-2$11$6$:,&.$*
3Ïħ12ĝ5('1,2:,(&=1(1$&=<1,$=0,ĉ'=<5=(&=$ 35=<&=<1(.'2678',Ï:1$'32&+2'=(1,(0,8ĩ<7.2:$1,(0
:<52%Ï:6=./$1<&+
CONTRIBUTION TO STUDIES ON THE USE AND ORIGIN 2)/$7(0(',(9$/*/$669(66(/6
9(66(/6)5200,ĉ'=<5=(&=
Abstract: ,QWKHODWHPHGLHYDOVHWWOHPHQWOD\HUVRIWKHJRUGLQ0LĊG]\U]HF]DVPDOOFROOHFWLRQRIJODVV YHVVHOVZDVH[FDYDWHG6HYHUDOIRUPVRIWDEOHZDUHZHUHUHFRQVWUXFWHGDQGUHVHDUFKZDVFRQGXFWHGLQWR WKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHJODVV7KHH[DPLQHGSLHFHRIDYHVVHODQGWKHJODVVLVSRWDVVLXPJODVV ZKLFK FRPHV LQ WZR YDULHWLHV FDOFLXPSRWDVVLXPPDJQHVLXPVLOLFD &D2.220J26L22 DQG FDOFL
XPSRWDVVLXPPDJQHVLXPDOXPLQLXPVLOLFD &D2.220J2$O2O6L22 7KHIRUPVRIWKHYHVVHOVDQG
WKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHH[DPLQHGJODVVLQGLFDWHWKHEDVLFJRRGVPDQXIDFWXUHGLQ&HQWUDO(X URSH
Keywords:ODWH0LGGOH$JHV0LĊG]\U]HF]JRUGJODVVYHVVHOVSRWDVVLXPJODVV
:352:$'=(1,(
5R]ZyM EDGDĔ QDG G]LHMDPL ĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJR L QRZRĪ\WQHJR V]NODUVWZD RSLH UDVLĊZGXĪHMPLHU]HQDQDSá\ZLHQRZ\FKĨUyGHáDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK%DGDQLDZ\ NRSDOLVNRZH SURZDG]RQH QD REV]DUDFK ]DE\WNRZ\FK FHQWUyZ PLDVW Z ]DPNDFK LNODV]WRUDFKGRVWDUF]\á\OLF]Q\FKPDWHULDáyZDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK6WXGLDSRGMĊWHQDG QLPL SR]ZROLá\ RNUHĞOLü V]HURNą SUREOHPDW\NĊ EDGDZF]ą ± RG EDGDĔ QDG KXWQLF WZHPV]NáDWHFKQRORJLąLWHFKQLNą±ZVSRPDJDQ\FKSU]H]V]HURNRSRMĊWHEDGDQLD ¿]\NRFKHPLF]QHSRUR]OHJáHVWXGLDSRUyZQDZF]HL]ZLą]DQH]W\PSUREOHP\QD ]HZQLFWZDW\SRORJLLLGHQW\¿NDFMLLSRFKRG]HQLDZ\UREyZPLHMVFRZ\FKLPSRUWR 6ODYLD $QWLTXD LX (2019) '2, VD
* 25&,' [ ,QVW\WXW $UFKHRORJLL L (WQRORJLL 3$1 2ĞURGHN 6WXGLyZ 3UD
Joanna Sawicka
ZDQ\FK F]\ GDOHM ± ZNUDF]DMąF\FK Z ]DNUHV Z\PLDQ\ KDQGORZHM L VIHUĊ VWDWXVX VSRáHF]QHJR XĪ\WNRZQLNyZ
3RQLĪHM SU]HGVWDZLRQR PDWHULDá\ SRFKRG]ąFH ] SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK SR]LR PyZ RVDGQLF]\FK JURGX Z 0LĊG]\U]HF]X 2GNU\W\ WDP ]ELyU QDF]\Ĕ V]NODQ\FK SR]\VNDQR SRGF]DV SUDF Z\NRSDOLVNRZ\FK SURZDG]RQ\FK Z UDPDFK EDGDĔ PLOH QLMQ\FKZODWDFK QDVWDQRZLVNX ]DPHN SRF]ąWNRZRSU]H]0X]HXP $UFKHRORJLF]QH Z 3R]QDQLX D RG URNX SU]H] 3UDFRZQLĊ +LVWRULL .XOWXU\ 0DWHULDOQHM=LHPL/XEXVNLHM,+.03$1±SRGNLHURZQLFWZHP6WDQLVáDZD.XUQD WRZVNLHJR%DGDQLDSURZDG]RQRQDG]LHG]LĔFX]DPNXZ]QLHVLRQHJR]DSDQRZDQLD .D]LPLHU]D:LHONLHJRZPLHMVFXZF]HĞQLHMV]HJRJURGX=DáRĪRQRZyZF]DVV]HUHJ Z\NRSyZ EDGDZF]\FK QD PDMGDQLH JURGX L QD WHUHQLH SU]\OHJáHM RVDG\ /LF]Q\ UXFKRP\ PDWHULDá ]DE\WNRZ\ ]DZLHUDá SU]HGPLRW\ ]H V]NáD UyZQLHĪ ]QDOH]LVND áąF]RQH]MHJRSURGXNFMą±2OF]DN 6DZLFND 2GNU\WRGXĪ\]ELyU XáDPNyZ QDF]\Ĕ L QLHOLF]Q\FK ZVSRPQLDQ\FK WX MHG\QLH V]\E SRFKRG]ąF\FK ]ZDUVWZ ] ;,,, L ] ;,9 Z L WH PDWHULDá\ Vą SU]HGPLRWHP SRQLĪV]HJR RSUDFRZD QLD
0LDVWR ORNDF\MQH Z 0LĊG]\U]HF]X ]DáRĪRQH SUDZGRSRGREQLH QD SUDZLH PDJ GHEXUVNLPLVWQLHMHFRQDMPQLHMRGSRáRZ\;,,,ZLHNX1:;,,L;,,,Z±ZRNUHVLH V]\ENLHJR Z]URVWX ]DOXGQLHQLD GRJRGQH SRáRĪHQLH NRPXQLNDF\MQH 0LĊG]\U]HF]D VSU]\MDáR ZF]HVQHPX SRZVWDQLX RVDG\ WDUJRZHM : üZLHUFL ;,,, Z Z RĞURGNX PLĊG]\U]HFNLP ]QDMGRZDá\ VLĊ WU]\ FHQWUDOQH PLHMVFD ]DEXGRZ\ JUyG QD Z\VSLH RVDGD WDUJRZD SRZVWDáD Z SRáRZLH ;,, Z L SLHUZV]H PLDVWR ORNDF\MQH ]DáRĪR QH RNRáR SRáRZ\ ;,,, Z QD SyáQRFQ\P EU]HJX 2EU\ 6SDORQ\ Z URNX JUyG RGEXGRZDQR D ĞZLDGHFWZD DUFKHRORJLF]QH ZVND]XMą QD MHJR LQWHQV\ZQH XĪ\WNR ZDQLHMDNRVLHG]LE\NDV]WHODQLL .XUQDWRZVNLV =QDOH]LVNDDUFKHROR JLF]QH SRFKRG]ąFH ] WHJR RNUHVX WDNĪH ] SyĨQLHMV]HJR EXGRZ\ ]DPNX SRĞZLDGF]DMą SU]HE\ZDQLH Z JURG]LH ]DáRJL ZRMVNRZHM 2ERN OLF]Q\FK PLOLWDULyZ RGQRWRZDQRZ\UDĨQHĞODG\REHFQRĞFL]ZáDV]F]DZID]DFKPáRGV]\FKSU]HGVWDZL FLHOLyZF]HVQHMHOLW\ZáDG]\ĝZLDGF]ąRW\PPLĊG]\LQQ\PLOXNVXVRZHSU]HGPLR W\ ]ZLą]DQH ] Z\SRVDĪHQLHP MHĨG]LHFNLP PLV\ ĪHOD]QH VWLOXV\ R]GREQH REXZLH F]ĊĞFL VWURMX ¿JXU\ L NDPLHQLH GR JLHU QLHOLF]QH Z\URE\ ]áRWQLF]H F]\ R]GREQH RNXFLHNVLĊJL]NDZDáNLHPRSUDZ\VNyU]DQHM]GRELRQHMZL]HUXQNLHPRUáDSLDVWRZ VNLHJR .XUQDWRZVNL 1DOHSD V L Q %DQDFK .XUQDWRZVNL 8UEDĔVND àRVLĔVND=DPHOVND0RQF]DNV 2F]\ZLVW\PX]XSHáQLHQLHPW\FK LQZHQWDU]\VąQDF]\QLDV]NODQHħUyGáDSLVDQHQLHSRGDMąĞFLĞOHMV]\FKGDWEXGRZ\ PXURZDQHJR ]DPNX ORNRZDQHJR QD JURG]LH L NRĔF]ąFHJR GáXJL RNUHV MHJR HJ]\ VWHQFML:LDGRPRW\ONRLĪZHGáXJNURQLNL-DQND]&]DUQNRZDJáyZQ\HWDSEXGR
1 :LDGRPRĞFL R Z SHáQL MXĪ PLHMVNLP FKDUDNWHU]H 0LĊG]\U]HF]D ]DZLHUD GRNXPHQW ] URNX
1DMZF]HĞQLHMV]D Z]PLDQND ĨUyGHá SLVDQ\FK R LVWQLHQLX NDV]WHODQLL PLĊG]\U]HFNLHM SRFKRG]L ] U .XUQDWRZVNL 1DOHSD V L Q
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D Z\]DF]ąáVLĊRNRáRSRáRZ\;,9ZLHNX .XUQDWRZVNL .RĔF]\áVLĊZyZF]DV GáXJL RNUHV XĪ\WNRZDQLD ]DáRĪHQLD JURGRZHJR 32'67$:$ħ5Ï'à2:$ 0LĊG]\U]HFNL]ELyUĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKQDF]\ĔV]NODQ\FK]DZLHUDRNRáRQLH ZLHONLFKIUDJPHQWyZQDF]\ĔVWRáRZ\FK±SR]\VNDQ\FKMHGQDN]GREU]HXGRNXPHQ WRZDQ\FK L QLH]DEXU]RQ\FK SR]LRPyZ RVDGQLF]\FK JURGX ] Z\NRSX QU , ]DáRĪRQHJR QD PDMGDQLH JURGX
6WDQ]DFKRZDQLDWHJR]ELRUXQLHMHVW]DGRZDODMąF\=QDF]QHUR]GUREQLHQLHPD WHULDáX QLH SR]ZROLáR QD SHáQą UHNRQVWUXNFMĊ IRUP QDF]\Ĕ D GDOHNR SRVXQLĊWD NR UR]MD XQLHPRĪOLZLáD V]F]HJyáRZH REVHUZDFMH PDNURVNRSRZH SU]H]URF]\VWRĞü F]\ EDUZDV]NLHá LZ\NRQDQLHZLĊNV]HMVHULLDQDOL]¿]\NRFKHPLF]Q\FK22EDUG]R]á\P VWDQLH;,,,L;,9ZLHF]Q\FKV]NLHá GDOHNR]DDZDQVRZDQDNRUR]MD MHV]F]HZWUDN FLHSUDFZ\NRSDOLVNRZ\FKSLVDáZG]LHQQLNDFKEDGDĔ6WDQLVáDZ.XUQDWRZVNL5R] ZDĪDQLD R HZHQWXDOQ\P SRFKRG]HQLX QDF]\Ĕ PRĪQD UR]SDWU\ZDü MHG\QLH QD SRGVWDZLH]QDF]QLH]XQL¿NRZDQ\FKZĞUHGQLRZLHF]XLFKIRUP3LHUZV]HQLHOLF]QH ]QDOH]LVND V]NODQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ SRFKRG]ą ] ID] RVDGQLF]\FK ] SLHUZV]HM SRáRZ\ ;,,,ZRVWDWQLHSRMHG\QF]H]ID]\RVDGQLF]HMGDWRZDQHMQDRVWDWQLHGZXG]LHVWR OHFLH ;,9 Z ± F]DVX EXGRZ\ ND]LPLHU]RZVNLHJR ]DPNX = F]DVyZ HJ]\VWRZDQLD ]DPNX SRFKRG]L NROHNFMD SyĨQLHMV]\FK V]NLHá SR]\VNDQD SRGF]DV LQZHQWDU\]DFML DUFKLWHNWRQLF]QHM 1LH MHVW RQD WHPDWHP WHJR RSUDFRZDQLD
2 2SLVXMąF XáDPNL QDF]\Ĕ EDUZĊ L VWRSLHĔ SU]H]URF]\VWRĞFL V]NáD ]DPLHV]F]DQR MHG\QLH SU]\
IUDJPHQWDFK QLHVNRURGRZDQ\FK
5\F0LĊG]\U]HF]VWDQJUyG)UDJPHQW\ĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKQDF]\ĔV]NODQ\FK]SR]LRPX RVDGQLF]HJR]RNUHVX ±ODWD;,,,ZLHNX
Joanna Sawicka
./$6<),.$&-$
3U]\MĊWRSURVWąNODV\¿NDFMĊĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKQDF]\ĔVWRáRZ\FKVWRVRZDQąRG ODW SU]H] EDGDF]\ F]HVNLFK )U\GD 6HGODþNRYD ýHUQD )UêGD ± V]NODQLFHZ\VRNLHLQLVNLH SXFKDUNL EXWHONL NDUDINL G]EDQNLLPLVNL WDEHOD
7DEHOD=HVWDZLHQLHZSR]LRPDFKRVDGQLF]\FKIUDJPHQWyZQDF]\Ĕ]JURGXZ0LĊG]\U]HF]X
)D]\RVDGQLF]H 6]NODQLFHSXFKDUNL 0LVHF]NL %XWHONL ']EDQNL
)UD JP HQW \ SO DV W\F ]Q\F K ]GREL Q QL HRNUH ĞO RQ\F K EO LĪ HM QD F] \Ĕ 1LHRNUH ĞORQH 5D]HP ;,,,ZGR U 1 ODWD;,,,Z 1 /DWD;,,,Z± SRá;,9Z 1 1 3Rá;,9±SRá ;,9Z 1 20 .RQLHFLSRF]ąWHN üZ;,9Z 10 2 5D]HP 1 2 6]NODQLFHLSXFKDUNL 6ą WR QDMF]ĊĞFLHM VSRW\NDQH SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QH QDF]\QLD VWRáRZH =GRELRQH Vą RUQDPHQWHP SODVW\F]Q\P ± SU]HZDĪQLH JX]RZ\P QDNáDGDQ\P F]ĊVWR ZUD] ] QLWNą V]NODQą : ]ELRU]H ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D GR WHM JUXS\ ]DOLF]RQR SRGREQLH MDN QD ZLHOX LQQ\FK ĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK VWDQRZLVNDFK MHG\QLH XáDPNL W\FK QDF]\Ĕ 5R]ZDĪDQLDRW\SRORJLLPRĪOLZHVąW\ONRZVWRSQLXRJUDQLF]RQ\P±MHG\QLHZNLO NXSU]HGVWDZLRQ\FKSRQLĪHMSU]\SDGNDFKPRĪQDE\áREOLĪHMRNUHĞOLüSU]\SXV]F]DO Qą IRUPĊ QDF]\QLD
= PDá\PL Z\MąWNDPL PRĪQD ]DOLF]\ü WH SR]RVWDáRĞFL GR JUXS\ QLVNLFK SXFKDU NyZ5HSUH]HQWXMąUyĪQHNV]WDáW\EU]XĞFyZ±SURVWHF\OLQGU\F]QHNRQLF]QHLRZR LGDOQH &]ĊVWR PDMą Z\ZLQLĊW\ Z\OHZ ] SRJUXELRQą NUDZĊG]Lą L SUDZLH ]DZV]H VWRSNĊ XWZRU]RQą SU]H] GROHSLHQLH ZDáND OXE U]DG]LHM SáDVNLHM OLVWZ\ &]\WHOQH Z NLONX SU]\SDGNDFK GQD Vą ZHSFKQLĊWH GR ZHZQąWU] =GRELHQLD WR JX]\ VRSOH LQLWNL ± FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHGODĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKQDF]\ĔZW\PSU]HGHZV]\VWNLP GOD SXFKDUNyZ L V]NODQLF
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D
*X]\UHSUH]HQWXMąWU]\JáyZQHW\S\FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]QHGODQDF]\Ĕ]WHJRRNUH VXRNUHĞORQHSU]H]-HU]HJR2OF]DND 2OF]DN-DVLHZLF]RZD V :\NRQD QR MH QDOHSLDMąF EU\áNL V]NáD QD NRUSXV QDF]\QLD L WDP IRUPXMąF GR RGSRZLHGQLHJR NV]WDáWX
± PDáH R ĞUHGQLF\ RNRáR FP OHNNR VNUĊFRQH JX]NL W\SX a Z\VWąSLá\ QD IUDJPHQWDFKEU]XĞFyZEOLĪHMQLHNUHĞORQ\FKQDF]\ĔRUD]QDGZyFKQDF]\QLDFKNWy U\FK IRUPĊ PRĪQD E\áR EOLĪHM RNUHĞOLü ± SXFKDUNX W\SX 6FKDIIKDXVHU U\F
5\F0LĊG]\U]HF]VWDQJUyGĝUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLDV]NODQH]SR]LRPXRVDGQLF]HJR ]ODW;,,,±SRá;,9ZLHNX
Joanna Sawicka
]GRELRQ\P GRGDWNRZR NREDOWRZą OLVWZą L QD GXĪHM F\OLQGU\F]QHM V]NODQLF\ U\F 7HJRW\SXJX]NLSRMDZLDMąVLĊZRVWDWQLHMüZLHUFL;,,,ZQDQDF]\QLDFK SURGXNRZDQ\FKZSyáQRFQRZVFKRGQLHM(XURSLH±JáyZQLHZKXWDFKF]HVNLFKLSR áXGQLRZRQLHPLHFNLFK,QVSLUDFMąGODWHJRW\SX]GRELHĔV]F]HJyOQLHGODZLĊNV]\FK JX]NyZ E\á\ SXFKDUNL LVODPVNLH 0HGLHYDO JODVV« V 1DF]\QLD ]GR ELRQHWHJRW\SXJX]DPLWRUyĪQHJRURG]DMXQLVNLHV]NODQLFHRUR]FK\ORQ\FKZ\OH ZDFK OXE SyĨQLHMV]H Z\VRNLH V]NODQLFH ÀHWRZDWH :VSyáF]HVQH RND]RP PLĊG]\U]HFNLP Vą ]QDOH]LVND ]H ĝOąVND %LV]NRQW 6LHPLDQRZVND D (OEOąJD L 7RUXQLD *RáĊELHZVNL 1DZUROVND .UDNRZD .UDNyZ«
± ZLĊNV]H JX]NL R ĞUHGQLF\ QDZHW FP W\SX c ± QD VRSODFK QDOHSLRQ\FK QD NRUSXV QDF]\QLD 6Sá\ZDMąFH V]NáR ]RVWDáR Z GROQHM SDUWLL XIRUPRZDQH Z ]D NUĊFRQ\ JX]HN U\F : 0LĊG]\U]HF]X RGNU\WR MHG\QLH PDáH IUDJPHQW\ WDNLFKJX]NyZ/LF]QLHMZ\VWĊSXMąQDĝOąVNX %LV]NRQWV 1DSRGVWDZLH ]QDOH]LVN WHJR W\SX JX]NyZ QD QDF]\QLDFK ] F]HVNLHJR 0RVWX ]UHNRQVWUXRZDQR SXFKDUHN R NRQLF]Q\P EU]XĞFX L Z\OHZLH ]GRELRQ\P GRGDWNRZR QLFLą V]NODQą 8ZDĪD VLĊ ĪH MHVW WR LPSRUW ] KXW QLHPLHFNLFK ýHUQD V
±JX]NLW\SXd±VRSOH±VąZ\]QDF]QLNLHPRNUHĞORQHJRW\SXQDF]\Ĕ±SXFKDU NyZ W\SX 5LSSHQEHFKHU NWyUH ]RVWDá\ RPyZLRQH SRQLĪHM
2UQDPHQW\QLFLV]NODQHM]DFKRZDQHSU]HZDĪQLHZXáDPNDFKWRSU]HGHZV]\VW NLP SODVW\F]QH OLVWZ\ QDOHSLRQH WXĪ SRG NUDZĊG]Lą Z GZyFK SU]\SDGNDFK ]GR ELRQH NDUERZDQLHP U\F Z MHGQ\P ]H V]NáD EDUZ\ FLHPQRQLHELHVNLHM SUDZGRSRGREQLH EDUZLRQ\P WOHQNLHP NREDOWX 2GQRWRZDQR UyZQLHĪ ]GRELQĊ Z SRVWDFL SáDVNLHM OLVWZ\ ]H V]NáD LQQHM EDUZ\ QLHF]\WHOQD WXĪ SRG Z\OHZHP U\F =GRELHQLH SU]\VSDMDQą SU]HZDĪQLH SR]LRPą QLWNą V]NODQą F]DVDPL R UyĪQHM JUXERĞFL L Z UyĪQHM NRQ¿JXUDFML Z\VWĊSXMH X QDF]\Ĕ UyĪQ\FK W\SyZ ÀDV]HZ\VRNLHV]NODQLFHG]EDQ\ :(OEOąJXZQDZDUVWZLHQLDFK]SU]HáRPX;,,, L ;,9 Z ]QDOH]LRQR V]HUHJ XáDPNyZ ]GRELRQ\FK SODVW\F]Qą OLVWZą ]DVWRVRZDQą ]DUyZQRMDNR]GRELQDNRUSXVXMDNLSU]\IRUPRZDQLXVWRSNLSU]\QLVNLFKSXFKDU NDFK GR SLFLD RUD] SR]LRPR F]ĊVWR SU]\ SU]HMĞFLX V]\MNL Z EU]XVLHF *RáĊELHZVNL WDE L : 0LĊG]\U]HF]X XáDPNL WDN ]GRELRQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ Vą ]DFKRZDQH IUDJPHQWDU\F]QLH
1LHZLHONL IUDJPHQW QDF]\QLD ]GRELRQHJR SURVWą QLWNą V]NODQą SU]\ SU]HMĞFLX V]\MNL Z EU]XVLHF RGNU\WR Z SR]LRPDFK RVDGQLF]\FK ] SRáRZ\ ;,,, Z L ]RVWDá SU]HEDGDQ\ ¿]\NRFKHPLF]QLH WDEHOD 7HQ IUDJPHQW ]QDOH]LRQR ZUD] ] QLHZLHO NLP R ĞUHGQLF\ RNRáR PP SODVW\F]Q\P JX]NLHP XWZRU]RQ\P SU]H] Z\FLąJ QLĊFLH ] NRUSXVX QDF]\QLD Z\NRQDQ\P ] F]DUQHJR QLHSU]HMU]\VWHJR V]NáD 6ą WR QDMZF]HĞQLHMV]H SRMHG\QF]H ]QDOH]LVND V]NODQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ QD W\P VWDQRZLVNX
= QLFL L ZDáHF]NyZ V]NODQ\FK UyĪQ\FK UR]PLDUyZ L NV]WDáWyZ D Z NLONX SU]\ SDGNDFK QLFL SRGZyMQHM XIRUPRZDQR VWRSNL : MHGQ\P SU]\SDGNX QLü WZRU]ąFD
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D
VWRSNĊ MHVW XIRUPRZDQD QDU]ĊG]LHP Z RUQDPHQW ÄSHUHáNRZ\´ U\F L Z NLONX LQQ\FKQLHZLHONLFKIUDJPHQWDFKSRNDUERZDQD6WRSNLXWZRU]RQH]QLFLZDáNDF]\ SODVW\F]QHMOLVWZ\VąSRZV]HFKQLHVSRW\NDQHZUyĪQ\FKW\SDFKVWRáRZ\FKQDF]\Ĕ 3RGREQLHNDUERZDQHVWRSNLZ;,,,L;,9ZZ\VWĊSXMąZUyĪQHJRURG]DMXQLVNLFK SXFKDUNDFK 5D]HP ] PLVHF]NRZDW\PL Z\OHZDPL ]QDOH]LRQ\PL Z 0LĊG]\U]HF]X PRĪQDWDNLHVWRSNLKLSRWHW\F]QLHáąF]\ü]SXFKDUNDPLRNUHĞORQ\PLSU]H]))U\GĊ MDNR W\S ,9 OXE LQDF]HM 6FKDIIKDXVHU %HFKHU ± UyĪQ\FK W\SyZ QLVNLH SXFKDUNL
5\F0LĊG]\U]HF]VWDQJUyGĝUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLDV]NODQH]SR]LRPXRVDGQLF]HJR ]SRá;,9ZLHNX
Joanna Sawicka
]JX]DPLLZ\OHZHPZ\UDĨQLHRGG]LHORQ\PRGEU]XĞFDQLFLąV]NODQą/LF]QH]QD OH]LVND W\FK QDF]\Ĕ ]QDQH Vą ] RĞURGNyZ PLHMVNLFK ] 1LHPLHF 6]ZDMFDULL 0H GLHYDO *ODVV« $UQGW V 5|EHU V 7DNLH QDF]\QLD SURGXNRZDQR RG ;,;,, Z Z .RU\QFLH L SyĨQLHM SUDZGRSRGREQLH QD WHUHQDFK ZáRVNLHM$SXOLL:(XURSLH]DDOSHMVNLHM]QDQHVąRG;,9Z +DUGHQ V 1D XZDJĊ ]DVáXJXMH IUDJPHQW VWRSNL PDMąFHM FKDUDNWHU RGSDGX SURGXNF\MQHJR ± XIRUPRZDQHMSU]H]GROHSLHQLHGRNRUSXVXQDF]\QLDRNUąJáHMSRNDUERZDQHMRĞUHG QLF\ PP QLFL V]NODQHM .RUSXV L QLü Vą ]QLHNV]WDáFRQH U\F
:]PLDQNRZDQ\ Z\ĪHM VWDQ ]DFKRZDQLD IUDJPHQWyZ QDF]\Ĕ ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D SR]ZROLá SU]HGVWDZLü SRQLĪHM SUyEĊ UHNRQVWUXNFML MHG\QLH NLONX W\SyZ QDF]\Ĕ
3XFKDUNLW\SX6FKDIIKDXVHU (6FKDIIKDXVHU%HFKHU ±RNUHĞODQHWDNZOLWHUDWXU]H QLHPLHFNLHM %DXPJDUWQHU V )UDQWLãHN )U\GD RNUHĞOLá MH MDNR W\S ,9 ± þLãH V QiOHS\ V 6ą WR QLVNLH SXFKDUNL ] UyĪQLH XNV]WDáWRZDQ\P Z\ OHZHP ]GRELRQH UyĪQHM ZLHONRĞFL JX]NDPL W\SX ÄD´ L QLWNą V]NODQą F]ĊVWR RGG]LHODMąFąZ\OHZRGEU]XĞFD6WRSNLZ\NRQDQHVą]]DZLQLĊWHMSODVW\F]QHMQLFL QLHNLHG\ SRNDUERZDQHM GQD ZHSFKQLĊWH GR ĞURGND = MHGQ\P ] ZDULDQWyZ WHJR W\SX QDF]\Ĕ ,9 PRĪQD áąF]\ü ]QDOH]LRQ\ Z SR]LRPLH RVDGQLF]\P ] SRáRZ\ ;,9 ± SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z IUDJPHQW SXFKDUND R OHNNR SĊNDW\P EU]XĞFX L QDFK\OR Q\PGRZHZQąWU]EU]HJXĝUHGQLFDEU]HJXFPJUXERĞüĞFLDQNLPP%U]HJ MHVW]DRNUąJORQ\LSRQLĪHMNUDZĊG]L]GRELRQ\SODVW\F]QąOHNNRVSáDV]F]RQąFLHP QRQLHELHVNąQLFLąV]NODQą SUDZGRSRGREQLH]HV]NáDEDUZLRQHJR]ZLą]NDPLNREDO WX 3RQLĪHM WHM OLVWZ\ EU]XVLHF MHVW ]GRELRQ\ SRMHG\QF]\PL SODVW\F]Q\PL QDOHSLRQ\PL JX]NDPL XIRUPRZDQ\PL SU]H] ]DNUĊFHQLH SDVPD V]NáD 6]NáR ELDáH SU]H]URF]\VWH ] OHNNą SRZLHU]FKQLRZą NRUR]Mą U\F
.LOND IUDJPHQWyZ ZLĊNV]\FK JX]NyZ PRJáR QDOHĪHü GR SXFKDUNyZ RJyOQLH ]QDQ\FK MDNR 1XSSHQEHFKHU\ SURGXNRZDQH Z QLHPLHFNLFK KXWDFK RG ;,,, Z NWyU\FK RGPLDQą MHVW RSLVDQ\ SRZ\ĪHM SXFKDUHN W\SX 6FKDIIKDXVHU
1DF]\QLD UyĪQ\FK ZDULDQWyZ WHJR W\SX ]QDMGRZDQH Vą SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP QD REV]DUDFK &]HFK 1LHPLHF 6]ZDMFDULL Z SR]LRPDFK RVDGQLF]\FK ] ;,9;9 ZLH NX : 3ROVFH ]QDMGRZDQR MH QD ĝOąVNX :URFáDZ /HJQLFD /ZyZHN ĝOąVNL ± %LV]NRQW V Z (OEOąJX *RáĊELHZVNL V U\F 1DNOH LĝZLHFLX &LHSLHOD DV EV 3XFKDUHNRF\OLQGU\F]Q\PNRU SXVLH ] ÄNLHOLFKRZDW\P´ SUDZGRSRGREQLH NRQLF]Q\P EU]HJLHP L JX]NDPL W\SX a]QDOH]LRQRZ;,9ZLHF]Q\FKSR]LRPDFKRVDGQLF]\FK.UDNRZD .UDNyZ« V =GRELHQLH NREDOWRZą QLFLą VSRW\NDQH MHVW F]ĊVWR QD QDF]\QLDFK ] WHUHQX 1LHPLHF 6]ZDMFDULL &]HFK QLHNLHG\ SURGXNFMĊ EH]EDUZQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ ]GRELRQ\FK NREDOWRZą QLFLą ZLąĪH VLĊ ] KXWDPL F]HVNLPL 6WHSSXKQ V :\VWĊSXMH ZUyĪQHMNRQ¿JXUDFML:\OHZSRGREQHJRSXFKDUNDGDWRZDQHJRQDSRF]ąWHN;9Z
2 SXFKDUNDFK WHJR W\SX L SUyELH V\VWHPDW\NL EOLĪHM - %LV]NRQW V L WDP GDOV]D OLWH
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D ]QDOH]LRQRZ/QHEXUJX *ODVNXOWXU«V :]HVSROHQDF]\Ĕ]%UDW\VáD Z\ SRGREQ\ RND] R OHNNR EHF]XáNRZDW\P NRUSXVLH GDWRZDQR QD ;,,,;,9 Z 6HGODþNRYD 5RKDQRYi /HViN âLPRQþLþRYi.RyãRYi ¿J 1DF]\QLH ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D Z\NRQDQH ] SU]H]URF]\VWHJR ELDáHJR GREU]H Z\NODURZDQHJR V]NáDEDUG]RGREUHMMDNRĞFLE\áRSURGXNWHPOXNVXVRZ\PZ\VRNRZ\VSHFMDOL]RZD QHM KXW\
3XFKDUNL ] SLRQRZ\PL ĪHEHUNDPL ULEEHG EHDNHUV þLãN\ V WDåHQêPL NDSNDPL 5LSSHQEHFKHU) :\]QDF]QLNLHP WHJR W\SX QDF]\Ĕ R UyĪQ\FK NV]WDáWDFK MHVW FKD UDNWHU\VW\F]Q\ SODVW\F]Q\ RUQDPHQW Z SRVWDFL QDOHSLRQ\FK GáXJLFK VRSOL QLHNLHG\ GRGDWNRZR ]GRELRQ\FK JX]NDPL V]NáD LQQHM EDUZ\ 6RSOH WDNLH ± JX]NL W\SX d ZHGáXJ - 2OF]DND ± Z\VWĊSXMąFH QD EU]XĞFX QDF]\QLD Z XNáDG]LH ZHUW\NDOQ\P SRZVWDMą SU]H] QDWDSLDQLH QD NRUSXV QDF]\QLD EU\áHN V]NáD NWyUH NV]WDáW X]\VNL ZDá\ SU]H] VSá\QLĊFLH GR VWRSNL 6WRSNĊ IRUPRZDQR SU]H] QDZLQLĊFLH QLHNLHG\ ZLHORNURWQHM QLFL -HVW WR QDMEDUG]LHM FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\ W\S ĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK QL VNLFK V]NODQLF QD SyáQRF RG$OS
1DMVWDUV]H QDF]\QLD WHJR W\SX SRMDZLDMą VLĊ Z (XURSLH Z ;,, Z D UR]SR ZV]HFKQLDMąZZLHNDFK;,,,;9 +DJJUpQ6HGOiþNRYD 6FKWWH =QDM GRZDQH Vą QD WHUHQLH ĞURGNRZHM (XURS\ &]HFK 0RUDZ 3RPRU]D (VWRQLL 2G SRáRZ\ ;,,, Z áąF]\ VLĊ MH ] ]DFKRGQLRF]HVNLPL KXWDPL L ] QLHNWyU\PL SUDFRZ QLDPL QLHPLHFNLPL -HGQR]QDF]QLH RNUHĞODQH Vą MDNR Z\UyE OXNVXVRZ\ ± GOD ER JDWHJR SDWU\FMDWX L V]ODFKW\ =QDQ\ MHVW SU]\SDGHN XĪ\FLD WDNLHJR SXFKDUND MDNR UHOLNZLDU]D±ZNODV]WRU]HZ5HKQLHZ0HNOHPEXUJLL +DJJUpQ6HGOiþNRYD V L Q 1DF]\QLD WDNLH ]QDOH]LRQR Z ZDUVWZDFK ] üZLHUFL ;,9 Z Z 7R UXQLXL(OEOąJX *RáĊELHZVNL V ĝZLHFLX.UDNRZLHL:DUV]DZLH &LH SLHOD D :LĊFHM]QDOH]LVNSRFKRG]L]WHUHQyZĝOąVND±]NODV]WRUXZ-DZRU]H /HJQLF\ L ] :URFáDZLD %LV]NRQW +DJJUpQ 6HGOiþNRYD V 6LH PLDQRZVND V
3XFKDUNL]0LĊG]\U]HF]D]DFKRZDá\VLĊZQLHZLHONLFKIUDJPHQWDFK1LHPRĪQD EOLĪHM RNUHĞOLü LFK IRUP\ 2UQDPHQW UHSUH]HQWXMH SURVWV]ą RGPLDQĊ ± EH] QDOHSLR Q\FKQDVRSODFKQLHZLHONLFKJX]NyZ)UDJPHQW\W\FKQDF]\ĔSRMDZLDMąVLĊZ0LĊ G]\U]HF]XZQDZDUVWZLHQLDFKSRZVWDá\FKSR ULKLSRWHW\F]QLHPRĪQD]DOLF]\ü MH GR ZF]HĞQLHMV]\FK IRUP ± QLVNLFK V]NODQLF R RZRLGDOQ\P EU]XĞFX L SUDZGRSR GREQLH PLVHF]NRZDW\P Z\OHZLH U\F L U\F &]WHU\ QLHZLHONLH XáDPNL JX]NyZ ]QDOH]LRQR UyZQLHĪ Z SyĨQLHMV]\FK QDZDUVWZLHQLDFK ] SRáRZ\ ;,9 ZLHNX U\F 5yZQLHĪ L Z W\P SU]\SDGNX QLH PRĪQD RNUHĞOLü IRUP\ QDF]\QLDSRGREQLHMDNZSU]\SDGNXGZyFKPLVHF]NRZDW\FKFLHQNRĞFLHQQ\FKZ\ OHZyZ R ĞUHGQLF\ RNRáR FP FKDUDNWHU\VW\F]Q\FK GOD WHJR W\SX QDF]\Ĕ -HGHQ ] GREU]H ]DFKRZDQ\FK IUDJPHQWyZ Z\NRQDQ\ ]RVWDá ] ROLZNRZR]LHORQHJR SU]H ]URF]\VWHJR V]NáD ÄOHĞQHJR´ U\F
Joanna Sawicka
3XFKDUNLEH]RUQDPHQWX
: ]ELRU]H IUDJPHQWyZ QDF]\Ĕ ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D MHGQR ] F]ĊĞFLRZR ]UHNRQVWUX RZDQ\FKQDF]\ĔWRQLVNLSXFKDUHNEH]]GRELQRSURVW\POHNNRZ\GĊW\PEU]XĞFX L ]DRNUąJORQ\P EU]HJX 'QR ZHSFKQLĊWH ] Z\UDĨQ\P ĞODGHP SU]\OHSLDND L VSáDV]F]RQ\P GRRNROQ\P ZDáHF]NLHP ĝUHGQLFD EU]HJX FP SU]\EOLĪRQD Z\ VRNRĞü FP 1DF]\QLH Z\NRQDQR ] ]LHORQRROLZNRZHJR ÄOHĞQHJR´ SU]H]URF]\ VWHJR V]NáD =RVWDáR ]QDOH]LRQH Z SR]LRPLH RVDGQLF]\P ] NRĔFD L SRF]ąWNX üZLHUFL;,9ZLHNX3XFKDUNLEH]RUQDPHQWXGDWRZDQHQDZLHN;9]QDOH]LRQH Z(OEOąJXL:URFáDZLX %LV]NRQWV UyĪQLá\VLĊMHGQDNRGHJ]HPSODU]D PLĊG]\U]HFNLHJR NWyU\ SU]\SRPLQD QLH]GRELRQH SXFKDUNL ]QDQH SR SRáRZLH ;,9 Z ] WHUHQX 0RUDZ SURGXNRZDQH Z PLHMVFRZ\FK KXWDFK 6HGOiþNRYD V
6]NODQLFH Z\VRNLH ÀHWRZDWH
6]NODQLFH ÀHWRZDWH Vą X]QDZDQH SU]H] EDGDF]\ F]HVNLFK ]D QDMEDUG]LHM SR ZV]HFKQą IRUPĊ V]NODQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ VWRáRZ\FK Z &]HFKDFK Z ĞUHGQLRZLHF]X þLãH þHVNHKRW\SXSLãWDORYHN\MRYLWp 3RZV]HFKQHVąZW\PF]DVLHUyZQLHĪQDREV]D UDFK 1LHPLHF JG]LH IRUP\ L ]GRELQ\ RNUHĞODMą LFK QD]Z\ ± .HXOHQJODV 6WDQJHQ JODV 3DVVJODV 3U]\SXV]F]D VLĊ ĪH SLHUZRWQLH QDF]\QLD WH VSURZDG]RQR GR (XURS\ SU]H] U\FHU]\ ]DNRQX NU]\ĪDFNLHJR ] 6\ULL OXE 3DOHVW\Q\ X VFK\áNX ;,,,ZLHNX:&]HFKDFKSRMDZLDMąVLĊZW\PVDP\PF]DVLHMDNRSURGXNW\PLHMVFRZH LVWDMąVLĊW\SRZ\PGZRUVNLPLPLHV]F]DĔVNLPQDF]\QLHPVWRáRZ\P 0DUNLHZLF] V *UXSD V]NODQLF ÀHWRZDW\FK REHMPXMH UyĪQH ZDULDQW\ W\FK QDF]\Ĕ ± R RGPLHQQ\FK IRUPDFK L UR]PLDUDFK NRQLF]QD PDF]XJRZDWD F]\ ]GRELHQLDFK UyĪQH URG]DMH JX]NyZ :\VRNLH L EDUG]R ZąVNLH OHNNR VWRĪNRZDWH V]NODQLFH ZHGáXJ W\SRORJLL ) )U\G\ W\S , SRMDZLDMą VLĊ SU]HG SRáRZą ;,9 ZLHNX
'RV]NODQLFZ\VRNLFKZ]ELRU]H]0LĊG]\U]HF]D]DOLF]RQRGZDSU]\GHQQHIUDJ PHQW\ UHSUH]HQWXMąFH RGPLHQQH W\S\ QDF]\Ĕ 3LHUZV]\ ] QLFK WR IUDJPHQW VWRSNL PDáHM L EDUG]R ZąVNLHM V]NODQLF\ ĝUHGQLFD VWRSNL Z\QRVL FP EU]XĞFD RNRáR FP 1DF]\QLH MHVW FLHQNRĞFLHQQH VWRSNĊ NWyUD QLH ]DFKRZDáD VLĊ Z FDáRĞFL Z\NRQDQR]SáDVNLHMOLVWZ\)UDJPHQW\WHRGNU\WRZQDZDUVWZLHQLDFKGDWRZDQ\FK PLĊG]\ URNLHP D ODWDPL ;,,, ZLHNX WDEOLFD :F]HĞQLHMV]\ RND] WDNLHM V]NODQLF\ GDWRZDQ\ KLSRWHW\F]QLH QD SRáRZĊ ;,,, Z ]QDOH]LRQR Z *áR JRZLH %LV]NRQWV :SU]\SDGNXQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]DPRĪQDSU]\ Mąü ĪH UHSUH]HQWXMH VWDUV]ą IRUPĊ FR PRĪH WáXPDF]\ü QLHW\SRZą PDáą VWRSNĊ 2ND]\RSRUyZQ\ZDOQ\FKĞUHGQLFDFKEU]XĞFDZąVNLHLZ\VRNLHRGNU\WRQDĝOąVNX ± Z 1\VLH L /HJQLF\ Z (OEOąJX F]\ VDNVRĔVNLP )UHLEHUJX %LV]NRQW WDE E F WDE D V 1DZUROVND V %HXWPDQQ V U\F 0LDá\ RNRáR FP ĞUHGQLF\ MHGQDN ]QDF]QLH V]HUV]ą VWRSNĊ XIRUPRZDQą SU]H] QDOHSLHQLH SáDVNLHM OLVWZ\ L SRFKRG]Lá\ ] ;,9 ZLHNX 2SUyF] OLF]Q\FK ]QDOH]LVN ]H ĝOąVND V]NODQLFH ÀHWRZDWH Vą SRZV]HFKQLH VSRW\NDQH Z ;,9 L ;9 Z ]DUyZ QR QD VWDQRZLVNDFK PLHMVNLFK MDN L ]DPNDFK L GZRUDFK 0áRGV]H HJ]HPSODU]H
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D
Z\VWĊSRZDá\ Z 3ROVFH MHV]F]H Z ;9,, ZLHNX 2OF]DN V 2SLQLD EDGD F]\RSRFKRG]HQLXV]NODQLFÀHWRZDW\FKRGNU\W\FKZ3ROVFHMHVWSRG]LHORQD3U]H EDGDQR ¿]\NRFKHPLF]QLH G]LHZLĊü IUDJPHQWyZ WDNLFK QDF]\Ĕ ]H 6WDUHJR 0LDVWD Z:DUV]DZLH GDWRZDQ\FKRGSRáRZ\;9GRüZLHUFL;9,,ZLHNX %DGDQLD Z\ND]Dá\ ĪH SUDZLH ZV]\VWNLH HJ]HPSODU]H ]RVWDá\ Z\SURGXNRZDQH ] ORNDOQ\FK VXURZFyZZUyĪQ\FKNUDMRZ\FKKXWDFKDW\ONRMHGHQHJ]HPSODU]SRFKRG]LSUDZ GRSRGREQLH]&]HFK &LHSLHOD V :SU]\SDGNXZF]HVQHJR]QDOH]LVND ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D WU]HED SU]\Mąü ĪH E\áR LPSRUWHP : SXFKDUDFK ÀHWRZDW\FK SLWR
5\F0LĊG]\U]HF]VWDQJUyGĝUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLDV]NODQH]SR]LRPXRVDGQLF]HJR ]NRĔFDLSRF]ąWNXüZLHUFL;,9ZLHNX
Joanna Sawicka
]DSHZQH SLZR QD FR ZVND]XMą ĨUyGáD LNRQRJUD¿F]QH %LV]NRQW V &LH SLHOD F V
'UXJL ] RGNU\W\FK Z 0LĊG]\U]HF]X IUDJPHQWyZ WR ]DFKRZDQD Z FDáRĞFL VWRS ND R ĞUHGQLF\ FP GXĪHM SUDZGRSRGREQLH Z\VRNLHM FLHQNRĞFLHQQHM JUXERĞü ĞFLDQNL PP L V]HURNLHM V]NODQLF\ ± R SUDZGRSRGREQLH F\OLQGU\F]Q\P EU]XĞFX 6WRSDXIRUPRZDQDSU]H]GROHSLHQLHGRNRUSXVXQDF]\QLDSáDVNLHMZ\SUR¿ORZDQHM OLVWZ\ GáXJRĞü PP ± ] ]DFKRZDQ\P ĞODGHP ]DZLQLĊFLD 'QR ]RVWDáR ZH SFKQLĊWHGRZHZQąWU]]DFKRZDáVLĊĞODGSU]\OHSLDND1DF]\QLHMHVW]GRELRQHQLH ZLHONLPL JX]NDPL ]DFKRZDá\ VLĊ F]WHU\ W\SX a SRZVWDá\PL SU]H] ]DNUĊFHQLH SDVPDV]NáD8NáDGJX]NyZMHVWQLHF]\WHOQ\6]NáRMHVWELDáHSU]H]URF]\VWHROHN NR ĪyáW\P ]DEDUZLHQLX U\F 1DF]\QLH SRFKRG]L ] SR]LRPX GDWRZDQHJR QD NRQLHF L SRF]ąWHN üZLHUFL ;,9 ZLHNX
3U]\SRPLQD RNUHĞORQ\ SU]H] ) )U\GĊ W\S Z\VRNLHM V]NODQLF\ R V]HURNLHM SRG VWDZLH W\S ,, EDQLDVW\P Z JyUQHM F]ĊĞFL EU]XĞFX ]GRELRQ\P JX]NDPL )U\GD V L WDE )RUPą QDZLą]XMH UyZQLHĪ GR V]HURNLFK V]NODQLF W\SX , L SRGREQLH MDN RQH Z PDWHULDáDFK ] WHUHQX &]HFK Z\VWĊSXMH RG SRáRZ\ ;,9 GR SRáRZ\ ;9 ZLHNX
%XWHONLG]EDQNL
:VSRPQLDQ\ QD ZVWĊSLH ]á\ VWDQ ]DFKRZDQLD QDF]\Ĕ ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D Z W\P UyZQLHĪ ]QDF]QH UR]GUREQLHQLH PDWHULDáX QLH SR]ZROLáR QD UHNRQVWUXNFMH W\FK QD F]\Ĕ'RJUXS\WHM]DOLF]RQRMHG\QLHWU]\QLHZLHONLHIUDJPHQW\NWyUHPRĪQDRNUH ĞOLü MDNR SR]RVWDáRĞFL EXWHONL L G]EDQNyZ
%XWHOND "
2GNU\WR QLHZLHONL IUDJPHQW F\OLQGU\F]QHM V]\MNL R ĞUHGQLF\ FP ]GRELRQHM GHOLNDWQ\PLSá\WNLPLSLRQRZ\PLĪáRENDPLXIRUPRZDQ\PLSU]H]RGFLĞQLĊFLHZIRU PLH 1DF]\QLH MHVW FLHQNRĞFLHQQH ± JUXERĞü ĞFLDQNL Z\QRVL PP SU]H] GDOHNR SRVXQLĊWą NRUR]MĊ QLH PRĪQD RGF]\WDü EDUZ\ V]NáD )UDJPHQW\ WH RGNU\WR Z SR ]LRPLH RVDGQLF]\P GDWRZDQ\P QD SRáRZĊ ;,,, ZLHNX U\F
=GRELHQLH V]\MHN EXWHOHN ] RGFLVNDQ\P Z IRUPLH ĪáRENRZDQLHP Z UyĪQ\FK XNáDGDFK SURVW\PGLDJRQDOQ\P E\áRSRZV]HFKQHGODW\FKQDF]\ĔZ;,,,L;,9 ZLHNX3U]HZDĪDMHGQDNRERNSURVW\FKLQLH]GRELRQ\FKV]\MHNRUQDPHQW]QDZL QLĊWHM SODVW\F]QHM QLFL 6WLDI¿QL V Historie« V L Q %XWHONL ;,,, ZLHF]QH ]H ]GRELRQ\PL Z WHQ VSRVyE V]\MNDPL SURGXNRZDQH E\á\ SU]H] ZDUV]WDW\ ZHQHFNLH D ]QDMGRZDQH QD WHUHQLH QLHPDO FDáHM (XURS\ *DVSDUHWWR 7DN MDN Z SU]\SDGNX QLHNWyU\FK LQQ\FK W\SyZ V]NODQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ F]\ UR G]DMyZ LFK ]GREQLFWZD LPSXOV\ L Z]RUFH SU]\ZLH]LRQR ] 3DOHVW\Q\ D ZDUV]WDW\ ZHQHFNLH F]\ ĞUyG]LHPQRPRUVNLH DGDSWRZDá\ WH IRUP\ GOD WHUHQyZ (XURS\ ± ZW\PGRQDMEOLĪV]\FK:LHONRSROVFHZDUV]WDWyZF]HVNLFKF]\QLHPLHFNLFK:F]HV
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D NLFK KXWDFK EXWHONL ]DF]ĊWR SURGXNRZDü RG SU]HáRPX;,,,;,9 Z ± ZF]HĞQLHMV]D EXWHOND]0LĊG]\U]HF]DPRJáDZLĊFSRZVWDüZLQQ\FK]DFKRGQLRHXURSHMVNLFKSUD FRZQLDFK=QDF]Q\VWRSLHĔNRUR]MLQLHSR]ZROLáQDSU]HSURZDG]HQLHEDGDĔVNáDGX FKHPLF]QHJR EDGDQLDWDNLHPRJá\E\XV]F]HJyáRZLüUR]ZDĪDQLDRMHMSRFKRG]HQLX 1LH PRĪQD RNUHĞOLü MHGQR]QDF]QLH IRUP\ ]DSHZQH PLDáD EDQLDVW\ EU]XVLHF L Z\ VRNąV]\MNĊ6]\MNLEXWHOHN]GRELRQ\FKSRGREQ\PRUQDPHQWHP]QDMGXMHVLĊF]ĊVWR QD ĝOąVNX Vą RQH MHGQDN WURFKĊ SyĨQLHMV]H L ] OHNNR XNRĞQ\P SODVW\F]Q\P RUQD PHQWHP RGFLĞQLĊW\P Z IRUPLH ± QS QD VWDURPLHMVNLFK VWDQRZLVNDFK Z -HOHQLHM *yU]H6ąMHGQDNQLHFRSyĨQLHMV]HRGPLĊG]\U]HFNLFK GDWRZDQHQD;,9;9,ZLHN ± %LV]NRQW WDE H ']EDQNL :SU]\SDGNXW\FKQDF]\ĔZ\]QDF]QLNLHPW\SXE\á\GZDVNRURGRZDQHXáDPNL SRGREQ\FKGRVLHELHWDĞPRZDW\FKXFK']EDQNLE\á\FLHQNRĞFLHQQH JUXERĞüĞFLD QHN RNRáR PP V]HURNRĞü XFK PP JUXERĞü RNRáR PP -HGQR ] QLFK E\áR]GRELRQHGHOLNDWQ\PSLRQRZ\PĪHEHUNLHP U\F 5yZQLHĪLZW\FKSU]\ SDGNDFKQLHPRĪQDRNUHĞOLü]DUyZQRIRUP\QDF]\QLDMDNLEDUZ\V]NáD)UDJPHQ W\ WH RGNU\WR Z QDZDUVWZLHQLDFK ] NRĔFD L SRF]ąWNX üZLHUFL ;,9 ZLHNX
7DNLH ZF]HVQH ]QDOH]LVND U]DGNR Vą VSRW\NDQH Z 3ROVFH ± IUDJPHQW\ G]EDQND ] SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z ]QDOH]LRQR Z 7RUXQLX *RáĊELHZVNL V ']EDQHN ]WDĞPRZDW\PXFKHP]QDOH]LRQRZF]HVNLP0RĞFLH Historie«V 3RGREQLH GDWRZDQ\ QD SRáRZĊ ;,9 Z G]EDQHN ] .XWQHM +RU\ XZDĪDQ\ MHVW ]D LPSRUW %LV]NRQW V L WDP GDOV]D OLWHUDWXUD ,PSRUWHP Vą G]EDQNL ] SRáRZ\ ;,,, L SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z ]H ]GRELRQ\PL XFKDPL ] %UQD L %UDW\VáDZ\ 6HGODþNRYD WDE 6HGODþNRYD+5RKDQRYi'/HViN%âLPRQþLþRYi.RyãRYi3 V 3U]HG ZLHNLHP ;9 E\á\ WR ]QDOH]LVND UDF]HM U]DGNLH UyZQLHĪ QD WHUHQLH 1LHPLHF 5DGHPDFKHU V
0LVHF]NL "
2GNU\WR WU]\ QLHZLHONLH IUDJPHQW\ QDF]\Ĕ NWyUH KLSRWHW\F]QLH PRĪQD RNUHĞOLü MDNR SR]RVWDáRĞFL PLVHF]HN
± QLHZLHONL IUDJPHQW PRFQR Z\GĊWHJR EU]XĞFD PDáHM JUXERĞFLHQQHM PP PLVHF]NL " R QLHF]\WHOQHM ĞUHGQLF\ ]GRELRQHM SLRQRZ\PL SODVW\F]Q\PL QDOHSLD Q\PL ĪHEHUNDPL U\F %DUZD V]NáD QLHF]\WHOQD 3RFKRG]L ] SR]LRPX RVDGQL F]HJR GDWRZDQHJR QD SRáRZĊ ;,,, Z GR URNX
± IUDJPHQW EU]HJX QLHZLHONLHM PLVHF]NL R ĞUHGQLF\ FP NUDZĊG]L ]DRNUą JORQHM L ]DJLĊWHM GR ZHZQąWU] *UXERĞü ĞFLDQNL PP %DUZD V]NáD QLHF]\WHOQD 2GNU\W\ Z SR]LRPDFK RVDGQLF]\FK GDWRZDQ\FK RG U GR ODW ;,,, ZLHNX U\F
Joanna Sawicka
± IUDJPHQW Z\OHZX PLVHF]NL " .UDZĊGĨ SRJUXELRQD SU]H] ]DJLĊFLH EU]HJX LXIRUPRZDQLHIRUPąĝUHGQLFDEU]HJX±FPJUXERĞüĞFLDQNL±PP U\F 'DWRZDQD QD SRáRZĊ ± SRáRZĊ ;,9 ZLHNX
)UDJPHQW\ WH ]DFKRZDá\ VLĊ Z QLHZLHONLFK XáDPNDFK EH] F]ĊĞFL SU]\GHQQ\FK RNUHĞODMąF\FKMHGQR]QDF]QLHIRUPĊQDF]\QLD=QDQHVąPLVHF]NL]SLRQRZ\PLSOD VW\F]Q\PL QDOHSLRQ\PL ĪHEHUNDPL ] WHUHQX 0RUDZ GDWRZDQH QD ODWD 6HGODþNRYD V &]ĊVWR UyZQLHĪ ]DFKRZDQH IUDJPHQWDU\F]QLH PLVNL ]GRELRQHSODVW\F]Q\PRUQDPHQWHPQDOHĪąGRPLVHNQDQLVNLHMQyĪFHGDWRZDQ\FK QD;,9;9VWXOHFLH +LVWRULH«V 6HGODþNRYDWDI 0RĪ QD MH UyZQLHĪ áąF]\ü ]H ]QDOH]LVNDPL JREOHWyZ QD Z\VRNLHM QyĪFH NWyUH F]DVDPL PDMąPLVHF]NRZDWHNRUSXV\L]GRELQ\ZSRVWDFLSODVW\F]Q\FKZHUW\NDOQ\FKĪHEH UHN 6WLDI¿QL V +LVWRULH« WDE
1$&=<1,$1,(2.5(ĝ/21(
6WDQRZLą ]QDF]Q\ RGVHWHN ]QDOH]LVN WDEHOD 6LHGHPQDĞFLH IUDJPHQWyZ VWRSHNNWyUH]DFKRZDá\VLĊQDMOHSLHMDZáDĞFLZLHGRRNROQ\FKGROHSLRQ\FKOLVWHZ PRĪQD áąF]\ü ] QLVNLPL V]NODQNDPLSXFKDUNDPL 3RGREQLH PDá\FK IUDJPHQWyZ ]DRNUąJORQ\FK EU]HJyZ 3U]HV]áR IUDJPHQWyZ WR EDUG]R PDáH IUDJPHQW\ QLH ]GRELRQ\FK SU]HZDĪQLH FLHQNRĞFLHQQ\FK EU]XĞFyZ NWyU\FK QLH PRĪQD SRZLą]Dü ]ĪDGQ\P]W\SyZQDF]\Ĕ0RĪQDMHG\QLHVWZLHUG]LüĪHWDZSU]HZDĪDMąF\PVWRSQLX VNRURGRZDQD VWáXF]ND V]NODQD SRFKRG]L RG FLHQNRĞFLHQQ\FK QDF]\Ĕ VWRáRZ\FK
5\F0LĊG]\U]HF]VWDQJUyG3UyEDUHNRQVWUXNFMLIRUPĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKQDF]\ĔRGNU\ W\FKZ0LĊG]\U]HF]X
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D %$'$1,$),=<.2&+(0,&=1(
%DGDF]HV]NáDĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJRLQRZRĪ\WQHJRGXĪHQDG]LHMHSRNáDGDMąZED GDQLDFK ODERUDWRU\MQ\FK VNáDGX FKHPLF]QHJR V]NáD ,FK Z\QLNL SR]ZDODMąFH RNUH ĞOLü VNáDG FKHPLF]Q\ V]NáD L ]UHNRQVWUXRZDü V]NODUVNą UHFHSWXUĊ PRJą QLHNLHG\ SRPyF Z XVWDOHQLX RĞURGND EąGĨ UHJLRQX Z\WZyUF]HJR 6WDQ EDGDĔ QDG Z\WZyU F]RĞFLąV]NODUVNąZRNUHVLHSyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\PQLHMHVWZ3ROVFHZW\PUyZ QLHĪ Z :LHONRSROVFH ]DDZDQVRZDQ\ D ]ELyU SRUyZQDZF]\FK DQDOL] ]E\W XERJL DE\ PRĪQD E\áR UR]ZDĪDü SUREOHP SRFKRG]HQLD Z\UREyZ V]NODQ\FK SRVLáNXMąF VLĊ WDNLPL DQDOL]DPL 'OD PDWHULDáyZ ] 0LĊG]\U]HF]D Z W\P WDNĪH GOD QDF]\Ĕ Z\NRQDQR VHULĊ DQDOL] ¿]\NRFKHPLF]Q\FK :F]HĞQLHMV]H DQDOL]\ RSXEOLNRZDQH L]LQWHUSUHWRZDQHSU]H]-2OF]DND ]RVWDá\Z\NRQDQHPHWRGąDQDOL]\VSHN WUDOQHM LORĞFLRZHM REHFQLH MXĪ QLHXĪ\ZDQą L PDáR SRUyZQ\ZDOQą L GODWHJR Z QL QLHMV]\P RSUDFRZDQLX SU]HGVWDZLRQR W\ONR LQWHUSUHWDFMĊ $XWRUD 3U]HEDGDQH IUDJPHQW\ QLH ]DFKRZDá\ VLĊ L QLH PRĪQD E\áR SRZWyU]\ü DQDOL]
=DSUH]HQWRZDQH SU]H] - 2OF]DND WU]\ QLHZLHONLH IUDJPHQW\ RNUHĞODQR MDNR ± IUDJPHQW EU]HJX QLHRNUHĞORQHJR EOLĪHM QDF]\QLD SRFKRG]ąFHJR ] SR]LRPX RVDGQLF]HJR]NRĔFD;,,,ZRSUDZGRSRGREQLHEHF]XáNRZDW\PNRUSXVLHLSRJUX ELRQHM NUDZĊG]L V]NáR ĪyáWH SU]H]URF]\VWH W\SX 3E26L22 RáRZLRZRNU]HPRZH
± IUDJPHQW SU]HSDORQHJR ZWyUQLH QLHRNUHĞORQHJR QDF]\QLD ] SR]LRPX RVDGQL F]HJR]NRĔFD;,9ZV]NáREH]EDUZQHSU]H]URF]\VWHW\SX.221D22&D2$O2O 0J26L22 SRWDVRZRVRGRZRZDSQLRZRJOLQRZRPDJQH]RZRNU]HPRZH
± IUDJPHQW QLHNUHĞORQHJR QDF]\QLD V]NáR EH]EDUZQH SU]H]URF]\VWH W\SX 1D22.22&D26L22 DONDOLF]QRZDSQLRZRNU]HPRZH SRFKRG]ąFH SUDZGRSR GREQLH ] ZDUVWZ\ SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHM
1DMQRZV]H GZLH DQDOL]\ ]DSUH]HQWRZDQHJR QLĪHM IUDJPHQWX QDF]\QLD L V]\E\ ]RVWDá\ Z\NRQDQH PHWRGą UHQWJHQRZVNLHM DQDOL]\ ÀXRUHVFHQF\MQHM ;5) ;5D\ )OXRUHVFHQFH : ;,9 Z V]NODQH RNQD E\á\ MHV]F]H U]DGNRĞFLą SU]\QDMPQLHM QD ]LHPLDFK SROVNLFK L GODWHJR ZDUWH Vą Z]PLDQNL 6ą WR
± GREU]H ]DFKRZDQ\ IUDJPHQW V]\MNL FLHQNRĞFLHQQHJR EOLĪHM QLHRNUHĞORQHJR SXFKDUND ]GRELRQHJR SU]\ SU]HMĞFLX Z\OHZX Z EU]XVLHF SODVW\F]Qą RNUąJáą OHNNR VSáDV]F]RQąQLWNąV]NODQąRĞUHGQLF\FP6]NáRELDáHSU]H]URF]\VWH3RFKRG]L ] SR]LRPX RVDGQLF]HJR GDWRZDQHJR QD SRáRZĊ ;,,, Z U\F =RVWDá Z\ NRQDQ\]HV]NáDW\SX&D2.220J26L22 ZDSQLRZRSRWDVRZRPDJQH]RZRNU]H PRZHJR .RQFHQWUDFMH JáyZQ\FK VNáDGQLNyZ V]NáRWZyUF]\FK ± 6L22 .22 &D2 0J2 ZVND]XMą QD QLVNRDONDOLF]QH V]NáR ] GXĪą SU]HZDJą ]DZDUWRĞFL &D2 QDG .22 6 6]NáR Z\WRSLRQR
%DGDQLD Z\NRQDQR PHWRGą ('6 (QHUJ\ GLVSHUVLYH VSHFFWURPHWHUV UHQWJHQRZVNLHM LORĞFLRZHM
DQDOL]\ ÀXRUHVFHQF\MQHM ;5) ;5D\ )OXRUHVFHQFH Z /DERUDWRULXP %LR L $UFKHRPHWULL ,QVW\WXWX $UFKHRORJLL L (WQRORJLL 3ROVNLHM$NDGHPLL 1DXN Z:DUV]DZLH
6 .ODV\¿NDFMĊ V]NLHá SRWDVRZ\FK RSDUWR QD XVWDOHQLDFK - âþDSRYHM NWyUD Z\G]LHOLáD SLĊü VWRSQL
Joanna Sawicka
] ]HVWDZX GZXVNáDGQLNRZHJR SRSLyá L SLDVHN 2 ]DVWRVRZDQLX SRSLRáX GU]HZ RERNQLVNLHM]DZDUWRĞFL.22ĞZLDGF]\REHFQRĞü]ZLą]NyZIRVIRUX32ORUD]REHF QRĞü ]ZLą]NyZ VLDUNL 62 WDEHOD 6]NáR WR QDZLą]XMH GR ZF]HVQRĞUHGQLR ZLHF]QHJR V]NáD SRSLRáRZHJR +RO]DVFKH *OlVHU ] GXĪ\P VWDQGDUGRZ\P RGFK\OHQLHP JáyZQ\FK NRPSRQHQWyZ ĞUHGQLR ]DZDUWRĞFLą .22 RG GR ĞUHGQLD 1D22 ± 0J2 ± RNRáR &D2 ± ĞUHGQLR L QLVNą ]DZDUWRĞFLą 6L22 ± RNRáR 6]NáR WDNLH Z\WDSLDQR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP PLĊG]\,;D;,ZLHNLHP:RNUHVLHSyĨQHJRĞUHGQLRZLHF]DKXW\]DF]Ċá\XĪ\ZDü LQQHMUHFHSWXU\]XĪ\ZDMąFHMPQLHM QDZHWRSRáRZĊ FHQQHJRMXĪZyZF]DVSRSLR áXGU]HZQHJR]DWRZLĊFHMVXURZFDZDSQLRZHJR V]NáDW\SX+RO]DVFKH.DON*Ol ser 1DF]\QLH]0LĊG]\U]HF]DSRFKRG]L]KXW\ZNWyUHMMHV]F]HQLHSU]HVWDZLRQR VLĊ QD QRZą UHFHSWXUĊ 3U]\MPXMH VLĊ ĪH SU]HFKRG]HQLH KXW QD SURGXNFMĊ QRZHJR V]NáD WUZDáR GR SRF]ąWNyZ ;9 Z KXWD Z 6SHVVDUW Z SRáXGQLRZ\FK 1LHPF]HFK ]DF]ĊáD ZSURZDG]Dü QRZ\ W\S V]NáD RG RNRáR URNX 6WHSKDQ :HGHSRKO +DUWPDQQ V
± QLHZLHONL XáDPHN V]\E\ ] MHGQą ]DFKRZDQą QDWXUDOQą NUDZĊG]Lą WDÀL SU]H ]URF]\VW\ R OHNNR ROLZNRZ\P ]DEDUZLHQLX JUXERĞFL SRQDG PP SRFKRG]ąF\ ]SR]LRPXRVDGQLF]HJR]ODW;,,,±SRáRZ\;,9Z]QDOH]LRQ\SU]\ĞFLDQLH EXG\QNX FKDWD 6]\EĊ Z\NRQDQR ] LQQHM RGPLDQ\ V]NLHá SRWDVRZ\FK ± &D2 .220J2$O2O6L22 ZDSQLRZRSRWDVRZRPDJQH]RZRJOLQRZRNU]HPRZHJR R GXĪHM ]DZDUWRĞFL &D2 ]EOLĪRQHM GR SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJR V]NáD SRSLRáRZR ZDSQLRZHJR Holzasche.DON*OlVHU QLVNRDONDOLF]QHJRWUyMVNáDGQLNRZHJRZ\ WDSLDQHJR ] SRSLRáX SLDVNX L VXURZFD ZDSQLRZHJR WDEHOD =DZLHUD QLĪV]H NRQFHQWUDFMH .22 RNRáR L Z\VRNLH &D2 GR SU]HV]áR ± :HGHSRKO V WDE 6]NáR WHM RGPLDQ\ QDMF]ĊĞFLHM Z\WZDU]DQR Z SyĨQLHMV]\FKRĞURGNDFKZVFKRGQLRZLHONRSROVNLFK 0XFKDVWDE V 0RĪQDáąF]\üMH]SURGXNFMąQRZRĪ\WQąSU]\QDMPQLHMQD]LHPLDFK SROVNLFKSURGXNRZDQRMHQDWHUHQLH1LHPLHFQLHW\ONRZRNUHVLHSyĨQHJRĞUHGQLR ZLHF]D DOH UyZQLHĪ SU]HG ;,9 ZLHNLHP : VWDUHM /XEHFH RGNU\WR V]\E\ ] WHM RGPLDQ\V]NáDSRWDVRZHJR]SR]LRPyZRVDGQLF]\FKSU]HáRPX;,,L;,,,Z 6WHS SXQ V
5HFHSWXUD V]NLHá SRWDVRZ\FK SROHJD QD ]DVWRVRZDQLX MDNR WRSQLND SRSLRáX UR ĞOLQ NRQW\QHQWDOQ\FK OXE Z\UDELDQHJR ] QLFK SRWDĪX 3U]\MPXMH VLĊ ĪH ]DF]ĊWR Mą VWRVRZDüZ9,,,,;ZQDSyáQRFQ\P]DFKRG]LH(XURS\6SRVyEX]\VNLZDQLDMHG QHM ] RGPLDQ WDNLHJR V]NáD SU]HND]Dá Z VZRLP WUDNWDFLH7HR¿OXV 7HR¿O 3UH]ELWHU V 6]NáRWDNLHVWDáRVLĊSRGVWDZRZ\PSURGXNWHPZSUDFRZQLDFKKXWDFK Z SyáQRFQHM (XURSLH PLĊG]\ ;, D ;9 ZLHNLHP : :LHONRSROVFH ]QDOH]LVND ĞUH GQLRZLHF]Q\FKKXWV]NODQ\FKVąQLH]PLHUQLHU]DGNLHSU]HEDGDQ\¿]\NRFKHPLF]QLH VWDZLH Z\G]LHOLáD RVLHP W\SyZ V]NLHá SRWDVRZRZDSQLRZ\FK Z\VWĊSXMąF\FK Z (XURSLH =DFKRGQLHM Z ĞUHGQLRZLHF]X %OLĪHM R NODV\¿NDFML V]NLHá SRWDVRZ\FK ± âþDSRYD 'HNyZQD :HGHSRO
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D 7D EH OD 0 LĊ G] \U] HF ] VW DQ : \QL NL D QD OL] \ ¿] \NRF KH P LF ]QH MSXF KD UND V ]NO DQH JR LV ]\E\ ] SRá ; ,,, Z Z UD ] ] SURSRUF MD P L LV XP DP LJá yZ Q\F K VNá DGQL NyZ V ]Ná RW Z yUF ]\F K A N A L IZ A 1 A N A L IZ A 2 0 LH MV FRZ RĞ ü 0 LĊ G] \U] HF ] JP O RF R 0 LH MV FRZ RĞ ü 0 LĊ G] \U] HF ] JP O RF R 3U] HGP LRW IUD JP F LH QNRĞ FL HQQH JR SXF KD UND ]GREL RQH JR SO DV W\F ]Qą OL VW Z ą 3U] HGP LRW IUD JP V ]\E\ 1 UL QZ QU LQZ 1 UL QZ QU LQZ &KURQRO RJL D ]H VSRá X SRá ; ,,, Z &KURQRO RJL D ]H VSRá X ; ,,, Z %D UZ D LSU] H] URF ]\V WRĞ ü V] Ná D V] Ná R EL Dá H SU] H] URF ]\V WH %D UZ D LSU] H] URF ]\V WRĞ ü V] Ná D 6] Ná R EL Dá R] LH ORQH SU] H] URF ]\V WH 7\S FKH P LF ]Q\ V] Ná D &D 2 .2 2 0 J2 6 L22 7\S FKH P LF ]Q\ V] Ná D &D 2 .2 2 0 J2 $ O2 O 6 L22 1 UD QD OL] \ &O 1 UD QD OL] \ &O 6Ná DGQL NL Z Z DJRZ \F K 3URSRUF MH L VXP \ Já yZ Q\F K VNá DGQL NyZ V ]Ná RW Z yUF ]\F K 6Ná DGQL NL Z Z DJRZ \F K 3URSRUF MH L VXP \ Já yZ Q\F K VNá DGQL NyZ V ]Ná RW Z yUF ]\F K .2 O .2 2 1 D2 O .2 O .2 2 1 D2 O &D 2 &D 2 P2 O P2 O 3E2 3E2 &O 0 &O 7L2 2 .2 2 1 D2 O 7L2 2 .2 2 1 D2 O )H2 O )H2 O 0 Q2 0 Q2 &X2 0 &D 2 0 J2 &X2 0 &D 2 0 J2 =Q2 =Q2 0 1 D2 O 1 D2 O 6L 22 &D 2 0 J2 6L 22 &D 2 0 J2 S O S O $ O2 O $ O2 O 0 J2 .2 2 1 D2 2 &D 2 0 J2 0 J2 .2 2 1 D2 2 &D 2 0 J2 1 L2 0 1 L2 &U2 O 0 &U2 O $ V2 O &D 2 . 2 O $ V2 O &D 2 . 2 O 6Q2 2 0 6Q2 2 %D 2 0 %D 2 0 $ QD OL] D Z \NRQD QD P HW RGą UH QW JH QRZ VNL HM L ORĞ FL RZ HM D QD OL] \ ÀXRUH VF HQF \M QH M; 5) ; 5D \ )O XRUH VF HQF H ; 5) P HW RGą ( ' 6 Z / DERUD WR ULXP %L R L$ UF KH RP HW ULL ,$ ( 3$ 1 %D GD QL D Z \NRQD QR QD V SH NW URP HW U] H UH QW JH QRZ VNL P ] F \IURZ \P XNá DGH P $ 9$ /2 1 $ QD OL] Ċ Z \NRQD áD ( OĪ EL HW D 3D Z OLF ND
Joanna Sawicka
PDWHULDá ] MHG\QHM UR]SR]QDQHM SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHM KXW\ Z 6RNRáRZLH %XG]\Ĕ VNLPZVND]XMHQDSURGXNFMĊV]NáDSRWDVRZHJRWU]HFKRGPLDQ ĪDGQDQLHMHVWMHGQDN ]EOLĪRQDGRRGPLDQ\]NWyUHMZ\NRQDQRQDF]\QLHF]\V]\EĊ]0LĊG]\U]HF]D 0X FKD V =DJDGQLHQLHSRFKRG]HQLD 1DMZF]HĞQLHMV]H Z]PLDQNL R LVWQLHQLX ĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK KXW V]NáD Z :LHONR SROVFHSRFKRG]ą]GRNXPHQWyZELVNXSyZSR]QDĔVNLFK]SRF]ąWNX;,9ZLGRW\ F]ą SU]\SXV]F]DOQHM KXW\ QDG &\ELQą SRG 3R]QDQLHP =DSLV WHQ QLH MHVW MHGQR]QDF]Q\ PyZL MHG\QLH R V]NODU]X V]NODU]HP Z RNUHVLH SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF] Q\P L SyĨQLHM QD]\ZDQR UyZQLHĪ U]HPLHĞOQLND V]NOLZLąFHJR RNQD +XW\ SRG 2O NXV]HP L :ROEURPLHP ZVSRPQLDQH Z GRNXPHQWDFK ] SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z PRJá\ IXQNFMRQRZDüMHV]F]HZF]HĞQLHM :\URELV] V V 3RGREQLHMDN Z 0DáRSROVFH L 3RPRU]X *GDĔVNLP MHG\Q\P ĞODGHP SR IXQNFMRQXMąF\FK MXĪ QD SRF]ąWNX ;,9 Z KXWDFK Vą Z]PLDQNL Z ĨUyGáDFK SLVDQ\FK
-DNGRWąGEDGDQLDDUFKHRORJLF]QHQLHGRVWDUF]\á\ĪDGQ\FKLQIRUPDFMLRZF]HV Q\FKKXWDFK]W\FKUHJLRQyZ7\ONRQLHNWyUH]W\FKZVSRPQLDQ\FKZKLVWRU\F]Q\FK ]DSLVDFKKXW\REMĊWRWHUHQRZ\PLEDGDQLDPLZHU\¿NDF\MQ\PLDQLHOLF]QHEDGDQLD PLZ\NRSDOLVNRZ\PL%\á\WRMHGQDNKXW\SyĨQLHMV]H 0XFKD 5XEQLNRZLF] :\URELV] -HGQDN RVWDWQLH RGNU\FLD SRGF]DV ZHU\¿NDF\MQ\FK EDGDĔ SRZLHU]FKQLRZ\FK SR]ZDODMą VWZLHUG]Lü ĪH Z :LHONRSROVFH MXĪ Z SRáRZLH ;,9 Z SUDFRZDáD KXWD V]NáD SURGXNXMąFD V]NáR SRWDVRZH 0XFKD 7UXGQH MHVW XVWDOHQLH DVRUW\PHQWX W\FK KXW =DSHZQH SURGXNRZDá\ Z W\P RNUHVLH SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLPQDF]\QLDVWRáRZHUDF]HMSURVWHLQLVNLHMMDNRĞFLU]DG]LHMV]\E\=QDF] QD Z SyĨQ\P ĞUHGQLRZLHF]X XQL¿NDFMD W\SyZ QDF]\Ĕ L LFK VNáDGX FKHPLF]QHJR QLHSR]ZDODZVSRVyEEDUG]LHMV]F]HJyáRZ\V]XNDüPLHMVFDLFKSURGXNFML GRW\F]\ WR UyZQLHĪ V]NLHá QLHFR SyĨQLHMV]\FK QS 0LOHZVND V )RUP\ QDF]\Ĕ LFK]GREQLFWZRPRJąE\üZWDNLFKSU]\SDGNDFKSXQNWHPRGQLHVLHQLDGRUR]ZDĪDĔ GRW\F]ąF\FKSRFKRG]HQLD3RGREQLHEDUG]RVáDERXGRNXPHQWRZDQ\MHVWVNáDGFKH PLF]Q\SURGXNRZDQHJRWDPV]NáD3U]\MPXMHVLĊĪHE\áRWRUyĪQHJRURG]DMXV]NáR SRWDVRZH ± Z\WZDU]DQH Z W\P RNUHVLH QD WHUHQLH QLHPDO FDáHM ĞURGNRZHM L Syá QRFQHM (XURS\ %DGDQLD Z\NRSDOLVNRZH KXW V]NáD Z :LHONRSROVFH REMĊá\ KXW\ SyĨQLHMV]H ;9,, L ;9,,,ZLHF]QH :F]HĞQLHMV]H KXW\ ] SU]HáRPX ;,9 L ;9 Z EDGDQHQD3RPRU]X*GDĔVNLP]RVWDá\MHG\QLHF]ĊĞFLRZRRSXEOLNRZDQH 5XEQLNR ZLF] =QDMZF]HĞQLHMV]\PRNUHVHPLFKG]LDáDOQRĞFL05XEQLNRZLF] V ZLąĪHGZDW\S\SRSXODUQ\FKQDF]\ĔGRSLFLD±QLVNLFKV]NODQLFSXFKDUNyZ L Z\VRNLFK V]NODQLF ÀHWRZDW\FK 0RĪQD VWZLHUG]Lü ĪH DVRUW\PHQW Z\UREyZ E\á ĞFLĞOH ]ZLą]DQ\ ] ]DSRWU]HERZDQLHP L NRQLXQNWXUą JRVSRGDUF]ą UHJLRQX /HSLHM SU]HGVWDZLD VLĊ VWDQ EDGDĔ QD ĝOąVNX 3LHUZV]H LQIRUPDFMH R ORNDOL]DFML KXW GRW\ F]ąSRF]ąWNX;,9ZLHNX3UĊĪQLHG]LDáDMąFHKXW\OHĞQHPRJá\SUDFRZDüMXĪZNRĔ
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D FXZLHNX;,,, *OX]LĔVNL V 'REU\PSU]\NáDGHPG\VWU\EXFMLZ\UREyZ V]NODQ\FK Vą LQZHQWDU]H ]H ĞOąVNLFK ]DPNyZ Z %DUG]LH L 6]F]HUELH NWyUH SR]R VWDZDá\ ZH ZáDG]WZLH F]HVNLP Z SRáRZLH ;,9 L ;9 Z L QDWXUDOQą NROHMą U]HF]\ ]DRSDWU\ZDá\ VLĊ Z KXWDFK F]HVNLFK )UDQFNH
1LH PRĪQD MHGQR]QDF]QLH RNUHĞOLü SRFKRG]HQLD QDF]\Ĕ RGNU\W\FK Z 0LĊG]\ U]HF]X : SR]LRPDFK RVDGQLF]\FK JURGX PLĊG]\U]HFNLHJR ] ;,,, GR SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z ]QDOH]LRQR V]HUHJ SR]RVWDáRĞFL SURGXNFML V]NODUVNLHM ± ZDUV]WDWX ] UR]SR ]QDQ\PZ\WRSHP]VXURZFyZSU\PDUQ\FK%\áDWRSUDFRZQLDW\SX$±QLHZLHOND SUDZGRSRGREQLHVH]RQRZDKXWDNWyUDNUyWNRPRJáDG]LDáDüMXĪRGSRáRZ\;,,, ZLHNX 3URGXNRZDQR Z QLHM ]DSHZQH QLVNRDONDOLF]QH V]NáR SRWDVRZRZDSQLRZH 2NUHĞOHQLHDVRUW\PHQWXSUDFRZQLQLHMHVWSURVWH±MHGQą]JáyZQ\FKSU]\F]\QMHVW ]á\VWDQ]DFKRZDQLDJRWRZ\FKZ\UREyZRUD]±MDNZLQQ\FKZF]HĞQLHMV]\FKSUD FRZQLDFK V]NODUVNLFK ± EUDN SyáIDEU\NDWyZ F]\ RGSDGyZ SURGXNF\MQ\FK 0RĪQD WR WáXPDF]\ü ZWyUQ\P Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP FHQQHJR VXURZFD 1DMEDUG]LHM SUDZGRSR GREQDMHVWSURGXNFMDSURVW\FKR]GyESUDZGRSRGREQLHREUąF]HNSáDFLGHá 6DZLFND 7HQ QDMPáRGV]\ ZDUV]WDW V]NODUVNL Z 0LĊG]\U]HF]X 6WDQLVáDZ .XUQDWRZVNL áąF]\ ] KDQGORZ\P SU]HGVLĊZ]LĊFLHP NDV]WHODQLL SU]\ XG]LDOH U]HPLHĞOQLND NRQ WUDNWRZHJR FR WáXPDF]\áRE\ XORNRZDQLH QLHZLHONLHM KXW\ Z JURG]LH D QLH Z LVW QLHMąF\P MXĪ ORNDF\MQ\P PLHĞFLH .XUQDWRZVNL 1DOHSD V
6NáDG FKHPLF]Q\ SU]HEDGDQHJR ¿]\NRFKHPLF]QLH IUDJPHQWX SXFKDUND ] SR áRZ\ ;,,, Z D ZLĊF ] RNUHVX Z NWyU\P SUDFRZDáD KXWD MHVW ]EOLĪRQ\ GR VNáDGX SR]RVWDáRĞFLSURGXNF\MQ\FKDOHDEVROXWQLHQLHĞZLDGF]\WRRPLHMVFRZHMSURGXNFML QDF]\Ĕ 3R]D PLHMVFRZą VáDER XGRNXPHQWRZDQą SURGXNFMą LVWQLDá GDOHNRVLĊĪQ\ KDQGHOZ\UREDPLEDUG]LHMOXNVXVRZ\PL1LHZ\NOXF]RQHĪHRVDG]RQDZSRáRZLH ;,,,ZZ0LĊG]\U]HF]XNRORQLDPLHV]F]DQQLHPLHFNLFK .XUQDWRZVNLV L WDP GDOV]D OLWHUDWXUD E\áD F]\QQLNLHP VW\PXOXMąF\P NRQWDNW\ KDQGORZH ] QLH PLHFNLPL FHQWUDPL SURGXNFML V]NáD
2G üZLHUFL ;,,, Z ]DF]Ċá\ G]LDáDOQRĞü PDQXIDNWXU\ ZHQHFNLH HNVSRUWXMąFH VZRMHZ\URE\GRSRáXGQLRZHMLĞURGNRZHM(XURS\ZPQLHMV]\PVWRSQLXQDĝOąVN GRPLDVWKDQ]HDW\FNLFKF]\6NDQG\QDZLL6]NODQD]DVWDZDVWRáRZDXSRZV]HFKQLáD VLĊ QD ĝOąVNX RG SRáRZ\ ;,,, Z E\á\ WR SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SXFKDUNL VSURZD G]DQH ] KXW SRáXGQLRZRQLHPLHFNLFK 6]DMW V 2G SRáRZ\ ;,,, Z ]DF]Ċá\ G]LDáDOQRĞü KXW\ F]HVNLH QDMEOLĪV]H:LHONRSROVFH MHGQDN Z\URE\ W\FK KXW ]DF]Ċá\NRQNXURZDü]LPSRUWRZDQ\PLOXNVXVRZ\PLQDF]\QLDPLGRSLHURRGZLHNX ;9 6HGODþNRYD V 3URNRSRYi V 2G ZLHNX ;,,, G]LDáDá\ OHĞQH KXW\ QLHPLHFNLH SU]HĪ\ZDMąFH VZyM UR]NZLW Z ZLHNX ;9 6WHSSXKQ V D ZF]HĞQLHM VWDUH QDGUHĔVNLH L SRáXGQLRZRHXURSHMVNLH FHQWUD Z\WZyUF]H
Joanna Sawicka
32'6802:$1,(
= SU]HEDGDQ\FK SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK SR]LRPyZ RVDGQLF]\FK QD JURG]LH REHMPXMąF\FK SUDZLH SyáWRUD ZLHNX SRFKRG]L MHG\QLH NLONDQDĞFLH XáDPNyZ V]\E LGUREQ\FKIUDJPHQWyZQDF]\ĔV]NODQ\FK1DF]\QLDWHSRFKRG]Lá\QDMSHZQLHM ] VLHG]LE\ NDV]WHODQLL =DUyZQR SU]HND]\ ĨUyGáRZH MDN L Z\QLNL EDGDĔ DUFKHROR JLF]Q\FK ĞZLDGF]ą ĪH Z ;,,, L GR SRáRZ\ ;,9 Z V]NODQH QDF]\QLD L V]\E\ RNLHQQH E\á\ VSRW\NDQH GRĞü U]DGNR QD EDUG]LHM UR]ZLQLĊW\FK REV]DUDFK GDZQHM 3ROVNL D QDZHW QD 3RPRU]X L ĝOąVNX *áyZQ\P RGELRUFą E\á SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP ERJDW\ SDWU\FMDW NRĞFLRá\ L ]DPRĪQH GZRU\
:Z\SDGNXJURGXPLĊG]\U]HFNLHJRPRĪQDSU]\MąüĪH]DPLHV]NLZDá\JRJUXS\ RVyE NWyU\FK ]DPRĪQRĞü L SR]\FMD VSRáHF]QD SR]ZDODáD QD QDE\ZDQLH OXNVXVR Z\FK LPSRUWRZDQ\FK WRZDUyZ Z W\P Z\UREyZ ]H V]NáD
ħUyGáHPGRSRUyZQDĔ]DE\WNyZPLĊG]\U]HFNLFKE\á\]ELRU\QDF]\ĔV]NODQ\FK SRFKRG]ąFH]EDGDĔZ\NRSDOLVNRZ\FKZPLDVWDFKKDQ]HDW\FNLFKQD3RPRU]X (O EOąJ L 7RUXĔ RUD] ] PLDVW L ]DPNyZ QD ĝOąVNX NWyUH E\á\ QDWXUDOQ\P RGELRUFą SURGXNWyZ KXW F]HVNLFK 0RĪQD VWZLHUG]Lü ĪH Z W\P VDP\P F]DVLH QD W\FK RE V]DUDFK]QDMGRZDQRSRGREQHW\S\QDF]\Ĕ%\áRWRVSRZRGRZDQH]QDF]QąXQL¿ND FMą Z\UREyZ V]NODQ\FK NWyUD QDVWąSLáD QD SU]HáRPLH ;,,, L ;,9 Z D GRW\F]\áD ]DUyZQR IRUP MDN L ]GRELHĔ GRFLHUDá\ ZLĊF GR 0LĊG]\U]HF]D QDF]\QLD ]H ĞURG NRZHM L SyáQRFQHM (XURS\ LITERATURA $UQGW%/LIHVW\OH1DFKZHLVHIU/X[XVLPVSlWPLWWHODOWHUOLFKHQ*|WWLQJHQ">LQ @Lübecker Col ORTXLXP]XU6WDGWDUFKlRORJLHLP+DQVHUDXP9, /X[XVXQG/LIHVW\OHHG..LPPLQXV6FKQHLGHU '(KUHQEHUJ06FKQHLGHU&6KHHKDQ%HFNV %DQDFK%.XUQDWRZVNL68UEDĔVNDàRVLĔVND$=DPHOVND0RQF]DN.*UyGL]DPHNSyĨQRĞUH dniowieczny>Z @UHG6.XUQDWRZVNL0LĊG]\U]HF]*UyGL]DPHNZZLHNDFK,;;,9V %DXPJDUWQHU( *ODVGHVVSlWHQ0LWWHODOWHUV 'LH6DPPOXQJ.DUO$PHQGW'XVVHOGRUI
%HXWPDQQ - *ODVIQGH GHV VSlWHQ 0LWWHODOWHUV DXV 6DFKVHQ >Z @ UHG ( ýHUQD 3 6WHSSXKQ
*ODVDUFKlRORJLHLQ(XURSD5HJLRQHQ±3URGXNWH±$QDO\VHQ0RVWV %LV]NRQW-3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHV]NODUVWZRQDĝOąVNX:URFáDZ ýHUQD( 6NORYHYêEDYHVWĜHGRYČNpKRPRVWHFNpKRGRPXÄ$UFKHRORJLD+LVWRULFD´WV ýHUQD()UêGD)6NORYUFKROQpKRVWĜHGRYƟNX±VRXþDVQêVWDYDSHUVSHNWLY\VWXGLDKLVWRULFNêFK technologiíÄ$UFKHRORJLD+LVWRULFD´V &LHSLHOD6 D=DE\WNLV]NODQH]HĝZLHFLDQDG:LVáąÄ3RPRUDQLD$QWLTXD´WV ± E 2]GRE\ L QDF]\QLD V]NODQH RGNU\WH Z 1DNOH QDG 1RWHFLą Ä:LDGRPRĞFL$UFKHRORJLF]QH´
WV ± F=DE\WNLV]NODQH]6ROFDQDG:LVáąRGNRĔFD;9GR;9,,,;,;Z Ä6WXGLDL0DWHULDá\]+L VWRULL.XOWXU\0DWHULDOQHM´WV ± :\URE\V]NODQHRGSRáRZ\;,,,GRSRáRZ\;9,,ZLHNX>Z @3ROVNLHV]NáRGRSRáRZ\;,;ZLH kuV:URFáDZ:DUV]DZD.UDNyZ*GDĔVNàyGĨV ± 6]NODQLFHÀHWRZDWH]H6WDUHJR0LDVWDZ:DUV]DZLH ;,9;9±üZLHUFL;9,,ZLHNX $FWD 8QLYHUVLWDWLV1LFRODL&RSHUQLFLVHULD$UFKHRORJLD;,;$UFKHRORJLDV]NáDV 'HNyZQD0 6]NáRZ(XURSLHZF]HVQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHM:URFáDZ:DUV]DZD.UDNyZ*GDĔVN
3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHQDF]\QLD]0LĊG]\U]HF]D )UDQFNH &] 3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QH Z\URE\ ]H V]NáD ] ]DPNyZ Z %DUG]LH L *QLHZRV]RZLH ZRM
:DáEU]\FKÄ6LOHVLD$QWLTXD´WV
)UêGD) 7\SRORJLHVWĜHGRYHNpNHKRVNODYýHFKDFKRGGRVWROHWL$FWD8QLYHUVLWDWLV 1LFRODL&RSHUQLFLVHULD$UFKHRORJLD;9,,,$UFKHRORJLDV]NáD V
*DVSDUHWWR$ /DYHUUHULHYHQLWLHQQHHWVHVUHODWLRQVDYHFOH/HZDQW%DONDQLTXHDX0R\HQ$JH LQ 9HUUHPHGLHYDODX[%DONDQV 9e ±;9e V 9ýXEULORYLþ HG %HRJUDG
*ODVNXOWXU« *ODVNXOWXU LQ 1LHGHUVDFKVHQ >LQ @ $UFKlHRORJLH XQG %DXIRUVFKXQJ LQ /QHEXUJ %GHG(5LQJ+XVXP *OX]LĔVNL: 6]NODUVWZRĞOąVNLHRGSRáRZ\;,,,GRSRORZ\;9,,ZLHNX>Z @3ROVNLHV]NáRGRSR áRZ\;,;ZLHNX:URFáDZ:DUV]DZD.UDNyZ*GDĔVNàyGĨV *RáĊELHZVNL$19922UQDPHQW\NDSyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKLQRZRĪ\WQ\FKQDF]\ĔV]NODQ\FK DQDOL]D ]DE\WNyZDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK](OEOąJDL7RUXQLD Ä.ZDUWDOQLN+LVWRULL.XOWXU\0DWHULDOQHM´W V ± 8Ī\WNRZDQLHQDF]\ĔV]NODQ\FKZĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKPLDVWDFK3RPRU]DL3UXVÄ$UFKHRORJLD +LVWRULFD3RORQD´WV +DJJUpQ*6HGOiþNRYD+5LEEHGEHDNHUVZLWKDSSOLHGJODVVWKUHDGVLQ(XURSHÄ3DPiWN\DU FKHRORJLFNp´ V +DUGHQ'% 6RPHJODVVIUDJPHQWVPDLQO\RIWKHWKWKFHQWXU\DGIURP1RUWKHUQ$SXOLD Ä-RXUQDORI*ODVV6WXGLHV´YROV +LVWRULH«+LVWRULHVNOiĜVNqYêURE\YþHVNêFK]HPLFK,GLO2GSRþDWN~GRNRQFH VWROHWQL 3UDKD .UDNyZ«.UDNyZ(XURSHMVNLHPLDVWRSUDZDPDJGHEXUVNLHJR .DWDORJZ\VWDZ\.UDNyZ .XUQDWRZVNL6']LHMH0LĊG]\U]HF]DZĞZLHWOHĨUyGHáSLVDQ\FK >Z @UHG6.XUQDWRZVNL0LĊG]\ U]HF]*UyGL]DPHNZZLHNDFK,;;,9:DUV]DZDV .XUQDWRZVNL61DOHSD- =SU]HV]áRĞFL0LĊG]\U]HF]D3R]QDĔ 0DUNLHZLF]0 6]NODQLFHÀHWRZDWH];,9;9;9,,,ZLHNXRGNU\WHQD]DPNXZ.ROH ZRMNRQLĔ VNLH $FWD8QLYHUVLWDWLV1LFRODL&RSHUQLFLVHULD$UFKHRORJLD;,9$UFKHRORJLDV]NáDV 0HGLHYDO JODVV« 2010 0HGLHYDO JODVV IRU 3RSHV 3ULQFHV DQG 3HDVDQWV HG ':KLWHKRXVH &RUQ
LQJ1HZ<RUN 0LOHZVND03yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHLZF]HVQRQRZRĪ\WQHLPSRUWRZDQHQDF]\QLDV]NODQH]]DPNX w PuckuÄ.ZDUWDOQLN+LVWRULL.XOWXU\0DWHULDOQHM´V 0XFKD0 $UFKHRORJLF]QDZHU\¿NDFMDQRZRĪ\WQ\FKKXWV]NáDQDWHUHQLH:LHONRSROVNLSRáXGQLR ZRZVFKRGQLHM$FWD8QLYHUVLWDWLV1LFRODL&RSHUQLFLVHULD$UFKHRORJLDV ± %DGDQLDQDGWHFKQRORJLąZ\WRSXV]NáDZKXWDFK:LHONRSROVNLZVFKRGQLHMRG;9,,GRSRáRZ\ ;,;ZLHNXÄ$UFKHRORJLD+LVWRULFD3RORQD´WV ± 3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QDKXWDV]NáDZ:LHONRSROVFH6RNRáRZR%XG]\ĔVNLHJP%XG]\ĔVWDQ >Z @&HUDPLNDLV]NáRZDUFKHRORJLLLNRQVHUZDFML66LHPLDQRZVND35]HĨQLN.&KU]DQUHG :URFáDZV
1DZUROVND * $ :D\ RI /LIH /X[XU\ LQ D 0HGLHZDO 7RZQ >LQ @ Lübecker Colloquium zur
6WDGWDUFKlRORJLHLP+DQVHUDXP9, /X[XVXQG/LIHVW\OHHG..LPPLQXV6FKQHLGHU'(KUHQEHUJ 06FKQHLGHU&6KHHKDQ%HFNV 2OF]DN- =DJDGQLHQLHSURGXNFMLV]NODUVNLHMZ0LĊG]\U]HF]X:LHONRSROVNLPZĞZLHWOHGRW\FKF]D VRZ\FKEDGDĔDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKÄ$UFKHRORJLD3ROVNL´W]V ± 1RZHPDWHULDá\GRG]LHMyZXĪ\WNRZDQLDV]NáDQD]LHPLDFKSROVNLFK F]ĊĞü $FWD8QLYHUVL WDWLV1LFRODL&RSHUQLFL$UFKHRORJLD;;9,,$UFKHRORJLDV]NáDV
± Zabytki szklane >Z @ .RPRURZR VWDQRZLVNR RVDGQLFWZR QRZRĪ\WQH ;9,,;9,,, Z V 2OF]DN--DVLHZLF]RZD(. 6]NODUVWZRZF]HVQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJR:ROLQD6]F]HFLQ 3URNRSRYi$)RUVFKXQGVWDQG]XPPLWWHODOWHUOLFKHQ*ODVLQ3UDJ>Z @ UHG(ýHUQD36WHSSXKQ *ODVDUFKlRORJLHLQ(XURSD5HJLRQHQ±3URGXNWH±$QDO\VHQ0RVWV 5DGHPDFKHU) 'LHGHXWVFKHQ*OlVHUGHV0LWWHODOWHUV%HUOLQ 5|EHU5/X[XVLPVSlWPLWWHODOWHUOLFKHQ.RQVWDQ] 'LH$XVVDJHDUFKlHROLJLVFKHUVFKULIWOLFKHU XQGEDXOLFKHU4XHOOHQ>LQ @/EHFNHU&ROORTXLXP]XU6WDGWDUFKlRORJLHLP+DQVHUDXP9, /X[XV
Joanna Sawicka
XQG /LIHVW\OH HG . .LPPLQXV6FKQHLGHU ' (KUHQEHUJ 0 6FKQHLGHU & 6KHHKDQ %HFN
V
5XEQLNRZLF]0 %DGDQLDQDGSyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\PLQRZRĪ\WQ\PKXWQLFWZHPV]NáDQD3RPRU]X
*GDĔVNLP$FWD8QLYHUVLWDWLV1LFRODL&RSHUQLFL$UFKHRORJLD$UFKHRORJLDV]NáDV
6DZLFND - ĝUHGQLRZLHF]QH SUDFRZQLH V]NODUVNLH Z 0LĊG]\U]HF]X Ä6ODYLD $QWLTXD´ W V
6FKXWWH 6 *ODV LQ GHU PLWWHODOWHUOLFKHU 6WDGW >Z @ Aus dem Alltag der mittelalterlicher Stadt +DQGEXFK]XU6RQGHUDXVVWHOOXQJYRP'H]HPEHU ELV$SULO LP%UHKPHU/DQGHVPX VHXPIU.XQVW±XQG.XOWXUJHVFKLFKWH )RFNH0XVHXP V
âþDSRYD-/ =DVDG\LQWHUSUHWDFMLDQDOL]VNáDGXV]NáD]DE\WNRZHJRÄ$UFKHRORJLD3ROVNL´W ]V
6HGODþNRYD+7\SRORJLHGHV*ODVHVDXVGHPXQG-DKUKXQGHUWDXV%UQQ0lKUHQ>LQ @$XI
JOlVHUQHQ 6SXUHQ 'HU %HLWUDJ 0LWWHOHXURSDV ]XU DUFKlRORJLVFKKLVWRULVFKHQ *ODVIRUVFKXQJ HG
6)HOJHQKDXHU6FKPLHGW$+LEQHU+.QLWWOHU:LHQV ± 9\SRYtGDFLKRGQRWDDUFKHRORJLFNêFKQiOH]ĤVNODQD0RUDYp]REGRELFDÄ$UFKHR ORJLD+LVWRULFD´V ± $EULVVHLQHU7\SRORJLHGHU0LWWHDOWHUOLFKHU*ODVLPSRUWHDXV%UQR%UQQ0lKUHQ7VFKHFKLVFKH 5HSXEOLN$,+9$QQDOHVGXH&RQJUqVV 6HGODþNRYD+5RKDQRYi'/HViN%âLPRQþLþRYi.RyãRYi30HGLHYDO*ODVVIURP%UDWLVODYD FD LQWKH&RQWH[WRI&RQWHPSRUDQHRXV*ODVV3URGXFWLRQDQG7UDGH&RQWDFWVÄ3DPiW N\DUFKHRORJLFNp´V 6LHPLDQRZVND63yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]Q\SXFKDUHN]SLRQRZ\PLĪHEHUNDPLZVWXGQLNODV]WRUXEHU QDUG\QyZ >Z @ĝUHGQLRZLHF]QDVWXGQLDNODV]WRUXEHUQDUG\QyZ]-DZRU]D%DGDQLDLQWHUG\VF\SOL narne$0XáD UHG -DZRUV ± D3yĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHLQRZRĪ\WQHV]NáRQDF]\QLRZH]EDGDĔZ\NRSDOLVNRZ\FKQD2VWURZLH 7XPVNLPZH:URFáDZLXSURZDG]RQ\FKZODWDFK Ä6LOHVLD$QWLTXD´WV 6WHSKDQ+*:HGHSRKO.++DUWPDQQ* 0LWWHODOWHUOLFKHV*ODVDXVGHP5HLFKVNORVWHUXQGGHU
Stadtwüstung CorveyÄ*HUPDQLD´V
6WHSSXKQ3*ODVDOV.XOWXUJXW>Z @*ODVNXOWXULQ1LHGHUVDFKVHQ(GJDU5LQJHGV ± 20160LWWHODOWHUOLFKHXQGIUKQHX]HLWOLFKH*ODVIXQGHDXVGHU$OWVWDGWYRQ/EHFN/EHFN 6WLDI¿QL' ,OYHWURQHOPHGLRHYR7HFQLFKHVWUXWWXUHPDQXIDWWL5RPD 6]DMW-1DF]\QLDVWRáRZHPLHV]F]DĔVWZDZ;,,,;9,Z3U]\F]\QHNGRVWXGLyZQDGNXOWXUąVWRáX SyĨQRĞUHGQLRZLHF]QHJRĝOąVND>Z @5yĪQHREOLF]DĞUHGQLRZLHF]D=LQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQ\FKEDGDĔQDG KLVWRULąLNXOWXUąZLHNyZĞUHGQLFK(-.RZDOF]\N UHG W:URFáDZV
7HR¿O 3UH]ELWHU 'LYHUVDUXP $UWLXP 6FKHGXOD SU]HNáDG ] MĊ] áDF L RSUDFRZDQLH 6 .RELHOXV .UDNyZ :HGHSRKO.+ 0LWWHODOWHUOLFKHV*ODVLQ0LWWHOHXURSD =XVDPPHQVHW]XQJ+HUVWHOOXQJ5RKVWRIIH 1DFKULFKWHQGHU$NDGHPLHGHU:LVVHQVFKDIWHQLQ*|WWLQJHQ,,0DWHPDWLVFK3K\VLNDOLVFKH.ODVVH 1UV ± 'LHFKHPLVFKH&KDUDNWHULVLHUXQJPLWWHODOWHUOLFKHU*OlVHUXQGGHU+DQGHOPLWLKUHQ5RKVWRI IHQ Ä%HLWUlJH]XU0LWWHODOWHUDUFKlRORJLHLQėVWHUUHLFK´ V
± 7KH PDQXIDFWXUH RI PHGLHYDO JODVV *ODVVPDNLQJ LQ (XURSH EHWZHHQ $' >LQ @':KLWHKRXVH HG 0HGLHYDOJODVVIRU3RSHV3ULQFHVDQG3HDVDQWV&RUQLQJ1HZ<RUN :\URELV]$ 6]NáRZ3ROVFHRG;,9GR;9,,Z:URFáDZ:DUV]DZD.UDNyZ
± :\WZyUF]RĞüV]NODUVNDRGSRáRZ\;,,,GRSRáRZ\;9,,ZLHNX>Z @3ROVNLHV]NáRGRSRáRZ\
