Nowadays ecology aspects are very crucial. They apply to all areas related to human life. The development of ICT (Information Communication Technologies) means that ecological issues are becoming increasingly important. Thus Green Com-puting or sustainability is not only the operational energy consumption of comCom-puting equipment but also it must take the product life cycle into consideration, from produc-tion to operaproduc-tion to recycling. In this study the authors are taking into consideraproduc-tion the role of Green Computing and Green Internet Of Things. The major challenge in Green Computing and Green Internet Of Things is the recyclability of the hardware, software, computer items such as cartridges and toners. Moreover, the save of energy is important as well. This study is interdisciplinary. The knowledge about reverse lo-gistics of computer hardware needs specific management. That is why the knowledge management of green computing is a topic that is not widely discussed, but it is very important because it has a strong impact on the existence of Earth.
Keywords: IT, green technology, IT in business Introduction
Green technology concerns the application and development of products, systems and equip-ment used in environequip-ment conservation as well as conserving resources, which minimises and re-duces the negative effect of human activities have on them. Green technology meets the criteria listed below:
a) it reduces the degradation of the environment to the minimum;
b) it is characterised by zero or low greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and is safe to use; c) it promotes a healthy and improved environment for all life forms;
d) it promotes an economical use of energy and natural resources; e) it promotes using renewable resources [1].
Green Computing (GC) is the study and practice of an efficient use of computing resources. The key objective of such an approach resembles green chemistry: to reduce the use of hazardous materials, to increase energy efficiency during the product's lifetime to the maximum, and finally to promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste [2].
In general, GC refers to the use of computing resources combined with minimising the impact on the environment, maximising economic viability and ensuring social duties.
GC reduces the e-waste, which allows people to save power. Understanding the impact of power consumption on the greenness of any technology, and particularly computing technology is an es-sential step towards decreasing this consumption and educating others[3].
There is a difference between consumer actions and consumer desires for sustainable consump-tion which is often referred in the literature as the “green gap.” Consumpconsump-tion data from billions of connected devices may help drive sustainable initiatives such as reduced rates of consumption [4].
These devices (connected to internet) are the object of a specific scientific interest, called “In-ternet of things”. These issues may also be found in the literature concerning the research on "green Internet" and the Green Internet of Things (Green IoT).
1. Green Internet of Things
The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) developed by Kevin Ashton (2009) concerns the eco-system, in which elements provided with sensors communicate with computers. The dynamic de-velopment of devices having access to the global network has enabled a situation where the concept has become not only a reality, but it is even indicated by consulting firms as one of the key drivers of the development of the future world economy. IoT solutions are used at an enormous scale: from miniature additions to clothing, through intelligent domestic appliances, building integration and smart city, water management and defence systems [5].
According to IDC (2015) the global market of IoT is growing at an average rate of 16.9 percent per year. According to this report, "Worldwide Internet of Things Forecast, 2015–2020" last year, its value was estimated at 655.8 billion US dollars, but in 2020 it is expected to reach 1.07 trillion already. Spending on technology-smart things will grow fastest in the areas of intelligent household appliances (52 percent.), Vehicles (i.e., Internet of Vehicles, 48 percent.) and intelligent buildings (34 percent) [6].
F. K. Shaikh (2015) has mentioned that there are energy efficient methods, applications and services (based on hardware or software) adopted by IoT to facilitate reducing the effect of the greenhouse effect, saving power, as well as to make a decision in this context easier. The life cycle of green IoT should concentrate on green design, green production, green utilisation and also on green disposal and recycling to have no or very small impact on the environment [7].
Green IoT is related to two aspects (Hindawi, 2016). The first one concerns developing energy efficient computing solutions, communications protocols, and network architecture for interconnect-ing the real world. The second aspect is related to IoT technologies to decrease pollutions and carbon emissions and enhance the energy efficiency [8].
It is assumed that more and more devices in the future will have additional sensory and com-munication add-ons so that key can sense the world and communicate with each other. The energy-efficient procedures and information processes adopted by IoT will facilitate reducing the green-house effect and save energy by integrated applications, network services, sensing and identification solutions. See four layers model- figure 1 below:
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Figure 1. Four layers model, Rehmat Ullah (2015)
Source: [9].
- Green Computing and Green IoT will be implemented in many fields of human life. See figure 2. # : , , :$ $% " . $ % & & " @ A"" $ % $$ : # % B @ C$ " 7 + & "
Figure 2. Application of IoT
Green IoT- the power saving model
Shyam Sundar Prasad and Chanakya Kuma (2013) have presented an example of a power sav-ing model. It may be seen in the followsav-ing description of the function of sensor nodes. Since a mass of Sensor nodes {N0, N1…} are deployed in the IoT sensor domain, IoT communication should focus on energy saving by optimising sensor nodes-sensing, processing, and transmissions, and ul-timately prolong the lifetime of the whole IoT communication. Also, since the Back End Servers (BS) is also a power-consuming component in IoT communication, great efforts should also be made on the BS to achieve environment-friendly, green IOT communication. An example that node N0 may switch to the sleep mode because it's sensing range is fully covered by the connected neighbours N1… N4. See figure [11] -?( ?( ?( ?( ? ?(
Figure 3. Green IoT- the power saving model
2. Literature Review
Nowadays Green computing is an issue which focuses the attention businesses and academics. The scientific interest towards Green IT is growing. A lot of scientific papers in journals are pub-lished recently on this topic.
Christian Reimsbach Kounatze (2009) in his paper "Towards Green ICT Strategies Assessing Policies and Programmes on ICT and the Environment" writes that: "Improving environmental per-formance, tackling global warming and enhancing resource management are high on the list of global challenges that must be urgently addressed. The Information and Communications Technol-ogy (ICT) industry need to improve its environmental performance further (it is responsible for around 2-3% of the global carbon footprint), and ICT applications have the very large potential to enhance performance across the economy and society (the remaining 97–98%). Governments and
business associations have introduced a range of programmes and initiatives on ICT and the envi-ronment to address envienvi-ronmental challenges, particularly global warming and energy use. Some government programmes also contribute to national targets set in the Kyoto Protocol (e.g. Den-markCs Action Plan for Green IT and JapanCs Green IT Initiative). Business associations have mainly developed initiatives to reduce energy costs and to demonstrate corporate social responsibil-ity [12]." We have to add that Green IT is not only a part of the governmental measures for cleaner air, but Green IT is also a part of the corporate strategies that are realized in practice.
Navdeep Kaur, Pardeep Mittal (2013) in their work admitted that: "Today's everyone says that cares about our environment but they are even not familiar with the terms that produce harmful impacts on our environment. According to the survey, only 1 to 9.5% people is known about these terms like CO2 emission and role of high consumption in a polluted environment. There is one interesting fact comes that people do not know about the world environment day and the purpose to celebrate that day. Here a big fact arises that in last 41 years from 1973 to 2013 green computing is not taken as a theme of world environment day. "... What is more "Only 17 to 28% people are familiar with green computing, and it's goals..." Energy Star program is an international standard for energy efficient products, but 69% people are familiar with it.".."Only 4 to 10% people are aware of TCO development its certificate.". "A computer can be recycled and disposed of safely to save our environment but only 6% people are familiar with formal disposing, and it benefits the environment.".."Today's various computer manufacturers are taking some initiatives for green computing, but only 2 to 16% people are aware of it [13]." We are convinced that just konowing somethong about Green IT is not enough to adapt this concept in real life. Efforts of some producers have to be an example for others. Good manufacturing practices have not only technological issues of the production process, but also real measures for saving Earth.
Chunsheng Zhu, Victor C. M. Leung, Lei Shu,, Edith C.-H. Ngai (2015) in work titled "Green Internet of Things for Smart World" are written that the technologies related to green IoT include five hot green ICT. There is green radio-frequency identification (RFID), green wireless sensor network (WSN), Green Cloud Computing (CC), green machine to machine (M2M), green data centres (DC). Also, bestowing particular attention to sensor-cloud which is a novel paradigm in green IoT, the latest developments about sensor-cloud have been shown and the future sensor-cloud has been envisioned [14].
J. Porritt (2015) in his paper shows that, for every industry in every country, and for every aspect of Green IT, the average level of maturity is a low and significant opportunity for improvement remains. This highlights one of the key issues in Green IT – responsibility. Green IT is such a large topic that it extends far beyond the data centre or the IT department. It affects and is responsible for the end users and lines of business within the organisation, the procurement function, and middle and senior management. Without integration into the wider business, Green IT will run the risk of being limited to only tactical project implementations and result in low levels of overall maturity. This paper identifies the UK as the leading country for Green IT maturity, a possible reflection of the increased awareness resulting from the regulation in their market place [15].
Claudio Estevez, Jinsong Wu (2015) in a paper titled “Recent Advances in Green Internet of Things” show that IoT unquestionably has the potentials to cause a great positive impact on the care of the environment. On the broad sense, Green IoT can improve energy efficiency themselves and that of other systems, help reduce environmental pollution. With the aid of energy harvesting IoT systems can become independent and scatter further into more inaccessible locations helping in this
way monitor greater portions of our environments. Exciting topics like automated city lighting, de-vice activation using user-location-based criteria, and independent energy nodes are part of the di-rections of IoT. Promising energy efficient protocols and scheduling techniques point toward even greater energy savings in the future. Energy harvesting is making energy independence a reality and pollution control is becoming smarter and more pervasive. All these works point toward greener environments [16].
3. Research methodology Problem Statement
Though numerous studies have been done to cite the GC, there has been little geared towards the context of the IoT and Green IoT. Green IoT do not have as many references in literature, and therefore this paper can be useful in identifying the role GC and Green IoT can play in that context through investigating trends related to ICT Green Ecosystem.
Although one of the authors of this paper is directly responsible for the computerization and has many contacts with scientists and directors of similar institutions in Poland, he is not familiar with examples of the use of the Green IoT concept.
Current research gap
A literature review, analyses of current research, the authors’ practical experience and the in-creasingly common ecology trends show that at present, private companies, public institutions and individuals have to undertake activities related to improving the current situation while progressively lowering costs of energy. The main problem in the area of GC and Green IoT is the lack of model solutions and recommendations that could be applied in reality. The number of research and publi-cations concerning these fields (mentioned above) is increasing but it still not sufficient. Thus there is a research gap, which can be be filled in by this paper.
The purpose of the article
The problem related to ICT Green Ecosystem described above, definitely, leads to a consider-able need for research in this area. Since the process of using and implementing GC solutions has already started, the authors decided to check the current situation in this field. The goal of this study is to critically examine state of the art: GC and Green IoT forming relevant recommendations and predictions. As it is mentioned above, this study is based mainly on a critical analysis available online materials and interview of people who deal with this topic. The research results may be used by IT and business leaders, academics and individuals as they plan and develop ICTs following ecological principles.
The main objectives of this paper are the following:
1. To appropriate the role of GC and Green IoT in building an ICT Green Ecosystem. 2. To predict the trends related to GC and Green IoT.
4. Results
The role of GC and Green IoT in building ICT green ecosystem. A summary of aspects of GC and Green IoT are given in figure 3.
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Figure 3. Green ICT Ecosystem
The diagram presented above shows that to build Green ICT Ecosystem many aspects should be have taken into consideration. There are two areas: GC and Green IoT. Some sub-areas are com-mon and are related to them. It is assumed that in the future GC and Green IoT will be fully integrated and probably one Green ICT Ecosystem will be developed.
This system shouldn't exist without control of people. Thus Business and Home intelligence solutions should be implemented and developed as well. You can notice that GC concerns aspects such as: Cloud Computing, E-documents, Virtualisation, CO2 emission, low energy consumption. Whereas Green IoT is mostly related to energy issues.
In GC are often implemented Teleconferencing technologies. The advantages are many; in-creased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and inin-creased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc. Many types of jobs – sales, consulting, IT specialists and field service – integrate well with this technique [17]. Other components of the GC include the Data Center area as the redesign of data centres to increase energy efficiency or the increased virtualization. On the topic of cloud computing are increasingly ecological criteria set by what is known as Green Cloud may be referred [18].
Virtualisation is a next crucial topic related to GC and Green IoT. There's a good reason that server virtualization has become the norm over the last several years. Forrester reports that 40% of the energy consumed by IT data centres goes to servers and that 30% of this energy is wasted on servers that are significantly underutilised. Using virtualization software, a single server can be en-abled to act as multiple servers, dynamically. This approach allows running multiple applications on a single server instead of on several, enabling greater processor and storage utilisation, with re-duced power consumption overall. Server virtualization lowers energy costs, but there are other savings as well. Running fewer servers means less space is needed in data centres [19].
The green agenda also took hold down at the desktop level. Thin-client vendors jumped on the bandwagon at the time, in what was a relatively new move for them. They switched their terminol-ogy to green computing, moving away from the ease of management, and lower cost. The desktop argument hasn’t gone away, even if not many are talking about it.
We will also think of a design idea of green software embodying the adaptability and recycla-bility. The adaptable and recyclable strategy may consist of two phases. The first one is compressing the increasingly deeper software stack; another one is keeping the functionality recycling and code reuse. The adaptability and recyclability mean automatically decomposing the complex software into several parts which are ease to be reused and automatically selecting the feasible parts. And we also explore the system software design path to adaptability and recyclability. (Yuzhong Son and Ying Song) [20]
Predictions and trends related to GC and Green IoT
Based on literature review you can admit that there is an urgent and colossal demand for Green IT awareness and new policies and models. You can add, that the Green Internet of Things is a con-cept which is still spreading, but quantity and quality of research are still not sufficient. The table 1 below presents the current state of the intensified research concerning Green IoT, where the aspects related to energy are taken into account crucial directions to follow.
Table 1: The research concerning Green IoT
Before 2010 2010–2015 2015–2020 Beyond 2020
Vision technology
Low power and low costs
Ubiquitous integra-tion of tags and sen-sor networks
Code in tags and objects
Smart objects everywhere
Use Interoperability
framework (proto-cols and frequen-cies)
Distributed controls and database ad-hoc hybrid net-works harsh environments Global applications self-adaptive sys-tems distributed memory and processing Heterogeneous systems
Devices Smart multi-band
antennas
smaller and cheaper tags higher frequency tags miniaturised and embedded readers Extended range of tags and readers and higher frequencies transmission speed on-chip antennas integration with other materials Executable tags intelligent tags autonomous tags collaborative tags new materials Biodegradable devices nano-power pro-cessing units
Energy Low power chip
sets thin batteries power optimised systems (energy management) Energy harvesting (energy conversion photovoltaic) printed batteries ultra low power chipsets Energy harvesting (biology, chemistry, induction) power generation in hash environments energy recycling Biodegradable batteries wireless power Source: [21].
The above-presented table shows the prospective solutions to aim at – developing environment-friendly batteries and power technology without the use of cables or cords, which obviously implies a smaller impact on the environment.
It companies can also encourage visionary and experimental descriptions of future green IoT technologies and systems. Potential topics can concern:
• Energy efficient communication protocols • Green IoT network architecture
• The role of Business Intelligence and Home Intelligence in ICT Green Ecosystem • Performance analysis for energy efficient IoT communications
• Energy performance measurement and evaluation of IoT communications • Wireless energy transfer for energy efficient IoT
• Green IoT implementation and tests
• Energy efficient localisation technologies in IoT • Big data analysis for energy efficient IoT • Integrate cloud computing with IoT systems
• Renewable energy powered fog computing
• IoT technologies for smart city and smart transportation
• IoT technologies for enhancing energy efficiency in smart grid [22]
Since IT is a very dynamic area, the thematic content of the research interest will change in the forthcoming years [23]. Some of the mentioned aspect may have a wider interest than others. All companies function within supply chains. Business partnership in supply chains has several aspects. One of them is e-logistics [24]. A free research area is Green IT and IoT in supply chains. The increase of sales in e-commerce forces businessman to use new methods of fast analyzing big da-tasets [25]. Moreover the increase of sales in e-commerce leads to a growing forward material flow in logistics within supply chains. This forward material flow will lead to a growing material flow in reverse logistics with a small lag effect. Companies have to adapt Green IT strategies soon in order to be prepared to meet the material flow in reverse logistics. Otherwise Green IT will be a nice concept without a proper realization.
Focusing “internet of things” we are convinced that more and more devices will be connected to internet. This phenomenon shows the need of proper communication between them. Web services may be used for communication between devices [26]. But connecting new devices (e.g. home de-vices) within IoT means that there is a new niche for software companies to extend the functionality of these home devices to be part of IoT.
5. Conclusions
The role of GC and Green IoT in Poland, Bulgaria, India as well as in other countries is signif-icant. Ecology systems, solutions and procedures are used to varying degrees in every company, public institutions and individuals regardless of the type of activity. The level of application of these solutions depends on many factors.
Developed ICT Green Ecosystem can be unique, given its structure and modern equipment used for its construction. As mentioned earlier, the authors’ opinion about an ICT Ecosystem will consist of two sub- systems “green computing” (GC) and Green “Internet of things” (IoT). Its implementa-tion may be a difficult, given certain limitaimplementa-tions. It is important that the system should be controlled by people. Implementing and developing GC and Green IoT actually is quite costly and still in ex-perimental stages.
Each manufacturer has his own strategy for making his devices work in low power consumption mode. This aspect of his good manufacturing practices is part of a corporate Green IT strategy. Each country has its own legal regulations concerning recycling. The possibilities of recycling hardware, described in the national legislation, lead to further steps in their adoption by companies.
Internet of things (IoT) is a comparatively new topic in scientific research. This paper deals with some of the interdisciplinary issues between Green IT and IoT. Future research may focus on other aspects of Green IT and IoT, e.g. Green IT among supply chain partners. Software companies may benefit from IoT, because new devices will be connected to internet. It means that software compa-nies will extend the functionality of devices in order to connect them to IoT.
Information about recycling computer hardware is stored in distributed databases. Creating a common database as a shared repository with information for recycled hardware is important and useful for many people. This common shared repository may be used for knowledge management of recycling in the sphere of green computing. The knowledge management may be focused on
detecting trends and dependencies in green computing. Since these trends influence the life of the whole Earth, it is important to describe and implement this common shared repository in future publications and international project proposals.
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ICT GREEN EKOSYSTEM Streszczenie
Obecnie aspekty dotyczce ochrony rodowiska s istotne. Dotycz one wszystkich obszarów ycia człowieka. Rozwój technologii informacyjnych i komunikacycjnych powoduje, e kwestie ekologii staj si coraz waniejsze. Zatem Green Computing bd zrównowaony rozwój jest nie tylko operacyjnym zuyciem energii oraz sprztu komputerowego, ale take uwzgldnia cykl od produkcji po recykling. W tym artykule autorzy rozwaaj aspekty dotyczce Green Computing i Green Internet of Things. Głównym wyzwaniem w GC i Green IoT jest recykling sprztu oprogramowania, oprogramowania jak równie tuszów i tonerów. Ponadto oszczdzanie energii jest równie wane we wszystkich obszarach IT.
Słowa kluczowe: Technologia Informacyjna, Green Computing, IT w biznesie Zdzisław Pólkowski
The Faculty of Technical Sciences Jan Wy ykowski University ul. Skalników 6b, 59-101 Polkowice e-mail: z.polkowski@ujw.pl Julian Vasilev
University of Economics, Varna
Bul. "Knyaz Boris I" 77, 9002 Varna, Bulgaria e-mail: vasilev@ue-varna.bg
Rashmin Ghandi
Sunshine Group of Institutions, B/H Rangoli Park, Mota Mahuva, Kalawad Road, Rajkot - 360 005, Gujarat, India
