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Ruling or Ruled: the Future of Poland in a New Type of European Empire

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Ruling or Ruled: the Future of Poland

in a New Type of European Empire

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Key words: (XURSHDQ8QLRQ(XURSHDQLQWHJUDWLRQ(XURSHDQ(PSLUH3RODQG&HQWUDO(XURSHJHQXLQH HFRQRPLFDQGPRQHWDU\XQLRQ ³6RPHWLPHV,OLNHWRFRPSDUHWKH(8DVDFUHDWLRQWRWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIHPSLUHV :HKDYHWKHGLPHQVLRQRI(PSLUHEXWWKHUHLVDJUHDWGLIIHUHQFH (PSLUHVZHUHXVXDOO\PDGHZLWKIRUFHZLWKDFHQWUHLPSRVLQJdiktatDZLOO RQWKHRWKHUV1RZZKDWZHKDYHLVWKHILUVWQRQ,PSHULDOHPSLUH :HKDYHFRXQWULHVWKDWIXOO\GHFLGHGWRZRUNWRJHWKHUDQGWRSRROWKHLUVRYHUHLJQW\ ,EHOLHYHLWLVDJUHDWFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGZHVKRXOGEHSURXGRILW´

José Manuel Durão Barroso

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