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Social perception of counterstereotypical images of parents

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(1)Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 2016, tom 21, numer 3, s. 464-474  DZȱŗŖǯŗŚŜśŜȦŘŖŗŜŖřŖş.  ȱ ȱȱ ȱ  ȱȱ Š›’Šȱ ŠĊ–’Ž›Œ£Š”ǰȱ Š›˜•ȱ Š›Šœ’Ž ’Œ£ǰȱ Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska —œ¢žȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜’’ǰȱ—’ Ž›œ¢Žȱ ŠÚœ”’ Institute of Psychology, University of Gdansk. Summary. The article presents direct comparisons of perceived femininity and –ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ˜ȱ–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱ ‘˜ȱž•ę••ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ›˜•Žœȱ’—ȱŠ—ȱž—›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ way, in a gendered situation of transition to parenthood. A convenient sample ˜ȱŗŘŖȱ™Ž˜™•Žȱǻ’—Œ•ǯȱŜŗȱŽ–Š•ŽœǼȱ˜˜”ȱ™Š›ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱœž¢ǯȱŠ›’Œ’™Š—œȱŠœœŽœœŽȱ˜ž›ȱ ™’Œž›Žœȱ™›ŽœŽ—’—ȱ ˜ȱ–Ž—ȱǻŽŽ’—ȱŠȱ‹Š‹¢ǼȱŠ—ȱ ˜ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱǻ’—ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›”™•ŠŒŽȱ Œ˜—Ž¡Ǽȱ’—ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱŠ—ȱŽ–’—’—’¢Ȧ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǯȱ‘Žȱ’–ŠŽœȱ Ž›Žȱ ŠŒŒ˜–™Š—’Žȱ‹¢ȱœ‘˜›ȱŽœŒ›’™’˜—œȱ˜ȱ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š••¢ȱœžŒŒŽœœž•ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž—ȱ primary child care-givers. Results indicated that female targets were perceived as less feminine and more masculine than men. Men prefer the male targets more than the female ones. Key wordsDZȱ™Š›Ž—‘˜˜ǰȱŠ–’•¢ȱ›˜•ŽœǰȱŽ–’—’—’¢ǰȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢. Introduction Ž—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™Žœȱ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ž›ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ˜ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž—ȱ‘Žȱ–˜œȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ ›˜•Žœȱ‘Šȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŠȱ Ž••ȬŽœŠ‹•’œ‘Žȱœ›žŒž›Žȱǻ˜˜ǰȱŠ•¢ǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱžŒ‘ȱ›˜•ŽœȱŒŠ—ȱ‹Žȱ Šœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱŒŠ›ŽŽ›ȱŒ‘˜’ŒŽœȱ˜›ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ‹ŠŒ”›˜ž—ȱǻŠ•¢ǰȱ˜˜ǰȱ’Ž”–Š—ǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ˜œŠ”ǰȱ£Œ£Žœ—¢ǰȱŠ—ȱŠ•¢ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱŒ˜—Œ•žŽȱ‘Šȱ’—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ‘Ž›Žȱ’œȱŠȱ•’—”ȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŽ–’—’—ŽȦ˜–Žœ’Œȱ›˜•ŽœȱŠ—ȱŒ˜––ž—Š•ȱšžŠ•’’ŽœǰȱŠ—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—ŽȦȱ ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š•ȱ›˜•ŽœȱŠ—ȱŠŽ—’ŒȱŒ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’ŒœȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱŠ•¢ǰȱŽěŽ—ǰȱŗşŞŚDzȱ˜œŠ”ǰȱ £Œ£Žœ—¢ǰȱ Š•¢ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ —ȱ Œ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽǰȱ Šœȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ Š›Žȱ Šœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ with family roles whereas perceptions of men are perceived through nondomestic Š—ȱ“˜‹Ȭ›Ž•ŠŽȱ›˜•ŽœǰȱŽ—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™ŽœȱŠ›Žȱ–Š’—Š’—ŽȱǻŠ•¢ǰȱŗşŞŝǼǯȱ’—ŒŽȱŽ–Š•Žȱ roles are connected with child-rearing and taking care of the family, stereotypical Ž–’—’—’¢ȱ’œȱŽę—Žȱ‹¢ȱœžŒ‘ȱ›Š’œȱŠœȱ‹Ž’—ȱ—ž›ž›Š—ǰȱŽ–™Š‘’Œȱ˜›ȱ”’—ǯȱŠœŒž•’—Žȱ Ž—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™Žȱ’—Œ•žŽœȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’Ÿ’—ȱ–Ž—ȱŠœǰȱŠ–˜—ȱŠ••ǰȱ‹›ŠŸŽȱŠ—ȱŠœœŽ›’ŸŽǰȱœ’—ŒŽȱ ‘˜œŽȱ Š›Žȱ ‘Žȱ šžŠ•’’Žœȱ ŽœœŽ—’Š•ȱ ˜›ȱ ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š•ȱ œžŒŒŽœœȱ ǻŽŸŠ—ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ ›Š——˜—ǰȱ ŗşşşDzȱŠ—Š•ǰȱŘŖŖřǰȱŘŖŗŘDzȱ‹Ž•Žǰȱ˜“Œ’œ£”ŽǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱž’Žœȱ‹¢ȱ›Ž—’ŒŽȱŠ—ȱŠ››Š—£Šȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼǰȱ’—ȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ™Ž˜™•ŽȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱŸŠ›’˜žœȱ›Š’œȱ ’‘ȱŠȱ¢™’ŒŠ•ȱ ˜–Š—ȱŠ—ȱŠȱ¢™’ŒŠ•ȱ ›Žœȱ˜ȱ”˜›Žœ™˜—Ž—Œ“’DZȱŠ›’Šȱ ŠĊ–’Ž›Œ£Š”ǰȱŽȬ–Š’•ǰȱ™œ¢–”ȓžǯŽžǯ™• strona 464.

(2) man, showed that male competence, power, and status were especially valued as ˜™™˜œŽȱ˜ȱšžŠ•’’ŽœȱŒ˜——ŽŒŽȱ ’‘ȱŽ–˜’˜—Š•’¢ȱ˜›ȱ ŽŠ”—Žœœǯȱ˜–Š—ȱ Šœȱœ˜Œ’Š••¢ȱ ›Ž Š›Žȱ˜›ȱ‘Ž›ȱ Š›–‘ǰȱ˜™Ž——Žœœȱ˜ȱ˜‘Ž›œȱ˜›ȱšžŠ•’’ŽœȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱ–ŠŽ›—Š•ȱ ›˜•ŽȱǻŽǯǯȱ’—Ž›Žœȱ’—ȱŒ‘’•›Ž—Ǽǰȱ ‘’•Žȱ™ž—’œ‘Žȱ˜›ȱ˜–’—Š—ŒŽǰȱœž‹‹˜›——Žœœȱ˜›ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ traits even mildly related to aggression. ›Š’œȱŽę—ŽȱŠœȱŽ–’—’—ŽȱŠ—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—ŽȱŒ˜–™˜œŽȱ˜—Žȱ˜ȱŽ—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™Žœȱ Œ˜–™˜—Ž—œȱ ’쎛Ž—’ŠŽȱ ‹¢ȱ ŽŠž¡ȱ Š—ȱ Ž ’œȱ ǻŗşŞŚǼǰȱ Š—ȱ Š›Žȱ Œ•Šœœ’ꮍȱ Šœȱ Œ˜—’’ŸŽȱ’—Ž›Ž—ŒŽœȦŠĴ›’‹ž’˜—œȱ‹ŠœŽȱ˜—ȱ™˜™ž•Š›ȱ”—˜ •ŽŽȱŒ˜—ŒŽ›—’—ȱŽ—Ž›ȱ ›˜•Žœȱǻ˜‹Ž•ǰȱŗşşŚDzȱ˜‹Ž•ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱŒŒ˜›’—ȱ˜ȱŠ•¢ȱǻŗşŞŝǼȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ›˜•Žœȱž—Œ’˜—ȱ Šœȱ ™›ŽœŒ›’™’˜—œȱ ˜›ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ Š—ȱ –Ž—ǯȱ —ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ ‹’˜œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ‘Ž˜›¢ǰȱ ˜˜ȱ Š—ȱ Š•¢ȱ ǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ œŠŽȱ ‘Šȱ ‘˜œŽȱ Œž•ž›Š•ȱ ›Žœ›’Œ’˜—œȱ Š›Žȱ Ž–™‘Šœ’£Žȱ ‹¢ȱ ™‘¢œ’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŽ—Ž›œȱ•’—”Žȱ–Š’—•¢ȱ˜ȱ›Ž™›˜žŒ’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ™‘¢œ’ŒŠ•ȱœ›Ž—‘ǯȱ ‘˜œŽȱ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŽ—˜›œŽȱ’—ȱ–˜›ŽȱŽŸŽ•˜™Žȱœ˜Œ’Ž’ŽœȱŠ—ǰȱ ŠœȱŠȱŒ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽǰȱ™Š›’Š›Œ‘¢ȱ˜ŒŒž››Žǯȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱ˜‹œŽ›Ÿ’—ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž—ȱ ž•ę••’—ȱŒŽ›Š’—ȱ›˜•Žœǰȱ ŽȱŽ—ȱ˜ȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ‘Ž’›ȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›œȱ ’‘ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŽ—Ž›ȱ›Š‘Ž›ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱ›Žšž’›Ž–Ž—œȱ˜ȱŠȱ™Š›’Œž•Š›ȱ›˜•Žȱ‘Šȱ›Ž™›ŽœŽ—œȱ’쎛Ž—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱœŠžœǯȱ ‘Žȱœ’žŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŒ‘’•Ȃœȱ‹’›‘ȱ•ŽŠœȱ˜ȱ’—Œ›ŽŠœŽȱŽ—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™’£Š’˜—ǰȱ ‘Ž—ȱ ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ›˜•ŽœȱŠ—ȱ™‘¢œ’˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱž—Œ’˜—œȱǻŽǯǯȱ•ŠŒŠ’˜—ǼȱŠ›ŽȱŽ–™‘Šœ’£Žȱǻ›’Žœǰȱ Šž‘ǰȱ Š›—ŽœȬŠ››Ž••ǰȱ ŘŖŖŘDzȱ ˜¡ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ˜˜ǰȱ Š•¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ ž’Žœȱ œ‘˜ ȱ ‘Šȱ ’—ȱ‘Žȱ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ˜ȱ›Š—œ’’˜—ȱ˜ȱ™Š›Ž—‘˜˜ȱ–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ–˜›ŽȱŽ—Ž›ȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™’Œȱ ǻ ŠĵȬ’œŽǰȱ ›’Žœœǰȱ ¢Žǰȱ ŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ –’‘ȱ ‹Žȱ Ž¡™•Š’—Žȱ ‹¢ȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ Ž¡™ŽŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜ Š›œȱ—Ž ȱ–˜‘Ž›œȱŠ—ȱŠ‘Ž›œȱ’—ȱ›ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™Š›Ž—Š•ȱž’Žœȱ ǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜˜ǰȱŠ•¢ǰȱŘŖŖŘǼǯȱœȱŠȱŒ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽǰȱŒŠ›ŽȬ’ŸŽ›ȱŠ—ȱ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›ȱ›˜•Žœȱ Š›ŽȱŸ’Ž ŽȱŠœȱŒ˜––ž—Š•ȱŠ—ȱŠŽ—’Œǰȱ›ŽŠ›•Žœœȱ˜ȱ™Š›Ž—ȂœȱœŽ¡ȱǻ’œǰȱŗşşŝǼǯȱ Gender norms are institutionally endorsed. In Poland, a maternal leave lasts Šȱ –’—’–ž–ȱ ˜ȱ ŘŖȱ  ŽŽ”œȱ ŠŽ›ȱ Šȱ Œ‘’•ȱ ’œȱ ‹˜›—ǰȱ Š—ȱ ’ȱ ’œȱ Œžœ˜–Š›¢ȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ  ˜–Š—ȱ ˜ȱ œŠ¢ȱ  ’‘ȱ ‘Ž›ȱ —Ž ‹˜›—ȱ Šȱ ‘˜–Žȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ •ŽŠœȱ Šȱ Ž ȱ –˜—‘œȱ ŠŽ›ȱ ‹’›‘ȱ Šœȱ œ‘Žȱ ’œȱ considered the primary care-giver, whereas a father usually does not take a paternal •ŽŠŸŽȱ ǻ  ’Š”˜ œ”Šǰȱ ˜ Š”˜ œ”Šǰȱ ŘŖŖŜDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ —ȱ Œ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽǰȱ Ž–’—’—Žȱ self-concept is still closely linked in social perception to motherhood, and typical, Œ˜––ž—Š•ȱ ›Š’œȱ ˜ȱ –˜‘Ž›œȱ ǻ•’”Žȱ Ž–™Š‘¢Ǽȱ Š›Žȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱ ›Žšž’›Žȱ ›˜–ȱ Š—ȱ ŠŸŽ›ŠŽȱ  ˜–Š—ȱ ǻ’Ž•Š œ”ŠȬŠ˜›˜ ’Œ£ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜDzȱ ŠĊ–’Ž›Œ£Š”ǰȱ ŘŖŗśǼǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ ’—ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ Š‘Ž›‘˜˜ȱ Š›Žȱ Ÿ’œ’‹•Žǰȱ Šœȱ ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱ ŠĴ’žŽœȱ ˜ Š›œȱ engagement in caring for a child and images of men tendering their children are ™˜™ž•Š›ȱ’—ȱ–ŠœœȬ–Ž’Šȱǻ›Œ’–˜ ’Œ£ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ‘Ž—ȱ ‹˜‘ȱ Ž—Ž›œȱ ˜™™˜œŽȱ ‘’‘•¢ȱ Š™™›ŽŒ’ŠŽǰȱ ™›ŽœŒ›’™’ŸŽȱ œŒ‘Ž–Šœȱ ‹¢ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’—ȱ —˜—›Š’’˜—Š••¢ȱ ǻŽǯǯȱ  ˜–Š—ȱ Šœȱ Šȱ œ˜•Žȱ ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›ȱ ˜›ȱ –Š—ȱ Šœȱ Šȱ œŠ¢Ȭ ŠȬ‘˜–ŽȬŠǼǰȱ ‘Ž¢ȱ Š›Žȱ œ’••ȱ ™ž—’œ‘Žȱ ‹¢ȱ ‘Žȱ œ˜Œ’Ž¢ȱ ǻž–Š—ǰȱ •’Œ”ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ Š‹˜ŸŽȱŒ˜—Œ•žœ’˜—ȱ‘Šœȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŒ˜››˜‹˜›ŠŽȱ’—ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯȱ —ȱ›’ŽœȱŠ—ȱŠž‘ȂœȱǻŗşşśǼȱ research, continuously working mothers of infants were viewed as less communal Š—ȱ•ŽœœȱŒ˜––’ĴŽȱ˜ȱ™Š›Ž—‘˜˜ȱ‘Š—ȱž—Ž–™•˜¢Žȱ ˜–Ž—ǯȱ›ŽœŒ˜••ȱŠ—ȱ‘•–Š——ȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼȱ ˜ž—ȱ ‘Šȱ œŠ¢ȬŠȬ‘˜–ŽȬŠ‘Ž›œȱ Š—ȱ  ˜›”’—ȱ –˜‘Ž›œȱ  Ž›Žȱ Ÿ’Ž Žȱ –˜›Žȱ —ŽŠ’ŸŽ•¢ȱǻ•Žœœȱ•’”ŽǼȱ‘Š—ȱ™Š›Ž—œȱž•ę••’—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ›˜•Žœȱ’—ȱŠȱ›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ Š¢ȱǻœŠ¢ȬŠȬ ‘˜–ŽȬ–˜‘Ž›œǰȱ ˜›”’—ȱŠ‘Ž›œǼǯȱœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱŠȱŠ‘Ž›ȱ ‘˜ȱ›ŠŽȱ ˜›”ȱ˜›ȱ‘’œȱŠ–’•¢ȱ strona 465.

(3) duties was seen as the worst parent who would not receive social regard. However, œž’Žœȱ‹¢ȱ˜‹Ž•ȱŽȱŠ•ǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼȱ›ŽŸŽŠ•Žȱ‘Šȱ‘’‘ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱ‘˜žœŽ‘˜•ȱŒ‘˜›Žœȱ –’‘ȱ‹Žȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŠœȱŠȱŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—ȱ˜ȱŠȱ–Š•Žȱ›˜•Žȱ’—ȱŠ–’•¢ǰȱŠ’—ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱ ˜ȱ‘’œȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ’–ŠŽǰȱ‹žȱ—˜ȱŽ™›’Ÿ’—ȱ‘’–ȱ˜ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱŠ—ȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ǯȱ˜‘Ž›œȱ refraining from performing household duties were seen as more masculine than Š‘Ž›œǰȱ ŽŸŽ—ȱ ‘˜œŽȱ ™Š›’Œ’™Š’—ȱ •’Ĵ•Žȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ Š–’•¢ȱ •’Žǰȱ Š—ȱ •Žœœȱ Ž–’—’—Žȱ ‘Š—ȱ traditionally family-oriented women and men (independently of their household ™Š›’Œ’™Š’˜—ǼǯȱŽ˜™•Žȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’—ȱŒ˜ž—Ž›œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱ’—ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱŠ–’•¢ȱŽ—Ž›ȱ ›˜•ŽœǰȱœžŒ‘ȱŠœȱœŠ¢ȬŠȬ‘˜–ŽȬŠœȱǻ˜žŒŽǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ˜Œ‘•Ž—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ˜Ž—ȱŽ¡™›Žœœȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ Š—¡’Ž’Žœȱ Šœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ  ’‘ȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ˜œ›ŠŒ’œ–ǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ œžŒ‘ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ Š—ȱ –Ž—ȱ develop traits that are stereotypically associated with the other gender (Rochlen ŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱœŽŽ–œȱ˜ȱŽ—Š‹•Žȱ‘Ž–ȱ˜ȱ‹ŽȱŠ—›˜Ž—’ŒȱǻŽ–ǰȱŗşŞŗǼǯ In the era of pancultural social and economical changes, which together often •ŽŠȱ ˜ȱ –˜’ꮍȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ ›˜•Žœȱ ’—ȱ Š–’•¢ǰȱ •’”Žȱ ‘Žȱ ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱ ˜ȱ žŠ•ȬŽŠ›—Ž›ȱ ’Šœȱ ǻ˜••ŠŒ”ǰȱ ŽŸŠ—ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ ˜—’ǰȱ £Š›Š—’ŽŒǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ’œȱ œ’••ȱ Šȱ —ŽŽȱ ˜›ȱ œž’Žœȱ ‘Šȱ Œ˜–™Š›Žȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ –Ž—ȱ Š—ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ ž•ę••’—ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ Š–’•¢ȱ Š—ȱ ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š•ȱ ›˜•Žœȱ ’—ȱ Š—ȱ ž—›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ  Š¢ǯȱ ˜•Š—ȱ ‘Šœȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ Œ˜––ž—’œ–ȱ ˜••˜ Žȱ‹¢ȱŒŠ™’Š•’œ–ȱŠ—ȱŽ–˜Œ›ŠŒ¢ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ•Šœȱ—ŽŠ›•¢ȱ‘’›¢ȱ¢ŽŠ›œǯȱ —ĚžŽ—ŒŽœȱ˜ȱ ŽœŽ›—ȱŒž•ž›Žȱǻ’—Œ•ǯȱǼȱ’—ȱŒ›ŽŠ’—ȱ–˜Ž›—ȱŽ—Ž›ȱ—˜›–œȱŠ›ŽȱŸ’œ’‹•Žǰȱ ‘’•Žȱ‘Žȱ more conservative views on family are still pervasive (Kwiatkowska, Nowakowska, ŘŖŖŜDzȱ ˜—’ǰȱ £Š›Š—’ŽŒǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ Œ›ŽŠŽœȱ Šȱ ›ŽŠȱ ˜™™˜›ž—’¢ȱ ˜ȱ Š—Š•¢£Žȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ perception of changing parental roles. Research aim We planned direct comparisons of perceived femininity and masculinity ˜ȱ –Ž—ȱ Š—ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ  ‘˜ȱ ž•ę••ȱ ‘Ž’›ȱ Š–’•¢ȱ ›˜•Žœȱ ’—ȱ Š—ȱ ž—›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ  Š¢ǰȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ Ž—Ž›Žȱ œ’žŠ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ›Š—œ’’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ™Š›Ž—‘˜˜ȱ ǻ˜¡ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ˜˜ǰȱ Š•¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŘDzȱ ŠĵȬ’œŽǰȱ›’Žœœǰȱ ¢ŽǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ˜–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž—ȱŠ”’—ȱ˜—ȱȃŽ–Š•Žȱž’ŽœȄȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ ‘˜žœŽ‘˜•ǰȱ ’—Œ•ž’—ȱ Š”’—ȱ ŒŠ›Žȱ ˜ȱ Œ‘’•›Ž—ȱ ’—ȱ Š–’•¢ǰȱ ‹ŽŒ˜–Žȱ –˜›Žȱ Œ˜––ž—Š•ǰȱ that is more feminine. Whereas those who are not involved in household chores Š›Žȱœ˜Œ’Š••¢ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ˜ȱŽŸŽ•˜™ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŠŽ—Œ¢ȱȮȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱǻ˜‹Ž•ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱŽȱ Ž¡™ŽŒŽȱ‘ŠȱŽ–Š•Žȱ’–ŠŽȱ˜ȱŠȱ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›ȱ ’••ȱ‹Žȱ•’—”Žȱ˜ȱŽŒ›ŽŠœŽȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Ž–’—’—’¢ȱǻ•’—”Žȱ˜ȱŒ˜––ž—Š•ȱ›Š’œǼȱŠ—ȱ‘’‘Ž›ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱǻ•’—”Žȱ˜ȱ ŠŽ—’Œȱ›Š’œǼȱ‘Š—ȱ–Š•Žȱ’–ŠŽȱ˜ȱŠȱ™›’–Š›¢ȱŒ‘’•ȱŒŠ›ŽȬ’ŸŽ›ǯȱ The aspect of popularity was included in research due to earlier documented •˜ Ž›ȱ ™˜™ž•Š›’¢Ȧ˜ŸŽ›Š••ȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ –˜‘Ž›œȱ Š—ȱ Š‘Ž›œȱ  ‘˜ȱ ˜ȱ —˜ȱ ˜••˜ ȱ ›Š’’˜—Š•ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ›˜•Žœȱ˜ȱŠȱ–Š•Žȱœ˜•Žȱ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›ȱŠ—ȱŠȱŽ–Š•Žȱ™›’–Š›¢ȱŒ‘’•ȱŒŠ›ŽȬ ’ŸŽ›ȱǻ›’ŽœǰȱŠž‘ǰȱŗşşśDzȱ›ŽœŒ˜••ǰȱ‘•–Š——ǰȱŘŖŖśǼȱŠ—ȱ˜ȱŽ¡™•˜›Žȱ’ȱœžŒ‘ȱŸ’Ž œȱ Š›Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—ȱ ’—ȱ Šȱ Œ˜ž—›¢ȱ Ž¡™Ž›’Ž—Œ’—ȱ Šœȱ œ˜Œ’ŽŠ•ȱ Œ‘Š—Žœǯȱ žŽȱ ˜ȱ œ›˜—ȱ •’—”œȱ ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ–˜‘Ž›‘˜˜ȱ’—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ǰȱŠ•œ˜ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜•’œ‘ȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ǰȱ ŽȱŽ¡™ŽŒŽȱ‘Šȱ ‘Ž—ȱž•ę••’—ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ›˜•Žœȱ’—ȱŠ—ȱž—›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ Š¢ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ ’••ȱ‹Žȱ•Žœœȱ™˜™ž•Š›ȱǻ•Žœœȱ•’”ŽǼȱ‘Š—ȱ–Ž—ǯȱ. strona 466.

(4) Method Participants ȱ Œ˜—ŸŽ—’Ž—ȱ œŠ–™•Žȱ ˜ȱ ŗŘŖȱ ™Ž˜™•Žȱ ǻ’—Œ•ǯȱ Ŝŗȱ Ž–Š•ŽœǼȱ ˜˜”ȱ ™Š›ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ œž¢ǰȱ mean age = 26 yrs. old (ȱƽȱŞǯşǼǯȱ’¡¢Ȭ‘›ŽŽȱ™Ž›ŒŽ—ȱǻŝŜȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œǼȱ›Ž–Š’—Žȱ’—ȱ Šȱ›˜–Š—’Œȱ›Ž•Š’˜—œ‘’™ǰȱŜŚƖȱǻŝŝȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œǼȱ‘ŠȱŠȱ“˜‹ǰȱŠ—ȱŘŗƖȱǻŘśȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œǼȱ  Ž›Žȱ™Š›Ž—œǯȱŠŒ‘ȱ’–ŠŽȱŠ•˜—ȱ ’‘ȱ‘Žȱœ˜›¢ȱ Šœȱ›Š—˜–•¢ȱŠœœŽœœŽȱ‹¢ȱřŖȱ–Š•Žȱ and female participants (30 women and 30 men assessed male images, whereas řŗȱ ˜–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱŘşȱ–Ž—ȱŠœœŽœœŽȱŽ–Š•Žȱ’–ŠŽœǼǯȱ Procedure ŠŒ‘ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—ȱ–Žȱ ’‘ȱŠȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱŠœœ’œŠ—ȱ’—ȱŠȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ˜ȱ‘Ž›Ȧ‘’œȱŒ‘˜’ŒŽȱǻžœžŠ••¢ȱ Šȱ™•ŠŒŽȱ˜ȱ•’Ÿ’—Ǽǯȱ˜ȱ™Š¢–Ž—ȱ Šœȱ˜ěŽ›Žȱ˜›ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱœž’Žœǯȱ –ŠŽœȱ ŠŒŒ˜–™Š—’Žȱ‹¢ȱœ‘˜›ȱŽœŒ›’™’˜—œȱ Ž›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ˜ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȱǻ˜—ȱ™Š™Ž›ǰȱ‹•ŠŒ”ȱ Š—ȱ ‘’Žȱ’–ŠŽœǼȱȮȱ˜—Žȱ’–ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱŠȱœ˜›¢ȱ ŠœȱŠœœŽœœŽȱ‹¢ȱ˜—Žȱ™Ž›œ˜—ǯȱŠ—˜–’£Žȱ œŽ•ŽŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ’–ŠŽœȱ Šœȱ’–™•Ž–Ž—ŽǯȱŽ¡ǰȱ ŽȱŠœ”Žȱ‘Žȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȱ˜ȱŠœœŽœœȱ‘Žȱ actors depicted in images and stories on twelve dimensions (2 popularity items, and ŗŖȱŠ“ŽŒ’ŸŽœȱŽę—ŽȱŠœȱ–ŠœŒž•’—Žȱ˜›ȱŽ–’—’—ŽǼǯȱ Measures Ž–Š•ŽȱŠ—ȱ–Š•Žȱ’–ŠŽœ. We chose four pictures presenting two men and two  ˜–Ž—ǯȱ••ȱ ’–ŠŽœȱ  Ž›Žȱ œŽ•ŽŒŽȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ‹Šœ’œȱ ˜—ȱ ™›ŽȬŠœœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ ˜—ȱ ’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱ Š—ȱ ŠĴ›ŠŒ’ŸŽ—Žœœǯȱ ˜ž›ȱ ™Ž›œ˜—œȱ  Ž›Žȱ ŠœœŽœœŽȱ Šœȱ Š’›•¢ȱ •’”ŽŠ‹•Žȱ Š—ȱ›Š‘Ž›ȱ˜˜ȱ•˜˜”’—ǯȱ ˜ȱ’–ŠŽœȱ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ ˜–Ž—ȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱ ˜›”™•ŠŒŽȱŒ˜—Ž¡ǯȱ ‘Žȱ’–ŠŽœȱ Ž›ŽȱŠŒŒ˜–™Š—’Žȱ‹¢ȱœ‘˜›ȱŽœŒ›’™’˜—œDZȱ——Šȱ’œȱŠȱ–Š››’Žȱ ˜–Š—ǯȱ‘Žȱ ’œȱ Šȱ–˜‘Ž›ȱ ˜ȱŠȱ Œ‘’•ȱ ‘˜ȱ ’œȱ —ŽŠ›•¢ȱ ˜—Žȱ ¢ŽŠ›ȱ ˜•ǯȱ——Šȱ ’œȱ ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š••¢ȱœžŒŒŽœœž•ǯȱ ȱ ’œȱ –Š’—•¢ȱ‘Ž›ȱ‘žœ‹Š—ȱ ‘˜ȱŠ”ŽœȱŒŠ›Žȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ‹Š‹¢ǰȱ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ‘Žȱ˜Žœȱ—˜ȱ ˜›”ȱž••Ȭ’–Ž. In two ˜‘Ž›ȱ’–ŠŽœȱ–Ž—ȱ Ž›Žȱ™’Œž›Žȱ ‘’•ŽȱŽŽ’—ȱŠȱ‹Š‹¢ǯȱ‘˜œŽȱ ˜ȱ’–ŠŽœȱ Ž›ŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ ˜••˜ Žȱ‹¢ȱœ‘˜›ȱŽœŒ›’™’˜—œDZȱŽŽ›ȱ’œȱŠȱ–Š››’Žȱ–Š—ǯȱ Žȱ’œȱŠȱŠ‘Ž›ȱ˜ȱŠȱŒ‘’•ȱ ‘˜ȱ’œȱ —ŽŠ›•¢ȱ˜—Žȱ¢ŽŠ›ȱ˜•ǯȱ ȱ’œȱ–Š’—•¢ȱŽŽ›ȱ ‘˜ȱŠ”ŽœȱŒŠ›Žȱ˜ȱ‘’œȱŠ—ȱ‘’œȱ ’ŽȂœȱ‹Š‹¢ǰȱ‹ŽŒŠžœŽȱ‘Žȱ ˜Žœȱ—˜ȱ ˜›”ȱž••Ȭ’–Žǯȱ ’œȱ ’Žȱ’œȱ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š••¢ȱœžŒŒŽœœž•ǯȱ ˜ȱŽ¡Š–™•Žȱ’–ŠŽœȱŠ›Žȱ ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ‹Ž•˜ DZȱ. strona 467.

(5) Picture 1. Images used to depict female and male targets. Both names used in short descriptions were chosen due to their popularity in Poland. Though stories were used to depict non-stereotypical gender roles, the ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ –Ž—ȱ  Ž›Žȱ —˜ȱ ŽœŒ›’‹Žȱ Šœȱ œŠ¢ȬŠȬ‘˜–ŽȬŠœǰȱ œ’—ŒŽȱ ‘’œȱ ’œȱ œ’••ȱ Šȱ ŸŽ›¢ȱ ž—Œ˜––˜—ȱ›˜•Žȱ˜›ȱŠȱŠ‘Ž›ȱ’—ȱ˜•Š—ȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǰȱŠ—ȱ—˜ȱ ˜›”’—ȱž••Ȭ’–Žȱ Šœȱ an idea more realistic in Polish conditions. Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Ž–’—’—’¢ȱ Š—ȱ –ŠœŒž•’—’¢. Ten adjectives were used to assess ŠŒ˜›œȂȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Ž–’—’—’¢ȱ Š—ȱ –ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǯȱ ‘Žȱ •’œȱ Œ˜–™›’œŽȱ ˜ȱ  ˜ȱ œŽœȱ ˜ȱ ꟎ȱ Š“ŽŒ’ŸŽœǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ  Ž›Žȱ Œ‘˜œŽ—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Žȱ œ¢Œ‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ Ž¡ȱ —ŸŽ—˜›¢ȱ ǻ Ǽȱ ‹¢ȱ žŒ£¢—œ”Šȱ ǻŗşşŘǼǯȱ ȱ ’œȱ Šȱ  Ž••Ȭ”—˜ —ȱ Š—ȱ ™˜™ž•Š›ȱ šžŽœ’˜——Š’›Žȱ ’—ȱ ˜•Š—ȱ Œ›ŽŠŽȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‹Šœ’œȱ˜ȱŠ—›ŠȱŽ–ȂœȱǻŗşŞŗǼȱ Ž—Ž›ȱŒ‘Ž–Šȱ‘Ž˜›¢ǯȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ –ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ œž‹œŒŠ•Žœȱ Œ˜–™›’œŽȱ ˜ȱ ŗśȱ Š“ŽŒ’ŸŽœȱ ŽŠŒ‘ǯȱ Ž—ȱ Š“ŽŒ’ŸŽœȱ  Ž›Žȱ Œ‘˜œŽ—ȱ ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ‹Šœ’œȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ’œŒ›’–’—Š’ŸŽȱ™˜ Ž›ȱŠœȱ‘Žȱœ›˜—Žœȱ’—’ŒŠ˜›œȱ˜ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Ž–’—’—’¢ȱ Š—ȱ –ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǯȱ ’ŸŽȱ Š“ŽŒ’ŸŽœȱ  Ž›Žȱ Žę—Žȱ Šœȱ Ž–’—’—Žȱ ǻ’ǯŽǯȱ Ž—Ž›ǰȱ Ž–˜’˜—Š•Ǽǰȱ Š—ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ śȱ Šœȱ –ŠœŒž•’—Žȱ ǻ’ǯŽǯȱ œŽ•ȬŠœœž›Žǰȱ ŽŒ’œ’ŸŽǼǯȱ Š›’Œ’™Š—œȱ ŠœœŽœœŽȱ ˜ȱ  ‘Šȱ Ž¡Ž—ȱ ŽŠŒ‘ȱ ›Š’ȱ Š™™•’Žœȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ Š›Žȱ ˜—ȱ Šȱ śȬ™˜’—ȱ œŒŠ•Žȱ ›Š—’—ȱ from 1 (˜Žœȱ—˜ȱŠ™™•¢Ǽȱ˜ȱśȱǻ‹ŽœȱŠ™™•’ŽœǼǯȱŠŒ‘ȱœŽȱ˜ȱŠ“ŽŒ’ŸŽœȱŒ›ŽŠŽȱ›Ž•’Š‹•ŽȱœŒŠ•ŽœDZȱ ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ —Ž¡DZȱ›˜—‹ŠŒ‘ȂœȱŠ•™‘ŠDZȱǯŞŝDzȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱ —Ž¡DZȱ›˜—‹ŠŒ‘ȂœȱŠ•™‘ŠDZȱǯŝŚǯȱ Popularityǯȱ—ȱ’—Ž¡ȱ˜ȱ ˜ȱ’Ž–œȱ ŠœȱžœŽȱ˜ȱŠœœŽœœȱŠȱŽ—Ž—Œ¢ȱ˜ȱ•’”ŽȱŠŒ˜›œȱ ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ˜—ȱ‘Žȱ’–ŠŽœǯȱ‘Žȱ’Ž–œȱ Ž›ŽȱŠ”Ž—ȱ›˜–ȱ˜“Œ’œ£”Žǰȱ‹Ž•ŽǰȱŠ›¢ÙŠȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ ˜ȱ’Ž–œȱ Ž›ŽȱŠœȱ˜••˜ œDZ ȱꗍȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›œ˜—ȱŠ™™ŽŠ•’— and ȱ ˜ž•ȱ•’”Žȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›œ˜—. Š›’Œ’™Š—œȱŽ¡™›ŽœœŽȱ‘Ž’›ȱ˜™’—’˜—œȱŠ‹˜žȱŠŒ˜›œȱ‹¢ȱŒ‘˜˜œ’—ȱŠȱ—ž–‹Ž›ȱ›˜–ȱŗȱǻȬǼȱ ˜ȱŝȱǻƸǼǯȱ˜››Ž•Š’˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ‘Žȱ ˜ȱ’Ž–œȱ Šœȱ›‘˜ = .5, p < .001. ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ—˜Žȱ‘Šȱ ‘’•Žȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ Ž›Žȱ negatively associated ›‘˜= -.34, pȱǀȱǯŖŖŗǰȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱ Šœȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽ•¢ȱŠ—ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—•¢ȱ associated with femininity (›‘˜ = .41, pȱǀȱǯŖŖŗǼǰȱ‹žȱ—˜ȱ ’‘ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱǻ›‘˜ = .1, p ǁȱǯŗǼǯȱȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱŠœœ˜Œ’Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ•’”’—ȱ ŠœȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜‹Š’—Žȱ’—ȱŽŠ›•’Ž›ȱ œž’Žœȱǻ˜“Œ’œ£”Žǰȱ‹Ž•ŽǰȱŠ›¢ÙŠǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯ strona 468.

(6) Results Ž›’Žœȱ˜ȱȱŠ—Š•¢œŽœȱ Ž›ŽȱŒŠ››’Žȱ˜žǯȱ ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ—˜Žȱ‘Šȱ—Ž’‘Ž›ȱ ˜ȱ Ž–Š•Žȱ’–ŠŽœȱ—˜›ȱ ˜ȱ–Š•Žȱ’–ŠŽœȱ’쎛Žȱ›˜–ȱŽŠŒ‘ȱ˜‘Ž›ȱ’—ȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ˜ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ femininity, masculinity, and popularity in the presented studies. Therefore, the scores were averaged for two female and two male images. All means and standard ŽŸ’Š’˜—œȱ˜ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱŠ›Žȱ™›ŽœŽ—Žȱ’—ȱŠ‹•Žȱŗǯȱ Š‹•ŽȱŗǯȱȱŽŠ—œȱŠ—ȱŠ—Š›ȱŽŸ’Š’˜—œȱ˜›ȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ—ȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ˜—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ femininity, and popularity dimensions. Women perception Men perception. Female targets Male targets Female targets Male targets. Dimension of social perception Masculinity Femininity Popularity ŗŞǯŜśǻřǯŜŜǼ ŗřǯşŖǻŘǯşşǼ ŗŗǯŖŖǻŗǯŞŗǼ ŗŘǯşřǻŘǯşŗǼ ŗşǯŖŝǻŗǯşŞǼ ŗŗǯřŝǻŗǯśŘǼ ŗŝǯřŞǻŚǯřşǼ ŗřǯŘŚǻřǯŜŝǼ ŞǯŞŜǻŘǯŖřǼ ŗśǯŖřǻřǯşśǼ ŗŞǯřŝǻřǯřŗǼ ŗŖǯşŝǻŘǯśŖǼ. ˜ŽDZȱŒ˜›ŽœȱŒ˜ž•ȱ›Š—Žȱ›˜–ȱśȱ˜ȱŘśȱ˜—ȱ‘ŽȱŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱœŒŠ•ŽœǰȱŠ—ȱŘȱ˜ȱŗŚȱ on the Popularity scale. Standard deviations in parentheses. Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢. Results indicated that there was a main ŽěŽŒȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ›˜•Žȱ ˜›ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Ž–’—’—’¢ȱ ˜ȱ Š›ŽœDZȱ FǻŗDzȱ ŗŗŜǼȱ ƽȱ ŞśǯŚŝŜDzȱ pȱ ǀǯȱ ŖŖŗDzȱ ΋Řȱ ƽȱ ǯŚŘŚǯȱȱ –Š’—ȱ ŽěŽŒȱ ˜ȱ ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȂȱ œŽ¡ȱ  Šœȱ —˜ȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—DZȱ FǻŗDzȱ ŗŗŜǼȱ ƽȱ ŗǯŚşŞDzȱ pȱ ǁȱ ǯŗDzȱ ΋Řȱ ƽȱ ǯŖŗřǰȱ Šœȱ ‘Žȱ ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȂȱ œŽ¡ȱ Š—ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Ž–’—’—’¢ǰȱ F ǀȱŗǯȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŠœȱ•ŽœœȱŽ–’—’—Žȱ‘Š—ȱ–Ž—ǰȱ‹˜‘ȱŠ–˜—ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱ FǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱƽȱŚřǯŝŞŜDzȱpȱǀǯȱŖŖŗDzȱ΋2 = .27, and men FȱǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱƽȱŚŗǯŝŘŜDzȱpȱǀȱǯŖŖŗDzȱ΋2 = .27. —Š•¢œŽœȱ¢’Ž•ŽȱŠȱ–Š’—ȱŽěŽŒȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›˜•Žȱ˜›ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ ‘Ž›ŽŠœȱ Šȱ–Š’—ȱŽěŽŒȱ˜ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȂȱœŽ¡ȱ Šœȱ—˜ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȂȱ œŽ¡ȱ Š—ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ –ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ  Šœȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ǯȱ Ž–Š•Žȱ Š›Žœȱ  Ž›Žȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱœ’–’•Š›•¢ȱ‹¢ȱ‹˜‘ȱœŽ¡ŽœȱFǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱƽȱŗǯŜşŝDzȱpȱǀȱǯŗşśDzȱ΋2= .01, while male targets  Ž›ŽȱŸ’Ž ŽȱŠœȱ–˜›Žȱ–ŠœŒž•’—Žȱ‹¢ȱ–Ž—ȱ‘Š—ȱ‹¢ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱFǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱƽȱŚǯŜŝŝDzȱpȱǀȱǯŖśDzȱ ΋2ȱƽȱǯŖŚǯȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ’—ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ˜ȱŠ›Žœȱǻ•˜ Ž›ȱŠ™™•’Žȱ ˜ȱ –Š•Žȱ Š›ŽœǼȱ  Šœȱ –˜›Žȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ ’—ȱ Ž–Š•Žȱ ›˜ž™ȱ FǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱ ƽȱ śǯŝřŞDzȱ pȱ ǀȱ ǯŖśDzȱ ΋2 = .05 than in a male group. Popularity. ‘Žȱȱ˜—ȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱ’—Ž¡ȱŠœȱŠȱŽ™Ž—Ž—ȱŸŠ›’Š‹•Žȱ¢’Ž•Žȱ Šȱ–Š’—ȱŽěŽŒȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ›˜•ŽȱŠ—ȱŠȱ–Š’—ȱŽěŽŒȱ˜ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȂȱœŽ¡ȱ’—ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŠ›ŽœȂȱ ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ‘Žȱ’—Ž›ŠŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȂȱœŽ¡ȱŠ—ȱŠ›ŽœȂȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱ Šœȱ Š•œ˜ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ǯȱ˜–Ž—ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ—ȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱœ’–’•Š›•¢ȱŠ—ȱŠŸ˜›Š‹•¢ȱ in respect of popularity FǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱǀȱŗDzȱ΋2 = .005, whereas men liked the male targets more than the female ones FǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱƽȱŗŜǰŚŘŗDzȱpȱǀȱǯŖŖŗDzȱ΋2 = .124. Therefore, for the ŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ‘ŽȱœŽ¡ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ Ž›Žȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱFǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱƽȱŗŝǯŘŗŞDzȱ pȱ ǀȱ ǯŖŖŗDzȱ ΋2ȱ ƽȱ ǯŗŘşǰȱ ‘˜ ŽŸŽ›ȱ ‘Ž¢ȱ  Ž›Žȱ —˜ȱ œ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ ’—ȱ –Š•Žȱ Š›ŽœȂȱ ŠœœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ FǻŗDzŗŗŜǼȱǀȱŗDzȱ΋2 = .005. ŽȱŒ˜—›˜••Žȱ“˜‹ȱŠ—ȱ›˜–Š—’Œȱ›Ž•Š’˜—œ‘’™ȱ’—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ—Š•¢œŽœǰȱ‹žȱ‘Ž¢ȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ Ž¡Ž›ȱŠ—¢ȱŽěŽŒȱ˜—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ›Žœǯȱȱ strona 469.

(7) Conclusions The presented research analyzed the social perception of mothers and fathers  ‘˜ȱž•ę••ȱ‘Ž’›ȱ›˜•ŽœȱŒ˜ž—Ž›œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱŠœȱŽ–Š•Žȱ–Š’—ȱ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›œȱŠ—ȱ–Š•Žȱ primary child care-givers in households after their transition to parenthood. We –’‘ȱŒ˜—Œ•žŽȱ‘ŠȱŠœȱŽ¡™ŽŒŽȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱŠœȱ•ŽœœȱŽ–’—’—ŽȱŠ—ȱ more masculine than male targets. However, in the case of perceived masculinity ‘Žȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽȱ Šœȱ•ŽœœȱŸ’œ’‹•Žȱ’—ȱ–Š•Žȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȱ ‘˜ȱ•’”Žȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ–˜›Žǯȱ Results indicate that when faced with a situation involving strong gender stereotypes such as transition to parenthood, people easily link feminine and –ŠœŒž•’—Žȱ ›Š’œȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ  Š¢ȱ Š–’•¢ȱ ›˜•Žœȱ  Ž›Žȱ ž•ę••Žȱ ›Š‘Ž›ȱ ‘Š—ȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ œŽ¡ȱ ˜ȱ Šȱ™Š›Ž—ǯȱžŒ‘ȱꗍ’—œȱŒ˜—ę›–ȱ‘˜œŽȱ˜ȱŠ•¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜˜ȱǻŘŖŖŘǼȱ ‘˜ȱ›ŽŠȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱŠœȱŠȱŒ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱž•ę••’—ȱ˜–Žœ’ŒȱŠ—ȱ —˜—˜–Žœ’Œȱ›˜•ŽœǰȱŠœȱ Ž••ȱŠœȱŽŠ›•’Ž›ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ’œǰȱŗşşŝǼǰȱ’—ȱŠȱ—Ž ȱŒž•ž›Š•ȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ǯȱ‘Žȱœ’žŠ’˜—ȱ˜ȱœŒŠ›ŒŽȱ’—˜›–Š’˜—ǰȱ’ǯŽǯȱ‘Žȱ’–ŠŽȱ˜ȱŠȱ ˜–Š—ȱŠ—ȱ–Š—ȱ’—ȱ Šȱǻ—˜—Ǽ˜–Žœ’ŒȱŽ—Ÿ’›˜—–Ž—ȱŠŒŒ˜–™Š—’Žȱ‹¢ȱŠȱŸŽ›¢ȱœ‘˜›ȱŽœŒ›’™’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘Ž’›ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ›˜•ŽœȱŠŸŽȱŠ—ȱ˜™™˜›ž—’¢ȱ˜ȱŽŸŠ•žŠŽȱ™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱŠ›ŽœȂȱ›Š’œȱŒ˜ž—Ž›œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱ ǻ˜œŠ”ǰȱ Œ£Žœ—¢ǰȱ Š•¢ǰȱ ŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ Š•œ˜ȱ Œ˜—ę›–œȱ ‘Žȱ œ›Ž—‘ȱ ˜ȱ Ž¡™ŽŒŠ’˜—œȱ associated with parental roles. As non-typical parents, female and male targets –’‘ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ Ÿ’Ž Žȱ Šœȱ ‘˜œŽȱ  ‘˜ȱ Œ‘˜œŽȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žȱ –Š’—ȱ ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›œȱ ˜›ȱ ŒŠ›ŽȬ ’ŸŽ›œǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱŠŒ’•’ŠŽȱ‘Ž’›ȱŒ˜ž—Ž›œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ•ȱ›Š’ȱŠĴ›’‹ž’˜—ȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜‹Ž•ȱ ŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ȱ. ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ ŠĴ›’‹ž’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ Ž–’—’—Žȱ Š—ȱ –ŠœŒž•’—Žȱ ›Š’œȱ ˜ȱ ™Š›Ž—œȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’—ȱ ž—›Š’’˜—Š••¢ȱ ’—ȱ ›Žœ™ŽŒȱ ˜ȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™Žœȱ ’—Ÿ˜•ŸŽȱ Šȱ ’쎛Ž—ȱ •ŽŸŽ•ȱ ˜ȱ ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ǯȱ ȱœŽŽ–œȱ‘Šȱ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š••¢ȱŠŒ’ŸŽȱ–˜‘Ž›œȱ˜ȱ’—Š—œȱŠ›Žȱ•Žœœȱ•’”Žȱǻ‹žȱ —˜ȱ ’œ•’”ŽǼȱ ‘Š—ȱ –Ž—ȱ Š”’—ȱ ˜—ȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱ Ž–Š•Žȱ “˜‹ȱ ˜ȱ ŒŠ›’—ȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ Œ‘’•ǯȱ ȱ¢˜ž—ȱ–˜‘Ž›ȱ ‘˜ȱ Šœȱ™›˜Žœœ’˜—Š••¢ȱœžŒŒŽœœž•ǰȱ‹žȱ’ȱ—˜ȱŽ–™˜›Š›’•¢ȱ›Žœ’—ȱ ›˜–ȱ ‘Ž›ȱ ŒŠ›ŽŽ›ǰȱ –’‘ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ Šœȱ ŠŽ—’Œǰȱ ‘Šȱ ’œȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱ –ŠœŒž•’—Žǰȱ ‹žȱ •ŠŒ”Žȱ ¢™’ŒŠ••¢ȱ Ž–’—’—Žȱ Ž–˜’˜—Š•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ œŽ—œ’’ŸŽ—Žœœǰȱ Š—ȱ ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ ŠœȱŸ’Ž Žȱ•Žœœȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽ•¢ǯȱžŒ‘ȱŠȱ ˜–Š—ȱŒ˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŸ’Ž ŽȱŠœȱ˜—Žȱ ‘˜ȱ  Šœȱ —˜ȱ œžĜŒ’Ž—•¢ȱ Œ˜––’ĴŽȱ ˜ȱ ŒŠ›’—ȱ ˜›ȱ Šȱ ‹Š‹¢ȱ Š—ȱ Ž˜ŒŽ—›’Œǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱ •Žȱ ˜ȱ —ŽŠ’ŸŽȱ ŽŸŠ•žŠ’˜—ȱ ǻ›’Žœǰȱ Šž‘ǰȱ ŗşşśǼǯȱ ȱ –’‘ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ‹ŽŽ—ȱ ›žŽȱ ˜›ȱ –Ž—ȱ ’—ȱ ˜ž›ȱ œž¢ȱ  ‘˜ȱ –’‘ȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ‹ž’•ȱ ‘Žȱ ŠœœŽœœ–Ž—ȱ ˜ȱ Ž–Š•Žȱ Š›Žœȱ ˜—ȱ ‘Žȱ ȃ’ŽŠ•ȱ  ˜–Š—Ȅȱ–˜Ž•ǰȱ ’‘ȱœ›˜—ȱ•’—”œȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱ–˜‘Ž›‘˜˜ȱǻ’Ž•Š œ”ŠȬ ȬŠ˜›˜ ’Œ£ǰȱŘŖŖŜDzȱ•˜™ŠǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ›Žœž•’—ȱ ’‘ȱ•˜ Ž›ȱ™˜™ž•Š›’¢ȱ˜ȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœǯȱ However, the overall popularity of female targets was not low among male sample. ȱ –’‘ȱ ‹Žȱ žŽȱ ˜ȱ ‘Žȱ ŠŒȱ ‘Šȱ ’—ȱ ˜•’œ‘ȱ Œž•ž›Š•ȱ Œ˜—Ž¡ȱ Ž–Š•Žœȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ •˜—ȱ ‘Šȱ ˜ȱ ™˜œœŽœœȱ ‹˜‘ȱ Œ˜––ž—Š•ȱ Š—ȱ ŠŽ—’Œȱ ›Š’œȱ Œ˜–‹’—’—ȱ Š–’•¢ȱ Š—ȱ  ˜›”ȱ ž’Žœȱ ǻ ˜œŠ”˜ œ”ŠȬŽ›Ž£ŽŒ”Šȱ Žȱ Š•ǯǰȱ ŘŖŗŜǼǯȱœȱ Šȱ Œ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽȱ Žœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ ˜•’œ‘ȱ  ˜–Ž—ȱ ’—ȱ˜ž›ȱœž¢ȱ–’‘ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ‹ŽŽ—ȱŠ Š›Žȱ˜ȱ‘ŠȱŠ—ȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›ŽȱŠœœŽœœŽȱŽ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ ŠŸ˜›Š‹•¢ǯ Participants might have perceived male targets as those who have not fully Š‹Š—˜—ŽȱŠȱ›˜•Žȱ˜ȱŠȱ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›ȱǻ‹¢ȱ—˜ȱ ˜›”’—ȱž••Ȭ’–ŽǼǯȱ —œŽŠǰȱ‘Ž’›ȱ™›’˜›’¢ȱ ‹ŽŒŠ–ŽȱŠȱŒ‘’•ǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱœžŽœŽȱ™˜œœŽœœ’—ȱŽ–’—’—Žȱ›Š’œǰȱ‘žœȱ’–™˜›Š—ȱ˜›ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ›Ž•Š’˜—œȱŠ—ȱ•’”ŽȱǻœŽŽȱŠ•œ˜ȱ˜“Œ’œ£”Žǰȱ‹Ž•ŽǰȱŠ›¢ÙŠǰȱŘŖŖşǼǯȱ —ȱŒ˜—œŽšžŽ—ŒŽǰȱ’—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ strona 470.

(8) ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ǰȱ‘Žȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ’ȱ—˜ȱ•˜œŽȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱœŠ–ŽȱŽ¡Ž—ȱŠœȱ ˜›”’—ȱ mothers who were deprived of their perceived femininity, at least according to men. With popular images in a modern culture of men tendering their children (Levant, ŗşşśǼǰȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ–’‘ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱœŽ›ŸŽȱŠœȱœ¢–‹˜•œȱ˜ȱŒ‘Š—’—ȱŠ–’•’ŽœǰȱŽœ™ŽŒ’Š••¢ȱ˜ȱ ˜‘Ž›ȱ–Ž—ǯȱ ˜ ŽŸŽ›ǰȱ‘ŽȱšžŽœ’˜—ȱŠ›’œŽœDZȱ ‘¢ȱ–Š•Žȱ™Š›’Œ’™Š—œȱ Ž›Žȱ•Žœœȱ’—Œ•’—Žȱ ‘Š—ȱŽ–Š•Žœȱ˜ȱŽŒ›ŽŠœŽȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’ŸŽȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ˜ȱ‘ŽȱŠœœŽœœŽȱŠ‘Ž›œǵȱ ȱ–’‘ȱ ‹Žȱ‘Žȱ›Žœž•ȱ˜ȱœž‹“ŽŒ’ŸŽ•¢ȱ›Žœ˜›’—ȱ‘ŽȱȃŒž•ž›Š••¢ȱ™›˜™Ž›Ȅȱ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱž’Žœȱ’—ȱ Š–’•¢ȱ‹¢ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ’Ÿ’—ȱ‘Žȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›ŽœȱŠœȱœ’••ȱŠŽ—’ŒȱȮȱ‘žœȱ™˜œœŽœœ’—ȱŠȱŒ˜›ŽȱŠœ™ŽŒȱ ˜ȱ–Š—‘˜˜ȱǻ ˜œŠ”˜ œ”ŠȬŽ›Ž£ŽŒ”ŠȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ‘Ž›Ž˜›Žǰȱ˜›ȱ‘Šȱ›ŽŠœ˜—ȱ–Š•Žȱ participants might have liked more male than female targets. ž–Š—ȱ Š—ȱ •’Œ”ȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼȱ ˜ȱ œŽŽȱ ‘Žȱ ™˜œœ’‹’•’¢ȱ ˜ȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™Žœȱ –˜’ęŒŠ’˜—ȱ ’—ȱ ‘Žȱ ™›˜ŒŽœœȱ ˜ȱ Šœœž–’—ȱ —Ž ȱ ›˜•Žœȱ ‹¢ȱ ‹˜‘ȱ Ž—Ž›œǯȱ ŽŠ›’—ȱ –Š—‘˜˜ǰȱ ŽŸŠ—ȱ ǻŗşşśǼȱ ™˜œž•ŠŽœȱ ‘Šȱ ‘Ž›Žȱ ’œȱ Šȱ —ŽŽȱ ˜›ȱ ›ŽŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱ’–ŠŽȱ˜ȱȃ—Ž ȱ–Ž—Ȅǯȱ‘ŽȱŒ˜—Ž—ȱ˜ȱŽ—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™ŽœȱŒ˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŒ‘Š—Žȱ ˜—•¢ȱ’ȱŽ—Ž›ȱ›˜•Žœȱ’—ȱ‘Žȱœ˜Œ’Ž¢ȱŠ›ŽȱŒ‘Š—Žǯȱž–Š—ȱŠ—ȱ •’Œ”ȱǻŘŖŖŞǼȱŒ˜—Œ•žŽȱ ‘Šȱ’ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱ Ž›ŽȱŽ¡™ŽŒŽȱ˜ȱž•ę••ȱ—˜—˜–Žœ’Œȱ›˜•ŽœȱŠ—ȱ–Ž—ȱ Ž›ŽȱŽ—Œ˜ž›ŠŽȱ ˜ȱŽ—ŠŽȱ˜ȱŠȱ›ŽŠŽ›ȱŽ¡Ž—ȱ’—ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ›˜•Žœǰȱ‘ŽȱŽ—Ž›ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ’—ȱŠŽ—Œ¢ȱ ˜ž•ȱ ‹Žȱ’–’—’œ‘ŽǯȱžŒ‘ȱŒ‘Š—’—ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ™ŠĴŽ›—œȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŽ—˜›œŽȱ’—ȱ™ž‹•’Œȱ™˜•’Œ’Žœǰȱ  ‘’Œ‘ȱŽŒ›ŽŠœŽȱ‘Žȱ˜ŒŒž››Ž—ŒŽȱ˜ȱœ’–Šȱ˜Ž—ȱŽ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽȱ‹¢ȱ—˜—›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ™Š›Ž—œȱ ǻ˜Œ‘•Ž—ȱŽȱŠ•ǯǰȱŘŖŖŞǼȱŠ—ȱŽ—Œ˜ž›ŠŽȱ‘Ž–ȱ˜ȱ˜••˜ ȱ‘Ž’›ȱŒ‘’•›Ž—Ȃœȱ—ŽŽœȱǻ’œŒ‘Ž›ǰȱ —Ž›œ˜—ǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ Š›’˜žœȱ œ˜Œ’ŽŠ•ȱ Œ‘Š—Žœȱ Š›Žȱ Œž››Ž—•¢ȱ Ÿ’œ’‹•Žǰȱ ‹Ž’—ȱ œ’–ž•ŠŽȱ Š–˜—ȱ˜‘Ž›œȱ‹¢ȱ–’›Š’˜—ȱ™›˜ŒŽœœŽœȱǻ Ž›£‹Ž›ǰȱŘŖŗśǼǰȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱžž›Žȱ ’••ȱœ‘˜ ȱ ‘˜ ȱœ’—’ęŒŠ—ȱ‘Ž¢ȱ ’••ȱ‹Žǯ Limitations The study was conducted on a relatively small sample and in one cultural Œ˜—Ž¡ǯȱŠ›ŽȬœŒŠ•ŽȱŠ—ȱŒ›˜œœȬŒž•ž›Š•ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ȱ’œȱ›Žšž’›Žǯȱ’’˜—Š••¢ǰȱŠȱœžŽ—ȱ sample participated in this study, which might have limited the generalization of the results. ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹Žȱ—˜Žȱ‘Šȱ–Š•ŽȱŠ›Žœȱ Ž›Žȱ™‘˜˜›Š™‘Žȱ ’‘ȱ’—Š—œȱ ‘’•Žȱ ŽŽ’—ȱ‘Ž–ǰȱ ‘’Œ‘ȱ–’‘ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽȱŠ—ȱ˜ŸŽ›Š••ȱ–˜›Žȱ™˜œ’’ŸŽȱŠĴ’žŽȱŠ—ȱ ŠŒ’•’ŠŽȱ‘ŽȱŠĴ›’‹ž’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽ–’—’—’¢ȱǻŠœȱŽŽ’—ȱŠ—ȱ’—Š—ȱ’œȱ—˜ȱ˜—•¢ȱœ˜Œ’Š••¢ǰȱ‹žȱ Š•œ˜ȱ‹’˜•˜’ŒŠ••¢ȱŠœœ˜Œ’ŠŽȱ ’‘ȱ–˜‘Ž›œǼǯȱ˜›Žȱ’ŸŽ›œ’ꮍȱ’–ŠŽœȱ˜ȱ–˜‘Ž›‘˜˜ȱ Š—ȱŠ‘Ž›‘˜˜ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹ŽȱŽ–™•˜¢Žȱ’—ȱž›‘Ž›ȱ›ŽœŽŠ›Œ‘ǯȱ ȱ ŽŽ›Ž—ŒŽœ ‹Ž•Žǰȱǯǰȱ˜“Œ’œ£”ŽǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱŽ—Œ¢ȱŠ—ȱŒ˜––ž—’˜—ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ˜ȱœŽ•ȱ versus others.

(9) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱŽ›œ˜—Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ93, 751-763. ›Œ’–˜ ’Œ£ǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ‹›Š£ȱ–¿ČŒ£¢£—¢ȱ ȱ™˜•œ”’Œ‘ȱ–Ž’ŠŒ‘ǯȱ›Š ŠȱȮȱŠ•œ£ȱȮȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™ [ –ŠŽœȱ˜ȱ–Ž—ȱ˜—ȱ˜•’œ‘ȱ–Šœœȱ–Ž’Šǯȱ›ž‘ȱȮȱŠ•œ’¢ȱȮȱŽ›Ž˜¢™ŽǾǯȱ ŠÚœ”DZȱ ǯ Ž–ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŞŗǼǯȱ Ž—Ž›ȱœŒ‘Ž–Šȱ‘Ž˜›¢DZȱȱŒ˜—’’ŸŽȱŠŒŒ˜ž—ȱ˜ȱœŽ¡ȱ¢™’—ǯȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽŸ’Ž ǰȱ88ǰȱ354-364.. strona 471.

(10) ’Ž•Š œ”ŠȬŠ˜›˜ ’Œ£ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ œ¢Œ‘˜•˜’Œ£—Žȱ Šœ™Ž”¢ȱ ™›˜”›ŽŠŒ“’ [œ¢Œ‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ Šœ™ŽŒœȱ˜ȱ™›˜Œ›ŽŠ’˜—Ǿǯȱ Š˜ ’ŒŽDZȱǮg•­œ”Ȅȱ¢Š —’Œ ˜ȱŠž”˜ Žǯ ˜—’ǰȱǯǰȱ£Š›Š—’ŽŒǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ٘£’ȱŘŖŗŗȱ[‘Žȱ˜ž—ȱŘŖŗŗ]ǯȱŠ›œ£Š ŠDZȱ Š—ŒŽ•Š›’Šȱ Prezesa Rady Ministrow [the Chancellory of the Prime Minister]. ˜œŠ”ǰȱ

(11) ǯǰȱ Œ£Žœ—¢ǰȱ ǯǰȱ Š•¢ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ ˜––ž—’˜—ȱ Š—ȱ ŠŽ—Œ¢ȱ “ž–Ž—œȱ ˜ȱ women and men as function of role information and response format. ž›˜™ŽŠ—ȱ

(12) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ38, 1148-1155. ˜œŠ”ǰȱ

(13) ǯǰȱ Œ£Žœ—¢ǰȱ ǯǰȱ Š•¢ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ ‘Žȱ –™ŠŒȱ ˜ȱ ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ˜•Žœȱ ˜—ȱ ›Š’ȱ

(14) ž–Ž—œDZȱȱ›’’ŒŠ•ȱŽŽ¡Š–’—Š’˜—ǯȱŽ›œ˜—Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱž••Ž’—ǰȱ řŞȱǻŚǼǰȱŚŘşȬŚŚŖǯ ›Š——˜—ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşşşǼǯȱ Ž—Ž›DZȱ œ¢Œ‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱ Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽœǯȱ ŽŒ˜—ȱ Ž’’˜—ǰȱ Ž ȱ ˜›”DZȱ –—’ȱž‹•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ —Ž›—Š’˜—Š•ȱǯȱ ›ŽœŒ˜••ǰȱǯǯǰȱ‘•–Š——ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱĴ’žŽœȱ˜ Š›ȱ›Š’’˜—Š•ȱŠ—ȱ—˜—›Š’’˜—Š•ȱ parents. œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱ˜–Ž—ȱžŠ›Ž›•¢ǰȱ29, 436-445. ›’Žœǰȱ

(15) ǯǯǰȱŠž‘ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱ˜••ŽŽȱœžŽ—œȂȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—œȱ˜ȱ–˜‘Ž›œDZȱ쎌œȱ˜ȱ –ŠŽ›—Š•ȱ Ž–™•˜¢–Ž—ȬŒ‘’•›ŽŠ›’—ȱ ™ŠĴŽ›—ȱ Š—ȱ –˜’ŸŽȱ ˜›ȱ Ž–™•˜¢–Ž—ǯȱ Ž¡ȱ ˜•Žœǰȱ32, 735-751. ›’Žœǰȱ

(16) ǯǯǰȱŠž‘ǰȱǯǰȱŠ›—ŽœȬŠ››Ž••ǰȱ

(17) ǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ›Š’ȱ

(18) ž–Ž—œȱ˜ȱŠ¢ȬȬ ˜–Žȱ Š—ȱ–™•˜¢ŽȱŠ›Ž—œDZȱȱž—Œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱ˜•ŽȱŠ—Ȧ˜›ȱ‘’’—ȱŠ—Š›œǵȱ œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱ˜–Ž—ȱžŠ›Ž›•¢ǰȱŘŜȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŚŖȬŗśŖǯ ŽŠž¡ǰȱ ǯǰȱ Ž ’œǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşŞŚǼǯȱ ›žŒž›Žȱ ˜ȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ œŽ›Ž˜¢™ŽœDZȱ —Ž››Ž•Š’˜—œ‘’™œȱ Š–˜—ȱŒ˜–™˜—Ž—œȱŠ—ȱŽ—Ž›ȱ•Š‹Ž•ǯȱ

(19) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱŽ›œ˜—Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ 46, 991-1004. ˜žŒŽǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱǮ ȂœȱŠ•–˜œȱ•’”Žȱ ȱ‘ŠŸŽȱŠȱ“˜‹ǰȱ‹žȱ ȱ˜—ȂȱŽȱ™Š’ȄDZȱŠ‘Ž›œȱŠȱ‘˜–Žȱ ›ŽŒ˜—ꐞ›’—ȱ ˜›”ǰȱŒŠ›ŽǰȱŠ—ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǯȱŠ‘Ž›’—ǰȱ2, 277-303. Š•¢ǰȱ ǯ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞŝǼǯȱ Ž¡ȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ ’—ȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›DZȱ ȱ œ˜Œ’Š•Ȭ›˜•Žȱ ’—Ž›™›ŽŠ’˜—.. ’••œŠ•Žǰȱ

(20) DZȱ›•‹Šž–ǯȱ Š•¢ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱŽěŽ—ǰȱǯ

(21) ǯȱǻŗşŞŚǼǯȱ Ž—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™ŽœȱœŽ–ȱ›˜–ȱ‘Žȱ’œ›’‹ž’˜—ȱ˜ȱ women and men into social roles.

(22) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱŽ›œ˜—Š•’¢ȱŠ—ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ46, 735-754. Š•¢ǰȱǯ ǯǰȱ ˜˜ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ’Ž”–Š—ǰȱǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱ ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ›˜•Žȱ ‘Ž˜›¢ȱ ˜ȱ œŽ¡ȱ ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœȱ Š—ȱ œ’–’•Š›’’Žœǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ Œ”Žœǰȱ ǯǯȱ ›Šž—Ž›ȱ ǻ›ŽǯǼǰȱ ‘Žȱ ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—Š•ȱ œ˜Œ’Š•ȱ ™œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—Ž›ȱǻœǯȱŗŘřȬŗŝŚǼǯȱŠ‘ Š¢ǰȱ

(23) DZȱ›•‹Šž–ǯ ’œŒ‘Ž›ǰȱ

(24) ǯǰȱ—Ž›œ˜—ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ˜•ŽȱĴ’žŽœȱŠ—ȱ‘Š›ŠŒŽ›’œ’Œœȱ˜ȱŠ¢Ȭ at-Home and Employed Fathers. œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—ȱǭȱŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ13, 1, 16-31. ˜¡ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ‘Žȱ˜›–Š’ŸŽȱ¢ŽŠ›œDZȱ‘˜ ȱ™Š›Ž—‘˜˜ȱŒ›ŽŠŽœȱŽ—Ž›ǯȱȦǰȱ 38, 4, 373-390. ȱǽŽ—›Š•ȱŠ’œ’ŒŠ•ȱĜŒŽǾȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱŽŒ˜—Œ’•’Š’˜—ȱ‹Ž ŽŽ—ȱ ˜›”ȱŠ—ȱŠ–’•¢ȱ•’Žȱ’—ȱ ŘŖŗŖǯȱŠ’œ’ŒŠ•ȱ —˜›–Š’˜—ȱŠ—ȱ•Š‹˜›Š’˜—œǰȱŠ›œŠ ǰȱ˜•Š—ǯ. Ž›£‹Ž›ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱ–’›Š’˜—ȱŠœȱŠ—ȱŽ–Š—Œ’™Š˜›¢ȱ™›˜“ŽŒǯȱŠ››Š’ŸŽœȱ˜—ȱŽ¡™Žriences of Polish women in Norway. ž››Ž—ȱ œœžŽœȱ’—ȱŽ›œ˜—Š•’¢ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ3 ǻřǼǰȱŗŝśȬŗŞŚǯ ŠĵȬ’œŽǰȱǯǯǰȱ›’Žœœǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ¢Žǰȱ

(25) ǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ Ž—Ž›Ȭ˜•ŽȱĴ’žŽœȱŠ—ȱŽ‘ŠŸ’˜›ȱ Across the Transition to Parenthood. ŽŸŽ•˜™–Ž—Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ46, 1, 18-28. strona 472.

(26) ŠĊ–’Ž›Œ£Š”ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱ ‹•’Œ£Šȱ Ž–™Š’’ȱ  ȱ ™›˜ŒŽœ’Žȱ ŠŠ™ŠŒ“’ȱ ˜ȱ ›˜£’Œ’Ž•œ Šȱ [ŠŒŽœȱ ˜ȱ –™Š‘¢ȱ ’—ȱ ›Š—œ’’˜—ȱ ˜ȱ Š›Ž—‘˜˜]ǯȱ Š›œ£Š ŠDZȱ ¢Š —’Œ ˜ȱ Šž”˜ Žȱ Scholar. ˜œŠ”˜ œ”ŠȬŽ›Ž£ŽŒ”ŠǰȱǯǰȱŽœŠǰȱǯǰȱŠ–œ”Šǰȱ ǯǰȱ

(27) Šï”’Ž ’Œ£ǰȱǯǰȱ

(28) ž›Ž”ǰȱǯǰȱŠ—Ž••˜ǰȱ

(29) ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŜǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ŠœŒž•’—’¢ȱ ’œȱ ‘›ŽŠŽ—Žȱ ȱ ˜—Ȃȱ ž™™˜›ȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ šžŠ•’¢ǵȱ‘Žȱ˜•Žȱ˜ȱŽ—’ŒȱŽ•ȬŽ›Ž˜¢™’—ȱ’—ȱŽœ˜›Š’˜—ȱ˜ȱŠ—‘˜˜ȱŠ—ȱ Perception of Gender Relations. œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—ȱǭȱŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ17, 3, 274-284. žŒ£¢—œ”ŠǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŘǼǯȱ — Ž—Š›£ȱ˜ȱŒŽ—¢ȱٌ’ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜’Œ£—Ž“ [‘Žȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱŽ¡ȱ —ŸŽ—˜›¢ǾǯȱŠ›œ£Š ŠDZȱ›ŠŒ˜ —’ŠȱŽœà ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜’Œ£—¢Œ‘ȱǯȱ  ’Š”˜ œ”Šǰȱǯǰȱ˜ Š”˜ œ”ŠǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ¿ČŒ£¢£—Šȱ™˜•œ”’ [‘Žȱ˜•’œ‘ȱŠ—Ǿǯȱ’ŠÙ¢œ˜”DZȱ¢Š —’Œ ˜ȱǯ ŽŸŠ—ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱ˜ Š›ȱ‘Žȱ›ŽŒ˜—œ›žŒ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ–ŠœŒž•’—’¢ǯȱDZȱǯȱŽŸŠ—ǰȱǯȱ˜••ŠŒ”ȱǻ›ŽǯǼǰȱȱŽ ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—ȱǻœǯȱŘŘşȬŘśŗǼǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”DZȱŠœ’Œǯ ˜‹Ž•ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŚǼǯȱŽ¡ȱ¢™’—ȱŠ—ȱ‘Žȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ™Ž›ŒŽ™’˜—ȱ˜ȱŽ—Ž›ȱœŽ›Ž˜¢™’ŒȱŠ—ȱ—˜—œŽ›Ž˜¢™’Œȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›DZȱ‘Žȱž—’šžŽ—Žœœȱ˜ȱŽ–’—’—Žȱ–Š•Žœǯȱ

(30) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱŽ›œ˜—Š•’¢ȱ Š—ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ66, 379-385. ˜‹Ž•ǰȱǯǯǰȱ•˜—Žǰȱǯǰȱœ‘žŠŒ‘ǰȱǯǰȱŽŸŠŒ‘ǰȱ ǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ’Ÿ’œ’˜—ȱ˜ȱ‘˜žœŽ‘˜•ȱ•Š‹˜›ȱ Š—ȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ“ž–Ž—œDZȱ‘Žȱ’—ĚžŽ—ŒŽȱ˜ȱŽ—Ž›ȱŠ—ȱŽžŒŠ’˜—ǯȱ

(31) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱŠ››’ŠŽȱŠ—ȱ‘ŽȱŠ–’•¢ǰȱ63, 829-839. Š—Š•ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ˜‹’ŽŒ˜ï°ȱ’ȱ–¿œ”˜ï°ȱ[Ž–’—’—’¢ȱŠ—ȱŠœŒž•’—’¢ǾǯȱŠ›œ£Š ŠDZȱ¢Š —’Œ ˜ȱ”ŠŽ–’Œ”’Žȱȃ Š”Ȅǯ Š—Š•ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ’Ù˜ï°ǰȱ ÙŠ£Šȱ’ȱ–Š—’™ž•ŠŒ“Šȱ ȱ‹•’œ”’Œ‘ȱ£ ’­£”ŠŒ‘ȱ[˜ŸŽǰȱ˜ Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ –Š—’™ž•Š’˜—ȱ’—ȱŒ•˜œŽȱ›Ž•Š’˜—œ‘’™œǾǯȱŠ›œ£Š ŠDZȱ¢Š —’Œ ˜ȱŠž”˜ Žȱǯȱ •˜™ŠǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ˜£’Œ’Ž•œ ˜ȱ“Š”˜ȱ ¢£ Š—’Žȱ•Šȱ–ŠÙȎڜ ŠDZȱ™Ž›œ™Ž”¢ ŠȱŽ˜›’’ȱ œ¢œŽ–˜ Ž“ȱǽŠ›Ž—‘˜˜ȱŠœȱ‘ŽȱŒ‘Š••Ž—Žȱ˜›ȱ–Š››’ŠŽDZȱ‘Žȱ™Ž›œ™ŽŒ’ŸŽȱ˜ȱœ¢œŽ–œȱ‘Ž˜›¢ǾǯȱDZȱ ǯȱ’‹Ž›œ”ŠǰȱǯȱŠ•’—Šȱǻ›ŽǯǼǰȱ¢‹›Š—Žȱ™›˜‹•Ž–¢ȱ œ™àٌ£Žœ—¢Œ‘ȱ –ŠÙȎڜ ȱ’ȱ›˜£’—ȱǻœǯȱŗśȬŚŗǼǯȱŠ›œ£Š ŠDZȱ¢Š —’Œ ˜ȱ’ę—ǯ ˜••ŠŒ”ǰȱǯǯǰȱŽŸŠ—ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱȱ—Ž ȱ™œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱ–Ž—DZȱ‘Ž›Žȱ‘ŠŸŽȱ Žȱ‹ŽŽ—ǵȱ ‘Ž›ŽȱŠ›Žȱ Žȱ˜’—ǵȱDZȱǯȱŽŸŠ—ǰȱǯȱ˜••ŠŒ”ȱǻ›ŽǯǼǰȱȱŽ ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—ȱ ǻœǯȱřŞřȬřŞŞǼǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”DZȱŠœ’Œǯȱ ›Ž—’ŒŽǰȱǯǯǰȱŠ››Š—£ŠǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱ‘Šȱ ˜–Ž—ȱŠ—ȱ–Ž—ȱœ‘˜ž•ȱ‹Žǰȱœ‘˜ž•—Ȃȱ‹Žǰȱ Š›Žȱ Š••˜ Žȱ ˜ȱ ‹Žǰȱ Š—ȱ ˜—Ȃȱ ‘ŠŸŽȱ ˜ȱ ‹ŽDZȱ ‘Žȱ Œ˜—Ž—œȱ ˜ȱ ™›ŽœŒ›’™’ŸŽȱ Ž—Ž›ȱ stereotypes. œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱ˜–Ž—ȱžŠ›Ž›•¢ǰȱ26, 269-281. ’œǰȱ

(32) ǯǯȱǻŗşşŝǼǯȱŠ—ŠŽœȱ˜›ȱ–˜‘Ž›œȱŠ—ȱŠ‘Ž›œDZȱŽ›ŒŽ™’˜—œȱ˜ȱ‹›ŽŠ ’——Ž›œȱ and care givers. Ž¡ȱ˜•Žœǰȱ37, 565-580. ˜Œ‘•Ž—ǰȱǯǯǰȱŒ Ž••Ž¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱ‘’ĴŠ”Ž›ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱŠ¢ȬŠȬ ˜–ŽȱŠ‘Ž›œȂȱŽŠœ˜—œȱ˜›ȱ—Ž›’—ȱ‘Žȱ˜•ŽȱŠ—ȱ’–Šȱ¡™Ž›’Ž—ŒŽœDZȱȱ›Ž•’–’—Š›¢ȱŽ™˜›ǯȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—ȱǭȱŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ11, 4, 279-285. ˜Œ‘•Ž—ǰȱǯǯǰȱž’££˜ǰȱǯǰȱŒ Ž••Ž¢ǰȱǯǯǰȱŒŠ›’—’ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȃ Ȃ–ȱ“žœȱ™›˜Ÿ’’—ȱ ˜›ȱ–¢ȱŠ–’•¢ȄDZȱȱšžŠ•’Š’ŸŽȱœž¢ȱ˜ȱœŠ¢ȬŠȬ‘˜–ŽȱŠ‘Ž›œǯȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—ȱ ǭȱŠœŒž•’—’¢ǰȱ9, 193-206. ž–Š—ǰȱǯǯǰȱ •’Œ”ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ‘Žȱœ˜Œ’Š•ȱ™œ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ȱ˜ȱŽ—Ž›DZȱ ˜ ȱ™˜ Ž›ȱŠ—ȱ’—’–ŠŒ¢ȱ œ‘Š™ŽȱŽ—Ž›ȱ›Ž•Š’˜—œǯȱŽ ȱ˜›”DZȱ ž’•˜›ǯ. strona 473.

(33) ˜“Œ’œ£”Žǰȱ ǯǰȱ ‹Ž•Žǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ Š›¢ÙŠǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ  ˜ȱ ’–Ž—œ’˜—œȱ ˜ȱ ’—Ž›™Ž›œ˜—Š•ȱ ŠĴ’žŽœDZȱ’”’—ȱŽ™Ž—œȱ˜—ȱŒ˜––ž—’˜—ǰȱ›Žœ™ŽŒȱŽ™Ž—œȱ˜—ȱŠŽ—Œ¢ǯȱž›˜™ŽŠ—ȱ

(34) ˜ž›—Š•ȱ˜ȱ˜Œ’Š•ȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜¢ǰȱ39ǰȱ6, 973-990. ˜˜ǰȱǯǰȱŠ•¢ǰȱǯ ǯȱǻŘŖŖŘǼǯȱȱŒ›˜œœȬŒž•ž›Š•ȱŠ—Š•¢œ’œȱ˜ȱ‘Žȱ‹Ž‘ŠŸ’˜›ȱ˜ȱ ˜–Ž—ȱ Š—ȱ–Ž—DZȱ –™•’ŒŠ’˜—œȱ˜›ȱ‘Žȱ˜›’’—œȱ˜ȱœŽ¡ȱ’쎛Ž—ŒŽœǯȱœ¢Œ‘˜•˜’ŒŠ•ȱž••Ž’—ǰȱ 128, 699-727. Rȱ  ȱ Xȱ ȱ R 

(35) & ȱȱ  StreszczenieǯȱȱŠ›¢”ž•Žȱ£Š™›Ž£Ž—˜ Š—Žȱ£˜œŠÙ¢ȱ ¢—’”’ȱ‹ŠŠ—’Šǰȱ ȱ”à›¢–ȱ™˜›à —Š—˜ȱ œ˜™’ŽÚȱ ™›£¢™’œ¢ Š—Ž“ȱ ”˜‹’ŽŒ˜ïŒ’ȱ ’ȱ –¿œ”˜ïŒ’ȱ –¿ČŒ£¢£—˜–ȱ ˜›Š£ȱ ”˜‹’Ž˜–ȱ ¢™ŽÙ—’Š“­Œ¢–ȱ›˜•Žȱ›˜£’——Žȱ ȱœ™˜œà‹ȱ—’Ž›Š¢Œ¢“—¢ǯȱ”˜—ŒŽ—›˜ Š—˜ȱœ’¿ȱ—Šȱ œ¢žŠŒ“’ȱ™˜“¿Œ’Šȱ›à•ȱ›˜£’Œ’Ž•œ”’Œ‘ȱÙ­Œ£˜—Ž“ȱ£ȱ—Šœ’•Ž—’Ž–ȱ›Š¢Œ¢“—˜ïŒ’ȱ ȱ™˜£’Š•Žȱ ˜‹˜ ’­£”à ȱ ȱ™Š›£Žǯȱȱ‹ŠŠ—’žȱžŒ£Žœ—’Œ£¢Ù˜ȱŗŘŖȱ˜œà‹ȱǻŜŗȱ”˜‹’ŽǼǯȱœ˜‹¢ȱ‹ŠŠ—Žȱ˜ŒŽ—’ŠÙ¢ȱŒ£Ž›¢ȱ£“¿Œ’Šȱ™›£ŽœŠ ’Š“­ŒŽȱ àŒ‘ȱ–¿ČŒ£¢£—ȱǻ”Š›–’­Œ¢Œ‘ȱ—’Ž–˜ •¿Ǽȱ’ȱ ’Žȱ”˜‹’Ž¢ȱǻ ȱœ¢žŠŒ“’ȱ£Š ˜˜ Ž“Ǽȱ—Šȱ ¢–’Š›ŠŒ‘ȱ•ž‹’Ž—’Šȱ˜›Š£ȱ™˜œ›£ŽŠ—Ž“ȱ ”˜‹’ŽŒ˜ïŒ’ȱ ’ȱ ™˜œ›£ŽŠ—Ž“ȱ –¿œ”˜ïŒ’ǯȱ ˜ȱ £“¿°ȱ ˜Ù­Œ£˜—˜ȱ ”›à”’Žȱ ˜™’œ¢ȱ ”˜‹’Žȱ ˜—˜œ£­Œ¢Œ‘ȱ œž”ŒŽœ¢ȱ  ȱ Č¢Œ’žȱ £Š ˜˜ ¢–ȱ ’ȱ –¿ČŒ£¢£—ȱ Ȯȱ Ùࠗ¢Œ‘ȱ ˜™’Ž”ž—à ȱ £’ŽŒ”Šǯȱ £¢œ”Š—Žȱ  ¢—’”’ȱ  œ”Š£ž“­ǰȱ Ȏȱ ˜ŒŽ—’Š—Žȱ ”˜‹’Ž¢ȱ ‹¢Ù¢ȱ ™˜œ›£ŽŠ—Žȱ “Š”˜ȱ –—’Ž“ȱ”˜‹’ŽŒŽȱ’ȱ‹Š›£’Ž“ȱ–¿œ”’Žȱ—’Čȱ–¿ČŒ£¢Ċ—’ǯȱŒ£Žœ—’Œ£­Œ¢ȱ ȱ‹ŠŠ—’žȱ–¿ČŒ£¢Ċ—’ȱ˜ŒŽ—’Š•’ȱ ¢ČŽ“ȱ—Šȱ ¢–’Š›£Žȱ•ž‹’Ž—’Šȱ–¿ČŒ£¢£—¿ȱ—’Čȱ”˜‹’Ž¿ȱ—Šȱ£“¿Œ’žǯȱȱ ٘ Šȱ”•žŒ£˜ ŽDZȱ›˜£’Œ’Ž•œ ˜ǰȱ›˜•Žȱ›˜£’——Žǰȱ”˜‹’ŽŒ˜ï°ǰȱ–¿œ”˜ï°ǰȱ•ž‹’Ž—’Ž ŠŠȱ ™Ù¢—’¿Œ’ŠDZȱŘŗǯŖŚǯŘŖŗś ŠŠȱ ™Ù¢—’¿Œ’Šȱ™˜ȱ™˜™›Š ”ŠŒ‘DZȱŝǯŖŝǯŘŖŗŜ ŠŠȱ£Š ’Ž›£Ž—’Šȱ˜ȱ›ž”žDZȱřŗǯŖŝǯŘŖŗŜ. strona 474.

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