"La création des provinces d'Egypte Iovia et d'Egypte Herculia", Jacqueline Lallemand, "Bull. de la classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques", 5-e sér., T. XXXVI, 1950 : [recenzja]

376 JOURNAL OF PAPYROLOGY

office a s s u m e d t h e c h a r a c t e r of l i t u r g y . T h e responsibilities t a k e n over b y t h e πρεσβύτεροι caused necessarily t h e e x t e n s i o n of t h e i r c o m p e t e n c e so t h a t t h e y b e c a m e m o r e closely concerned w i t h t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e life of a village. As t h e g u a r a n t e e s of t h e yields of t h e c u l t u r e s t h e y were g r a n t e d t h e r i g h t of supervising r u r a l acti-vities; i n t h i s d o m a i n t h e y b e c a m e t h e a s s i s t a n t s of t h e L a g i d e clerks. F o r t h a t r e a s o n t h e y occasionnally p e r f o r m e d t h e d u t i e s of t h e police. T o w a r d s t h e e n d of t h e second c e n t u r y B. C. t h e πρεσβύτεροι b e c a m e t h e officially a p p o i n t e d g u a r a n t e e s f o r t h e le-vies a n d d u e s imposed on t h e c o m m u n i t y . T h e i r relations w i t h t h e village i n h a b i t a n t s b e c a m e essentially m o d i f i e d . F r o m t h a t mo-m e n t t h e πρεσβύτεροι ceased t o b e p r o t e c t o r s of t h e p e a s a n t class t o w h i c h t h e y belonged. T h e y b e c a m e t r u e a g e n t s of t h e f i s c .

Α. Ε . R . В о а к , Tesserarii and quadrarii as village officials in Egypt in the fourth Century (Studies J o h n s o n , 322—335).

T h e a u t h o r e n d e a v o u r s t o p r o v e , t h a t t h e tesserarii a n d t h e quadrarii i n t h e 4 t h c e n t u r y were village officials whose d u t y w a s t o supervise t h e p a y m e n t of p u b l i c t a x e s .

D . C l a r k e , Alexandria ad Aegyptum (Bull. F a c . A r t s F a r o u k I U n i v . У , 99—102).

n o t seen.

C. R o e b u c k , The Organisation of Naucratis (CI. P h i l . , X L V I , 212—220).

n o t seen.

F . W . v o n В i s s i η g, Naukratis 1-е partie (Bulletin de la Société royale d'Archéologie d ' A l e x a n d r i e , X X X I X , 33—82, [1951]). T h e a u t h o r gives a detailed a c c o u n t of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e city, its origin a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d m a k e s f u l l use of epigraphical evi-dence.

J a c q u e l i n e L a l l e m a n d , La création des provinces d, Egypte Iovia et d'Egypte Herculia (Académie royale de Belgique, Bull, de la classe des l e t t r e s e t des sciences morales e t politiques, 5-e série, t o m e X X X V I , 1950).

Since M о m m s e η t h e historians of t h e reign of Diocletian a t t r i b u t e t o t h i s e m p e r o r t h e division of E g y p t i n t o t h r e e p r o v i n

-SURVEY OF LITERATURE 1952—1953 _{3 7 7} ces: t h e T h e b a ï d e , t h e E g y p t I o v i a a n d t h e E g y p t H e r c u l i a . T h e a u t h o r of t h i s a r t i c l e e n d e a v o u r s t o p r o v e t h a t t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e p r o v i n c e s I o v i a a n d H e r c u l i a p r o b a b l y t o o k p l a c e b e t w e e n t h e y e a r s 312 a n d 315. E . G . T u r n e r , Roman Oxyrynchus ( T h e J o u r n a l of E g y p t i a n A r c h e o l o g y , v o l . 38, (1952), 7 8 — 9 3 ) . T h e a u t h o r b e g i n s his a r t i c l e b y e m p h a s i z i n g t h a t O x y r y n c h u s w a s a n i m p o r t a n t p l a c e . I t possessed g r e a t c o l o n n a d e d s t r e e t s , s o m e t w e n t y t e m p l e s a n d o t h e r c e n t r e s of c u l t r o u n d e d b y t w o C h r i s t i a n c h u r c h e s , ( m e n t i o n e d a t t h e close of t h e t h i r d c e n t u r y ) , a J e w i s h s y n a g o g u e a n d a t h e a t r e . O n t h e w h o l e t h e i n h a b i t a n t s , E g y p t i a n b y n a m e b u t w h o spell a n d w r o t e G r e e k , h a d t o t o i l h a r d t o s e c u r e t h e i r l i v e l i h o o d . T h e c o m f o r t s of d a i l y life w e r e a l m o s t n o n e a n d m a n w a s o f t e n p a w n e d t o s a t i s f y t h e t a x collector. T h e u p p e r classes of t h e G r e e k p o p u l a t i o n w e r e conscious of c a s t e a n d class d i s t i n c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t h e i r m o r e n u m e r o u s n e i g h -b o u r s . T h e y g u a r d e d t h e i r p r i v i l e g e of selective m e m -b e r s h i p of t h e c i t y g y m n a s i u m , w h i c h f o c u s s e d H e l l e n i c life i n t h e c i t y , a n d f o r i t s e d u c a t i o n a l i n f l u e n c e w a s t h e r e p o s i t o r y of H e l l e n i c t r a d i -t i o n . T h e l i v i n g s -t a n d a r d of -t h e r i c h i n h a b i -t a n -t s -t h o u g h h i g h i n r e l a t i o n t o t h a t of t h e m a s s e s of t h e p o p u l a t i o n , s e e m s m o d e s t w h e n c o m p a r e d w i t h c o n t e m p o r a r y e x p e n d i t u r e of R o m e a n d A l e x a n d r i a . T h e A l e x a n d r i a n s w h o r e s i d e d a t O x y r y n c h u s w e r e t h e w e a l t h i e s t c i t i z e n s . T h e R o m a n c i t i z e n s also o w n e d p r o p e r t y i n t h e t o w n a n d d i s t r i c t . T h e n t h e a u t h o r t r a c e s t h e h i s t o r y of a n u p p e r class f a m i l y i n O x y r y n c h u s t h r o u g h t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s i n t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c e n t u r i e s . F i n a l l y h e p o i n t s o u t t h a t O x y r y n c h u s w a s c h o s e n as h o m e p l a c e b y S a t y r u s , t h e h i s t o r i a n , a n d also b y H e r a c l e i d e s L e m -b o s " T h e T e n d e r " w h o e p i t o m i z e d S a t y r u s a n d o t h e r s . T u r n e r e n d s his a r t i c l e : " U n d o u b t e l y t h i s is t h e g r e a t e s t s e r v i c e w h i c h O x y r y n c h u s h a d p e r f o r m e d f o r u s — t h e s a l v a t i o n of t h e g e n u i n e s c h o l a r s h i p of t h e R o m a n e r a " .

G i o v a n n i C a r r a t e l l i P u g l i e s e Sullo stato di cittadi-nanza in Rodi ( S c r i t t i i n o n o r e di У . A r a n g i o - R u i z I V , 4 8 5 — 4 9 1 ) . I n t h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n a t t a c k i n g t h e o p i n i o n s of R o s t o v z e f f a n d H i l l e r v o n G a e r t i n g e n , t h e a u t h o r e n d e a v o u r s t o p r o v e " t h a t t h e R h o d i a n c i t i z e n s h i p did n o t g r a d e t h e c i t i z e n s