Coastal Engineering - Santa Barbara Specialty Conferences

COASTAL

ENGINEERING

Sa

nta

Ba rba

ra

Specialty Conference

October, 1965

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.

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COASTAL

ENGINEERING

Santa

Barbara

Specia

Ity

Conference

October, 1965

AMERICAN

SOCIETY

OF

CIVIL

ENGINEERS

345 E. 47TH STREET

NEW YORK, N.Y.

10017

COPYRIGHT 1966

By The American Society

of

Civil Engineers

NOTE- The society is not responsible for

any statement made or opinion

expressed in this publication.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This

conference

was sponsored by the Waterways

and Harbors Division of the American Society of Civil

Engineers through its Committee on Coastal Engineering.

Appreciation is expressed to the Los Angeles Section,

ASCE, and in particular to William J. Herron, Jr., M

.

ASCE, for their assistance, particularly in providing

programs and funding arrangements; to the Santa Barbara

-Ventura Counties Branch of the Los Angeles Section, ASCE,

and, in particular to Wallace C. Penfield, M. ASCE,

Chairman of the Local Arrangements Committee, for

dealing with the meeting

arrangements;

and to the U

.

S.

Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, for photographs

supplied to illustrate the cover and the section title pages

of this publication.

All of the material from this conference was

com-piled by Thorndike Saville, Jr., M. ASCE.

Without his

outstanding organizational effort and diligence this

publi-cation would not have been possible.

CONTENTS

PART 1. WAVES, WAVE CHARACTERISTICS, AND WAVE

FORCES

chapter 1

ORTHOGONAL COORDINATES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF LONG

GRAVITY WAVES NEAR ISLANDS

R. O. Reid

and

A. C. Vastano

1

chapter 2

HILO HARBOR TSUNAMI MODEL - REFLECTED WAVES

SUPERIMPOSED

Robert Q. Palmer, Michael E. Mulvihill and Gerald T. Funasaki

21

chapter 3

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY TSUNAMI PROPAGATION

PROGRAM (

abstract only

)

Gaylord Miller

33

chapter 4

STRUCTURAL DAMAGE BY TSUNAMIS

Orville T. Magoon

35

chapter 5

WATER WAVES GENERATED BY UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS

Jan M. Jordaan, Jr.

69

chapter 6

PRACTICAL USE OF ELECTRIC NETWORKS TO SIMULATE

OR PREDICT SEICHE CONDITIONS IN HARBORS

Joseph W. Joy

87

chapter 7

LONG PERIOD OSCILLATIONS IN BASINS OF ARBITRARY

SHAPES

Frederic Raichlen

115

chapter 8

THE SPECTRAL DENSITY FOR OCEAN WAVE FORCES

chapter 9

ON THE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION OF WAVE FORCE AND ON

INTRODUCTION TO THE CORRELATION DRAG COEFFICIENT

AND THE CORRELATION INERTIAL COEFFICIENT

Charles L. Bretschneider

183

chapter 10

FIFTH AND FIRST ORDER WAVE FORCE COEFFICIENTS FOR

CYLINDRICAL PILES

Hans A. Agershou and J. J. Edens

219

chapter 11

FORCES ON A FLEXIBLE PILE

A. D. K. Laird

249

chapter 12

STREAM FUNCTION WAVE THEORY; VALIDITY AND

APPLICATION

Robert G. Dean

269

chapter 13

A HIGHER ORDER THEORY FOR DEEP WATER WAVES

Peter L. Monkmeyer and John E. Kutzbach

301

chapter 14

ON FROUDE-CAUCHY SIMILITUDE

B. Le Mehaute

327

chapter 15

DEFORMATION OF SOLITARY WAVES ON A 45-DEGREE SLOPE

Norman Wallace

347

chapter 16

WIND EFFECT ON PRE-EXISTING WAVES

Groshon Kulin

369

chapter 17

THE INFLUENCE OF WIND ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

Erich J. Plate and Carl R

.

Goodwin 391

chapter 18

WAVE ATTENUATION IN A CHANNEL WITH ROUGHENED SIDES

J. S. Battjes

425

chapter 19

WAVE STATISTICS FROM HURRICANE DORA AT PANAMA

CITY, FLORIDA

J

.

Ian Collins

461

chapter 20

GROWTH OF LONGSHORE CURRENTS DOWNSTREAM OF A

SURF- ZONE BARRIER

Peter S. Eagleson

487

PART 2. SHORE PROCESSES AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT

chapter 21

PREDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR BEACH PROCESSES AND

RESPONSES (

abstract only

)

Wyman Harrison

509

CHAPTER 22

LITTORAL PROCESSES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF

SHORELINES

Douglas L. Inman

and

Jeffery D. Frautschy

511

chapter 23

NEARSHORE SEDIMENT MOVEMENT - CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

COAST

J. W. Johnson

537

chapter 24

BY-PASSING AND BACKPASSING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE

TO CONDITIONS IN FLORIDA

P. M. Bruun

561

chapter 25

SHELL DREDGING AS A FACTOR IN ESTUARINE

SEDIMENTATION

Frank D. Masch

627

chapter 26

EROSION AND ACCRETION ALONG CLATSOP SPIT

Harold A. Kidby

and

John G. Oliver

647

chapter 27

STUDY OF EROSION ALONG HOMER SPIT AND VICINITY

chapter 28

MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES USED IN

STUDY- 1NG RADIONUCLIDE MOVEMENT IN THE COLUMBIA

RIVER ESTUARY

Edmund A. Prych, D. W. Hubbell, and J. L. Glenn

683

chapter 29

SCOUR OF FLAT SAND BEACHES DUE TO WAVE ACTION IN

FRONT OF SEA WALLS

John B. Herbich, H. D. Murphy,

'

and

B. Van Weele

705

PART 3. COASTAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS, DESIGN AND

OPERATION

chapter

30

DREDGING - PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE

Arthur L. McKnight

727

chapter 31

GROINS AND EFFECTS - MINIMIZING LIABILITIES

Omar J. Lillivang

749

chapter 32

USE OF LONG GROINS AS ARTIFICIAL HEADLANDS

James W. Dunham

755

chapter 33

VARIATIONS IN GROIN DESIGN (

abstract only

)

D. W. Berg

and

G. M. Watts

763

chapter 34

TRENDS IN SAND BY-PASSING SYSTEMS

George M. Watts

799

chapter 35

SAND BY-PASSING AT SANTA BARBARA HARBOR

William J. Herron, Jr.

805

chapter 36

PLANNING AND DESIGN OF A LOW-WEIR SECTION JETTY

AT MASONBORO INLET, NORTH CAROLINA

chapter 37

MODEL TESTS OF ENLARGED NAVIGATION CHANNEL AT

MILLER SANDS BAR, COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY

Frank A. Herrmann, Jr.

821

chapter 38

UMPQUA JETTY SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM

Harold A. Kidby

and Charles

D. Price

845

chapter

39

RESTORING A SMALL BOAT BASIN DAMAGED BY THE 1964

ALASKA EARTHQUAKE

Norman L. Arno

861

chapter 40

DEVELOPMENT OF HURRICANE FLOOD PROTECTION FOR

TEXAS CITY, TEXAS

Wayne M. Murphy and Charles W. Geelan

889

chapter 41

ON THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF RUBBLE MOUND HURRICANE

BARRIERS (

abstract only

)

R. T. McLaughlin 921

chapter 42

OPERATION OF HURRICANE BARRIERS IN NEW ENGLAND

Elliot F. Childs

923

chapter 43

OCEAN TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS FOR POWER PLANT

DESIGN

W. O. Cheney and Gordon V. Richards

955

chapter 44

MARINE STUDIES FOR THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF

OFFSHORE PIPELINES

C H A P T E R 3

COAST & GEODETIC SURVEY TSUNAfll PROPAGATION PROGRAM

G a y l o r d M i l l e r U n i v e r s i t y o f H a w a i i H o n o l u l u , U a w a i i SYNOPSIS S e v e r a l p r o g r a m s f o r t h e c o m p u t e r s o l u t i o n o f wave p r o p a g a t i o n I n a t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l v e l o c i t y f i e l d h a v e b e e n d e v i s e d i n t h e l a s t few y e a r s . T h e s e p r o g r a m s f i t an a n a l y t i c s u r f a c e t o p o i n t s i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f t h e wave r a y v z h l c h i s b e i n g a d v a n c e d . Tlie r a y c u r v a t u r e i s t h e n c o m p u t e d a t t h e p o i n t i n q u e s t i o n u s i n g t h i s l o c a l a n a l y t i c s u r f a c e . D i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h t h i s t e c h n i q u e a r e t h a t t h e c o m p u t e d a n a l y t i c s u r f a c e c h a n g e s a b r u p t l y f r o m one g r i d s q u a r e t o t h e n e x t , a n d t h a t t h e s u r f a c e - f i t t i n g t e c h n i q u e I s p o o r l y a d a p t e d t o d a t a w h i c h a r e n o t on a r e c t a n g u l a r g r i d . T h e m e t h o d o f c o m p u t i n g t h e r a y p a t h s f o r t h e t s u n a m i p r o p a g a t i o n p r o g r a m d e s c r i b e d h e r e I s b a s e d on a s p a t i a l c o n v o l u t i o n t e c h n i q u e . V a l u e s a n d d e r i v a t i v e s a r e d e t e r m i n e d f r o m a n u m b e r l c a l p o i n t o f v i e w b a s i c a l l y , u s i n g s p a t i a l w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e s . The w e i g h t i n g f u n c t i o n i s c h o s e n f o r I t s wave n u m b e r r e s p o n s e ( o f o c e a n b o t t o m r o u g h n e s s ) i n a way a p p r o p r i a t e t o any g i v e n t s u n a m i f r e q u e n c y . T h e r e a r e n o s p e c i a l d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s t h a t o c c u r as t h e r a y p r o g r e s s e s f r o m

one g r i d s q u a r e t o a n o t h e r . The c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e i n some way I n c o r p o r a t e s

t h e "common s e n s e " u s e d when s i m i l a r c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e p e r f o r m e d b y h a n d .

C H A P T E R 21

PREDICTOR EQUATIONS FOR BEACH PROCESSES & RESPONSES

Wyman H a r r i s o n

U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, N o r f o l k , V i r g i n i a

SYNOPSIS

Ti.70 v a r i a t i o n s o f l i n e a r m u l t i r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l

v a r i a b l e s i n the beach-ocean-atmosphere system a t V i r g i n i a Beach, V i r g i n i a

are p r e s e n t e d . The f i r s t v a r i a t i o n i s a l e a s t squares search procedure

t h a t i s used t o s e g r e g a t e o u t , from a l a r g e s e t o f d a t a , a s m a l l number

of s i g n i f i c a n t beach process elements (Independent v a r i a b l e s ) t h a t e x p l a i ^ ^

most o f the v a r i a b i l i t y i n a g i v e n beach response element (dependent

v a r i a b l e ) . The second v a r i a t i o n o f the a n a l y t i c a l method employs a s c r e e d

i n g procedure t h a t seeks s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r the b e s t p r e d i c t o r e q u a t i o n ,

where a beach response i s taken as the p r e d i c t a n d and s e v e r a l beach p r o

-cess elements a r e taken as p r e d i c t o r s .

R e s u l t s o f t h e f i r s t a n a l y t i c a l procedure show t h a t i f about 5 o r 6

v a r i a b l e s a r e s e g r e g a t e d o u t o f any group o f about a dozen, these few

account f o r e s s e n t i a l l y a l l o f the v a r i a b i l i t y e x p l a i n e d by a l l t w e l v e .

P r e d i c t o r e q u a t i o n s o b t a i n e d by the second a n a l y t i c a l v a r i a t i o n a r e t e s t ^ '

a g a i n s t a s e t o f Independent data and, w i t h one e x c e p t i o n , a r e found t o

make reasonable p r e d i c t i o n s .

( F u l l a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d i n J o u r n a l o f Geophysical Research, V o l . 70,

No. 24, December 15, 1965, pages 6103-5109)

C H A P T E R 35

SAND BY-PASSING AT SANTA BARBARA HARBOR

W i l l i a m J . H e r r o n , J r . U. S. Army E n g i n e e r D i s t r i c t Los A n g e l e s , C a l i f o r n i a SYNOPSIS S a n t a B a r b a r a has s e r v e d c o a s t a l s h i p p i n g s i n c e 1782. I t was a w e l l s h e l t e r e d r o a d s t e a d w i t h a s t a b l e s h o r e l i n e f o r 150 y e a r s when e f f o r t s w e r e

i n i t i a t e d t o p r o v i d e a s e c u r e h a r b o r . One o f t h e f i r s t known e f f o r t s was a

h a r b o r s t u d y made i n 1922 b y C o l o n e l L e e d s . I n 1927-28 t h e e x i s t i n g b r e a k w a t e r

was c o n s t r u c t e d and t h e r e s u l t was s e v e r e e r o s i o n o f t h e a d j a c e n t b e a c h e s .

The e f f e c t s o f t h e b r e a k w a t e r u p o n l i t t o r a l s a n d movement h a s b e e n t h e s u b j e c t o f I n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s b y C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r s a n d O c e a n o g r a p h e r s f r o m 1930 t o d a t e . T h r e e p r o b l e m s r e s u l t e d f r o m t h i s I n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h n a t u r a l p r o c e s s e s , a c c r e t i o n w e s t o f t h e h a r b o r , e r o s i o n e a s t o f t h e h a r b o r a n d c r e a t i o n o f a t r a i l i n g s a n d s p i t f r o m t h e t i p o f t h e b r e a t e a t e r , t h a t i f a l l o w e d t o g r o w w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y c l o s e t h e h a r b o r . A f u t u r e e r o s i o n p r o b l e m w i l l r e s u l t f r o m r e d u c -t i o n o f s a n d s u p p l y due -t o u r b a n i z a -t i o n o f -t h e a r e a and c o n s -t r u c -t i o n o f w a -t e r c o n s e r v a t i o n f e a t u r e s . C o r r e c t i v e m e a s u r e s h a v e b e e n p e r i o d i c d r e d g i n g o f t h e s a n d s p i t a n d h a r -b o r a r e a w i t h d e p o s i t i o n o n t h e e r o d i n g -b e a c h f r o m 1935 t o 1 9 5 2 , a n d c o n t i n u o u s d r e d g i n g f r o m 1956 t o d a t e b y a s m a l l c i t y owned d r e d g e . I t i s p r o p o s e d t o e n l a r g e t h e h a r b o r t o p r o v i d e c o m p l e t e e n c l o s u r e a n d add a n o f f s h o r e b r e a k w a t e r t o p r o v i d e a s a n d t r a p , p r o t e c t i o n f o r a d r e d g e , and p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e h a r b o r e n t r a n c e . C o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l p r o b a b l y s t a r t i n 1967.

805

C H A P T E R 41

ON THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF RUBBLE-MOUND HURRICANE BARRIERS R o n a l d T. M c L a u g h l i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o l o g y C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s SYNOPSIS The o p t i m a l d e s i g n o f r u b b l e - m o u n d h u r r i c a n e b a r r i e r s i s c o n s i d e r e d as a p r o b l e m i n m a x i m i z i n g a n o b j e c t i v e . On t h e b a s i s o f t h e f u n c t i o n o f a h u r r i c a n e b a r r i e r a n d t h e e f f e c t s o f f a i l u r e , a b e n e f i t f u n c t i o n i s c o n s t r u c t e d and i t s m a x i m i z a t i o n o u t l i n e d . T h e c o n c e p t o f a d e s i g n wave i s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s c o n t e x t . The t y p e o f s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a on w a v e s a n d s u r g e s n e e d e d f o r s u c h a f u n c t i o n i s d e f i n e d a n d a f e a s i b l e m e t h o d f o r o b t a i n i n g s u c h d a t a i s l a i d o u t . The a c t u a l d e s i g n o f t h e b a r r i e r i s p r e s e n t e d as a p r o b l e m o f s u b -o p t i m i z a t i -o n -o r m i n i m i z a t i -o n -o f t h e c -o s t f -o r e a c h l e v e l -o f p r -o t e c t i -o n . The d e c i s i o n v a r i a b l e s a n d c o n s t r a i n t s a r e I d e n t i f i e d a n d t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a a r e o u t l i n e d . As a b y - p r o d u c t some s i g n i f i c a n t g a p s i n e x i s t i n g r e s e a r c h r e s u l t s a r e i d e n t i f i e d . As many as p o s s i b l e o f t h e c o n c e p t s o u t l i n e d a b o v e a r e d e m o n s t r a t e d b y means o f a s p e c i f i c d e s i g n s t u d y o f a b a r r i e r f o r t h e E a s t P a s s a g e o f N a r r a -g a n s e t t Bay, Rhode I s l a n d . T h i s s t u d y i n v o l v e d p r e d i c t i o n o f w a v e -g e n e r a t i o n , e s t i m a t i o n o f r e f r a c t i o n a n d d e s i g n f o r a r a n g e o f d e s i g n w a v e s . From t h e r e s u l t s i t was p o s s i b l e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s o f a m i n i m u m - c o s t d e s i g n a n d recommend s p e c i f i c m o d e l s t u d i e s f o r d e t e r m i n i n g f i n a l d e s i g n d e t a i ]

921