Automated buses in Europe

Delft University of Technology

Automated buses in Europe

An inventory of pilots

Hagenzieker, Marjan; Boersma, Reanne; Nuñez Velasco, Pablo; Ozturker, Maryna; Zubin, Irene; Heikoop,

Daniël

Publication date

2021

Document Version

Final published version

Citation (APA)

Hagenzieker, M., Boersma, R., Nuñez Velasco, P., Ozturker, M., Zubin, I., & Heikoop, D. (2021). Automated

buses in Europe: An inventory of pilots.

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B E

An Inventory of Pilots

Version: 1.0

Authors:

Hagenzieker, Marjan

Boersma, Reanne

Nuñez Velasco, Pablo

Ozturker, Maryna

Zubin, Irene

Heikoop, Daniël

2

B E

An Inventory of Pilots

By

Hagenzieker, Marjan

Boersma, Reanne

Nuñez Velasco, Pablo

Ozturker, Maryna

Zubin, Irene

Heikoop, Daniël

An electronic version of this technical report is available at

http://repository.tudelft.nl/

.

Cover picture: Opening shuttle ESA ESTEC. Picture: Irene Zubin

3

1. Introduction ... 6

2. Methods ... 9

3. Results ... 10

4. Discussion and conclusions ... 15

... 17

4

Abstract

Automated bus systems are a promising means of future first- and last mile public transport solutions, and can even

possibly become a regular part of the public transport network. Therefore, many projects appear throughout Europe to

pilot the feasibility of automated bus system implementation on various locations. Keeping up with the rapidly

increasing pace in which these pilots appear, this report aimed to provide an overview of past, currently on-going, and

concretely planned pilots with automated bus systems in Europe. Via extensive internet searches, exhausting personal

networks, and gathering information from other sources, a detailed overview was developed. 118 pilots were found

which were characterized by vehicles with predominantly low speeds, low capacities, and short operation routes. The

search in itself proved to be difficult due to the often lacking detailed information of pilots, which was argued to be due

to most scientific pilots are of recent years, and therefore often still on-going, and have consequentially not published

any information yet on their research. Another difficulty arose due to the rapid increase of occurring pilots with

automated buses, which leads to the report already being out-of-date as this report is being written. Therefore, this

report will be updated early 2021. Currently, the vast majority of automated bus system pilots occur with the presence

of a steward on board, due to legislation, technological challenges, as well as passengers requesting them, raising

concerns regarding (e.g., economic) efficiency. Although there are a few automated bus systems that actively show

efficient operation without on-board stewards, this still appears to be a future development.

Acknowledgements

The inventory work was conducted by TU Delft as part of the Autobus project,

https://www.toi.no/autobus/

funded by the Norwegian Research Council, and with additional support from the STAD project,

http://stad.tudelft.nl

, and TU Delft researchers who conduct research on automated shuttles and in related

fields. Also thanks to all Autobus project partners for providing information and feedback on draft versions

of this inventory.

6

1.

Introduction

As is becoming increasingly apparent, driving is turning into a task for an automated system instead of a

human being. Public transport is considered as one of the more suitable candidates to benefit from

automating driving tasks (Shladover et al., 2016). Henceforth, an increasing number of automated (mini)bus

systems is entering our roads, often driving in mixed traffic environments including cyclists and pedestrians.

As a result, projects involving automated public transport systems are appearing with accelerating pace, and

keeping up to date about their current developments is becoming increasingly cumbersome. A

comprehensive overview of all these projects would provide valuable insights. Overviews like this do exist,

but are not always (kept) up-to-date and usually lack the detailed information needed for research purposes.

For instance, the Bloomberg.org Group created an interactive map on current and planned projects involving

autonomous vehicles (Bloomberg.org Group, 2020), and Connected and Automated Driving Europe’s

website gives an overview of European projects in the field of automated road transport (Connected and

Automated Driving Europe, 2020), but these are not exhaustive, and detailed information is often not

provided. When narrowing down to automated bus systems, finding an exhaustive and up-to-date overview

of completed, running, and planning projects becomes even more challenging. From a technological, energy

efficiency, and legality perspective, a recent overview article investigated predominantly European

completed and ongoing automated bus projects (Ainsalu et al., 2018). It is important to keep an even pace

with technology, and, if we want to have the consumer (keep) using promising novel technology, maintain

an up-to-date knowledge base of how humans (prefer to) interact with such technologies as automated bus

systems. As a first step, an inventory of what has been done, is going on, and will be investigated in the near

future, appears therefore warranted.

Henceforth, in the present document we present an inventory of real-life projects with automated bus

systems in urban settings. This work was conducted as part of the Autobus project

https://www.toi.no/autobus/

funded by the Norwegian Research Council. The inventory is not complete,

mainly because many new pilots and demo’s pop up all the time, and many of those are not well

documented. Pilots and projects in countries represented in the Autobus consortium (Norway, the

Netherlands, Belgium, & Sweden) are probably more complete than those in other countries. We have

attempted to collect as much information as possible in a systematic way. One more update of the inventory

is foreseen in January 2021.

Within the Autobus project, also other studies are conducted. Recently, two systematic reviews have been

performed. One with a focus on passenger experience and road user interaction (Heikoop et al., 2020) and

another on empirical studies from interviews, focus group discussions, surveys, and (video) observations

directly addressing the interactions between cyclists and autonomous vehicle (AV) shuttles (Hagenzieker et

al., 2019). Findings of these reviews include that:

 Public and passengers are generally enthusiastic about the AV shuttles,

 The AV shuttles are not mature; they stop when any object (e.g., road users, static object, etc.) is

within a certain distance from the bus,

7

 AV shuttles often drive on existing infrastructure, sharing the road with cyclists, or use the cycle

track,

 Infrastructural characteristics (e.g., markings, shared or separate road) influence observed

interactions, which appear to be more risky on shared narrow roads,

Other studies within the project, also focusing on the interaction of road users with automated bus

systems, are in progress. These involve surveys among passengers, pedestrians, and cyclists related to

their interaction with automated bus systems driving in Norway and analyses of real-life observations on

various routes where automated bus systems interact with other road users. First preliminary findings

(Bjørnskau et al., 2019) show that:

 Cyclists’ opinions and safety perceptions become more positive after having interacted with AV

shuttles,

 Cyclists seldom force the bus to stop, but interactions change: cyclists give less often way to the AV

shuttles over time, whereas pedestrian behaviour does not seem to change,

 Cyclists cross having a very short distance ahead of the AV shuttle,

 The AV shuttles’ abrupt breaking can cause the cyclist to perform unexpected moves,

 Slowness of bus leads to many overtakings by cyclists (and by motor vehicles),

 A common observation is that cyclists ride alongside (left or ride) or overtake the AV shuttle, which

can cause abrupt braking (too short distance to shuttle).

8

Figure 2 – Automated shuttle in Oslo, Norway. Picture: Marjan Hagenzieker

Figure 3 – Automated shuttle in Frankfurt, Germany. Picture: Roberto Giraldi

9

2.

Methods

In- and exclusion criteria

The aim of this research was to inventory pilots and projects with automated bus systems throughout Europe

that are, will be, or have been running, to present an as complete picture of the current state-of-the-art

involving automated bus systems in Europe. This therefore excludes demos or showcases, as those are often

not well documented, and operating in optimal conditions and do not give a realistic view of long term

implementation of the vehicle. Although this research did not actively searched for short-term demos or

showcases, some can be included when they are deemed relevant to present in this overview, for instance

due to the abundance of information, or it being a landmark demo or showcase ushering in new possibilities.

This research was specified to find automated bus systems operating on public roads with mixed traffic.

Pilots on closed roads can be included, however, when they are (similar to above) deemed relevant enough

for presentation in this overview. The vehicle type was narrowed down to a vehicle that was able to transport

people as public transport. That excludes private automated cars such as the (concept) cars presented by

Google, Tesla, Volvo and Mercedes. Pilots that did not take place, such as the Citymobil project in Rome

(Delle Site, Filippi, & Giustiniani, 2011), were excluded from the report. The entire research took place

between January and March 2019 and between November 2019 and January 2020.

Step-by-step methodology

For the development of this report, several steps have been taken. First, several main online sources were

utilized (see Table 1), and complemented with other relevant online sources such as university- and news

websites. Second, a semi-structured review was conducted. Third, the results from this review were analysed

for relevant content. Fourth, this relevant content was used for both forward- and backtracking of other

relevant content (i.e., finding relevant citations leading to other pilots or projects, and finding additional

information through searching for keywords found in news articles). Lastly, personal networks were

broached to supplement the resulting data base with pilots and/or projects that are not (easily) retrievable

through an online research.

Table 1

–

Main sources of the online research used for developing the overview of pilots and projects with automated bus systems in Europe.

Title

Reference

Type

Implementing Automated Road Transport

Systems in Urban Settings

Alessandrini, 2018

Book

State of the art of automated buses

Ainsalu et al., 2018

Review journal article

Initiative on Cities and Autonomous

Vehicles

Bloomberg.org Group, 2020

Online inventory

Cybercars

Parent, 2019

Blog

SPACE UITP

SPACE UITP, 2020

Project website

AVENUE

Avenue, 2020

Project website

Easymile

Easymile, 2020

Company website

10

The semi-structured review was performed using various search engines, namely Google Scholar, Web of

Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and ResearchGate. Narrowing down the scope of the research, keeping the

method both valid and viable, the search was restricted to only pilots and projects on automated bus systems

in Europe. Next, a set of search terms was determined, seen in Table 2, which, combined, formed the search

queries that were used for this research. The results from this research were consequently filtered for relevant

topics, meaning that the content should be on public transport vehicles only, cover pilots or projects (i.e., not

demos or showcases), indicating (quasi-)long-term employment of the automated bus system, and provide

ample information for filling out at least most of the relevant details for the overview table of this report.

From these results, other relevant sources were extracted, namely references found in reference lists and

keywords from news articles. These sources were used as keyword search terms for a follow-up online

search, after which its results were added to the rest of the results.

The final method used in this research was utilizing the authors’ personal networks, meaning that the authors

gathered information by attending relevant conferences, project meetings, and workshops, conversed with

other relevant researchers and stakeholders, and took their own personal experience into account. These

results were also added to the rest of the results.

Table 2

–

Overview of terms used for the online search, complemented with the languages in which the searches were conducted.

Synonyms of automation

Synonyms of vehicle

Languages

Automated

Vehicle

English

Autonomous

Bus

Dutch

Driverless

Shuttle

French

Self-driving

People mover

Norwegian

Public transport

Italian

Public transport solution

Spanish

Road transport system

German

1

Cybercar

2

Cybernetic transportation system

2

3.

Results

Please note that at the time of finalising this research (November 2019 to January 2020) all the website links

used for this research were available. Information in this overview may be outdated at the time of

publication. Even though the authors tried to get a complete overview, some pilots might not be mentioned

because many new pilots keep coming up and many of those pilots are not well documented. Please feel free

1

_{Only limited use.}

11

to share your information about pilots and projects in Europe if you have any (the authors can be contacted

via

A.M.Boersma@tudelft.nl

). The authors intend to update the inventory table early 2021.

The following presents a narrative of the pilots and projects found in this research. Its focus is to illustrate

the development of automated bus systems in Europe, based on the findings from this research. The

overview (in table form) of the found pilots and projects from this research can be found as appendix.

The idea of enhancing public transport systems with automated bus systems originates back to the 1990s

from the concept of the so-called 'cyber cars', which are in essence a low-passenger-capacity, flexible

on-demand service on dedicated infrastructure forming Cybernetic Transport Systems (CTS; Parent, 2019). A

demonstration and implementation of such a transport mode, named ParkShuttle, was realized in 1997 in the

parking area of Schiphol airport, the Netherlands, which stayed operational until 2004 (2getthere, 2019;

Parent, 2019).

Since the early 2000's, a series of research projects (CyberCars, CyberMove, CyberCars2, CityMobil,

CityMobil2, etc.) have been focusing on development, improvement, and testing of technology for

automated bus systems. From cyber cars with simple obstacle detection system (scanner, laser, and safety

bumper) on dedicated closed track (Delle Site, Filippi, & Giustiniani, 2011), it matured into more advanced

automated bus systems with complex sets of internal and external sensors for vehicle positioning and

navigation, to potentially allow for driving in mixed traffic (Ainsalu et al., 2018). Examples of the latter

vehicles are EasyMile’s EZ10, Navya’s Arma, Local Motors’ Olli, and the 3rd generation of ParkShuttle.

The only significant difference between the vehicles is that ParkShuttle uses artificial landmarks (i.e.,

magnets) which are embedded in the roadway for positioning (Boersma, Mica, van Arem, & Rieck, 2018).

One of some landmark pilots and projects actually involved a one-day trial in Svalbard, which was in 2019

the first autonomous vehicle operating in the arctic circle. Even though the methodology of this research

aimed at excluding short-lived trials like these, the contributory factor of this trial made it relevant enough to

include in this report, and is thus consequentially included in the overview to be found in the appendix.

Pilot descriptives

At the time of writing, a total of 118 pilots and projects have arisen, based on the results from this research.

Unfortunately, the information about the earliest trials and pilots is scarce, as most of the links to the

projects’ websites are not working anymore. Wherever possible, the pilots and projects that could be

described in enough detail are taken into account in this research, and are presented in the overview (see

appendix).

The 118 pilots and projects took place in 18 different countries. The amount of the projects per country is

shown in Figure 5, with France (32 projects), Germany (12 projects), and Norway (9 projects) being the

three leading countries. Note that the name of the organizing party(ies) or the purpose of the project were

used as an indicator of the country of the pilot, as the project itself was often not a clear enough indicator for

its location.

12

Figure 5

– Amount of pilots per country, listed alphabetically

.

The starting and ending dates for each pilot were gathered, which are presented in the overview to be found

in the appendix. Some pilots report two different starting and ending date; in those cases, more pilots were

carried out for the same project in different times. Looking at the starting year of the pilots, the increasing

interest in automated bus systems starting from 2016 can be seen, with 2018 and 2019 as peaking years

(Figure 6). Those two years mark the introduction of a new collection of automated bus systems, such as the

minibuses I-Crystal (developed by Transdev and Lohr), Gacha (Miju and Sensible4), MILLApod (Intelligent

Systems For Mobility), and HEATbus (IAV), as well as the full-size buses Citywide LF (Scania) and

Enviro200 (ADL). This consequentially explains the fact of the dominance of the vehicle types EZ10

(EasyMile) and Arma (Navya), with 59 and 35 pilots, respectively, utilizing these types of vehicles, as those

two types have been around much longer (since April and September 2015, respectively). Notably, all

vehicles used in the pilots found in this research were fully electric, apart from one: the Mercedes-Benz

Future Bus, which operated between Schiphol Airport and the city of Haarlem.

Figure 6

– Distribution of running pilots per year. Trend line in red dots. Note: the duration of each project is considered; hence, if a project

lasts for 2 years, the same project is added to both respective years.

6

8

2

3

8

32

12

1

1

2

2

9

1

2

6

8

8

7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

13

Passengers

Public transport is per definition intended to transport public. Therefore, this research evaluated the

characteristics the pilots have in light of its passengers. Although the maximum passenger capacity of

automated bus systems is usually higher, the number of allowed passengers is almost always limited to

seated places, with one place reserved for the steward. An overview of the maximum amount of passengers

that is allowed in the vehicle is seen in Figure 7. The presence of the steward is mandatory in all projects

except for the ParkShuttle (Rotterdam, the Netherlands). This procedure is mostly done for safety reasons,

since the automated driving technology is still developing. However, two private trials took place in Oslo,

Norway and in Salzburg, Austria without steward on board (see appendix’ comments column for more

information). For 23 pilots it was not possible to find the maximum allowed seats; these pilots are therefore

not included in Figure 7. Of those pilots for which this data could be found, the vast majority (96%) would

only hold less than 20 passengers, while over 70% would not take more than 12 passengers at a time. The

three exceptions are one in Sweden and two in the United Kingdom (numbers 92, 116, and 118 in the

appendix), of which only one (#118) has been running.

Figure 7 – Maximum allowed passengers in the vehicle

Vehicle- and infrastructural characteristics

The infrastructural adaptations for the automated bus systems mostly include road markings and warning

signs, installation of the equipment for V2X communication (sensors, systems to communicate with a

control room and traffic lights), and temporary platforms for bus stops.

On the same line of reasoning of the available seats, the allowed speed of the automated bus systems is

usually lower than the design speed. Most pilots therefore report two different speed values: one referring to

the maximum allowed speed and one to the average operational speed. As with the information regarding

capacity, information regarding (operational) speed was not always present. Therefore, only the pilots who

reported information regarding operational speed of their automated bus system are taken into account (82 of

118 pilots). Figure 8 shows the average operational speed distribution of the considered pilots. As with the

capacity (Figure 7), the average operational speed is low (below 21 km/h) for the vast majority (78%) of the

pilots. Only two pilots exceeded 40 km/h (numbers 61 and 110 in the appendix).

14

Figure 8 – Number of pilots per average operational speed of the automated bus system in kilometers per hour

The application cases of the automated bus systems are mostly fitting into the concept of first/last mile

transport solutions, to provide connections between public transport stops or stations and university

campuses, business/shopping districts, or within airports, parking facilities or city centres. A total 88 pilots

reported their route length, of which 50% was below 1500m (Figure 9). Five pilots were longer than five

kilometres (numbers 46, 49, 88, 92, and 116 in the appendix).

15

4.

Discussion and conclusions

The development of automated transport systems is growing explosively, and is therefore difficult to keep

track of. This report was aimed at creating an overview of pilots with automated bus systems in Europe that

have occurred, are currently running, and will soon be started in the near future. Recent approaches (e.g.,

Ainsalu et al., 2019; Bloomberg.org, 2020) were either incomplete, had a different scope, or are not updated

regularly. Through an extensive search base, including Google and various academic search engines, 118

demonstrations of automated bus systems have been found throughout Europe. The results in this report, and

its accompanying overview table (to be found in the appendix) are intended to be updated early 2021,

allowing for (another) up-to-date overview of the current state-of-the-art.

The majority of the information provided in the appendix table was found through overviews of upcoming or

on-going pilots with automated bus systems, as these are commonly well-covered in the press. In contrast,

research reports, such as academic journal articles or other types of academic dissemination, during pilots is

usually either not documented or not shared. The number of pilots for which detailed documentation was

found was 33% of the total amount (i.e., 39 out of 118) of pilots that resulted from the research performed in

this report. This included 10 pilots with published research (8.5%), 25 pilots with project reports (21.1%)

and 4 pilots with both types of documentation (3.4%), and did not include any on-going studies. Also note

that it is likely that there are on-going projects the authors are unaware of. However, it is expected that most

of those will become known and its information available and added in the update of this report at the end of

2020.

It must be noted, however, that many more somewhat similar demonstrations have been found, but were

either too limited in their information, were technically not with automated bus systems, or did not actually

go beyond the planning phase. Another note is that the authors of this report acknowledge the timeliness of

this report, as it is highly likely that at the point of writing many more pilots have arisen, which is why this

report will be updated early 2021. During our research, we encountered several pilots that were never

realised, such as the one in Rome within the CityMobil project, in which a Robosoft vehicle was supposed to

ride for 2200 meters at a maximum speed of 30 km/h, transporting passengers from a carpark to the entrance

of the Rome Exhibition Centre (Delle Site, Filippi, & Giustiniani, 2011). It was decided to discard these

pilots from our research, in order to provide a detailed inventory of pilots that are and were conducted in

Europe, avoiding biased results for non-existing pilots. On the other hand, however, some pilots have been

included in the overview, despite the fact that it did not meet the search criteria of the methodology used in

this research. These exceptions were included when it was considered a landmark trial that proved invaluable

for future development of automated bus systems. For instance, the Svalbard trial was included, as this

marked the first trial with automated bus systems in the arctic circle; something that was deemed impossible

or at least incredibly hard due to the harsh weather circumstances.

The lack of a structured search strategy was largely due to the unstructured nature of the variety of pilot

goals (e.g., proof of concept, demonstration, pilot, etc.), and therefore regularly lacked a standard location of

providing information of said pilots. Therefore, the authors needed to predominantly trust on their own

network and expertise in the field, rather than trusting on the internet’s knowledge base. It would be

worthwhile to test whether a systematic literature review could come up with the same or different pilots on

this topic (cf. Heikoop et al., 2020). However, during this research, it was found that the amount of lacking

information was abundant, as, for instance, several pilots and/or projects would not clearly document their

starting and/or ending date. Therefore, these types of missing information occur regularly in the overview

16

(see appendix). However, when only an ending date was missing, it was assumed that the respective pilot

would run until the end of the year it was currently running.

As seen in Figure 6, pilots with automated bus systems are still on the rise. Only since 2016, there appears to

be an increase in interest in pilots with automated bus systems, and this interest does not yet seem to die out.

This report should therefore be seen as an initial stepping stone towards a systematically updated overview

of automated bus system pilots throughout Europe. Other similar attempts have also taken place, for example

specifically investigating literature on automated bus system-vulnerable road user interaction, with

comparable results (Hagenzieker et al., 2019; Heikoop et al., 2020). The authors of this report therefore

encourage the readers to contact the authors to provide them with additional information on this topic.

Despite abovementioned limitations, several conclusions can be made about automated bus system pilots in

Europe. The first is that proper documentation and information of performed pilots is currently lacking, and

any available info is distributed over many different sources. It would benefit practitioners, researchers, and

designers/engineers, as well as society as a whole, if detailed information regarding occurring struggles and

problems and the found solutions to those were to be provided. Furthermore, sharing results on public

perception and interaction with these automated bus systems could also help improving future automated bus

systems.

Second, the found pilots mostly show small buses to operate on an on-demand base and as access- and egress

mode for main facilities and/or public transport lines. In order to make automated bus systems more

accessible, future pilots should aim to roll out transit lines throughout larger (and denser) areas. For now,

predominantly first- and last mile problems are being solved with the current line of automated bus systems,

meaning technically feasible, but short route lengths and low speeds. Even though there appears to occur a

shift in pilot goals, from experimental to long term development, if automated bus systems are continued to

be placed and piloted at technically feasible locations instead of locations where there is actual demand for

them, the future of said systems is all but certain.

Third, although it has been shown that automated bus systems can operate without a steward on board (albeit

on closed tracks; see the Netherlands), most pilots still have stewards on board, due to national legislations

requiring them. These legislation challenges can also be seen from the results (and Figures 7 to 9), as the

passenger allowances, speeds, and route lengths are predominantly impractically slow, as current legislation,

rather than technical feasibility, withholds automated bus systems from reaching their limits and therefore

practical implementation and utilization. Although the policies exist for guarding the safety of passengers

and other road users by limiting the possibilities of automated bus systems (as accidents do occur; see e.g.,

Gibbs, 2017; Porter, 2019), until countries allow more freedom to automated bus systems, the development

of these systems will continue to be held back.

As a final point, it is surprising to see that even though the Netherlands is leading in automated driving

technology readiness, it is being outperformed by France, Germany, and Norway, in terms of number of

pilots with AV shuttles (32, 12, and 9, versus 8, respectively). Further investigation is needed to uncover

why this discrepancy exists. Plainly based on these results, it appears that current national legislation does

not need to hold back nationwide rollouts of automated bus systems. As has been done for this report, the

authors encourage researchers and engineers from different countries to work together, to learn from each

other in terms of possibilities and limitations, to facilitate a streamlined European-wide development of

publicly accepted and appreciated automated bus systems on locations where the demand for them is at its

highest.

17

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C ou n tr y P ro je ct L oc at io n D at e V eh ic le C ap ac it y S p ee d R ou te L en gt h In fr as tr u ct u re R es ea rc h M or e in fo rm at io n C om m en ts 1. A us tr ia au to .B us - Se es ta dt Se es ta dt Ju ne 20 19 - en d da te n ot m en tio ne d N av ya A rm a M ax 11 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 0 st an di ng ) M ax 20 km /h T es t tr ac k le ad s fr om th e su bw ay st at io n Se es ta dt v ia th e st op s "S ee se ite n" , "S us an ne -S ch m id a-G as se ", "S ch en k-D an zi ng er -G as se " an d "M ar ia -T us ch -S tr aß e" to th e "F ee lG oo d" A pa rt m en ts 20 00 m N ot m en tio ne d T o fo llo w w he re t he v eh ic le is cu rr en tl y (a s th er e is n o ti m et ab le ye t) : ht tp s: // w w w .w ie ne rl in ie n. at /e po rt al 3/ ep /c ha nn el V ie w .d o/ pa ge T yp e Id /6 65 33 /c ha nn el Id /-44 00 68 7 1. http s: // w w w .a it .a c. at /e n/ ne w s-ev en ts /s in gl e-vi ew /d et ai l/5 31 8/ ?n o_ ca ch e= 1 2. http s: // de .w ik ip ed ia .o rg /w ik i/ A ut on o m er _B us _( W ie n) 2. A us tr ia D ig ib us © 20 17 K op pl (S al zb ur g ar ea ) A pr il 20 17 - N ov em be r 20 17 N av ya A rm a M ax 11 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 0 st an di ng ) M ax 16 km /h Pu bl ic r oa d w ith m ix ed t ra ff ic i n a ru ra l a re a. 14 00 m R oa d m os tl y la ck in g ro ad m ar ki ng s, va ry in g in cl in es , va ry in g m ob il e ne tw or k co ve ra ge , va ry in g qu al ity of G N S S an d co rr ec ti on si gn al s, ot he r ro ad u se rs d ri vi ng a t sp ee ds up to 6 0 km /h p er h ou r or v ar yi ng w ea th er c on di ti on s Sa lz bu rg R es ea rc h Fo rs ch un gs ge se lls ch af t 1. h ttp s: //w w w .d ig ib us .a t/ en /n ew s/ 2. http s: // et rr .s pr in ge ro pe n. co m /a rt ic le s /1 0. 11 86 /s 12 54 4-01 8-03 26 -4 3. A us tr ia D ig ib us © A us tr ia K op pl (S al zb ur g ar ea ) 20 17 -2 01 9 E as yM ile E Z 10 M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 6 st an di ng ). M ax 9 pa ss en ge rs in te st o pe ra tio n M ax 20 km /h C ity c en te r 65 0 m V 2X b as e st at io ns a lo ng t he t es t tr ac k (tr an sm is si on o f co rr ec ti on da ta fo r hi gh -p re ci si on sa te lli te po si tio ni ng vi a IT S -G 5) , co m m un ic at io n st el es w ith pa ss en ge rs W ay s of co m m un ic at io n w ith pa ss en ge rs an d te ch ni ca l in fr as tr uc tu re 1. http s: // w w w .d ig ib us .a t/e n/ ne w s/ 2. http s: // sa lz bu rg .w ir ts ch af ts ze it. at /w ir ts ch af ts ne w s-de ta il /a rt ic le /d ig ib us R -au st ri a-m it-ne ue n-te ch no lo gi en -v on -he im is ch en -u nt er ne hm en -a n-bo rd -de s-au to m at is ie rt en -s hu ttl es 4. A us tr ia D ig ib us © A us tr ia W ie ne r N eu st ad t, N ie de rö st er re ic h M ay 20 19 – Se pt em be r 20 19 E as yM ile E Z 10 M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 6 st an di ng ). M ax 9 pa ss en ge rs in te st o pe ra tio n M ax 20 km /h W ie ne r St ra ße be tw ee n H au pt pl at z an d St . Pe te r an d er S pe rr , a t th e L ow er A us tr ia n S ta te E xh ib iti on “W O R L D IN M O T IO N ” in th e ce nt re o f W ie ne r N eu st ad t 56 0 m N ot m en tio ne d Sa lz bu rg R es ea rc h Fo rs ch un gs ge se lls ch af t ht tp s: // w w w .d ig ib us .a t/e n/ ne w s/ 5. A us tr ia D ig ib us © A us tr ia T ee sd or f 13 th of N ov em be r 20 19 20 19 /2 02 0 (w ith ou t pa ss en ge rs ) E as yM ile E Z 10 M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 6 st an di ng ). M ax 9 pa ss en ge rs in te st o pe ra tio n M ax 20 km /h Ö A M T C V er ke hr st ec hn ik ze nt ru m T ee sd or f N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d Sa lz bu rg R es ea rc h Fo rs ch un gs ge se lls ch af t 1. http s: // w w w .d ig ib us .a t/e n/ ne w s/ 2. http s: // w w w .s al zb ur gr es ea rc h. at /e n/ e ve nt /d ig ib us -d em o-da y-at -o ea m tc -ve rk eh rs te ch ni kz en tr um -t ee sd or f/ T es ti ng d ur in g w in te r. N on -p ub lic te st s. N et w or ki ng m ee tin g fo r tr ad e vi si to rs a nd de m o ri de s w it h th e D ig ib us ® in cl ud in g de m on st ra tio n of ne w ly de ve lo pe d an d pr ov en te ch no lo gi es fo r pa ss en ge r co m m un ic at io n, V 2X co m m un ic at io n, in ci de nt m an ag em en t, ca pa ci ty m an ag em en t e tc . 6. A us tr ia D ig ib us © A us tr ia Sa lz bu rg Se pt em be r 20 19 E as yM ile E Z 10 M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 6 st an di ng ). M ax 9 pa ss en ge rs in te st o pe ra tio n M ax 20 km /h Sa lz bu rg R in g N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d Sa lz bu rg R es ea rc h Fo rs ch un gs ge se lls ch af t 1. http s: // w w w .d ig ib us .a t/e n/ ne w s/ 2. http s: // w w w .s al zb ur gr es ea rc h. at /e n/ p re ss ea us se nd un g/ de r-se lb st fa hr en de -di gi bu s-fa eh rt -e rs tm al s-fa hr er lo s/ N on -p ub lic te st s w it ho ut a st ew ar d on 1 9 th o f S ep te m be r 20 19 ( su pe rv is io n fr om c on tr ol ro om o nl y) w it h 16 v ol un te er s in a te st r id e

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C ou n tr y P ro je ct L oc at io n D at e V eh ic le C ap ac it y S p ee d R ou te L en gt h In fr as tr u ct u re R es ea rc h M or e in fo rm at io n C om m en ts 7. B el gi um A L E E S (A ut on om o us L og is ti cs E le ct ri c E nt it ie S fo r ci ty di st ri bu tio n) M ec he le n 25 th o f M ay 2 01 8 E as ym il e E Z 10 N ot ap pl ic ab le – tr an sp or ta tio n of g oo ds i n th is de m o N ot m en ti on ed C ity ce nt re (s ho pp in g st re et D e B ru ul ) o f M ec he le n N ot m en ti on ed O pe ra ti ng in cy cl is ts /p ed es tr ia n ar ea . N o in fr a ch an ge s bu t g ui de d by m ot or cy cl e/ ca r (s ee v id eo i n lin k) L og is ti c di st ri bu ti on . D ev el op po ss ib le ap pl ic at io ns , us e ca se s, te ch ni ca l fr am ew or k co nd it io ns an d te st s. Fr au nh of er I M L 1. http :/ /w w w .e as ym il e. co m /a le es -pr oj ec t-au to no m ou s-lo gi st ic s-el ec tr ic -e nt it iti es -f or -c it y-di st ri bu ti on / 2. http s: // w w w .i m l.f ra un ho fe r. de /e n/ ne w s_ ar ch iv /a le es ---a ut on om ou s-lo gi st ic s-el ec tr ic -e nt it ie s-fo r-ci ty -di st ri bu .h tm l 3. http s: // w w w .z el fr ijd en dv er vo er .n l/s p ec ia ls /2 01 8/ 05 /3 0/ au to no om -vo er tu ig -b ie dt -o pl os si ng -v oo r-w in ke ld is tr ib ut ie -m ec he le n/ 4. http s: // vi l.b e/ pr oj ec t/ al ee s/ V IL re po rt (i n D ut ch ) av ai la bl e in V IL w eb sh op ( se e lin k 4 in M or e in fo rm at io n co lu m ns ) 8. B el gi um T es t E as ym il e Fo rm ul e 1-pa rc ou rs Fr an co rc ha m ps S pa 20 17 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 6 st an di ng ) 11 k m /h O n ci rc ui t N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d V ia s In st it ut e 1. http s: // w w w .v ia s. be /n l/n ew sr oo m /e er st e-te st -i n-be lg ie -v an -e en -a ut on om e-sh ut tle -z on de r-be st uu rd er / 2. http s: // w w w .z el fr ijd en dv er vo er .n l/ te s ts /2 01 7/ 10 /0 3/ be lg ie -t es t-vo or -h et -ee rs t-ze lf ri jd en de -s hu ttl e/ 9. B el gi um T es t N av ya H an -S ur -L es se 20 18 N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) 25 k m /h Fr om t he p ar ki ng lo t to t he e nt ra nc e of th e to ur is t at tr ac ti on “C av es of H an ”. 50 0 m W ar ni ng s ig ns V ia s In st it ut e ht tp s: // w w w .v er ke er sn et .n l/s m ar t-m ob il ity /2 73 70 /e er st e-ze lf ri jd en de -sh ut tle -o p-op en ba re -w eg -v an -b el gi e-ri jd t-in -h an / 10 . B el gi um T es t N av ya E ig en br ak el 20 18 N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) M ax 18 km /h A ve ra ge 15 km /h Fr om L ee uw v an W at er lo o to H oe ve va n H ou go um on t. 24 00 m N ot m en tio ne d V ia s In st it ut e 1. http s: // w w w .v er ke er sn et .n l/s m ar t-m ob il ity /2 76 86 /tw ee de -t es t-m et -sh ut tle -i n-be lg ie -s tu k-ui tg eb re id er / 2. http s: // w w w .v ia s. be /n l/n ew sr oo m /b u sj e-zo nd er -b es tu ur de r-ri jd t-ov er -e en -tr aj ec t-va n-m ee r-da n- 2-ki lo m et er -aa n-de -l ee uw -v an -w at er lo o-/ 11 . B el gi um T es t du ri ng sa lo n "S m ar t C it y W al lo ni a" M ar ch e-en -Fa m en ne 24 th of Se pt em be r 20 19 2 sh ut tle s fr om di ff er en t br an ds - N av ya an d E as ym il e - dr ov e on th e sa m e ro ut e si m ul ta ne ou sl y N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en tio ne d ht tp s: //m ob ili t.b el gi um .b e/ nl /n ie uw s/ ni eu w sb er ic ht en /2 01 9/ ee n_ ni eu w e_ s ta p_ ge no m en _d e_ on tw ik ke lin g_ va n _a ut on om e_ sh ut tl es T es t or ga ni ze d by V ia s in st itu te & F O D M ob ili ty a nd T ra ns po rt ; bo th s hu ttl es w er e co or di na te d by B es tm ile so ft w ar e 12 . B el gi um H ea lt h C am pu s U ni ve rs ity (V U B ) B ru ss el s 23 rd of A ug us t 20 19 – Fe br ua ry 20 20 E as ym il e E Z 10 N ot m en tio ne d A ve ra ge 1 0-15 k m /h U ni ve rs ity h os pi ta l ca m pu s, b et w ee n th e st ud en t re si de nc es a nd t he m ai n bu ild in g of t he F ac ul ty o f M ed ic in e an d Ph ar m ac y N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en ti on ed Fr ee U ni ve rs it y B ru ss el s (V U B ) & U L B ht tp s: // w w w .b ou w kr on ie k. be /a rt ic le /t es t-m et -z el fr ijd en de -b us -o p-zi ek en hu is ca m pu s-in -j et te .2 87 45 R es ea rc h fo cu s on hu m an -m ac hi ne in te ra ct io n 13 . B el gi um Z av en te m ai rp or t sh ut tle Z av en te m A ir po rt , B ru ss el s Pl an ne d fo r m id 20 20 2g et th er e G R T ve hi cl e M ax 22 pa ss en ge rs (8 se at ed an d 14 s ta nd in g) M ax 20 km /h B et w ee n th e ai rp or t te rm in al a nd t he ca rg o bu si ne ss zo ne an d pa rk in g ar ea s in m ix ed tr af fi c N ot m en ti on ed Fi xe d ro ut e th at ’s e qu ip pe d w ith m ag ne ts . L oc al m od if ic at io ns m ay b e ne ed ed t o re du ce t ra ff ic co m pl ex it y. I n m ix ed tr af fi c N ot m en tio ne d 1. h tt ps :// w w w .2 ge tth er e. eu /b ru ss el s-ai rp or t-au to no m ou s-sh ut tle / 2. ht tp s: // w w w .2 ge tt he re .e u/ m ai de n-tr ip -a t-br us se ls -a ir po rt / 14 . B el gi um T R IB B ru ss el s 28 th o f Ju ne – 2 2 nd of S ep te m be r 20 19 E as yM ile E Z 10 M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 6 st an di ng ) M ax 10 km /h In P ar c de W ol uw e 18 00 m 5 st op s Fi xe d tr ac ki ng el em en ts (p os ts ) ar e in st al le d al on g th e ro ut e an d at th e st op s w ith re m ov ab le pl at fo rm s N ot m en tio ne d 1. http s: // sm ar tc it y. br us se ls /n ew s-67 8 -st ib -t es ts -a ut on om ou s-ve hi cl es -f ro m -28 -6 -u nt il -2 2- 9-in -p ar c-de -w ol uw e 2. http s: // ea sy m ile .c om /s ti b-tr ia ls -th e-ez 10 -a ut on om ou s-sh ut tle s-in -p ar c-de -w ol uw e-br us se ls / 3. http s: //w w w .th em ay or .e u/ en /s ti b-te st s-au to no m ou s-bu se s-in -b ru ss el s-re gi on 4. http :/ /w w w .s tib -m iv b. be /a rt ic le .h tm l? l= fr & _g ui d= 00 a6 6c c7 -0 76 9-37 10 -0 e9 7-80 3f 40 95 ac e7

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C ou n tr y P ro je ct L oc at io n D at e V eh ic le C ap ac it y S p ee d R ou te L en gt h In fr as tr u ct u re R es ea rc h M or e in fo rm at io n C om m en ts 15 . D en m ar k A ut on om ou s m ob il ity A al bo rg Ø st D ec em be r 20 19 – en d da te no t m en ti on ed (p la nn ed t o ru n fo r 2 ye ar s) N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) M ax 18 km /h O n th e A st ru p T ra il co nn ec tin g re si de nt ia l ar ea w it h ot he r lo ca l tr an sp or ta tio n. 1 0 st op s 21 00 m N ew ly d es ig ne d ar ea w it h sh ar ed ro ad fo r A V an d cy cl is ts . Pe de st ri an s an d ve hi cl es ar e se pa ra te d. A al bo rg U ni ve rs it y in vo lv ed ht tp s: //a ve nu e. un ig e. ch /? po rt fo lio =c op en ha ge n 1. http s: //n or dj ys ke .d k/ ny he de r/ aa lb or g/ af ta le --ch au ff oe re rn e-bl iv er -s m id t-af -b us se rn e/ 53 f6 a9 70 -0 1f d-41 57 -a1 e4 -c d7 b8 1e 77 43 d 2. http s: // w w w .tv 2n or d. dk /a al bo rg /f or e rl os -b us se r-sk al -l ae re -f in de -v ej 3. http s: // w w w .t v2 no rd .d k/ aa lb or g/ nu -sk er -d et -g ro en t-ly s-til -s el vk oe re nd e-bu ss er Pl an ne d fo r m id -2 01 8 (d el ay be ca us e of ne ed fo r pe rm is si on s, fi na ll y ob ta in ed in D ec em be r 20 19 ) 16 . D en m ar k A ve nu e N or dh av n, C op en ha ge n 20 19 – 2 02 2 N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng M ax 25 km /h A ve ra ge 1 0-15 km /h (e xp ec te d) C ir cu la ti ng w ith in g re si de nt ia l/b us in es s ar ea co nn ec tin g pa rk in g/ m et ro in N or dh av n. N o ex ac t ro ut e av ai la bl e as au th or iti es ap pr ov al is n ot r ec ei ve d N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en tio ne d 1. ht tp s: //h 20 20 -av en ue .e u/ ?p or tf ol io =c op en ha ge n 2. ht tp s: //h 20 20 -a ve nu e. eu /w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 9/ 04 /h 20 20 -av en ue -d el iv er ab le -d 2. 16 _-fi na l.p df 17 . E st on ia M ar ki ng E st on ia ’s pr es id en cy of th e C ou nc il of th e E ur op ea n U ni on T al lin n A ug us t 20 17 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 8 pa ss en ge rs 12 k m /h Fr om th e ci ty ce nt re to th e K ul tu ur ik at el N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en tio ne d ht tp s: // w w w .c al ve rt jo ur na l.c om /a rt ic le s/ sh ow /8 71 3/ ne ar -m is se s-fo r-ta ll in ns -d ri ve rl es s-bu se s 18 . E st on ia N ot m en ti on ed T al lin n A pr il 20 18 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 8 pa ss en ge rs 12 k m /h 1. B et w ee n bu s te rm in al s in T al lin n’ s O ld P or t 2. Fr om M us ta m äe to th e N or th E st on ia n R eg io na l H os pi ta l an d L ep is ti ku 1. 6 00 m 2. N ot m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en tio ne d ht tp s: // w w w .c al ve rt jo ur na l.c om /a rt ic le s/ sh ow /9 82 3/ es to ni as -d ri ve rl es s-bu se s-ar e-ba ck -o n-th e-ro ad -i n-ta lli nn 19 . E st on ia So hj oa B al ti c pr oj ec t T al lin n A ug us t 20 19 – e nd da te n ot m en tio ne d N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng N ot m en ti on ed T he r ou te c on ne ct s th e K ad ri or g tr am st op to K um u A rt M us eu m an d fo llo w s W ei ze nb er gi S tr ee t t o K um u, th en M äe ka ld a, K oi du la a nd P os ka St re et s ba ck to W ei ze nb er gi S tr ee t N ot m en ti on ed 4 st op s N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en tio ne d ht tp s: // e-es to ni a. co m /d ri ve rl es s-pu bl ic -b us -t al lin n/ 20 . Fi nl an d C ity M ob il 2 V an ta a Ju ly 2 01 5 – A ug us t 20 15 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 10 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 4 st an di ng ) M ax 13 km /h In n ew s ub ur ba n ce nt re K iv is tö , f ro m th e ho us in g fa ir ar ea to K iv is tö st at io n (R in g R ai l L in e) 90 0 m 2 st op s R ou te w as s eg re ga te d by f en ce , cl ea r an d id en ti fi ab le m ar ki ng o f th e ro ut e (i nc l. w ar ni ng si gn s) . T he re w as a 1 00 m -l on g tu nn el on th e ro ut e Pa rt o f C it yM ob il2 p ro je ct 1. http :/ /w w w .is in no va .o rg /w or dp re ss / w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 6/ 07 /D ay 1- 2-D em on st ra ti on _V an ta a-G il be rt _K os ke la .p df 2. http s: // w w w .s ci en ce di re ct .c om /s ci en ce /a rt ic le /p ii /S 09 67 07 0X 17 30 28 6X 21 . Fi nl an d So hj oa B al ti c pr oj ec t H el si nk i Ju ne 20 19 – Se pt em be r 20 19 N av ya A rm a M ax 11 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 0 st an di ng ) N ot m en ti on ed Fr om V uo sa ar i (C ir ru s) m et ro s ta tio n to A ur in ko la ht i be ac h in V uo sa ar i di st ri ct 25 00 m 7 st op s N ot m en tio ne d M et ro po li a U ni ve rs it y of A pp li ed Sc ie nc es 1. http :/ /w w w .s oh jo ab al ti c. eu /f i/ 20 19 /0 6/ 26 /h el si nk i-vu os aa ri -a ur in ko la ht i/ 2. http s: // w w w .e pr es si .c om /t ie do tte et /lo gi st iik ka -j a-lii ke nn e/ ro bo tt ib us si -v ie -ui m ar an na ll e-he ls in gi n-vu os aa re ss a. ht m l 22 . Fi nl an d So hj oa B al ti c pr oj ec t E st oo O ct ob er 20 17 – N ov em be r 20 17 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 10 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 4 st an di ng ) M ax 12 km /h B et w ee n O ta ni em i un de rg ro un d st at io n an d ca m pu s of A al to U ni ve rs ity in O ta ni em i bu si ne ss di st ri ct 70 0 m 2 st op s A t in te rs ec tio ns ot he r ve hi cl es w er e gu id ed w ith m an ua lly co nt ro ll ed tr af fi c li gh ts A al to U ni ve rs it y ht tp s: // w w w .m dp i. co m /2 07 1-10 50 /1 1/ 3/ 58 8 23 . Fi nl an d So hj oa H el si nk i O ct ob er 20 18 – N ov em be r 20 18 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 6 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 0 st an di ng ) M ax 12 km /h In th e H er ne sa ar i di st ri ct fr om sa un a/ re st au ra nt to o th er r es ta ur an ts 50 0 m 4 st op s N ot m en ti on ed M et ro po li a U ni ve rs it y of A pp li ed Sc ie nc es 1. ht tp s: // w w w .s oh jo a. fi / 2. http s: // w w w .m et ro po lia .fi /e n/ ab ou t-us /n ew s-an d-ev en ts /? tx _t tn ew s% 5B tt _n ew s% 5D = 59 36 & cH as h= 9b ab d6 27 71 00 ad 11 0c ed b6 89 1d da f0 3e

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C ou n tr y P ro je ct L oc at io n D at e V eh ic le C ap ac it y S p ee d R ou te L en gt h In fr as tr u ct u re R es ea rc h M or e in fo rm at io n C om m en ts 24 . Fi nl an d So hj oa H el si nk i A pr il 20 18 - en d da te n ot m en ti on ed (3 1 st o f M ay 2 01 8 en d of S oh jo a pr oj ec t) E as ym il e E Z 10 N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en ti on ed Fr om t he g at e of S uv il ah ti c ul tu ra l ce nt re vi a St ad in Pa ni m o to Sö rn äi st en r an ta ti e N ot m en ti on ed A lo ng w it h ot he r tr af fi c an d in na rr ow a lle ys , w ith ou t cl ea r ro ad tr af fi c dr iv in g lin es M et ro po li a U ni ve rs it y of A pp li ed Sc ie nc es 1. ht tp s: // w w w .s oh jo a. fi / 2. http s: // fo ru m vi ri um .fi /e n/ ro bo t-bu se s-ta ki ng -o ve r-ne w -a re as -i n-he ls in ki -2 / 25 . Fi nl an d So hj oa T am pe re N ov em be r 20 16 – en d da te no t m en ti on ed (3 1 st of M ay 20 18 en d of So hj oa p ro je ct ) E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 8 pa ss en ge rs 11 k m /h T he ro ut e in th e H er va nt a di st ri ct ru ns f ro m th e T am pe re U ni ve rs ity o f T ec hn ol og y ca m pu s to Sh op pi ng C en tr e D uo 50 0 m N ot m en tio ne d A p ar ti cu la r fo cu s is pl ac ed on th e w ay t ha t se lf -d ir ec te d bu se s fi nd t he ir p la ce w ith in t he w id er tr af fi c sy st em 1. http :/ /w w w .tu t.f i/ in te rf ac e/ ar tic le s/ 20 16 /2 /r ob ot -b us es -i n-op er at io n-on -ca m pu s 2. http s: // w w w .s oh jo a. fi / 26 . Fi nl an d R ob ob us (f ol lo w -u p fr om So hj oa ) K iv ik ko H el si nk i 1. M ay N ov em be r 20 18 2. M ay N ov em be r 20 19 N av ya A rm a M ax 8 pa ss en ge rs 18 k m /h 1. ( 20 18 ) Fr om K iv ik ko 's s po rt s pa rk to b us s to p K iv ik on tie . 2 s to ps . 2. ( 20 19 ) C ir cu la r ro ut e by t he R ed i sh op pi ng ce nt er to th e Is oi sä ns il ta br id ge , i n in H el si nk i K al as at am a 1. 1 00 0 m 2. no t m en ti on ed N ot m en tio ne d M et ro po li a U ni ve rs it y of A pp li ed Sc ie nc es 1. http s: // w w w .h el si nk ir ob ob us li ne .fi /in -e ng lis h/ 2. http s: // gl ob en ew sw ir e. co m /n ew s-re le as e/ 20 18 /0 5/ 14 /1 50 18 89 /0 /e n/ S el f-dr iv in g-B us -o n-H el si nk i-R ob ob us L in e-G oe s-to -S ch ed ul ed -Se rv ic e. ht m l 3. http s: // fo ru m vi ri um .fi /e n/ ro bo tb us 20 19 / 27 . Fi nl an d N ot m en ti on ed E st oo Se pt em be r 20 19 G ac ha (M uj i an d Se ns ib le 4 m in ib us ) M ax 16 pa ss en ge rs (1 0 se at ed an d 6 st an di ng ) M ax 25 km /h O n N ok ia ’s c am pu s 15 00 m N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en ti on ed 1. http s: // w w w .c or e7 7. co m /p os ts /8 78 13 /M uj is -A ut on om ou s-Sh ut tl e-B us -D eb ut s-in -F in la nd 2. http s: // w w w .s en si bl e4 .fi /g ac ha / 3. http s: // w w w .lu xt ur ri m 5g .c om /n ew -bl og /2 01 9/ 9/ 10 /t he -p ilo t-fo r-se lf -dr iv in g-sh ut tle -b us -g ac ha -b eg in s 28 Fr an ce C yb er M ov e A nt ib es Ju ne 2 00 4 Pa rk Sh ut tle I I M ax 20 pa ss en ge rs M ax 14 km /h 32 km /h (d em o on ly ) O n th e V er du n A ve nu e 32 0 m ( 2x ) 3 st op s N ot m en tio ne d Pa rt o f C yb er M ov e ht tp :/ /w w w .a dv an ce dt ra ns it. or g/ w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 1/ 08 /P ar kS hu ttl e -I I-R ev ie w -o f-th e-A nt ib es -E xp er im en t-A .-A le ss an dr in i-cs ..p df 29 . Fr an ce C ity M ob il L a R oc he ll e (S ho w ca se ) 18 th o f S ep te m be r – 28 th of Se pt em be r 20 08 C R F’ s (o nl y in th is on e pa ss en ge rs ) an d T N O ’s A dv an ce d ci ty ca rs , IN R IA ’s an d R ob os of t’ s cy be rc ar s N ot m en tio ne d M ax 10 km /h C ir cu it in c it y ce nt re ; fr om t he q ua y of th e el ec tr ic “p as se ur " to th e U ni ve rs ity 80 0 m 5 st op s A t es t tr ac k w as a rr an ge d, a re a w as f en ce d. O th er a rr an ge m en ts ar e no t m en ti on ed P ar t o f C it yM ob il 1. ht tp :/ /w w w .c it ym ob il -pr oj ec t.e u/ do w nl oa da bl es /N ew sl et te r s% 20 an d% 20 L ea fl et s/ C it yM ob il_ Fi n al _b ro ch ur e% 20 N ov -2 01 1. pd f 2. ht tp :/ /w w w .c it ym ob il -pr oj ec t.e u/ do w nl oa da bl es /D el iv er ab l es /D 1. 5. 1. 6-PU -Fi rs t% 20 A dv an ce d% 20 ci ty % 20 ca rs % 20 sh ow ca se % 20 la % 20 ro ch el le -C ity M ob il .p df 30 . Fr an ce C ity M ob il L a R oc he ll e (D em o) 20 11 (3 m on th s) Y am ah a-ba se d el ec tr ic pr ot ot yp e cy be rc ar s (r en am ed “C yb us ”) M ax 5 pa ss en ge rs M ax 10 km /h C ir cu it in c it y ce nt re ; fr om t he q ua y of th e el ec tr ic “p as se ur " to th e U ni ve rs ity 80 0 m 5 st op s W i-Fi tr an sp on de rs w er e in st al le d at th e st op s. O pe ra tin g in pe de st ri an a re a Pa rt o f C it yM ob il 1. ht tp :/ /w w w .c it ym ob il -pr oj ec t.e u/ do w nl oa da bl es /N ew sl et te r s% 20 an d% 20 L ea fl et s/ C ity M ob il_ F in al _b ro ch ur e% 20 N ov -2 01 1. pd f 2. http :/ /w w w .is in no va .o rg /w or dp re ss / w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 6/ 07 /D ay 1- 6-D em on st ra ti on _L a_ R oc he lle -M at th ie u_ G ra in do rg e. pd f 31 . Fr an ce C ity M ob il 2 So ph ia A nt ip ol is Ja nu ar y - M ar ch 20 16 E as ym il e E Z 10 M ax 6 pa ss en ge rs (6 s ea te d an d 0 st an di ng ) M ax 13 km /h A ve ra ge 7 -8 km /h So ph ia A nt ip ol is b us in es s pa rk 95 0 m 5 st op s C le ar a nd i de nt if ia bl e m ar ki ng o f th e ro ut e (i nc l. w ar ni ng si gn s) , se m i-se gr eg at ed la ne w / pe de st ri an s, b ic yc le s Pa rt o f C it ym ob il 2 pr oj ec t ht tp :/ /w w w .is in no va .o rg /w or dp re ss / w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 6/ 07 /D ay 1- 3-D em on st ra ti on _C A SA -G ui lla um e_ D ri eu x. pd f

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C ou n tr y P ro je ct L oc at io n D at e V eh ic le C ap ac it y S p ee d R ou te L en gt h In fr as tr u ct u re R es ea rc h M or e in fo rm at io n C om m en ts 32 . Fr an ce C ity M ob il 2 L a R oc he lle N ov em be r 20 14 - A pr il 20 15 R ob os of t R ob uc it y M ax 12 pa ss en ge rs (1 2 se at ed an d 0 st an di ng ) M ax 12 km /h T ou ri st r ou te i n th e M in im es d is tr ic t, pa rt ly w it h ve hi cl e tr af fi c on th e ro ut e an d pe de st ri an s 17 10 m 7 st op s C le ar a nd i de nt if ia bl e m ar ki ng o f th e ro ut e (i nc l. w ar ni ng si gn s) In st al la ti on of st at io ns T ra ff ic lig ht s at 6 cr os si ng s gi vi ng p ri or it y Pa rt o f C it ym ob il 2 pr oj ec t 1. http :/ /w w w .is in no va .o rg /w or dp re ss / w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 6/ 07 /D ay 1- 6-D em on st ra ti on _L a_ R oc he lle -M at th ie u_ G ra in do rg e. pd f 2. http s: // w w w .s ci en ce di re ct .c om /s ci en ce /a rt ic le /p ii /S 23 52 14 65 16 30 24 35 3. http s: // w w w .s ci en ce di re ct .c om /s ci en ce /a rt ic le /p ii /S 23 52 14 65 16 30 23 56 33 . Fr an ce E D F C iv au x C iv au x Sp ri ng 2 01 6 - no t m en ti on ed N av ya A rm a M ax 11 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 0 st an di ng ) M ax 25 km /h O n si te o f E D F nu cl ea r po w er p la nt N ot m en ti on ed O n pr iv at e ro ad N ot m en tio ne d 1. http s: //n av ya .te ch /w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 7/ 09 /N A V Y A _B ro ch ur e_ Pr in t_ E N _W eb si te .p df 2. http s: // w w w .b us w or ld .o rg /a rt ic le s/ de ta il /2 78 9/ au to no m ou s-na vy a-ar m a-sh ut tle s-ru n-on -t he -e df -n uc le ar -po w er pl an t-in -c iv au x 3. http s: // w w w .tr an sd ev na .c om /s er vi ce s -a nd -m od es /a ut on om ou s-m ob il ity / 34 . Fr an ce A V E N U E L yo n 20 19 – 2 02 2 N av ia A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) M ax 25 km /h Fr om tr am st at io n D éc in es G ra nd L ar ge to th e G ro up am a S ta di um 13 50 m 4 st op s Pu bl ic ro ad , bu t pr oh ib ite d fo r ca rs . Pa rt o f A ve nu e pr oj ec t 1. ht tp s: //h 20 20 -a ve nu e. eu /p or tf ol io -ite m /ly on / 2. ht tp s: //h 20 20 -a ve nu e. eu /w p-co nt en t/u pl oa ds /2 01 9/ 04 /h 20 20 -av en ue -d el iv er ab le -d 2. 16 _-fi na l.p df 35 . Fr an ce K eo lis V il le ne uv e d’ A sc q D ec em be r 20 18 – D ec em be r 20 19 N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) N ot m en ti on ed R ou te o n ca m pu s be tw ee n tw o m et ro st at io ns 14 00 m 4 st op s R ou te in cl ud ed a r ou nd ab ou t. N ot m en tio ne d 1. http s: // w w w .in te lli ge nt tr an sp or t.c om /tr an sp or t-ne w s/ 74 34 0/ el ec tr ic -au to no m ou s-sh ut tle -f ra nc e/ 2. http s: // w w w .k eo li s. co m /e n/ m ed ia /n e w sr oo m /p re ss -r el ea se s/ ke ol is -de pl oy s-el ec tr ic -a ut on om ou s-sh ut tle s-tw o-un iv er si ty -c am pu se s 36 . Fr an ce In te ll ig en t M ob il it y R en ne s N ov em be r 20 18 - on go in g N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) N ot m en ti on ed Fo r th e ar ea a ro un d th e ca m pu s of R en ne s 1 un iv er si ty . R ou te o n pu bl ic ro ad a nd o n a ro ad r es er ve d fo r so ft m od es su ch as cy cl is ts an d pe de st ri an s. 13 00 m 6 st op s N ot m en tio ne d N ot m en tio ne d 1. http s: // w w w .k eo li s. co m /e n/ m ed ia /n e w sr oo m /l at es t-ne w s/ au to no m ou s-ve hi cl es -s ta rt -r un ni ng -u ni ve rs it y-ca m pu s-re nn es 2. http s: //n av ya .te ch /e n/ th e-ke ol is -au to no m s-sh ut tle s-pu t-in to -s er vi ce -w it hi n-th e-re nn es -c am pu s- 1-on -op en -r oa d/ Pi lo t w as i ni tia lly p la nn ed t ill Ju ne 2 01 9 37 . Fr an ce In te ll ig en t M ob il it y (c on ti nu ed ) R en ne s N ov em be r 20 19 – en d da te no t m en ti on ed E as yM ile (G en 3 sh ut tle ) - in ad di ti on to N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) N ot m en ti on ed Fo r th e ar ea a ro un d th e ca m pu s of R en ne s 1 un iv er si ty . R ou te o n pu bl ic ro ad a nd o n a ro ad r es er ve d fo r so ft m od es su ch as cy cl is ts an d pe de st ri an s. 13 00 m 6 st op s In te ro pe ra bi lit y be tw ee n di ff er en t m an uf ac tu re rs un de r si ng le su pe rv is io n N ot m en tio ne d 1. http s: // w w w .k eo li s. nl /o ve r-on s/ ni eu w s/ ke ol is -v er sn el t-on tw ik ke lin g-in -a ut on om e-m ob il ite i 2. http s: // ea sy m ile .c om /e as ym il e-la un ch es -n ew -e z1 0-dr iv er le ss -sh ut tle -f ea tu ri ng -i nn ov at iv e-sa fe ty -ar ch it ec tu re -a nd -e nh an ce d-pa ss en ge r-ex pe ri en ce / 38 . Fr an ce K eo lis Pa ri s Ju ly 20 17 - M ay 20 19 N av ya A rm a M ax 15 pa ss en ge rs (1 1 se at ed an d 4 st an di ng ) M ax 7 k m /h L a D ef en se b us in es s di st ri ct 20 00 m C le ar m ar ki ng s of th e ro ut e N ot m en tio ne d 1. http s: // w w w .k eo li s. co m /e n/ m ed ia /n e w sr oo m /p re ss -r el ea se s/ ke ol is -s ta rt s-op er at io n-au to no m ou s-el ec tr ic -sh ut tle s-de fe ns e-pa ri s 2. http s: // sp ac e. ui tp .o rg /in iti at iv es /p ar is -l a-de fe ns e-av -f ra nc e 3. h ttp s: //i nn ov at io no ri gi ns .c om /s el f-dr iv in g-bu se s-pa ri s-en ds -ex pe ri m en t-af te r-tw o-ye ar s/ Pi lo t w as i ni tia lly p la nn ed f or 6 m on th s