I N M E M O R I A M R A P H A E L T A U B E N S C H L A G (1881 - 1958)
On J u n e 25, 1958 Polish scholarship suffered an i r r e p a r a b l e loss. On t h a t d a y died Professor R a p h a e l T a u b e n s c h l a g , one of t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t h i s t o r i a n s of law, an i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y recognized scholar, whose r e s e a r c h covered v a r i o u s a n d v e r y large d o m a i n s of legal s t u d i e s . More t h a n 200 i t e m s of his writings, t h e f r u i t of m a n y y e a r s ' w o r k , is a n imposing a c h i e v e m e n t of t h i s e m i n e n t papyrologist a n d R o m a n i s t , who h a d d e v o t e d m o r e t h a n f i f t y y e a r s of his life t o t h e p u r s u i t of legal science.
R a p h a e l T a u b e n s c h l a g was b o r n on May 6, 1881 a t P r z e m y ś l . H e g r a d u a t e d f r o m a s e c o n d a r y school in 1899, s t u d i e d law f i r s t a t t h e L a w F a c u l t y of t h e Jagiellonian U n i v e r s i t y in Cracow a n d t h e n in Leipzig, u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e of t h e f a m o u s p a p y r o l o g i s t a n d historian of law, L u d w i g Mitteis. H e c o n t i n u e d his studies, resol-v i n g t o dedicate himself exclusiresol-vely t o scientific research. A f t e r his r e t u r n t o his c o u n t r y T a u b e n s c h l a g published in t h e y e a r s 1907 —1910 his f i r s t works which secured for h i m a " h a b i l i t a t i o n ' " as a position of " p r i v a t e d o c e n t " of R o m a n law a t t h e L a w F a c u l -t y of -t h e Jagiellonian U n i v e r s i -t y .
T h e researches of T a u b e n s c h l a g d u r i n g t h e highly p r o d u c t i v e period of t h i r t y years till t h e o u t b r e a k of W o r l d W a r I I is r e p r e s e n t e d b y his n u m e r o u s dissertations belonging t o t h e d o m a i n of Greek, Hellenistic a n d R o m a n laws as well as a t r a n s l a -t i o n of -t h e m a n u a l of R o m a n legal i n s -t i -t u -t i o n s b y S o h m a n d an in-d é p e n in-d a n t outline of t h i s s u b j e c t for t e a c h i n g purposes, l a t e r reein-ditein-d several times. A b o u t t h a t period a special o b j e c t of T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s scientific interests was -also Polish medieval law. O n this s u b j e c t he published a n u m b e r of studies t h a t all are o u t s t a n d i n g c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o our knowledge of p r i v a t e law. H e also w r o t e n u m e -rous reviews.
At t h e o u t b r e a k of W o r l d W a r I I T a u b e n s c h l a g w e n t a b r o a d a n d s t a y e d in F r a n c e a n d in t h e U.S.A. H e held professorship succes-sively: in 1939/40 — professor of R o m a n law in A i x - e n - P r o v e n c e ,
8 W. OSUCHOWSKI
in 1941/42 — professor in the New School for Social Research in New York and in the years 1942 —1947 — research professor in ancient civilization at the Columbia University. During the exile period he had prepared a vast synthesis of the Greco-Roman law in Egypt in the light of the papyrological sources. The first vol-ume deals with the problems of private law, and was published in New York in 1944, the second volume which presents political and administrative law was published in 1948, after Taubenschlag^ return to Poland. A new edition of this work appeared in Warsaw in 1955. After his return to his native country in 1947, Tauben-schlag was appointed to the chair of Roman and ancient laws in the University of Warsaw directing its activities to the very end of his life.
When still in exile Taubenschlag founded The Journal of Juristic Papyrology which, after his return to Poland, he continued to publish, for some time in collaboration with Professor George Manteuffel. As the Director of the Institute of Papyrology of Warsaw University he published in the Journal the results of his research in the domain of ancient law.
The scientific activity of Taubenschlag can be divided into three periods. In the first period, from 1906 till 1939, the range of his varied scientific interests embraced, as we have mentioned, the Roman law as well as Hellenistic and Polish medieval laws. Among the works on Roman law, beside an historical study on earnestmoney, the two monographs on guardianship and on the private law at the time of Diocletian deserve attention. The first monograph entitled: Vormundschaftsrechtliche Studien. Beiträge zur Geschichte des römischen und griechischen Vormundschaftsrechtes (1913) actually consists of four distinct dissertations. In the first three concerning the edict de administratione tutorum, crimen suspecti and guardianship over persons below the age of puberty Taubenschlag discusses the problems of the history of Roman tutela impuberum. The fourth dissertation is devoted to the problem of guardianship over women. In his presentation of the evolution of tutela impuberum many relative problems are discussed as well. In numerous instances he justly separates the Justinian additions and alterations from the classical institutions thus contributing considerably to the lucid and conclusive examination of the history of the Roman tutela impuberum. In his dissertation on crimen sus-pecti the author for the first time fixes the presise boundaries
be-IjN MEMORIAM К. TAUBENSCHLAG 9 iween the accusatio and the remotio and in the dissertation on the edict de administratione tutorum he illustrates how the obligation of a guardian to give a security arose and accepts its republican origin. In the essay on guardianship over women the greatest value resides in the part in which the author endeavours to prove upon the evidence of the sources the resistance of the local law to the impact of the imperial law. The dissertation on tutela impuberum is a novel contribution to the criticizm of Justi-nian texts.
In the second monograph, entitled: Das römische Privatrecht zur Zeit Diokletians (1923), the author presents the Roman law, the national law and Diocletian's innovations. He discusses succes-sively the law of persons, law of property, law of obligations and law of succession upon death in the Roman as well as in the national law, and finds hitherto unknown proofs of the vitality of the national law in the epoch of Diocletian. To them, for instance, belong the existence of domestic community, the popular patria potestas, the IMS poenitendi etc. The author's opinion is that the fundamental changes can be found only in the law of persons with reference to adoption and guardianship and that these modifications have taken place under the influence of Greek law. Likewise this influ-ence appears in the reception of some institutions of the law of pledge. In the law of obligations the innovations of Diocletian consist in the development of the existing principles of Roman law. The fact that Diocletian in spite of his conser-vatism had a keen comprehension of the world in which Rome was to fulfill her historical mission, led the author to assert that this attitude of the emperor could only signify the end of the old epoch and the beginning of a new one in the history of legal relations.
Already in these first dissertations, which with regard to method are on a par with the most modern research in the field of Roman studies, by a very cautious examination of the texts of Justinian law, Taubenschlag gave the proof of his skillful use of the sources. A number of entries in the Pauly-Wissowa Realenzyklopädie and a textbook of Roman law close this period of Taubenschlag^ research work in the domain of Roman law.
Equally imposing were in this period the achievements of Tau-benschlag in the domain of Hellenistic law. The Greek law in Egypt as well as the Roman provincial law, reflected in the papyri, are
10 W . OSUCHOWSKI
the subject of research of the young scholar, educated under the guidance of eminent German legal historians and papyrologists. The essay on courts of laokritai, on judiciary organization of Egypt in the Roman and Byzantine epochs, also numerous contributions published in such periodicals as: Zeitschrift d. Savigny-Stiftung, Archiv f. Papy rusforschung, Aegyptus, Archives ďHistoire du Droit Oriental, Przegląd Prana i Administracji, Czasopismo Prawnicze i Ekonomiczne as well as in numerous volumes of collected studies dedicated to his friends and colleagues broadly outline Taubenschlag^ research work.
However, the works which have the most fundamental importance for the researches in this domain, are two large studies on penal law in the law of the papyri and on the history of the reception of Roman law in Egypt. The first work, published in 1916, is entitled: Das Strafrecht im Rechte der Papyri. In this dissertation the author presents in the light of the sources the penal law of the Ptolemaic, Roman and
Bvzantine epochs. He discerns four kinds of offences: private delicts, fiscal delicts, crimes against the king and sacral delicts. The author asserts that the criminal jurisdiction belonged to the king though it was exercised by the laokritai and chrematistai, courts of ten men as well as by certain number of single judges. In this study he emphasizes that for a lawsuit it was necessary to discern the police- and the court- procedure. The latter one had many loose elements in it. The case was often dropped in con-sequence of the withdrawal of a private plaint, amnesty, appeal or revocation of the right of asylum in temples (a privilege to which especiallv the priests were entitled). Taubenschlag^ work based on the rich material of the sources illustrated the Roman and fo-reign influences in the provincial law and was an important contri-bution to the knowledge of the penal law in the Eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.
To the history of the law in Egypt, one of the most important provinces of the Roman Empire, devoted Taubenschlag his second essay: Die Geschichte der Rezeption des römischen Rechtes in Aegypten published in the collection of essays in honour of one of the most eminent Romanists of the X X - t h century, Pietro Bonfante. In this dissertation Taubenschlag describes the legal life of Roman citizens in Egypt before the Constitutio Antoniniana. Their legal life was based on the fundamental constitution of Augustus
supple-IN MEMORIAM R. TAUBENSCHLAG 11 merited later by other imperial constitutions, senatusconsults, ge-neral provincial edict and special edicts of provincial governors. The private law b y which were governed these cives Romani was imbued with the local influences. At the same time when the Roman law reached its climax in Rome, there began in Egypt a marked decline of this law, then its gradual Hellenization and transformation into vulgar law. This process coincides with the Romanization of local law by way of imperial legislation and judicial practice. Then the law by which were governed the peregrini before the Constitutio Antoniniana was imbued with the principles and institutions of imperial law just as the imperial law was imbued with the elements of local law. The imperial law imposed on the peregrines by the Con-stitutio Antoniniana was not the classical but the degenerated, vulgar law which developed by way of imperial constitutions, edicts of provincial governors and juristic literature. This legal dualism led naturally to an attempt at creating a uniform law in the shape in whirh it now appears in the Justinian legislation. Nevertheless this legislation could not remove the existing legal dualism. In all domains of Justinian legislation side by side with the institutions of Roman law there developed institutions of national law. Then an attempt at their unification failed. Taubenschlag^ presentation of the subject is so precise, and the sources, as well as the scientific literature of which he makes use, so rich, that his work is an inexhaustible survey of the sources and a very desirable synthesis for the legal historians. Contemporary reviewers justly emphasized that through its originality and completeness Taubenschlag^ study Mas a novel presentation of the history of Roman law in the imperial provinces. W e may see that the scholars' interest in the new and heretofore unused sources was dominant at that period and that in future it would determine the character and scope of his research work.
Perhaps the possibility of making use of yet untapped sour-ces directed Taubenschlag to continue his studies in Polish medieval law which became at that tim-e another fi Id of his scientific research. He astonished with his extraordinary perseverance and the keenness of an experienced scholar. Then he published a series of studies on the history of Polish law, especially on the most ancient Polish judicial procedure up to the times of Casimir the Great, on the formularies of private legal acts in Poland in the XII-th and X I I I - t h centuries and on the origin of the written summonses in Polish medieval lawsuit. The essay on J. Przyluski and a detailed
12 W. OSUCHOWSKI
s t u d y of Polish penal law in t h e Middle Ages are also distin-guished achievements.
I n his pioneer w o r k on J . P r z y l u s k i , a Polish R o m a n i s t of t h e X Y I - t h c e n t u r y , T a u b e n s c h l a g analysed P r z y l u s k i ' s s t a t u t o r y p r o j e c t e n t i t l e d : Leges seu Statuta et Privilegia Regni Poloniae. This p r o j e c t is b a s e d n o t only on t h e Polish a n d canonical laws b u t also on t h e R o m a n law. I n T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s opinion t h e work of a W ü r t t e m b e r g i a n , Conrad Logus, e n t i t l e d : Iuris Civilis methodus, m u s t h a v e been t h e p r o t o t y p e of Przyluski's p r o j e c t because a com-parison of b o t h shows t h e i r c o n f o r m i t y . Moreover T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s essay h a s its useful v a l u e for t h e knowledge of medieval p o p u -lar l i t e r a t u r e in P o l a n d .
T h e w o r k on Polish penal law in t h e Middle Ages, published in t h e Balzer Studies, is t h e f i r s t h i s t o r y of t h e Polish p e n a l law based u p o n original sources. T a u b e n s c h l a g discusses in it t h e general p r o b l e m s as well as t h e concepts of t h e offence, p a r t i c i p a t i o n in offence, a t t e m p t , judicial a n d collective responsibility a n d in a s e p a r a t e c h a p t e r he deals w i t h i n d i v i d u a l offences. U p o n an analysis of t h e sources t h e a u t h o r shows t h e p r e d o m i n a n t i n f l u e n c e of G e r m a n law on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s of Polish law. T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s u n d e n i a b l e merit was t h e use of t h e com-p a r a t i v e m e t h o d . B y a com-p com-p l y i n g it he could com-p r o v e h o w s t r o n g was t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h e foreign law on t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s of t h e Polish judicial procedure. As we m a y see, these t h i r t y y e a r s of T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s research work were a b u n d a n t in a c h i e v e m e n t s in v a r i o u s d o m a i n s of t h e h i s t o r y of t h e law.
T h e n e x t period of his scientific w o r k covers t h e y e a r s of t h e W o r l d W a r I I . A t t h i s t i m e , f a r f r o m t h e t u m u l t of t h e b a t t l e s , T a u b e n s c h l a g is h o s p i t a b l y received b y Columbia U n i v e r s i t y , where m a k i n g use of t h e rich l i b r a r y of his colleague, P r o f e s s o r W e s t e r m a n n , a n e m i n e n t historian, he works on a s y n t h e s i s of t h e law of G r e c o - R o m a n E g y p t in t h e light of t h e p a p y r i . T h e n he continues a n d s u p p l e m e n t s his f o r m e r studies a n d gives a v a s t scientific synthesis f o u n d e d on almost complete a n d m i n u t e utili-zation of t h e discovered papyrological sources as well as t h e rich l i t e r a t u r e on t h i s s u b j e c t . T h e w o r k of T a u b e n s c h l a g b e a r s t h e title of The Law of Greco-Roman Egypt in the Light of the Papyri. I n t h e learned world no other scholar was b e t t e r qualified t h a n T a u b e n s c h l a g t o p e r f o r m t h a t t a s k . H a v i n g p u b l i s h e d m o r e t h a n t h i r t y essays g r o u n d e d on papyrological sources, he h a d t h e
I N MEMORIAM R. TAURENSCHLAG 13
best u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e s t r u c t u r e of legal i n s t i t u t i o n s in t h e G r e c o - R o m a n E g y p t . T h e y all r e f l e c t e d t h e contest of t h e n a t i v e a n d Greek legal ideas w i l h t h e R o m a n ones i n E g y p t a n d their m u t u a l i n -f l u e n c e . N e a r l y hal-f a c e n t u r y be-fore, Mitteis, an e m i n e n t legal histo-r i a n a n d t e a c h e histo-r of t h e y o u n g T a u b e n s c h l a g , was t h e f i histo-r s t t o give a c o - o r d i n a t e d s t u d y of t h e n k n o w n sources. I n an excellent outline he h a d p r e s e n t e d legal principles a n d cases c o n t a i n e d in t h e newly discovered p a p y r i a n d t o g e t h e r w i t h Wilcken f o u n d e d a new b r a n c h of science, n a m e l y p a p y r o l o g y . B u t even Mitteis himself h a d never a t t e m p t e d t o give a c o - o r d i n a t e d p i c t u r e of t h e whole law t h a t h a d been in force in one of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t provinces of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , because such a p i c t u r e , if based on t h e papyrological sources k n o w n t h e n t o h i m , could n o t be complete a n d p e r f e c t . T a u b e n s c h l a g h a d m u c h b e t t e r luck, who almost half a c e n t u r y later h a d a t his disposal a v e r y rich m i n e of t h e newly discovered sources. T h e e x u b e r a n t bloom of p a p y r o l o g y in t h e X X - t h c e n t u r y h a d given t o this i n d e f a t i g a b l e research worker t h e possibility t o elabo-r a t e a synthesis, which foelabo-r e v e elabo-r y R o m a n i s t oelabo-r s t u d e n t of classical philology a n d a b o v e all for t h e papyrologist is an i n v a l u a b l e t r e a s u r y of sources for f u r t h e r scientific investigation. T h e w o r k begins w i t h a l e n g h t y i n t r o d u c t i o n in which t h e a u t h o r p r e s e n t s t h e his-torical evolution of E g y p t i a n , Greek a n d R o m a n legal i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d their influence on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of legal life in E g y p t . T h e n t h e individual p a r t s of p r i v a t e law are discussed in a c c o r d a n c e with t h e s y s t e m a d o p t e d in t h e m a n u a l s of R o m a n law. E a c h of these p a r t s is properly i l l u s t r a t e d w i t h t h e p a p y r i . N e x t t h e r e follows t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e law of persons (corporate bodies, n a t u r a l individuals, slavery), f a m i l y law (marriage, p a t r i a p o t e s t a s , g u a r d i a n -ship), law of succession u p o n d e a t h , law of p r o p e r t y , servitudes a n d t h e law of obligations, in their various c o n s t r u c t i o n s a n d as-pects. T h e following p a r t c o n t a i n s t h e p e n a l law, a d o m a i n elabora-t e d b y T a u b e n s c h l a g in 1916. T h e new p r e s e n elabora-t a elabora-t i o n of elabora-t h i s law is an e x c e r p t f r o m t h e older w-ork, enriched w i t h m a n y details d r a w n f r o m t h e new sources. T h e n follow t h e c h a p t e r s d e v o t e d t o t h e judicial organization a n d civil a n d p e n a l procedure. T h e last t w o c h a p t e r s , which t r e a t of t h e political a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e law, give in a concise outline a p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e a u t h o r i t y of a P t o l e m a i c m o n a r c h a n d of a R o m a n emperor, t h e principles of t e r r i t o r i a l s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t , t h e rights a n d duties of citizens a n d non-citizens, t h e control of individuals a n d c o r p o r a t e bodies a n d t h e control of
14 W. OSUCHOWSKI
economics ( i n d u s t r y , t r a d e , b a n k i n g a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n ) . I t would be s u p e r f l u o u s t o a d d t h a t t h e overwhelming p a r t of t h e individual elaborations brings new i n f o r m a t i o n . As one of t h e reviewers, j u s t l y r e m a r k s even w h e n T a u b e n s c h l a g follows a beaten t r a c k ( f r e q u e n t l y it is t h e t r a c k b e a t e n b y himself) he h a s always s o m e t h i n g new t o s a y a n d t o a d d . This work of T a u b e n s c h l a g , t h e a c h i e v e m e n t of m a n y y e a r s of his s t u d y of R o m a n provincial law, won for h i m due consideration in t h e learned world.
T h e t h i r d period of T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s professional a c t i v i t y consisted of t h e p o s t w a r y e a r s of w o r k in W a r s a w U n i v e r s i t y . As t h e f o u n d e r a n d editor-in-chief of The Journal of Juristic Papyrology he c o n t i n u e d t h e s t u d y of R o m a n provincial law a n d published in t h e J o u r n a l t h e results of his researches, as well as t h e bibliographical survey of t h e papyrological sources a n d l i t e r a t u r e . T h e high scholarly s t a n d a r d secured for t h e j o u r n a l t h e collaboration of e m i n e n t foreign papyrologists a n d legal historians.
T a u b e n s c h l a g ' s i n t e r e s t s e m b r a c e d a t t h a t t i m e , beside the Hellenistic law, also o t h e r ancient laws, especially t h e Babylo-nian a n d Syrian laws. I n those d o m a i n s t o o this e m i n e n t scholar gave a c o - o r d i n a t e d p i c t u r e of t h e evolution of ancient laws. I n 1952 he published an Introduction to the Latv of the Papyri a n d in 1955 —
The Roman Private Law in the Light of Ancient Laws (polish), a work based on his f o r m e r m a n u a l of R o m a n p r i v a t e law. I n this w a y he a c q u a i n t e d t h e Polish r e a d e r with t h e legal r e g u l a t i o n s which were in force in r e m o t e a n t i q u i t y .
F r o m his works, p u b l i s h e d mostly in foreign languages, T a u -benschlag won universal esteem in t h e learned world as a distin-guished R o m a n i s t , e m i n e n t papyrologist a n d world f a m o u s legal historian. F o r t h i s reason he f r e q u e n t l y received v a r i o u s high honorific distinctions. I t will be sufficient t o m e n t i o n t h a t in 1933 in R o m e he was elected c h a i r m a n of t h e Congress organized in h o n o u r of t h e 1400th a n n i v e r s a r y of t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e Corpus Iuris Civilis. I n 1934 he was one of t h e six c h a i r m e n of t h e p o n t i f i c a l Congress in R o m e organized on t h e same occasion. I n 1955 T a u b e n schlag was elected h o n o r a r y c h a i r m a n of t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l P a p y -rological Congress in V i e n n a . T h e Academies of Bologna, a n d Berlin Marc T w a i n Society r e c k o n e d him a m o n g their m e m b e r s . I n P o l a n d T a u b e n s c h l a g was elected m e m b e r of t h e Polish A c a d e m y of Scien-ces in Cracow in 1925. I n 1951 he was a t i t u l a r , a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y an o r d i n a r y m e m b e r of t h e Polish A c a d e m y of Sciences in W a r s a w .
IN MEMO RI AN R. TAURENSCHLAG 15
F o r distinguished services in t h e field of scholarship T a u b e n s c h l a g received t h e Barczewski Prize in 1948 a n d t h e highest S t a t e Prize in 1952. Also he was a holder of n u m e r o u s S t a t e distinctions, s u c h as t h e C o m m a n d e r ' s Cross of t h e Order of Polonia R e s t i t u t a (1937), t h e Gold Cross of Merit (1951), t h e C o m m a n d e r ' s Cross with a S t a r of t h e Order of Polonia R e s t i t u t a (1935), t h e T e n t h A n n i v e r s a r y ' s Medal (1955) a n d t h e f i r s t class O r d e r of t h e Ensign of L a b o u r (1956). W a r s a w University bestowed on him in 1950 t h e degree of doctor honoris causa.
N o t lesser were t h e services rendered b y T a u b e n s c h l a g as a t e a c h e r a n d director of t h e I n s t i t u t e of P a p y r o l o g y of t h e W a r s a w U n i v e r s i t y . U n d e r his careful a n d e x p e r t guidance t h e y o u n g stu-d e n t s now b e c a m e experiencestu-d a n stu-d giftestu-d research workers. To t h i s not n u m e r o u s b u t h o w t a l e n t e d t e a m of y o u n g scholars is owed t h e edition of t h e Symbolae Raphaeli Taubenschlag dedicatae, on t h e occasion of his 7 5 t h b i r t h d a y and t h e 50th a n n i v e r s a r y of his professional a c t i v i t y . W i t h these t h r e e volumes t h e scholarly world h o n o u r e d t h e services r e n d e r e d b y T a u b e n s c h l a g who h a d worked all his life for t h e sake of l e a r n i n g . N u m e r o u s m o n o g r a p h s a n d disser-t a disser-t i o n s b y e m i n e n disser-t a n d well-known foreign a n d Polish legal historians, contained in t h e Symbolae, are an expression of their h o m a g e t o this e m i n e n t scholar for his i n d e f a t i g a b l e w o r k .
P a r t i c u l a r l y s t r o n g ties linked T a u b e n s c h l a g w i t h t h e L a w F a -c u l t y of t h e Jagiellonian U n i v e r s i t y in Cra-cow. F r o m this F a -c u l t y he h a d g r a d u a t e d a n d o b t a i n e d t h e degree of Doctor Utriusque Iuris in 1904. H e r e in 1913 he was a p p o i n t e d " ' p r i v a t e d o c e n t " of R o m a n law, b e c a m e e x t r a o r d i n a r y (associate) professor in 1919 a n d l a t e r (in 1921) o r d i n a r y (full) professor of R o m a n law. H e was twice elec-t e d dean of elec-t h e L a w F a c u l elec-t y of elec-t h e Jagiellonian U n i v e r s i elec-t y a n d held this office d u r i n g t h e a c a d e m i c y e a r s 1929/30 a n d 1935/36. There-t o f o r e he h a d always s h o w n w a r m a There-t There-t a c h m e n There-t There-t o Cracow. According t o his wish expressed before his d e a t h , his m o r t a l r e m a i n s were b u r i e d in t h e same c e m e t e r y where t h e great Polish R o m a n i s t Stanisław Wróblewski, (who was T a u b e n s c h l a g ^ t e a c h e r , p r o t e c t o r a n d best friend), h a d been b u r i e d .
