVXDOWDFWLOHPRGDOLW\ 9L7 

− WKHSUHVHQFHGHJUHHRIGLYHUVLILFDWLRQDQGVL]HRIPHDQVRIZULWWHQ

ODQJXDJH LQFOXGLQJ OLWHUDWXUH SRHWU\ SULQWHG JUDPPDUV OHJDO GRFXPHQWV UHOLJLRXV GRFXPHQWV VFLHQWLILF ZULWLQJV GDLO\ SUHVV MRXUQDOV HQF\FORSHGLDV GLFWLRQDULHV RWKHU ERRNV RWKHU SULQWHG PDWHULDOVDOOFRQWULEXWLQJWRDJLYHQODQJXDJH·VLQWHUQDOGHJUHHRI ¶JUDSKLFDIIOXHQFH·

− WKH SUHVHQFH DQG VL]H RI FXOWXUHVSHFLILF QRQYHUEDO UHVRXUFHV

FRPSULVLQJ FXOWXUHVSHFLILF HOHPHQWV RI QRQYHUEDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VXFKDVJHVWXUHVIDFLDOH[SUHVVLRQVDQGERG\SRVWXUHV

− WKHSUHVHQFHDQGXVHRIDORFDOVLJQODQJXDJH HJ$PHULFDQ6LJQ

/DQJXDJH1LFDUDJXDQ6LJQ/DQJXDJHHWF 

$9RDQG9L7PRGDOLWLHVFRPELQHG WKHVRFDOOHGK\EULGDXGLRYLVXDO RUGHURIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ$9L 

− WKH SUHVHQFH GHJUHH RI GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ DQG VL]H RI DXGLRYLVXDO

PHDQV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ IHDWXUH ILOPV GRFXPHQWDULHV 79SURJUDPVHWFXVXDOO\FRQWULEXWLQJMRLQWO\WRWKHGHYHORSPHQW DQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI WKH VWDQGDUG GLDOHFW ,W VKRXOG EH QRWHG DW WKLV SRLQW WKDW QRW DOO ORFDO ODQJXDJH FRPPXQLWLHV KDYH DW SUHVHQW UHDFKHG WKDW DGYDQFHG VWDJH RI GHYHORSPHQW RI K\EULGLW\ RI FRP PXQLFDWLYHPRGDOLWLHVDQGPDQ\VWLOOUHPDLQLQWKHLUVSRNHQVWDJH VHHSRLQWDERYHDOVRFI*ULPHV 



 2XWFRPHQUDQDWXUDOODQJXDJHZKLFKKDVGHYHORSHGDQGZKLFKXVHV

DOO WKUHH PRGDOLWLHV LQ WKH DXGLRYLVXDO RUGHU RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ PD\ EH GHILQHG DV D PRGDOLW\FRPSOHWH ODQJXDJH ZKLFK KDV WKXV UHDFKHG WKH KLJKHVWGHJUHHRIODQJXDJHDQGQRQODQJXDJHUHVRXUFHFRPELQDWLRQDQG LQWHQVLILFDWLRQ6XFKDODQJXDJHLVDOVRFKDUDFWHUL]HGDVDUREXVWODQJXDJH

(3)

$QDVVHVVPHQWRIQDWXUDOODQJXDJHUREXVWQHVVDQGKRZLWUHODWHVWRQDWXUDOODQJXDJH«





1/V FKDUDFWHUL]HG LQ WHUPV RI WKHLU FRPPXQLFDWLYH ILWQHVV IXUWKHU GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH ORFDO HQYLURQPHQW LH WKHLU XVH LQ WKH HQYLURQPHQWDO FRPPXQLFDWLYHQLFKHV   7KHGLYHUVLILFDWLRQDQGVL]HRIWKH1/UHVRXUFHVLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKH SDUWLFXODUQLFKH V LQZKLFKLWLVXVHG7KHIROORZLQJFRPPXQLFDWLYH QLFKHVPD\EHGLVWLQJXLVKHG − WKHGDLO\URXWLQHDQGJHQHUDOFXOWXUHQLFKHLQZKLFKWKHPDMRULW\

RI QDWLYH FRPPXQLFDWRUV ¶UHVLGH· PRVW RI WKH WLPH RI WKHLU GDLO\ YHUEDODQGQRQYHUEDOLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKRWKHUFRPPXQLFDWRUV

− WKHSURIHVVLRQDOODQJXDJHQLFKHXVHGLQWKHZRUNSODFHDQGVWXG\

SODFH LQFOXGLQJSHUPDQHQWDQGWUDQVLWRU\VRFLROHFWVLHWKHVRFLR FXOWXUDO GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ RI VSRNHQ DQG ZULWWHQ IRUPV RI D 1/ DOVR WKH SUHVHQFH RI VRSKLVWLFDWHG SURIHVVLRQDO ODQJXDJH UHVRXUFHV RUJDQL]HGLQQXPHURXVSURIHVVLRQDOVXEQLFKHV 

− WKH FLWL]HQVKLS QLFKH XVHG LQ WKH OHJDO LH FRQVWLWXWLRQDO DQG

MXULGLFLDO PDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIWKH1/UHVRXUFHV

 

 2XWFRPHQUDQDWXUDOODQJXDJHZKLFKKDVGHYHORSHGLWVUHVRXUFHVLQ DOO WKH WKUHH QLFKHV LV D IXOOQLFKH DQG UREXVW 1/ DQG WKXV D SDUWLFXODU KXPDQFRPPXQLFDWLQJDJHQW KHQFH+&$ ZKRKDVJDLQHGFRQWURORYHUWKHVH QLFKHVPD\EHUHJDUGHGDVDFRPSOHWH KHQFHPRUHUREXVW FRPPXQLFDWRU LQWHUPVRILQGLYLGXDOODQJXDJHUHVRXUFHFRQWURO  7KH([WHUQDO3DUDPHWHUVRI1/5 LHWKRVHSDUDPHWHUVZKLFKPD\EHGHILQHGDVWKHRQHVZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]H WKHH[WHUQDOVWDWHG\QDPLVPRIDQ\1/DWDJLYHQSRLQWRIWLPH  

 1/V FKDUDFWHUL]HG LQ WHUPV RI WKHLU WHUULWRULDO UDQJH LQ WKH FRUH SHULSKHU\PRGHORIWKHLURFFXUUHQFHDQGVXEVHTXHQWSRSXODWLRQPRELOLW\  7KHVL]HRIWKHDUHDRIWKHFRUHRIWKH1/KDELWDW HJGHWHUPLQHGLQNPò  − ¶ODUJHFRUHDUHD·1/V HJ&KLQHVH(QJOLVK6SDQLVK  − ¶VPDOOFRUHDUHD·1/V HJ/LWKXDQLDQ/DWYLDQ+XQJDULDQ  − ¶FRUHOHVV·1/V HJ5RPDQL   7KHSRSXODWLRQPRELOLW\ZKLFKUHVXOWVIURPWKHDERYHGLVWLQFWLRQVPD\ LQFOXGHWKHIROORZLQJW\SHV

− D SRSXODWLRQ PD\ VWD\ H[FOXVLYHO\ ZLWKLQ WKH FRUH RI WKH SULPDU\

KDELWDWWKDWLVLWSUHIHUVQRWWRGLVSHUVH HJWKHPRGHUQ1RUZHJLDQ SRSXODWLRQLQLWVRULJLQDOKDELWDW +LVWRULFDOO\VSHDNLQJVXFKDVWURQJ SUHIHUHQFH IRU WKH FRUH PD\ UHVXOW LQ WKH HVWDEOLVKPHQW RI FRUH GRPLQDQW ODQJXDJHV HLWKHU RQHFRUH GRPLQDQW 1/V HJ 3ROLVK  RUPDQ\FRUHGRPLQDQW1/V VXFKDV(QJOLVK6SDQLVK3RUWXJXHVH 

(4)

63XSSHO 

− D SRSXODWLRQ PD\ VWD\ ZLWKLQ WKH FRUH KDELWDW ZKLOH DOVR EHLQJ

RSHQWRZDUGVDQGH[HUFLVLQJLPPLJUDWLRQ HJWKH3ROLVKSRSXODWLRQ  WKXVH[HUFLVLQJWKHVRFDOOHGFHQWULIXJHHIIHFW VHHSRLQWEHORZ  

 2XWFRPHQUDQDWXUDOODQJXDJHZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHRFFXUUHQFH LQ DQG GRPLQDWLRQ RI RQH RU PRUH FRUHV PD\ EH UHJDUGHG DV RQH ZKLFK GHPRQVWUDWHVDJUHDWHUGHJUHHRIUREXVWQHVV   *HRJUDSKLFDOGLYHUVLILFDWLRQRIWKHDUHDRIWKHFRUHRIWKH1/KDELWDW QDWXUDOO\FRPELQHGZLWKWKHVL]HRIWKHDUHDRIWKHFRUH ERWKFRQWULEXWH WRDJUHDWHUZHDOWKRIDJLYHQ1/JHQHUDWHGE\WKHSRWHQWLDORFFXUUHQFH RIDODUJHUQXPEHURIUHJLRQDOGLDOHFWVDQGDODUJHUSRSXODWLRQXVLQJWKH ODQJXDJH 7KH ODWWHU LV UHQGHUHG PRVW HIILFLHQWO\ E\ 1/ ¶ZHLJKW· H[SUHVVHGE\WKHWHUP¶OLQJXRPDVVJORWWRPDVV·XQGHUVWRRGDVIROORZV WKH ELJJHULVWKHSRSXODWLRQXVLQJDSDUWLFXODU1/WKHELJJHULVLWV OLQJXRPDVVJORWWRPDVV LH WKH QXPEHU RI QDWLYH FRPPXQLFDWRUV  DQG WKH ELJJHU LV LWV H[SUHVVLYH FDSDFLW\ 7KH QDWXUDO JHRJUDSKLFDO GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ PD\ LQFOXGH ORZODQGV PRXQWDLQV FRDVWDO UHJLRQV IRUHVWHGDUHDVGHVHUWUHJLRQVDQGRWKHUQDWXUDOGLYLGHUV VHHHJ&RH HWDO 



 2XWFRPH QU  D QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH ZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D ODUJHU WHUULWRULDOUDQJH VL]H RILWVFRUHKDELWDWDQGVXEVHTXHQWJUHDWHUJHRJUDSKLFDO GLYHUVLILFDWLRQ PD\ WHQG WR SRVVHVV D ELJJHU QXPEHU RI UHJLRQDO GLDOHFWV ZKRVHSUHVHQFHRYHUDOOLVDQLQGLFDWRURID1/·VJUHDWHUGHJUHHRIUREXVWQHVV



 1/VFKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWHUPVRIVSDWLDO¶QDYLJDWLRQ·HIIHFWV 

 7KH FHQWULIXJH HIIHFW ZKHUH WKHUH RFFXUV UHDGLQHVV RI WKHPHPEHUV RI D JLYHQ OLQJXLVWLF FRPPXQLW\ WR RXWPLJUDWH WKDW LV WR PRYH WR UHJLRQVORFDWHGRXWVLGHWKHSULPDU\FRUHKDELWDW7KHUHLVUHDGLQHVV WRFUHDWHWKH1/SHULSKHU\DVDQH[WHQVLRQRIWKHFRUHRIWKHKDELWDW YLD SRSXODWLRQ GLVSHUVLRQ 7KH FHQWULIXJH HIIHFW LV PRUH SK\VLFDO LQ QDWXUHDQGFRQVLVWVLQGLVSHUVLQJPHPEHUVRIDOLQJXLVWLFFRPPXQLW\ DQGWKXVOHDGLQJWRWKHZHDNHQLQJRILWV¶OLQJXRPDVV·LQWKHFRUH  7KH PDJQHWHIIHFWZKHUHWKHUHRFFXUVUHDGLQHVVRIWKHPHPEHUVRI

DJLYHQOLQJXLVWLFFRPPXQLW\WR¶DEVRUE·WKHHQWLUHRXWHUVRFLDODQG OLQJXLVWLFVSDFHLQWRWKHFRUHRILWVKDELWDWE\ZKDWHYHUPHDQVDYDLODEOH WR WKH FRPPXQLW\ 7KLV DOVR LQFOXGHV WKH DFFRPSDQ\LQJ PHQWDO PDJQLILFDWLRQRIVLJQLILFDWLRQDQGUHVXOWDQWLPSRVLWLRQRIDUHFHLYLQJ ODQJXDJHRYHUWKHDUULYLQJODQJXDJH V VXFKWKDWDVDUHVXOWRIWKH FXOWXUHVSHFLILF PDJQHW HIIHFW WKH UHFHLYLQJ ODQJXDJH LV SHUFHLYHG E\WKH¶JXHVW·FRPPXQLFDWRUVDVVXIILFLHQWO\DWWUDFWLYHDQGWKXVZRUWK\

(5)

$QDVVHVVPHQWRIQDWXUDOODQJXDJHUREXVWQHVVDQGKRZLWUHODWHVWRQDWXUDOODQJXDJH«



 RIOHDUQLQJ7KHPDJQHWHIIHFWLVPRUHPHQWDOLQQDWXUHDQGFRQVLVWV LQZLWKKROGLQJWKHPDJQHWGULYHQSRSXODWLRQZLWKLQWKHFRUHRIWKH UHFHLYLQJFRPPXQLW\ERWKIRUUHDVRQVRILGHQWLILFDWLRQ LHDVHQVH RIKLJKHUYDOXH DQGHFRQRPLFVWDELOLW\ 

 2XWFRPH QU  D QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH ZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D JUHDWHU WHQGHQF\WRGLVSHUVHPD\EHGHILQHGDVZHDNHUDQGWKXVOHVVUREXVWZKLOH D 1/ ZKLFK WHQGV WR DWWUDFW RWKHU ODQJXDJHV ZKLOH EHLQJ NHSW ZLWKLQ WKH FRUHKDELWDWPD\LQWXUQEHUHJDUGHGDVDPRUHUREXVWODQJXDJH



 1/W\SRORJ\FKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWHUPVRIWKHGHPRJUDSKLFIDFWRURIRYHUDOO SRSXODWLRQ¶ZHLJKW·WKDWLVOLQJXRPDVVJORWWRPDVVH[SUHVVLYHFDSDFLW\

7KH IROORZLQJ WHQWDWLYH W\SRORJ\ RI1/VZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHLUSRSXODWLRQ ¶ZHLJKW·PD\EHSURSRVHG

− ¶KHDY\· 1/V ZLWK RYHU  PLOOLRQ QDWLYH XVHUV HJ 0DQGDULQ

&KLQHVH(QJOLVK+LQGX*HUPDQ)UHQFK 

− ¶VHPLKHDY\· 1/V EHORZ  PLOOLRQ QDWLYH XVHUV HJ 8UGX

3XQMDEL.RUHDQ,WDOLDQ 

− ¶OLJKW·1/V EHORZPLOOLRQQDWLYHXVHUVHJ3ROLVK8NUDLQLDQ

3HUVLDQ0DOD\ 

− ¶VHPLOLJKW· 1/V EHORZ  PLOOLRQ QDWLYH XVHUV HJ &]HFK

%HORUXVVLDQ6ZHGLVK6ORYDN 

− ¶HQGDQJHUHG· 1/V EHORZ  PLOOLRQ QDWLYH XVHUV HJ .XL *DUR

0L]R0XQGD 

− ¶QHDUH[WLQFW· 1/V EHORZ  QDWLYH XVHUV HJ ,QSXL 1DJD

*DKUL7KXOXQJ.RWD7RGD 

− ¶H[WLQFW· 1/V ZLWK HLWKHU IHZ ROG OLYLQJ XVHUV RU QR XVHUV DW DOO

HJ *RGZDUL .KDP\DQJ *UHDW $QGDPDQHVH :H\WR VHH HJ *ULPHV 



2XWFRPH QU  D QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH ZKLFK LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ JUHDWHU ZHLJKW WKDW LV E\ D JUHDWHU OLQJXRPDVVJORWWRPDVVH[SUHVVLYH FDSDFLW\ PD\EHGHILQHGDVDPRUHUREXVW1/



1/W\SRORJ\FKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWHUPVRIWKHXUEDQUXUDOUDWLR 

,W LV IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH LQ WKH KLVWRU\ RI PDQNLQG WKDW WKH ZRUOG SRSXODWLRQ KDVFURVVHGWKHSHUFHQWPDUNDQGLVFXUUHQWO\PRUHXUEDQ WKDQUXUDO VHH81:RUOG8UEDQL]DWLRQ3URVSHFWV 7KHIDFWWKDWWKH UDWLR XUEDQUXUDO LV QRZ YHU\ PXFK LQ IDYRXU RI WKH UDSLGO\ JURZLQJ FLW\ SRSXODWLRQZKLFKDVHVWLPDWHGE\WKHDERYH815HSRUWLVH[SHFWHGWRLQFUHDVH VWHDGLO\ DQG FRQVLGHUDEO\ E\ WKH \HDU  7KLV IDFW LV DOVR H[SHFWHG WR H[HUWDODVWLQJLQIOXHQFHRQWKHHPHUJLQJW\SHRIFRPPXQLFDWRUVWKHXUEDQ

(6)

63XSSHO 

FRPPXQLFDWRUVZKRPD\VRRQGRPLQDWHWKHOLQJXLVWLFODQGVFDSHDQGZKR PD\EHFKDUDFWHUL]HGLQWKHIROORZLQJZD\

−WKH XUEDQ FRPPXQLFDWRU SDUWLFLSDWHV LQDUHODWLYHO\GHQVHUQHWZRUN

RI+&$VDVSRWHQWLDOFRPPXQLFDWRUVDQGLQDSRWHQWLDOO\JUHDWHUQXPEHU RI FRPPXQLFDWLYH HYHQWV ZLWK ELJVL]HG $9R DQG 9L7 PRGDOLWLHV LQYROYHG

−WKH XUEDQ FRPPXQLFDWRU KDV UHODWLYHO\ HDVLHU DFFHVV WR PD[LPDOO\

GLYHUVLILHGODQJXDJHUHVRXUFHV

−WKH XUEDQ FRPPXQLFDWRU LV H[SRVHG WR DQG SDUWLFLSDWHV LQ D UHODWLYHO\

ELJJHU QXPEHU RI FRPPXQLFDWLYH HQFRXQWHUV ERWK SODQQHG DQG UDQGRPZLWKWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIERWKWKH$9R9L7DQGK\EULG$9L PRGDOLWLHV

−WKH XUEDQ FRPPXQLFDWRU PDNHV UHODWLYHO\ KLJKHUTXDOLW\ PRUH

GLYHUVLILHGDQGPRUHIUHTXHQWFRQWULEXWLRQVWRWKHFRPPRQODQJXDJH UHVRXUFHVERWKORFDODQGVWDQGDUG

−RYHUDOO WKH XUEDQ FRPPXQLFDWRU PDNHV D JUHDWHU DQG PRUH LQWHQVH

FRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHPDLQWHQDQFHDQGGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVL]HRIODQJXDJH UHVRXUFHV ZLWKLQ WKH OLQJXRPDVVH[SUHVVLYH FDSDFLW\ DQG DFURVV DOO WKHFRPPXQLFDWLYHQLFKHVWKXVFUHDWLQJDJUHDWHUODQJXDJHGHPDQG VXSSO\FKDLQ QHWZRUN WKDQWKHUXUDOFRXQWHUSDUW



2XWFRPHQUDQDWXUDOODQJXDJHZKLFKLVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DJUHDWHU XUEDQL]DWLRQ UDWLR DQG ZKLFK LV XVHG E\ D JUHDWHU QXPEHU RI XUEDQ FRPPXQLFDWRUVZKRMRLQWO\FRQWULEXWHWRWKH1/·VJUHDWHUGHJUHHRIUREXVWQHVV LVOLFHQVHGWRLQFUHDVHWKDWODQJXDJH·VVXUYLYDELOLW\



6XPPLQJXSWKHDERYHGLVFXVVLRQRQHPD\VWDWHWKDWQDWXUDOODQJXDJHV GLIIHU FRQVLGHUDEO\ LQ WKH GHJUHH RI WKHLU UREXVWQHVV DV DQ RXWFRPH RI DQ LQWHUSOD\ RI ERWK LQWHUQDO DQG H[WHUQDO SDUDPHWHUV 0RUHRYHU D KLJKHU GHJUHH RI UREXVWQHVV RIDQ\H[LVWLQJ1/LVDVVXPHGWRGLUHFWO\FRQWULEXWH WR WKH ODQJXDJH·V KHDOWK DQG SRZHU ZKLFK VXEVHTXHQWO\ LQFUHDVHV LWV VXUYLYDELOLW\ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LQWKHORQJUXQYLVjYLVRWKHUQDWXUDOODQJXDJHV 7KXV ORZ RU KLJK IX]]\ YDOXHV WKDW D VHW RI UREXVWQHVV SDUDPHWHUV DSDUWLFXODU1/PD\REWDLQDUHDVVXPHGWREHGLUHFWO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH IDWHRIWKDWODQJXDJHLQWKH1D/*$   5HIHUHQFHV  &RH103).HOO\DQG+:&<HXQJ(FRQRPLFJHRJUDSK\DFRQWHPSRUDU\ LQWURGXFWLRQ2[IRUG%ODFNZHOO *ULPHV%) HG (WKQRORJXHODQJXDJHVRIWKHZRUOGWKHG'DOODV7;6XPPHU ,QVWLWXWHRI/LQJXLVWLFV

(7)

$QDVVHVVPHQWRIQDWXUDOODQJXDJHUREXVWQHVVDQGKRZLWUHODWHVWRQDWXUDOODQJXDJH«



 3 R \ D W R V  )  3DUDODQJXDJH D OLQJXLVWLF DQG LQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ DSSURDFK WR LQWHUDFWLYH

VSHHFKDQGVRXQGV$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV

3XSSHO6Å7čİ\]QDMč]\NyZQDWXUDOQ\FKµ,Q&KDãDFLęVND:LHUWHODN+ HG  '\VNXUVZLHORNXOWXURZ\3UDFH+XPDQLVW\F]QHJR&HQWUXP%DGDęâyGĮ'UXNDUQLDL:\ GDZQLFWZR3,.725²

3 X S S H O  6  µ7KH SURWHFWLRQ RI QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH GLYHUVLW\ ² IDQF\ RU GXW\"µ 6FULSWD1HRSKLORORJLFD3RVQDQLHQVLD7RP;²

3 X S S H O  6  µ7KH XQLYHUVDO QDWXUDO ODQJXDJH SUHVHUYDWLRQ PHFKDQLVP DQ HFRORJLFDO DSSURDFKµ ,Q 3XSSHO 6 HG  7UDQVNRPXQLNDFMD : VWURQč VSURILORZDQLD SU]HVWU]HQL SXEOLF]QHM MDNR ZLHORSãDV]F]\]QRZHM SU]HVWU]HQL NRPXQLNDF\MQHM 3R]QDę =DNãDG*UDILF]Q\8$0²

8QLWHG1DWLRQV'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO$IIDLUV3RSXODWLRQ'LYLVLRQ:RUOG 8UEDQL]DWLRQ3URVSHFWV7KH5HYLVLRQ

(8)

73DFKROF]\N 

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Keywords: sponge city construction; volume capture ratio; land use change; remote sensing; modi- fied Sankey chart; built-up area partitioning method; Google Earth

Kawabata i Zeki oraz Vartanian i Goel rejestrowali aktywność mózgu badanych przy użyciu fMRI (funkcjonalny rezonans magnetyczny, wykazu- jący zmiany przepływu krwi i utlenowania

We współczesnej gospodarce zasoby niematerialne wpływają na wzrost wartości przedsiębiorstwa. Są one mocno związane z człowiekiem, ponieważ to on je tworzy w danym

W obec pow iększającej się specjaliza­ cji n iek tó rzy uczeni byli bow iem skłonni opow iadać się za tezą, głoszącą n a ra sta n ie coraz większego

Po cudownym połowie umiłowany uczeń rozpoznaje działanie Pana nie wzrokiem ani słuchem, lecz przez powiązanie słowa Jezu ­ sowego z wynikiem pracy uczniów przy pom ocy

Various approximations of the spreading activation processes in brain networks are discussed and related to the methods used in natural language processing.. The challenge is

Pan Jezus posługując się tym obrazem w przypowieści chce powiedzieć, że uczeń Chrystusa powinien być ciągle czujny i gotowy na przyjście swego Pana.. Ciągle z tą

W latach 1966-72 do Archiwum Państwowego w Żyrardowie zostały przekazane akta niektórych wydziałów Prezydium MRN w Pruszkowie: Wydziału Budżetowo-Gospodarczego,