• Nie Znaleziono Wyników

Evolution of Lean Management Concept and Evaluation of Experience in its Application

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Evolution of Lean Management Concept and Evaluation of Experience in its Application"

Copied!
13
0
0

Pełen tekst

(1)

vv

EVOLUTION OF

LEAN

MANAGEMENTCONCEPT AND EVALUATION

OF EXPERIENCE IN ITS APPLICATION

Krzysztof Drabek*

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to explain what lean management concept is and to evaluate its effectiveness from different points of view. The article attempts at evaluating the effect of using lean management,not only referring to economic impacts but also to other criteria. It also includes an analysis mof hazards that may result from implementing the concept and in particular from its improper implementation. The author also points out gaps in the studies concerning lean management.

Keywords: Japanese methods, manufacturing management, lean management,

lean manufacturing. 1. Introduction /HDQPDQDJHPHQWLVDUHODWLYHO\QHZFRQFHSWKRZHYHULQWURGXFHGE\JOREDO EXVLQHVVJLDQWVLWVKRZVWKDWLWEULQJVWKHGHVLUHGUHVXOWVDQGLQWURGXFHVQHZ TXDOLW\LQWRWKHILHOGRIPDQDJHPHQW([SDQVLRQRIWKHDUHDRIPDQDJHPHQW FDXVHVFUHDWLRQRIQHZHUDQGQHZHU/HDQFRQFHSWV,WDOORZVDFRPSDQ\WR LQFUHDVHSURILWVUHGXFHFRVWVDQGEHFRQVLGHUHGDVDPRGHUQFRPSDQ\2Q WKHRWKHUKDQGWKHUHDUHSOHQW\RIRSSRQHQWVRIWKHGLVFXVVHGFRQFHSWDVIRU H[DPSOH*HQGRDQG.RQVFKDNZKRFULWLFL]HLW,QWKHDUWLFOHWKHDXWKRUWULHV WRH[SODLQWKHOHDQPDQDJHPHQWFRQFHSWZLWKUHIHUHQFHWRLWVEHJLQQLQJVDQG UXOHVLWLVEDVHGRQ7KHPDLQSXUSRVHRIWKHDUWLFOHLVWRVWXG\WKHFRQVHTXHQFHV RIOHDQPDQDJHPHQWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLQFRPSDQLHV7KHILUVWSDUWFRQFHQWUDWHV RQRULJLQVRIWKHOHDQFRQFHSWDVZHOODVRQUXOHVRILWVDSSOLFDWLRQ7KHQH[W SDUWDQDO\VHVSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHHIIHFWVRILPSOHPHQWLQJ/HDQFRQFHSWDQG LGHQWLILHV ULVNV WKDW PD\ RFFXU GXULQJ LWV LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 7KH DUWLFOH HQGV ZLWKFRQFOXVLRQVDQGLQGLFDWLRQIRUIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKGLUHFWLRQV

,,02'(51722/6)25%86,1(66$1'121352),725*$1,=$7,2160$1$*(0(17

 0$ 3K' 6WXGHQW 'HDSUWPHQW RI (FRQRPLFV IRU 5HDO (VWDWH DQG ,QYHVWPHQW 3URFHVV &UDFRZ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI (FRQRPLFVXO5DNRZLFND&UDFRZHPDLONU]\V]WRIGUDEHN#RSO

(2)

vv

7KHRULJLQDQGWKHFRQFHSWRIOHDQPDQDJHPHQW

/HDQPDQDJHPHQWLVDFRQFHSWFRQQHFWHGZLWKHFRQRPLFDOPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH RUJDQLVDWLRQ,WEHORQJVWRWKHIDPLO\RIQHZHUFRQFHSWVRIVPDOORUJDQLVDWLRQV PDQDJHPHQW DQG LW KDV IRXQG DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ PDQ\ EUDQFKHV RI LQGXVWU\ LQ WKH ZRUOG LQFOXGLQJ DXWRPRWLYH DLUFUDIW IRRG SURFHVVLQJ LQGXVWU\ RU LQ DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ /HDQ PDQDJHPHQW FRQFHSW FRPHV IURP OHDQ WKLQNLQJ SKLORVRSK\WKDWZDVLQWURGXFHGWRPDQDJHPHQWGLFWLRQDU\E\:RPDFN-RQHV DQG5RRVVFLHQWLVWVIURP0DVVDFKXVHWWV,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\7KH\ZHUH WKHILUVWRQHVWRXVHWKHWHUPrOHDQSURGXFWLRQs /LVLHFNDDQG%XUNDS  7KHILUVWDWWHPSWWRRUJDQLVHSURGXFWLRQDVDVHWRIVXEVHTXHQWRSHUDWLRQV ZHUHPDGHLQLQ&ROWIDFWRU\LQ+DUWIRUG&RQQHFWLFXW,Q+HQU\ )RUGIXOO\LPSOHPHQWHGWKHWHUPRIrIORZLQJSURGXFWLYLW\s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

v LPPHGLDWH VWRS RI WKH OLQH ZKHQ GHIHFWLYH SURGXFW LV QRWLFHG LQ RUGHU WR SUHYHQW GDPDJHG SDUWV IURP JHWWLQJ LQWR IXUWKHU VWDJHV RI SURGXFWLRQ -LGRNDUXOH 

v XVLQJSXOOV\VWHPDVVXPLQJWKDWRQO\VXFKDPRXQWRISDUWVVKRXOG EH FUHDWHG DV LW LV QHHGHG IRU FXUUHQW SURGXFWLRQ GHILQHG DV MXVW LQWLPH  /DWHU RQH PRUH IUDPHZRUN ZDV DGGHG WR WKH DERYH WKDW WDUJHWHGGLVWULEXWLRQRIZRUNLQDPL[HGSURGXFWLRQIORZ GHILQHGDV +HLMXQND 

 $XWKRUV RI eOHDQ SURGXFWLRQs WHUP UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI 0DVVDFKXVHWWV ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\ 0,7  ZKRVH ERRN LV UHJDUGHGDVDSHDNLQGLVFXVVLRQRYHUWKHUHDVRQVRI-DSDQHVHFDUFRPSDQLHVVXFFHVVRQ$PHULFDQPDUNHW =LPQLHZLF]  

(3)

vv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r7KH0DFKLQHWKDWFKDQJHGWKH:RUOGs7KLVERRNGHVFULEHVWKH SKHQRPHQRQRI-DSDQHVHFDUSURGXFWLRQV\VWHPWKDWSURYHGWREHDEDVHRI QXPHURXVrOHDQs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qUHTXLUHPHQWVLQDPRUHSUHFLVHZD\LQFRPSDULVRQWRWUDGLWLRQDO PDQDJHPHQW V\VWHP /HDQ PDQDJHPHQW FRQFHSW LV EDVHG RQ D QXPEHU RI DVVXPSWLRQV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQWRIWKHPDUHGHVFULEHGE\.%DUWXVLN  S 

v FRPELQLQJKLJKSHUIRUPDQFHZLWKTXDOLW\RISURGXFWLRQ v LQWHJUDWLRQRIWDVNVDQGIXQFWLRQV

(4)

vv

v VKRUWHQLQJ RI ZD\V RI LQIRUPDWLRQ IORZ E\ PDNLQJ RUJDQLVDWLRQDO VWUXFWXUHVIODW

v LQWURGXFLQJ IDUUHDFKHG FKDQJHV LQ WKH VFRSH RI EXVLQHVV WKH VFRSH RI FKDQJHV PD\ LQFOXGH WKH VWUXFWXUH RI SURSHUW\ PHWKRGV RIRUJDQLVDWLRQDQGPDQDJHPHQWSURIHVVLRQDOWUDLQLQJVKDSLQJWKH HPSOR\HHVDWWLWXGHVRUJDQLVDWLRQDOFXOWXUHHWF 

v UHDFKLQJ KLJKHU SURGXFWLYLW\ DQG TXDOLW\ RI ZRUN ZLWK OHVV WLPH PRQH\DQGZRUN

v GHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQ RI UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV DQG FRPSHWHQFHV LQ FRQQHFWLRQ ZLWKGHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQV\VWHPDQGVHOIFRQWURO

v DUUDQJLQJ VPDOO RUJDQLVDWLRQDO XQLWV ZRUNLQJ DFFRUGLQJ WR WHDP VWUXFWXUH

v IOH[LELOLW\RIRUJDQLVDWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH

v FUHDWLQJDSSURSULDWHDWPRVSKHUHLQRUJDQLVDWLRQ

v FRQWLQXRXVOHDUQLQJDQGLPSURYLQJRIWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQDVZHOODVLWV HPSOR\HHV

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

ZRUNSURSHUO\4XDOLW\FRQWUROKDVIXQGDPHQWDOLPSRUWDQFH 6KLPRNDZDDQG )XMLPRWRS 

1H[W IHDWXUH RI OHDQ PDQDJHPHQW LV PDUNHW EDVHG SURGXFWLRQ ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW WKH SURGXFHUV FRQFHQWUDWH RQ UHJXODU FXVWRPHUV ZKR DUH V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ rUHVHDUFKHGs LQ RUGHU WR JHW LQIRUPDWLRQ DERXW FXUUHQW PDUNHW WUHQGV &ROOHFWHG LQIRUPDWLRQ LV WDNHQ LQWR DFFRXQW ZKLOH SODQQLQJ GHYHORSPHQW RI QHZ SURGXFWV 2ZLQJ WR WKLV WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU KDV FXUUHQW LQIRUPDWLRQDERXWUHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHPDUNHWDQGWKHFXVWRPHUJHWVSURGXFWV DFFRUGLQJ WR WKHLU VSHFLILF H[SHFWDWLRQV 7KH EDVLV LV GLUHFW FRRSHUDWLRQ

 KanbanLVD-DSDQHVHZRUGWKDWPHDQVVKHHW ERDUG WLFNHWRUVLJQ,WLVDWRROIRUPDQDJLQJRIPDWHULDOSURGXFWLRQIORZ RIVLPLODUWR7R\RWDSURGXFWLRQPDQDJHPHQWW\SH /LNHU

(5)

vv

EHWZHHQVHOOHUVDQGPDQXIDFWXUHUVDirect contact with suppliers LVRQHRIWKH PDLQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKH-DSDQHVHFRQFHSWDVZHOO,WLVZRUWKGUDZLQJWKH UHDGHUqVDWWHQWLRQWRWKHPHWKRGRIFDUU\LQJRXWUHVHDUFKDQGLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ VWXGLHV XVLQJ Simultaneous Engineering. 7KH FRQFHSW RI WKLV DSSURDFK LV VLPXOWDQHRXVLQYROYHPHQWRIDOOGHSDUWPHQWVWDNLQJSDUWLQDQHZSURFHVVRI SURGXFWGHYHORSPHQWVWDUWLQJIURPWKHHDUOLHVWVWDJHVFRRSHUDWLQJZLWKHDFK RWKHUDQGFRYHULQJSDUWLFXODUVWDJHV,QWKLVDSSURDFKHDFKRSHUDWLRQLVVWDUWHG ZLWKLQIRUPDWLRQFRPLQJIURPWKHSUHYLRXVRSHUDWLRQDQGWKDQNVWRWKDWWKH WLPHQHHGHGIRUGHYHORSPHQWDQGFRVWVDUHUHGXFHGDQGTXDOLW\LPSURYHPHQW LV DFKLHYHG 0LQJXHOD5DWD  S   7KDQNV WR XVLQJ Simultaneous

EngineeringWKHUHDUHVRPHEHQHILWVOLNHSDUDOOHOGHYHORSPHQWRISURGXFWVDQG PHDQVRISURGXFWLRQHDUO\PDUNHWGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIFUXFLDOIHDWXUHVRIDQHZ SURGXFW LQFOXGLQJ LQWR WKH QHZ SURGXFW GHYHORSPHQW SURFHVV GHYHORSPHQW SRWHQWLDORIWKHPDQXIDFWXUHUVRIPHDQVRISURGXFWLRQDQGVXSSOLHUVRIWKHVH PHDQV %DUWXVLNS 7KHQH[WIHDWXUHLVrelating to flatness of the

RUJDQLVDWLRQDOVWUXFWXUHV GHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQ DQGGHOHJDWLQJSRZHURIGHFLVLRQ to the lower structures.2QHW\SHRIGHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQLVGHOHJDWLRQRISRZHUV WKDW PHDQV DXWKRULVLQJ VXERUGLQDWHV WR PDNH FHUWDLQ GHFLVLRQV SHUIRUP SDUWLFXODURSHUDWLRQVDQGGHYROXWLRQRIUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVLQPDWWHUVEHORQJLQJ WRWKHSULQFLSDOqVFRPSHWHQFHV

'HFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRIGHFLVLRQVEULQJVVHYHUDOEHQHILWVVXFKDV v JUHDWHUIOH[LELOLW\LQWKHFRQWH[WRIPDUNHWUHTXLUHPHQWV v EHWWHUNQRZOHGJHRIUHFLSLHQWVDQGFXUUHQWWUDQVDFWLRQV

v JUHDWHU HIILFLHQF\ LQ GHYHORSPHQW DQG LQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI LQQRYDWLRQV

v EHWWHUPRWLYDWLRQRIHPSOR\HHVWKDQNVWRDZDUHQHVVRIRQHqVVFRSHRI DFWLYLWLHVDQGLQIOXHQFHRQFRPSDQ\GHYHORSPHQW

2WKHUIHDWXUHVRILean ManagementZKLFKDUHDOVRLPSRUWDQWDUH /LVLHFND DQG%XUNDS@strong customer focus, constant improvement in the

scope of kaizen3 ,use of continuous flow of materials or market orientation to producing goods in small batches. 7KH FRQFHSW RI Lean Management LV YHU\EURDGDQGLQFOXGHVDOODVSHFWVRIFRPSDQ\IXQFWLRQDOLW\)RULWVSURSHU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGIXQFWLRQLQJQHZVROXWLRQVPXVWEHDFFHSWHGE\WKHZKROH RUJDQLVDWLRQ 7UHQNHUS 0DQDJHUVDQGHPSOR\HHVRI7R\RWDXVH 0XGDWHUPZKHQWKH\WDONDERXWDQ\W\SHVRIZDVWHDQGDUHWU\LQJWRHOLPLQDWH LW7KHUHDUHWZRRWKHUr0sIXQFWLRQLQJLQ7R\RWDFRUSRUDWLRQDQGGHVSLWH WKHIDFWWKDWWKH\DUHVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWWKH\DUHDVLPSRUWDQWDVWKHSUHYLRXV DQGWKHIXQFWLRQDVDZKROHLQWKHIRUPRIr0s )LJXUH $GRFXPHQWr7KH

 Kaizen LV D SKLORVRSK\ RI VWULYLQJ IRU SHUIHFWLRQ DQG PDLQWDLQLQJ LW HYHU\GD\ GXULQJ SURGXFWLRQ LW RULJLQDWHV IURP 7R\RWDSURGXFWLRQV\VWHP  /LNHU 

(6)

vv

7R\RWD:D\sUHIHUVWRr0sWKDWLVMuda, Muri DQG Mura /LNHUS  

MUDA

MURA

MURI

Figure 1. 0XGD0XUL0XUDDVDZKROHLQ0FRQFHSW 6RXUFH6HOIVWXG\EDVHGRQ/LNHU.- SS  v MudaLQRWKHUZRUGVZDVWHHVSHFLDOO\DOODFWLYLWLHVWKDWQHHGODERXU LQSXWLQVWHDGRIFUHDWLQJYDOXH

v Mura LQ -DSDQHVH PHDQV LUUHJXODULW\ ,W RFFXUV ZKHQ ZRUN RI RSHUDWRUPDFKLQHRUPDWHULDOIORZLVLQWHUUXSWHG

v MuriLQ-DSDQHVHPHDQVDQH[FHVVLYHEXUGHQRIHPSOR\HHVPDFKLQHV DQGSURFHVVHV$VLJQDOGHQRWLQJmuri LVH[KDXVWLRQRIHPSOR\HHV VWUDQJHPDFKLQHQRLVHVHWF

,Q SUDFWLFH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH Lean Management DVVXPSWLRQV LV DOORZHG E\ H[SDQGHG FROOHFWLRQ RI WHFKQLTXHV DQG WRROV GHILQHG DV Lean

ToolboxLQOLWHUDWXUH %LFKHQRDQG+ROZHJ 7KHPRVWSRSXODU7RROER[ WRROVDUH6-XVWLQWLPH.DQEDQ60('3RND<RNH730+HLMXQND6L[ 6LJPD-LGRND %LFKHQRDQG+ROZHJ)DURQ 

(IILFLHQF\DQGHYDOXDWLRQRILean Management

7KHUH DUH PDQ\ ERRNV GHVFULYLQJ DFWLYLWLHV WKDW PXVW EH WDNHQ GXULQJ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI WKH Lean Management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ean Management LVFKRVHQPDLQO\DV DFRQFHSWWKDWGHWHUPLQHVUHGXFWLRQRIFRVWVLQDFRPSDQ\,QRUGHUWRFKHFN

(7)

vv WKLVFRQGLWLRQWKHUHLVDQHHGWRWHVWHIILFLHQF\RIOHDQPDQDJHPHQW1RWRQO\ HFRQRPLFDOUHVXOWVRILPSOHPHQWLQJWKLVFRQFHSWVKRXOGEHDQDO\VHGEXWDOVR RWKHUDVSHFWV ,Q3RODQGDUHODWLYHO\VPDOODPRXQWRIUHVHDUFKRQHIILFLHQF\RILean ManagementLVFRQGXFWHGRQDODUJHVFDOHLQFRPSDULVRQWRIRUHLJQDQDO\VHV $PRQJWKH3ROLVKWKHVLVRQHIILFLHQF\RILean Management VWXGLHVRIVXFK DXWKRUV OLNH 3LDVHFND*äXV]DN   1RJDOVNL 6]UHGHU :DOHQW\QRZLF]  :DOHQW\QRZLF]  &]HUVND  PD\EHKLJKOLJKWHG,QRUGHU WRDQDO\VHWKHHIILFLHQF\RILean Management WKHUHVXOWVRIVRPHVWXGLHVZHUH FRPSDUHG 7DEOH 

Table 1.&RPSDULVRQRIWKHVWXGLHVUHJDUGLQJLean Management HIIHFWLYHQHVV

6RXUFHDQGUHPDUNV (IIHFWVRI/HDQ0DQDJHPHQWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ 1RJDOVNL% :DOHQW\QRZLF]3   ,Q)DURQ UHGXFLQJSURGXFWLRQDUHD OLPLWLQJWKHFRVWVRISURGXFWLRQWRROLQJHYHQE\KDOI UHGXFLQJSURGXFWLRQF\FOHE\RQDYHUDJH UHGXFLQJWKHQXPEHURIGHIHFWVE\PRUHWKDQDKDOI UHGXFLQJWKHWLPHRIVHWXSE\ UHGXFLQJWKHQHHGIRUVWDIIE\ HQVXULQJPXFKJUHDWHUYDULHW\RIJRRGV JHWWLQJVLJQLILFDQWO\KLJKHUOHYHORIFXVWRPHUVHUYLFH &]HUVND-  JURZWKRIODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\E\ JURZWKRIDGGHGYDOXHE\ JURZWKRIVDOHVE\ JURZWKRIPDWHULDOURWDWLRQE\ +DXV%   6WXGLHVFRQGXFWHGLQ RQRYHU *HUPDQFRPSDQLHV UHGXFLQJLQYHQWRU\ZKLFKOHDGVWRGHFUHDVLQJRILQYROYHG FDSLWDOE\ VKRUWHQLQJWKHWLPHRIDGMXVWLQJWKHGHYLFHVE\ VKRUWHQLQJWKHSURGXFWLRQF\FOHRPDYHUDJHE\ LQFUHDVLQJSURGXFWLYLW\ ZLWKLQ\HDUV E\ UHGXFLQJWKHQHHGIRUVWDII ZLWKLQ\HDUV E\ UHGXFLQJDEVHQFHVIURPZRUNGXHWRDVLFNQHVVWROHVVWKDQ  UHGXFLQJWKHQXPEHURIGDPDJHGSURGXFWVIURPWR  :DOHQW\QRZLF]3  6WXGLHVFRQGXFWHG RQSURGXFWLRQ FRPSDQLHVLQ3RODQGRYHU WKHSHULRG  UHGXFLQJLQYHQWRU\ UHGXFLQJWKHFRVWVRIPDQXIDFWXULQJ VKRUWHQLQJWKHSURGXFWLRQWLPH LQFUHDVLQJWKHVSHHGRIUHDFWLRQWRPDUNHWQHHGV LQFUHDVLQJWKHTXDOLW\RISURGXFWV LQFUHDVLQJVWDIIPRWLYDWLRQ JURZWKRIODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\ SRVLWLYHLPSDFWRQRUJDQLVDWLRQDOFXOWXUH LQFUHDVLQJHFRQRPLFDQGILQDQFLDOHIIHFWLYHQHVV

(8)

vv 6RXUFHDQGUHPDUNV (IIHFWVRI/HDQ0DQDJHPHQWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ %RĔHN0 +DQG]HOHZLF]$  6WXGLHVFRQGXFWHGRQ $PHULFDQFRPSDQLHVDIWHU ,,:RUOG:DUFRQFHUQLQJ HPSOR\HHVWUDLQLQJZLWKLQ WKHVFRSHRIRQHRIWKH Lean Management WRROV

RIWKHVXUYH\HGFRPSDQLHVQRWLFHGLQFUHDVLQJRI SURGXFWLYLW\E\DWOHDVW RIWKHPUHGXFHGWLPHIRUHPSOR\HHVWUDLQLQJPLQLPXP E\ RIWKHPUHGXFHGWKHQXPEHURIGHILFLHQFLHVE\DW OHDVW RIWKHPLPSURYHGFXVWRPHUVDWLVIDFWLRQE\DWOHDVW  )DURQ$  6WXGLHVFRQGXFWHGE\6 6XVVPDQQDQG3.UDXVLQ FDUULHGRXWRQ ELJ*HUPDQFRQFHUQV LQFUHDVLQJFRPSHWLWLYHDELOLW\WKDQNVWRUHGXFLQJWKHFRVWV UHGXFWLRQRIZDVWHIXOQHVVDQGKLJKHUTXDOLW\ JURZWKRIODERXUSURGXFWLYLW\ IODWWHQLQJRIKLHUDUFK\ VKRUWHQLQJWLPHIRUPDNLQJGHFLVLRQV SD\LQJVSHFLDODWWHQWLRQWRFXVWRPHUQHHGVDQGUHTXHVWV LQFUHDVLQJVWDIIVDWLVIDFWLRQWKDQNVWREHWWHUFRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHWZHHQVXSHUYLVRUVDQGVXERUGLQDWHV EHWWHUPRWLYDWLRQRIHPSOR\HHVDQGWKHLULGHQWLILFDWLRQZLWK FRPSDQ\VXFFHVV =DU]\FND( 0LFKDODN0  &DVHVWXG\FRQGXFWHGLQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOFRPSDQ\ SURYLGLQJDFFRXQWLQJVHUYL FHVZKHUHDWRROIURPWKH VFRSHRI/HDQ$FFRXQWLQJ KDVEHHQLQWURGXFHG WKHTXDQWLW\RISURFHVVHGGDWDGHFUHDVHGE\ WLPHQHHGHGIRUFORVLQJDFFRXQWERRNVDQGIRUSUHSDULQJUH SRUWVZDVVKRUWHQHGE\ RYHUDOOSURGXFWLRQHIILFLHQF\LQFUHDVHGE\WKHFRVWVRI ILQDQFLDOUHSRUWLQJGHFUHDVHGE\ ORZHUOLWLJDWLRQH[SHQVHVDQGWUDQVDFWLRQFRVWVVKRUWHUDQG OHVVODERXULQWHQVLYHSURFHVVHVOHVVWLPHIRUJHQHUDWLQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ UHSRUWV 

7KH DERYH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW Lean Management KDV EHQHILFLDO HIIHFW RQ WKH VLWXDWLRQ RI ERWK PDQXIDFWXULQJ DQG VHUYLFH FRPSDQLHV7KH EHQHILWV DUH LPSUHVVLYH DQG LQ WKHVH UHVXOWV WKHUH DUH QR QHJDWLYH HIIHFWV +RZHYHU ZH PD\ ZRQGHU ZK\ UHODWLYHO\ IHZ FRPSDQLHV VWLOO LQWURGXFH WKLV FRQFHSW LQWKHLUDFWLYLWLHV/HDQPDQDJHPHQWEULQJVPDQ\HFRQRPLFEHQHILWVEXWWKH FRQVHTXHQFHRILWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQPD\EHHJVRFLDOFRVWVWKDWDUHXVXDOO\ RPLWWHG6XUYH\HYLGHQFHVKRZVWKDWOHDQRUJDQLVDWLRQVKDYHZHDNQHVVHVWKH VDPHDVRWKHUPDQDJHPHQWFRQFHSWVDQGRQO\VRPHHOHPHQWVDUHWLPHOHVVDQG WKH\PD\LQGXFHSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVIRUFRPSDQ\ +DXVSS 6RPH RIWKHSRVLWLYHUHVXOWVPD\DOVREHFRQQHFWHGZLWKULVNVWKDWPD\QRWDOZD\V EHSUHGLFWHGE\OHDGHUVKLS$V+DXV  SRLQWVRXW v UHGXFLQJRILQYHQWRU\QHHGVFDUHIXOH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHSURGXFWLRQ SURFHVVVRWKHUHLVQRQHHGWRVWRSWKHSURGXFWLRQF\FOHGXHWRODFNRI PDWHULDOVRUWKHUHLVQRGHOD\LQVKLSSLQJWKHSURGXFWVWRDFXVWRPHU

(9)

vv

v VKRUWHQLQJ WKH WLPH RI DGMXVWLQJ WKH GHYLFHV LV XVXDOO\ FRQQHFWHG ZLWKWKHQHHGWRUHSODFHHTXLSPHQWFXUUHQWO\XVHGE\QHZPDFKLQHV $QRWKHU RSWLRQ LV WR UHSURJUDP WKH HQWLUH SURGXFWLRQ F\FOH VR WKH DQDO\VHGSURFHVVRIPRYLQJGHYLFHVZLOOQRWEHUHTXLUHGYHU\RIWHQ v UHGXFWLRQ RI SURGXFWLRQ F\FOH PHDQV WUDQVLWLRQ IURP D OLQHDU

RUJDQLVDWLRQWRDSDUDOOHORQHVRLWQHHGVPRGHUQLVDWLRQRISURGXFWLRQ OLQHSXUFKDVLQJQHZPDFKLQHVDQGGHYLFHVDQGLWLVRIWHQFRQQHFWHG ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ SURGXFWLRQ VFDOH WR FRYHU ILQDQFLDO FRPPLWPHQWV UHVXOWLQJIURPFUHDWLQJQHZSURGXFWLRQQHWZRUN v UHGXFLQJWKHQHHGIRUVWDIILVRQRQHKDQGDSRVLWLYHDVSHFWEHFDXVH LWDOORZVVDYLQJILQDQFLDOUHVRXUFHVE\DQRUJDQLVDWLRQKRZHYHULW LVQRWDVVLPSOHDQ\PRUHDVLWUHTXLUHVVRPHWLPHDQGLWLVQHJDWLYHO\ SHUFHLYHGE\WKHVRFLHW\ %ñFKRU S KRZHYHUOLVWVVRPHPLVWDNHVGXULQJLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RIlean manufacturing WKDWUHIHUVWRWKHHQWLUHFRQFHSWLean DVZHOO WKDWPD\ DOVRUHVXOWLQXQLQWHQGHGQHJDWLYHHIIHFWV

v not understanding Lean philosophy - Lean Management LVDSURFHVV RIFRQWLQXRXVLPSURYHPHQWQRWVLQJOHFRXQWHUPHDVXUH

v wrong approach of leadership - FUXFLDO LVVXH LV LQYROYHPHQW RI WKH HQWLUH PDQDJHPHQW VWDII DQG GHILQLQJ D GLUHFWLRQ LQ ZKLFK DQ RUJDQLVDWLRQDQGDOOHPSOR\HHVDUHKHDGLQJ

v economic profits DFKLHYLQJWKHSURILWVLVQRWWKHPDLQUHDVRQIRU LPSOHPHQWLQJQHZPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPEXWLWLVDFRQVHTXHQFH v UHVXOWV u LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR REWDLQ UHVXOWV LPPHGLDWHO\ KRZHYHU LI

WDUJHWV ZHUH ZURQJO\ GHILQHG ZKLFK LV YHU\ OLNHO\  LW FDQ OHDG WR DODFNRIFRQILGHQFHWRWKHHQWLUHLeanV\VWHP

v introduction - VWDUWLQJ DQG VSUHDGLQJ Lean UXOHV ZLWKRXW KDYLQJ DZHOOWUDLQHGHPSOR\HHLQWKHRUJDQLVDWLRQKLHUDUFK\

v finishingLean Management LVQRWDVLPSOHRSHUDWLRQLWLVDMRXUQH\ WKDWQHYHUHQGVNDL]HQ

7KHUHVXOWVRILPSOHPHQWLQJLean Management DUHGHSHQGDEOHRQERWK RUJDQLVDWLRQDQGHPSOR\HHVDVZHOODVRQVXUURXQGLQJV6SHFLDOIRFXVPXVWEH SXWRQOHDGHUVKLSWKDWKDVDVWURQJLQIOXHQFHRQWDNHQDFWLRQV,QOLWHUDWXUHRQ WKHVXEMHFWWKHREMHFWLRQLVUDLVHGWKDWOHDQRUJDQLVDWLRQLVRQO\FRPELQDWLRQRI RWKHUPDQDJHPHQWPHWKRGVDQGDVDFRQFHSWLWLVQRWPRGHUQDQGLQQRYDWLYH =LPQLHZLF] ,WFDQEHDOVRVWDWHGWKDWPDQ\FKDQJHVDUHGLIILFXOWWR LQWURGXFHZKLFKFDXVHVVLJQLILFDQWFRVWV7KHUHIRUHLQWKHZRUOGRIVFLHQFH WKHUHDUHFULWLFDORSLQLRQVUHJDUGLQJPDQDJHPHQWRILean W\SH$FFRUGLQJWR =LPQLHZLF] SS WKHSHRSOHZKRUDLVHGREMHFWLRQVDJDLQVWLean Management FRQFHSWZHUH*HQVRDQG.RQVFKDN7KH\HQWHUHGLQWRDVKDUS SROHPLFZLWK:RPDFNHWDOVWDWLQJWKDWr/HDQ0DQDJHPHQWKDVQRVFLHQWLILF EDVLVDQGLWLVDSURGXFWRILPDJLQDWLRQsDQGWKDWr/HDQ0DQDJHPHQWLVQRW WKHEDVLVRI-DSDQHVHVXFFHVVEXWFHUWDLQH[SUHVVLRQZLWKRXWNH\QRWHs2WKHU

(10)

vv

DXWKRUVDOVRVSRNHUDWKHUQHJDWLYHO\DERXWLean FRQFHSW =LPQLHZLF] )DURQ 7KDWFULWLFLVPRILean Management PD\EHDOVRUHOHYDQW WRHPSOR\HHVqEHKDYLRXUGHOHJDWLRQRIWDVNVDQGGHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRIGHFLVLRQV RUHYHQIODWRUJDQLVDWLRQDOVWUXFWXUH,WLVZRUWKDGGLQJKRZHYHUWKDWWKRVH FULWLFDOREMHFWLRQVZHUHQRWUDLVHGDJDLQVWFXVWRPHUIRFXVDQGGHOLYHU\RIKLJK TXDOLW\SURGXFWVDQGVHUYLFHV,QWKHLean FRQFHSWLWLVHPSKDVL]HGWKDWDQ HPSOR\HHLVDVHOIUHOLDQWLQQRYDWLYHSHUVRQZKRFDUULHVJUHDWUHVSRQVLELOLW\ +RZHYHUWKLVGRHVQRWDSSO\EHFDXVHLQIDFWHPSOR\HHVSHUIRUPWKHLUDFWLYLWLHV LPLWDWLYHO\ DQG WKHUH LV QR WLPH IRU EHLQJ LQQRYDWLYH DQG FUHDWLYH 7DVNV SHUIRUPHG E\ HPSOR\HHV DUH DOVR DQ HOHPHQW WKDW GHQLHV WKH LGHD RI Lean

ManagementDVVXPLQJGHFHQWUDOLVDWLRQRIGHFLVLRQV,QDOHDQRUJDQLVDWLRQ DGLUHFWRURUDPDQDJHUVKRXOGSURPRWHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIHDFKHPSOR\HH ZKRKDVJUHDWHULQGHSHQGHQFHLQDFWLRQDQGODUJHUVFRSHRIGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ 7KLVLQGHSHQGHQFHVKRXOGLPSURYHHPSOR\HHVq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ean FRQFHSW LV FXOWXUDO EDUULHU 'HVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW WKHUHDUHRSLQLRQVDVVXPLQJWKDWDWWKHOHYHORISKLORVRSK\FXOWXUDOEDUULHUV DUHQRWLPSRUWDQWLQ3ROLVKFRPSDQLHVWKHUHLVUHOXFWDQFHWRLQWURGXFHFKDQJHV .UDVLþVNLS 

7KH UHDFWLRQ RI HPSOR\HHV WR FKDQJHV LQ 3ROLVK FRPSDQLHV LV ZHOO SUHVHQWHG E\ WZR TXRWDWLRQV PHQWLRQHG E\ .UDVLþVNL  S   r<RX

must raise our salary; otherwise, we do not want to perform any additional WDVNVs r,W LV JRRG DV LW LV :H GR QRW KDYH DQ\ SUREOHPVs ,W VKRXOG EH

SRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKHVDPHDXWKRUDWWKHVDPHWLPHSD\VDWWHQWLRQWRWKHIDFWWKDW rXQZLOOLQJQHVVWRUHMHFWWKHVWDWXVTXRDQGFRQWLQXRXVVHDUFKIRULPSURYHPHQW

may be explained in the best way by cultural barriers on which in theory people do not have any effect. However, taking into account successful cooperation within many Polish-Japanese projects and others in which Polish cooperate with representatives of foreign countries it may be stated that the reason for not taking over the Japanese philosophy of management is laziness, which due WR FXOWXUDO EDUULHUV LQ D JHQHUDO VHQVH  DQG FHUWDLQ VWHUHRW\SHV FRQQHFWHG

(11)

vv

ZLWK-DSDQPD\EHHDVLO\KLGGHQDQGMXVWLILHGs+RZHYHUUHJDUGOHVVRIWKH

W\SH RI UHDVRQV RI HPSOR\HHVq XQZLOOLQJQHVV WR FKDQJHV WKH\ PD\ LPSHGH LQWURGXFWLRQRILeanFRQFHSWLQDFRPSDQ\DQGOLPLWLWVHIILFLHQF\

4. Conclusion

6LQFHWKHVZKHQOLWHUDWXUHRQWKHVXEMHFWEHJDQWRGUDZPRUHDWWHQWLRQ WR Lean Management FRQFHSW WKLV PHWKRG KDV EHHQ FRQVWDQWO\ GHYHORSLQJ DQGLWKDVEHFRPHSRSXODUDOPRVWLQHYHU\EUDQFK7KHVWXG\UHVXOWVLQPRVW FDVHVKLJKOLJKWSRVLWLYHHIIHFWVRIWKHPHWKRG,WLVVXFFHVVIXOO\XVHGQRWRQO\ LQ SURGXFWLRQ EXW DOVR LQ PDQDJHPHQW RU DFFRXQWLQJ 7KH TXHVWLRQ DULVHV KRZHYHULIDOOUHVXOWVRIrleansFRPSDQ\ZHUHVWXGLHGLQDQH[DFWZD\"

0RVWRIWKHDXWKRUVVWXG\SURGXFWLRQDQGVDOHVLQFUHDVHRUFRVWVUHGXFWLRQ ZKHUHDVFRVWVERWKHFRQRPLFDQGVRFLDORILean Management LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ DUHQRWSUHVHQWHG$ORQJSHULRGRIWLPHKDVWRHODSVHWRDGHTXDWHO\SUHSDUH PDQDJHULDO VWDII DQG HPSOR\HHV RU WR PRGLI\ RU H[FKDQJH SURGXFWLRQ OLQHV LQDSURSHUZD\(PSOR\HHVDWDOOOHYHOVDUHUHTXLUHGWREHPRUHUHVSRQVLEOH DQG WR XQGHUWDNH DGGLWLRQDO GXWLHV ZKLFK FRQVWLWXWH DGGLWLRQDO SUHVVXUH IRU WKHP,WZRXOGEHLQWHUHVWLQJWRVWXG\ZKHWKHULQFUHDVLQJUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVDV WKHUHVXOWRIOHDQPDQDJHPHQWLQWURGXFWLRQKDVDQ\LQIOXHQFHRQLQFUHDVLQJ HPSOR\HHVqVDODU\7KHVWXGLHVXVXDOO\GRQRWLQFOXGHRSLQLRQVRIHPSOR\HHV RI WKH ORZHVW OHYHO ZKR SHUIRUP PRVW RI GXWLHV LQ DQ RUJDQLVDWLRQ 0RUDO LVVXHVRIVXFKDQDFWLRQRQWKHFRPSDQ\PD\DOVRUDLVHGRXEWV

7KHUHIRUH LW LV LPSRUWDQW WR FRQGXFW VWXGLHV DPRQJ HPSOR\HHV RI WKH ORZHVWOHYHOLQWKHVFRSHRILean FRQFHSWDZDUHQHVVDVZHOODVFRQVHTXHQFHV RILWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQLean FRQFHSWLVDUHODWLYHO\QHZPHWKRGVRWKHUHVXOWV H[DPLQHGRYHUDORQJSHULRGRIWLPHPD\GLIIHUIURPWKHUHVXOWVUHSRUWHGMXVW DIWHULWVDSSOLFDWLRQ7KLVFDQEHEDVHGRQH[SHULHQFHVRI7R\RWDFRPSDQ\WKDW KDVEHHQDQDO\VHGDQGGHVFULEHGIRUPDQ\\HDUVEXWQRRWKHUFRPSDQ\KDV UHDFKHGVXFKVSHFWDFXODUHIIHFWVDV7R\RWD+RZHYHU7R\RWDVXFFHVVFDQQRW EHWUHDWHGWKHVDPHDVWKHVXFFHVVRILean ManagementDOORYHUWKHZRUOG ,W LV GLIILFXOW WR QRWLFH LQ VFLHQWLILF OLWHUDWXUH VWXGLHV UHJDUGLQJ FRPSDQLHVq SHUVLVWHQFH LQ DSSO\LQJ Lean Management. 7KHUH LV WKHUHIRUH D QHHG IRU YHULILFDWLRQRIKRZFRPSDQLHVXVLQJOHDQPDQDJHPHQWFRSHRYHUDORQJSHULRG RIWLPHDQGZKHWKHULWZDVDVLQJOHDFWLRQRILPSURYLQJUHVXOWVRUDVLean

Management FRQFHSW DVVXPHV RUJDQLVDWLRQqV FRQVLVWHQW SROLF\ RI PRYLQJ WRZDUGVFRQVWDQWLPSURYHPHQWRIWKHSURFHVVHVDQGVWULYLQJIRUH[FHOOHQFH

,W IROORZV IURP WKH DERYH FRQVLGHUDWLRQV WKDW /HDQ 0DQDJHPHQW LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LV XQGRXEWHGO\ WKH PHWKRG WKDW HIIHFWLYHO\ LQIOXHQFHV FRVW UHGXFWLRQ WKDW LV ZK\ LW LV VR UHDGLO\ FKRVHQ E\ FRPSDQLHV 7KH UHVXOWV RI WKHVWXG\GRPLQDWHGE\HFRQRPLFDOUHVXOWVDURXVHFRPSDQLHVLQWHUHVWLQWKLV

(12)

vv

PHWKRGKRZHYHUWKH\GRQRWVKRZRWKHUQRWIXOO\LQYHVWLJDWHGHIIHFWVRI LWVLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ,WVKRXOGEHSRLQWHGRXWWKDWLQIRUPDWLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQV SUHVHQWHGDERYHUDWKHULQGLFDWHDSUREOHPDQGWKHLUDLPLVWRVKRZFRPSOH[LW\ DQGVSHFLILFLW\RILean Management FRQFHSW7KH\DOVRLQGLFDWHDQHHGIRU IXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWZLWKLQWKLVVFRSH References %DUWXVLN.  /HDQPDQDJHPHQWuZVSÑäF]HVQDNRQFHSFMD]DU]ñG]DQLD SU]HGVLöELRUVWZHP =HV]\W\ 1DXNRZH $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM Z Krakowie %DUWXVLN.&DEXäD3  5HVWUXNWXU\]DFMDZMHGQRVWNDFKJRVSRGDUF]\FK .UDNÑZ:\GDZQLFWZR$NDGHPLL(NRQRPLF]QHM

%ñFKRU (   /HDQ PDQXIDFWXULQJ MDNR LQVWUXPHQW UHRUJDQL]DFML SU]HGVLöELRUVWZD ,Q 5 %RURZLHFNL $ -DNL (GV  =DU]ñG]DQLH

procesami restrukturyzacji, koncepcje-strategie-analiza .UDNÑZ )XQGDFMD8QLZHUV\WHWX(NRQRPLF]QHJR

%LFKHQR-+ROZHJ0  The Lean Toolbox%XFNLQJKDP8.3LFVLH %RRNV

%LWNRZVND$:ÑMFLN*.ROWHUPDQ.  .RQFHSFMHUHVWUXNWXU\]DFML SU]HGVLöELRUVWZ ,Q $ %LWNRZVND (G  Procesy restrukturyzacji

ZDUXQNLHP SRSUDZ\ NRQNXUHQF\MQRĈFL SU]HGVLöELRUVWZD :DUV]DZD

'LIILQ

%RĔHN 0 +DQG]HOHZLF] $   'HWHUPLDQW\ HIHNW\ZQHJR ZGURĔDQLD OHDQPDQXIDFWXULQJ3UREOHP\-DNRĈFL

&KOHELFNL06LFLDN3  6]F]XSäH]DU]ñG]DQLH*D]HWD%DQNRZD &]HUVND -   'RVNRQDOHQLH VWUXPLHQLD ZDUWRĈFL :DUV]DZD

:\GDZQLFWZR'LILQ )DURQ $   /HDQ 0DQDJHPHQW ,Q 0 +RSHM = .DUO :VSÑäF]HVQH PHWRG\]DU]ñG]DQLDZWHRULLLSUDNW\FH:URFäDZ2ILF\QD:\GDZQLF]D 3ROLWHFKQLNL:URFäDZVNLHM +DXV%  (IHNW\ZQRĈèZVSÑäF]HVQ\FKNRQFHSFMLLPHWRG]DU]ñG]DQLD. 3UDFH1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL(NRQRPLF]QHMZH:URFäDZLX -RQHV'  2UJDQL]DFMDSURGXNFMLEH]VWUDW,Q=DU]ñG]DQLHILUPñ :DUV]DZD:\GDZQLFWZR3:1 .R]äRZVNL 5 =DNU]HZVND%LHODZVND $   2EV]DU\ L PHWRG\ UHVWUXNWXU\]DFML ZHZQñWU]RUJDQL]DF\MQHM ,Q 6 /DFKLHZLF] $ =DNU]HZVND%LHODZVND (GV  5HVWUXNWXU\]DFMD RUJDQL]DFML L ]DVREÑZ

NDGURZ\FKSU]HGVLöELRUVWZD.UDNÑZ2ILF\QD(NRQRPLF]QD

.UDVLþVNL0  .XOWXURZHXZDUXQNRZDQLDZ\NRU]\VWDQLDMDSRþVNLFK

koncepcji, PHWRG L WHFKQLN ]DU]ñG]DQLD :URFäDZ :\GDZQLFWZR

8QLZHUV\WHWX(NRQRPLF]QHJRZH:URFäDZLX

/LNHU .-   7KH 7R\RWD :D\  0DQDJHPHQW 3ULQFLSOHV IURP WKH

(13)

vv

/LVLHFND . %XUND ,   .RQFHSFMD OHDQ PDQDJHPHQW L NLHUXQNL MHM UR]ZRMX3UREOHP\-DNRĈFL

0DURQD %   5HVWUXNWXU\]DFMD PDMñWNRZD Z VSU\ZDW\]RZDQ\FK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZDFK =HV]\W\ 1DXNRZH $NDGHPLL (NRQRPLF]QHM Z

Krakowie

0LQJXHOD5DWD %   3URGXFW LQQRYDWLRQ DQ HPSLULFDO VWXG\ LQWR WKH LPSDFWRIVLPXOWDQHRXVHQJLQHHULQJRQQHZSURGXFWTXDOLW\*OREDOL]DWLRQ

&RPSHWLWLYHQHVV *RYHUQDELOLW\  

1DOHSND$  5HVWUXNWXU\]DFMDRUJDQL]DF\MQDSU]HGVLöELRUVWZD=HV]\W\

1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL(NRQRPLF]QHMZ.UDNRZLH

1RJDOVNL % 6]UHGHU - :DOHQW\QRZLF] 3   =DNUHV ]DVWRVRZDQLD QRZRF]HVQ\FKWHFKQLN]DU]ñG]DQLDSURGXNFMñ]REV]DUXOHDQPDQDJHPHQW Z Z\EUDQ\FK SU]HGVLöELRUVWZDFK ZRMHZÑG]WZD SRPRUVNLHJR Prace

L 0DWHULDä\ :\G]LDäX =DU]ñG]DQLD 8QLZHUV\WHWX *GDþVNLHJR 



3LDVHFND*äXV]DN $   3RSUDZD LQQRZDF\MQRĈFL L NRQNXUHQF\MQRĈFL SROVNLFKSU]HGVLöELRUVWZSU]H]]DVWRVRZDQLHNRQFHSFMLOHDQPDQDJHPHQW

=HV]\W\1DXNRZH8QLZHUV\WHWX6]F]HFLþVNLHJR

6KLPRNDZD . )XMLPRWR 7   The Birth of Lean &DPEULGJH 0DVVDFKXVVHWWV7KH/HDQ(QWHUSULVH,QVWLWXWH 7UHQNHU0  &]äRZLHNZNRQFHSFML/HDQPDQDJHPHQW3UDFH1DXNRZH 8QLZHUV\WHWX(NRQRPLF]QHJRZH:URFäDZLX 8FHQLF, &,   7UDQVSRVLQJPDQQHUVRIOHDQPDQXIDFWXULQJSULQFLSOHVLQ WUDGLWLRQDOPDUNHWLQJ5HYLHZRI0DQDJHPHQW (FRQRPLF(QJLQHHULQJ    :DOHQW\QRZLF] 3   =DNUHV ]DVWRVRZDQLD /HDQ 0DQDJHPHQW Z SU]HGVLöELRUVWZDFKSURGXNF\MQ\FKZ\QLNLEDGDþHPSLU\F]Q\FK,Q5 .RQRVDOD (G ,QQRZDFMHZ=DU]ñG]DQLXL,QĔ\QLHULL3URGXNFML2SROH 2ILF\QD :\GDZQLF]D 3ROVNLHJR 7RZDU]\VWZD =DU]ñG]DQLD 3URGXNFMñ 

:RUPDFN--RQHV'  2GFKXG]DQLHILUPu(OLPLQDFMDPDUQRWUDZVWZD

kluczem do sukcesu:DUV]DZD&,0

=DU]\FND(0LFKDODN0  ,PSOHPHQWLQJ/HDQ$FFRXQWLQJ3ULQFLSOHV WR'HVLJQDQG,PSURYH$FFRXQWLQJ3URFHVVHVD&DVH6WXG\IURPD6KDUHG 6HUYLFH&HQWUH=HV]\W\7HRUHW\F]QH5DFKXQNRZRĈFL    =LPQLHZLF] .   1RZH VSRMU]HQLH QD /HDQ 0DQDJHPHQW. Prace 1DXNRZH$NDGHPLL(NRQRPLF]QHMZ3R]QDQLX =LPQLHZLF] .   :VSÑäF]HVQH NRQFHSFMH L PHWRG\ ]DU]ñG]DQLD :DUV]DZD3ROVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR(NRQRPLF]QH

Cytaty

Powiązane dokumenty

Також варто звернути увагу на те, що хоча українці і вказують на більшу кількість джерел, ніж поляки, що свідчить про

Szukając odpowiedzi na pytanie dotyczące miejsc owego ukrycia moż- na odnieść się do poglądów R. Autor opisując szkołę jako przestrzeń nawiedzoną przez duchy:

“The image of science as establishing mastery over subjects, as demanding the absence of feeling, and as enforcing separateness of the knower from the known, all under the guise

Warto w tym miej- scu także dodać, że funkcjonowanie młodzieżowych subkultur staje się przed- miotem zainteresowań badaczy najczęściej wtedy, kiedy efekty ich działalno- ści

Native faith movements are not based merely on ideologies and mythical constructs; religious practice and spiritual

2) nie spełnia wymagań określonych w specyfikacji istotnych warunków zamówienia. Niezgłoszenie pisemnych zastrzeżeń do przedłożonego projektu umowy o podwykonawstwo,

Informowanie nauczycieli uczestniczących w szkoleniu o współfinansowaniu zajęć ze środków Unii Europejskiej w ramach Regionalnego Programu Operacyjnego Województwa

Nie stwierdzam konieczności obowiązek przedstawienia analizy porealizacyjnej w której należy uwzględnić pomiary emisji hałasu przy użytkowanych wszystkich maszynach i