Comparison of Motor Abilities of Young Children in Poland in the Years 1996 and 2006

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Abstract.

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Key words:

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Introduction

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Results

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Table 1.

Ontogenetic variation of coordination and locomotion of children

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Figure 1.

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Figure 2.

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Table 2.

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$JHJURXSV\HDUV Coordination Locomotion

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Table 3.

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Table 4.

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Table 5.

6H[EDVHGGHYHORSPHQWRISK\VLFDOILWQHVVRISUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQ 7HVW $JH \HDUV Boys *LUOV 6WXGHQW¶VWWHVW n M min PD[ V SM n M min PD[ M SM

Medicine ball throw

                                          /RQJMXPS                                           PHWHUUXQ                                           $JLOLW\UXQ                                           S )LQDOO\ZHPDGHWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHOHYHORIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWRISUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQVXUYH\HGLQ DQG7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVREWDLQHGE\ER\V,QD VWUHQJWKWHVWD statistically significant difference was REVHUYHGLQ\HDUROGVLQIDYRURIER\VVXUYH\HGLQ,QRWKHUDJHJURXSVVOLJKWO\EHWWHUUHVXOWVZHUHREWDLQHG E\WKHER\VVXUYH\HG\HDUVHDUOLHU+RZHYHUWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVZHUHQRWVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW ,QWKHSRZHUWHVWER\VH[DPLQHGLQDFKLHYHGEHWWHUUHVXOWV6WDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVRFFXUUHG LQDQG\HDUROGV7KHVSHHGRIER\VH[DPLQHGLQDQGWKHLUSHHUVWHVWHG\HDUVHDUOLHUZDVVLPLODUDQG QRDJHJURXSVKRZHGVLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHV,QWKHODVWRIWKHWHVWV±WKHDJLOLW\WHVW±\HDUROGVIURPZHUH PRUHDJLOHWKDQWKHLUSHHUVLQSUHVFKRROVLQ7KHDJLOLW\UHVXOWVREWDLQHGLQRWKHUDJHJURXSVZHUHVLPLODU 7DEOHVKRZVWKHDQDORJRXVUHVXOWVRIJLUOV6LPLODUWRER\VUHVXOWVLQFUHDVHGZLWKDJH,QD VWUHQJWKWHVW VLPLODUO\WRER\VD VWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHZDVUHSRUWHGLQIDYRURI\HDUROGJLUOVVXUYH\HGLQ $ULWKPHWLFPHDQVREWDLQHGLQWKHROGHUDJHJURXSVZHUHVLPLODU,QWKHMXPSLQJWHVWJLUOVDOVRREWDLQHGUHVXOWV VLPLODUWRER\V)LYHDQGVL[\HDUROGJLUOVVXUYH\HGLQMXPSHGVLJQLILFDQWO\IXUWKHU6SHHGRIJLUOVZDVVLPLODU

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Table 6.

1XPHULFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIPRWRUWHVWVRIER\VLQDQG 7HVW _\UV$JH Boys 6WXGHQW¶V t test   n M min PD[ V SM n M min PD[ V SM Medicine ball throw                                           /RQJMXPS                                           PHWHU run                                           $JLOLW\UXQ                                           S

Table 7.

1XPHULFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIPRWRUWHVWVRIER\VLQDQG 7HVW $JH *LUOV 6WXGHQW¶V t test   n M min PD[ V SM n M min PD[ V SM Medicine ball throw                                           Long MXPS                                           PHWHU run                                           $JLOLW\UXQ                                           S S

Discussion

7KHSURJUHVVLYHGHYHORSPHQWRIFLYLOL]DWLRQLPSURYHVWKHOLYLQJVWDQGDUGVRIIDPLOLHVEXWRQWKHRWKHUKDQG LPSRVHVFHUWDLQOLPLWDWLRQVWRKXPDQSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\ZKLFKLQWXUQDIIHFWVJHQHUDOKHDOWK$EX2PDUHWDO

$EX2PDU5XWWHQHWDO3URSHUDVVHVVPHQWRISK\VLFDODFWLYLW\RIYDULRXVJURXSVGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH FRQGLWLRQLQJIDFWRUVDQGFDXVHVRIGLIIHUHQFHVLVYHU\LPSRUWDQW%RXFKDUGHWDO%LHUQDW 3K\VLFDODFWLYLW\XVXDOO\UHVXOWVLQWKHVLJQLILFDQWLPSURYHPHQWLQIXQFWLRQDOFDSDFLW\DQGKHDOWKDQGFDQRIWHQ SUHYHQWFHUWDLQGLVHDVHVRUUHGXFHWKHLUVHYHULW\,WKDVEHHQSURYHQWKDWUHJXODUSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\LPSURYHVWKH RYHUDOOZHOOEHLQJLPSURYHVRYHUDOOSK\VLFDODQGPHQWDOKHDOWKKHOSVWRPDLQWDLQDQLQGHSHQGHQWOLIHVW\OHKHOSV WRFRQWUROFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVHJVWUHVVREHVLW\DQGGLVHDVHVHJGLDEHWHVUHGXFHVWKHULVNRIFHUWDLQGLVHDVHV VXFKDVFRURQDU\DUWHU\K\SHUWHQVLRQGLDEHWHVKHOSVWRPLQLPL]HWKHHIIHFWVRIFHUWDLQGLVDELOLWLHVDQGPD\KHOS LQWKHWUHDWPHQWRISDLQ5HVHDUFKUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWV\VWHPDWLFSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\VLJQLILFDQWO\DIIHFWVWKHGHFOLQHLQ PRUWDOLW\IURPFDUGLRYDVFXODUGLVHDVHDQGRYHUDOOPRUWDOLW\LWDOVRUHGXFHVWKHULVNRIREHVLW\RYHUZHLJKWGLDEHWHV RVWHRSRURVLVDQGFDQFHU$DGDKODHWDO%RZQLNHWDO%XO]DFND*URVV 8QIRUWXQDWHO\LQUHFHQWWLPHVPRUHDQGPRUHFKLOGUHQH[SHULHQFHOLWWOHSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\ZKLFKDGYHUVHO\ DIIHFWVWKHLUGHYHORSPHQW3yáWRUDN7KHGHFUHDVLQJOHYHOVRIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWFRLQFLGHZLWKDQLQFUHDVHG LQFLGHQFHRIYDULRXVGLVHDVHVRYHUZHLJKWRUSRVWXUHGHIHFWV7KLVSKHQRPHQRQLVRISDUWLFXODULPSRUWDQFHLQ relation to a VPDOOFKLOG'XULQJWKHWLPHRIQXUVHU\DQGWKHEHJLQQLQJRISUHVFKRROWKHFKLOG¶VDFWLYLWLHVEHJLQWR UHVHPEOHWKRVHRIDGXOWV2IFRXUVHLWVPRWRUVNLOOVDUHIDUGLIIHUHQWIURPWKHPRYHPHQWVRIDQDGXOWEXWLQWKLV SHULRGD child is characterized by a JUHDWGHVLUHWRPRYHDQGDFW,QWKHSUHVFKRROZHREVHUYHWKHFKLOG¶VILUVWSHDN RIPRWRUDFWLYLW\DQGUHDFKLQJPHQWDODQGHPRWLRQDOPDWXULW\VXIILFLHQWIRUDWWHQGLQJVFKRROSURSHUO\

7KHUHIRUH LW VHHPV SDUWLFXODUO\ LPSRUWDQW WR V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ PRQLWRU DQG DVVHVV SK\VLFDO DQG PRWRU GHYHORSPHQWRID VPDOOFKLOG3U]ĊZHGD:LWKRXWLQIRUPDWLRQUHJDUGLQJWKHOHYHORIIXQGDPHQWDOPRWRUVNLOOV LWLVGLIILFXOWWRGHWHUPLQHWKHGLUHFWLRQDQGVWUHQJWKRIFKDQJHVUHODWHGWRWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\ZLGHVSUHDGREHVLW\DQG UHGXFHGSK\VLFDODFWLYLW\:LWKRXWWKLVW\SHRIGDWDRQHFDQQRWVSHDNDERXWWKH³ORZHUOHYHORISK\VLFDOILWQHVV´ ³UHGXFHGDELOLW\´RU³GHWHULRUDWLQJSUHGLVSRVLWLRQV´&RQVLGHUDWLRQVKRXOGEHJLYHQWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKLVSHULRGRIOLIH LVDFFRPSDQLHGE\WKHPRVWUDSLGFKDQJHVLQWKHSK\VLFDOVSKHUHDQGWKDWWKLVDJHLVWKHPRVWFRQYHQLHQWSHULRG IRUWKHHDUO\FRUUHFWLRQRIDQ\GHILFLHQFLHVUHODWHGWRPRWRUGHYHORSPHQW2VLĔVNL%XFKHUHWDO6FKPLGW  7KHWHVWXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWRIµQXUVHU\¶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higher average scores were obtained in locomotion than FRRUGLQDWLRQ 7KHH[DPLQDWLRQRISUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQVKRZHGEHWWHUPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWRIER\V6WDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHVZHUHPRVWSURQRXQFHGLQ\HDUROGV2QO\WKHORQJMXPSUHVXOWVZHUHVLPLODUIRUERWKVH[HV2QHFRXOG VD\WKDWVH[XDOGLPRUSKLVPLQPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWLVUHYHDOHGGXULQJSUHVFKRRODOEHLWRQO\VOLJKWO\7KLVREVHUYDWLRQ LVFRQILUPHGLQRWKHUSDSHUV6HNLWD*QLHZNRZVND%XUGXNLHZLF]HWDO6]NODUVND,QWKH JURXSRISUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWRYHUWKH\HDUSHULRGWKHOHYHORIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWGHFUHDVHG DPRQJER\V±H[FHSWIRUWKH\HDUROGV,QWKHJURXSRIJLUOVVLPLODUWRQXUVHU\FKLOGUHQEHWWHUUHVXOWVZHUH REVHUYHGVRPHWLPHVLQJURXSVH[DPLQHGLQDQGVRPHWLPHVLQWKRVHVWXGLHGLQVRLWLVWKHUHIRUHGLIILFXOW

WRWDONDERXWGLVWLQFWUHJXODULWLHV,QERWKVH[JURXSVLWZDVIRXQGWKDWLQIRXU\HDUROGVVWUHQJWKDQGDJLOLW\ZDV EHWWHUGHYHORSHGLQFKLOGUHQVXUYH\HGLQ2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHFKLOGUHQDWWHQGLQJSUHVFKRROVLQZHUH EHWWHULQORQJMXPSLQJ±ZKLFKZDVFOHDUO\YLVLEOHLQDQG\HDUROGV6SHHGZDVGHYHORSHGDWVLPLODUOHYHOVLQ FKLOGUHQVXUYH\HGLQERWKWLPHSHULRGV ,WFRXOGEHDVVXPHGWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIWKHDELOLWLHVRIWKHH[DPLQHGSUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQZRXOGEHPRUH SURQRXQFHGLQWKHDFWLYLWLHVWKDWGHSHQGRQWKHOHYHORIVRPDWLFGHYHORSPHQW.RWDUVNDHWDO$FFRUGLQJWR 6WDURVWDWKHOHYHORIORFRPRWLRQLVGHFUHDVLQJDPRQJ3ROLVKFKLOGUHQ$VKXPDQPRWRUDELOLW\LVFRQVLGHUHG WREHWUDLQHGDQGPRUHVHQVLWLYHWRHQYLURQPHQWDOFKDQJHVWKDQVRPDWLFIHDWXUHV.RWDUVNDHWDOWKHHIIHFWV RIWKHLPSDFWRIVRFLRHFRQRPLFIDFWRUVRQWKHPRWRUDELOLWLHVDUHTXLFNO\UHYHDOHG)RUPDQ\\HDUVXUEDQL]DWLRQ KDVVKRZQWREHDQLPSRUWDQWIDFWRUDIIHFWLQJWKHUHVXOWVRIPRWRUWHVWV7KHGLIIHUHQFHVDUHWKHJUHDWHUWKHPRUH H[WUHPHFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQWKHFRPSDUHGHQYLURQPHQWVFRQFHUQFKDQJHVLQVLGHWKHH[DPLQHGVRFLDOVWUDWDDQG GHSHQGRQSDUHQWV¶HGXFDWLRQWHFKQLFDOLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDQGGHJUHHRIXUEDQL]DWLRQ,JQDVLDNHWDO0OHF]NRHW DO1RZDFND'RERV]5DF]HN6]RSDHWDO0OHF]NR

Conclusions

7KHOHYHORIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWLQQXUVHU\FKLOGUHQLQWKHH[DPLQHGDJHJURXSVVWXGLHGLQDQG ZDVVLPLODU ,QWKHJURXSRIQXUVHU\FKLOGUHQWKHUHZDVD GLVWLQFWVH[XDOGLPRUSKLVPLQFRRUGLQDWLRQROGHUDJHJURXS DQGLQORFRPRWLRQDQG\HDUROGV,QHDFKRIWKHVHFDVHVJLUOVDFKLHYHGEHWWHUUHVXOWV ,QHDFKDJHJURXSRIQXUVHU\FKLOGUHQKLJKHUPHDQVFRUHVZHUHREWDLQHGLQORFRPRWLRQWKDQLQFRRUGLQDWLRQ $PRQJSUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQGLPRUSKLFGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWRFFXUUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHHQWLUH SHULRGRISUHVFKRRODOWKRXJKZLWKGLIIHUHQWLQWHQVLW\IRUHDFKPRWRUWHVW 7KHOHYHORIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWLQSUHVFKRROFKLOGUHQVWXGLHGLQDQGVKRZHGQRVLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHVLQWHVWV,WFDQWKHUHIRUHEHDVVXPHGWKDWVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLFFKDQJHVEHWZHHQDQGGLG not have a VLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHOHYHORIPRWRUGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHFKLOGUHQLQSUHVFKRROVLQ6]F]HFLQQHLWKHU SRVLWLYHQRUQHJDWLYH

References

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