SURVEY OF LITERATURE 97
H . K O R T E N B E U T E L , Γ ο ρ γ ο ί . R . Ε. Suppl. V I I , 206ff.
A. Z A M B O N , Ancora delle διδασκαλικοί. Aegyptus X I X ( 1 9 3 9 ) , p. 100. T h e author deals w i t h new contracts on διδασκαλία published after his article in Aegyptus X V , p. 3-66. T h e r e are those in C. Préaux, Les ostraca grecs de la collection Charles-Edwin JVilbour au Musée de Brooklyn, N e w York ( 1 9 3 5 ) , M i c h . I I I and O s l o I I I .
W . H E L L E N B R A N D , Arbeitsrechtliches in den Zenon Papyri. Fest-schrift Koschaker I I I ( 1 9 3 9 ) , p. 41ff.
T h e article deals with the organization of groups of workers under a headman ( f o r e m a n ) in the Hellenistic law. T h e author points out that su<-h organizations were also found in the ancient Egyptian, Babylonian and Roman law. T h e author discusses the legal character of these organizations, the agreements by means of which they used to be founded and the modes of straightening of the workers' obligations.
B. K Ü B L E R , Έπαφη und kein Ende. Sav. Ζ. L X ( 1 9 4 0 ) , p. 226.
T h e meaning of Ιτταφή is, as it is known, contested. Some scholars consider it as "leprosy," others as "a claim of a third person." Kiibler belongs to the latter group. H e finds a confirmation of his view in a papyrus from Strass-burg published in Sav. Z. X X X I I , 3 6 7 .
O . M O N T E V E C C H I , Ricerche di sociologia net documenti dell' Egitto greco-Romano III. Cwtratti di compra-vendita. Aegyptus X I X ( 1 9 3 9 ) , p. 11.
T h e author gives a collection of all sales of slaves and animals in the papyri without drawing any general conclusions.
P E N A L L A W
M I C K W I T Z , Strassenraub. R. E. suppl. V I I 1 2 4 3 / 4 .
P R O C E D U R E
L. W E N G E R , Institutes of the Roman law of civil procedure, translated by Fist, N e w York 1940.
T h e s e outlines are a revised edition of the author's Institutionen des römischen Zivilprozessrechts, which appeared in 1925.· W e have to mention it here because of its frequent references to the papyri, ( v . I n d e x ) .
E. B E R N E K E R , Zur Rechtskraft im ptolemäischen Prozessrecht. Fest-schrift Koschaker I I I ( 1 9 3 9 ) , p. 268ff.
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by Thompson, points out that the sentences of national courts had no juristic force. Another law-suit was therefore admissible. T o prevent it the defeated party had to draw-up a deed of submission.
R. T A U B E N S C H L A G , La chose jugée dans le droit des papyri. Repr. of Archives du droit oriental III ( 1 9 4 0 ) .
T h e juristic force of judgment was not acknowledged in the national law. In order .to create respect for a pronouncement, the defeated party had to draw up a declaration of submission ; otherwise he could reopen the case. In contrast with this practice, the sentence passed by the king or his
χρηματιστώ, according to a royal diagramma of the III cent. B.C., had ..juristic force and the reopening of the case was forbidden under threat of
penalty.
This principle, however, does not apply to sentences of single officers. T h e case, once decided, could be reopened unless the defeated party drew up a declaration of submission. Hence it is clear that the parties reopened a lawsuit decided, for instance, by the epistates. T h e practice disregarded even declarations of submission and left the officers to deal again with cases once decided.
T h e Roman legislation proclaimed a principle: των νόμων κωλυόντων SU
π épi τοντου κρίνισθαχ. T h e formulation recalls that of Hermogenes, τίχνη
ρητορική. It was the same principle which Tiberius Alexander emphasized in fiscal matters. T h e principle applied to sentences passed by the prefect's court, but not to those of other officials, such as epistrategos or strategos. L. W E N G E R , Zu drei Fragen aus dem römischen Zivilprozessrecht (Eine
Nachlese) Sav. Z . L I X ( 1 9 3 9 ) , p. 315ff.
T h e author deals with P. Yale Inv. No. 1528 (cf. В. Welles, die
Im-munitas of the Roman Legionaries in Egypt, Actes Oxford 1938, p. 521) and points out that from the three meetings with the prefect, mentiöned in this papyrus, two took place "in transitu," but were recorded in his
υπομνηματισμοί. T h e latter were available to anyone who could take copies and make use of them.
E. Z I E B A R T H , Mahnverfahren. R'. E. Suppl. V I I , 436ff. E. Z I E B A R T H , Υπόμνημα. R. E. Suppl. V I I , 281ff.
RAFAEL TAUBENSCHLAG.
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