ɎɍɇɄɐɂə ɄɊɂɉɌɈɐɂɌȺɌɕ ɇȺ ɈɋɇɈȼȿ ɋɊȺȼɇɂɌȿɅɖɇɈȽɈ ȺɇȺɅɂɁȺ ɄȺɊɌɂɇɕ ɑɌɈ ȿɋɌɖ ɂɋɌɂɇȺ. ɏɊɂɋɌɈɋ ɂ ɉɂɅȺɌ ɇ. Ƚȿ
ɂ ɅȿȽȿɇȾɕ Ɉ ȼȿɅɂɄɈɆ ɂɇɄȼɂɁɂɌɈɊȿ Ɏ.Ɇ. ȾɈɋɌɈȿȼɋɄɈȽɈ
THE FUNCTION OF A CRYPTO-QUOTATION ON THE BASIS OF THE PICTURE OF QUOD EST VERITAS. CHRIST AND PILATE BY M. GE
AND THE LEGEND OF THE GRAND INQUISITOR BY F. DOSTOYEVSKY
ɉȺɍɅɂɇȺ ȻɈȽɍɒ-ɌȿɋɋɆȺɊ
ABSTRACT. The article The function of a crypto-quotation on the basis of the picture of “Quod
est veritas. Christ and Pilate” by M. Ge and “The Legend of the Grand Inquisitor” by F. Dostoyevsky aims at highlighting the relations between the analysed phenomena found both in the picture of Ge and in the legend. It reveals the mutual correspondence between the picture and the legend. To make such comparison possible, the author holds a view that methodological assumptions of the so called art correspondence and semiosphere may become sub-codes, which allow mutual influence and explanation of one sign by the others. Common ground for the two texts (the picture and the legend) may be a dialogue and a mythical approach. From the analysis, the author comes to a conclusion that the crypto-quotation (a hidden quotation) may be perceived as the polyphony of the word and the picture, which, to a certain extent, can be associated with Bakhtin's theory of the polyphony of the word in Dostoyevsky's novels.
Paulina Bogusz-Tessmar, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, PoznaĔ – Polska.
ȼɨɩɪɨɫ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɫɪɚɜ-ɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɢ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɫ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɧɟ-ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɹɡɵ-ɤɨɦ, ɱɟɦ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɶ1 , ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɗ. Ʉɭɡɶɦɵ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɯ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ2 . „ɂɧɬɟɪɫɟɦɢɨ-ɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɦɭɬɚɰɢɹ” (ɬɟɪɦɢɧ əɤɨɛɫɨɧɚ) ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɦɧɢɦɨɣ ɢ, ɤɚɤ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɟɬ Ʉɭɡɶɦɚ, ɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɪɟɥɹɰɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɫɬɢ, ɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ________________ 1
E. B e n v e n i s t e, Semiologia jĊzyka, [ɜ:] Znak, styl i konwencja, red. M. GłowiĔski, Warszawa 1977, ɫ. 36; ɚɜɬɨɪ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɰɜɟɬɚ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɷɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ, ɡɧɚɤ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.
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E. K u Ĩ m a, Granice porównywalnoĞci poezji z malarstwem i filmem, [̏:] Pogranicza i korespondencje sztuk, red. J. SławiĔski, t. LVI, Wrocław 1980, ɫ. 258.
ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ3 . ȿɫɥɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ ɜɫɬɪɟ-ɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɚ, ɬɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɨ „ɜɟɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɟ-ɦɨɫɬɢ”. Ⱦɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ Ƚɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚ-ɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ, ɱɟɦ Ȼɪɚɬɶɹ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜɵ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɟɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ „ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɟ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ”, ɤɚɤ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɰɢɬɚɬɭ. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɦɵ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ. ɂɧ-ɫɩɢɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ Ȼ. ɋɬɟɦɩɱɢɧɫɤɨɣ4 ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɦɭ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɭ, ɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɨɦɭ. ɇɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɦɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɫɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɵ ɢ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɸɱɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ „ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ” ɢ „ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ” ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟ-ɧɵ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɤɚɤ ɡɧɚɱɢɦɵɟ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɹ ɨɩɪɟ-ɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɜɨɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟ-ɧɢɟ ɜ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɲɤɨɥɵ ɜ Ɍɚɪɬɭ (Ɍɟɡɢɫɵ ɪɟɮɟɪɚɬɨɜ 4-ɥɟɬɧɟɣ ɲɤɨɥɵ, ɩɨɫɜɹɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɵɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ), ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɬɟɡɢɫɨɦ ɛɵɥɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨɞɢ-ɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ, „ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɞɪɭɝ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ”. ɇɢ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɟ ɧɟɬ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɫɢɫɬɟ-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥ ɛɵ ɟɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹ-ɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɹɡɵɤɚ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ5 . ɉɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɚɹ ɧɚɦɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜ ɨɛ-ɥɚɫɬɶ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɫ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ. ɋɜɹɡɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ, ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɜ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɞɟ-ɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ, ɤɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɭɱɟɧɵɯ ɢɡ Ɍɚɪɬɭ ɤ ɩɨɢɫɤɭ ɬɚ-ɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɭɸ Ʌɨɬɦɚɧ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ – ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ (ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨɣ), ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɫɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɹɡɵɤɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ, ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-ɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ɗɬɨ ɝɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɚɹ ɫɮɟɪɚ6 , ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɮɟɪɚɯ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɮɢ-ɡɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨ „ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ” ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɤɭɥɶ-________________ 3Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. 4
B. S t e m p c z y Ĕ s k a, Dostojewski a malarstwo, Katowice 1980, ɫ. 49.
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M.R. M a y e n o w a, Poetyka teoretyczna, Wrocław 1979, ɫ. 117.
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B. ĩ y ł k o, Słowo wstĊpne do J. Ł o t m a n, Kultura i eksplozja, przeł. B. ĩyłko, Warszawa 1999, ɫ. 7–24, [ɰɢɬ. ɩɨ:] ɘ.Ɇ. Ʌ ɨ ɬ ɦ ɚ ɧ, ɂɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɭ ɦɨɞɟɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ (ɬɟɡɢɫɵ ɤ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ). Ɍɪɭɞɵ ɩɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɵɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦ, ɬ. III, Ɍɚɪɬɭ 1963, ɫ. 130.
ɬɭɪ ȼɨɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨ „ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ” ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɧɨ ɢ ɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ: ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɷɬɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ (ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ), ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɨɬɫɵɥɚɸɳɟɣ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɵ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɚɤɫɢɨɥɨɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨ-ɝɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧ-ɧɨɣ, ɤɚɤ ɞɥɹ ɬɜɨɪɰɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ, ɲɢɪɟ, ɞɥɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɭɦɚ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɣ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨ-ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɞɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɮɚɤɬ ɫɬɚɥ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɟɦɢɨ-ɫɮɟɪɵ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ Ʌɨɬɦɚɧ, ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ (ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ) ɱɭ-ɠɨɝɨ. ɇɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɦɢɨɡɢɫɚ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶ-ɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɢɫɤ ɫɚɦɨɫɨ-ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ – „ɞɭɯɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ”. Ɉɛɨɫɨɛɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɪɚ ɜɧɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɦɢɨɡɢɫɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɢɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɛɭɠɞɚɟɬ ɤ ɧɚɱɚɥɭ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɫ ɧɢɦ. ɗɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ-ɫɥɚɜɢɹ, ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɤɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɥaɜɹɧɨɮɢɥɚɦɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɭɟɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤ ɧɟɝɚɰɢɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ. Ɇɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɨɤɪɟɩɥɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɸ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɛ ɢɟɡɭɢɬɢɡɦɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ7 . ɍɦɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɫɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ Ʌ. Ƚɟɥɥɟɪɚ8, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɛɥɢɡɤɭɸ ɤ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɸ ɫɟɦɢɨ-ɫɮɟɪɵ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɯɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɨɞɢɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɧɟɥɢ-ɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɨɣ ɫ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɯɚɨɫɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ, ɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ – ɤɥɸɱɚ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɷɬɨɝɨ „ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ”, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸ-ɳɟɝɨ ɜɫɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɢɫɤɚ, ɪɚɫɲɢɪɹɹ ɬɟɦ ɫɚ-ɦɵɦ ɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ – ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɟ. ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɨɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ ɢɡɜɧɟ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɜɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɧɟ ɡɚɛɵɜɚɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɝɭɫɬɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ9 , ɬɨɝɞɚ ɜ ɫɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɢɧɬɟ-ɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɧɚɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɦɢ – Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɨɣ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɨɣ Ƚɟ – ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɦ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɨɣ, ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɷɦɨɰɢɢ, ɢɞɟɢ, ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɢɯ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ (ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ), ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚ-ɪɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɝɟɧɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɯɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɨɤɪɭ-ɠɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɢɪɨɦ, ɫ ɟɝɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɨɣ, ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ________________ 7
A. W a l i c k i, Rosja, katolicyzm i sprawa polska, Warszawa 2002, ɫ. 26, 27, 30.
8 Ʌ. Ƚ ɟ ɥ ɥ ɟ ɪ, Ɉ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɣ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɤ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ,
„Slavic Almanach” 2005, vol. I, ɫ. 2–24.
9
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɵ ɧɚ ɹɡɵɤ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨ ɜɦɟɳɚɟɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ. Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢ-ɬɨɪɟ, ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɦɚɹ ɤɚɤ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɬɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɧɨɝɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ „ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ”, ɜ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɚɹ, ɦɚɬɟ-ɪɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɚ Ƚɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɤɥɸɱɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɠɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢ ɧɚɨ-ɛɨɪɨɬ – ɡɚɤɨɧ ɨɫɦɨɡɵ, ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. Ȼ. ɋɬɟɦɩɱɢɧɫɤɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ „ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɦ”, ɫɨɡ-ɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɯ „ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ” ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟ-ɫɬɜɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɜɵɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ. Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɜɦɟɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɢɩ ɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ, ɧɨ, ɟɫɥɢ ɬɚɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶɫɹ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɰɢ-ɬɚɬɨɣ ɧɟɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ10 . Ɇ. Ȼɚɯɬɢɧ, ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɹ ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢ-ɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɱɟɪɩɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɵ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɹ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ „ɡɧɚɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ” ɜɫɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɟ ɫɬɢɥɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ XVIII ɢ XIX ɜɟɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɝɚɞɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɱɟɪɬɵ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɨɜ11 . ɋ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ ɷɩɢɫɬɟɦɨɥɨɝɢɢ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨ-ɹɧɢɢ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɸ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ – ɬ.ɟ. ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ12 . ɋ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɹ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɢɮɚ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ Ⱥ. Ʌɨɫɟɜɚ13 , ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɚɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɹ ɬɟɦɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ, ɧɨ, ɩɨ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɤ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɭ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ „ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ”; ɜɟɞɶ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹɦɢ, ɪɟɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɧɟ ɢɫɱɟɪɩɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɟɣ ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɫɮɟɪɚ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɫɮɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɫɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ14 . Ɉɛɪɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɢɞɟɸ (ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɨɛɳɟɧɢɹ), ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭ-ɟɬ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ. Ɍɪɭɞɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɬɶ, ɤɚɤɨɣ ɬɢɩ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ – ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨ-ɞɢɫ-ɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ-ɷɣɞɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ – ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɟɬ ɜ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜ-ɫɤɨɝɨ, ɨɞɧɨ ɛɟɫɫɩɨɪɧɨ – ɱɬɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɨɛɪɚɦɥɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɪɚ-ɦɨɣ15 , ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɭ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ Ȼɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜɵɯ. Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɨɣ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɱɟ-________________ 10 B. S t e m p c z y Ĕ s k a, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., c. 49.
11Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 28, [ɰɢɬ. ɩɨ:] M. B a c h t i n, Problemy Poetyki Dostojewskiego, przeł.
N. Modzelewska, Warszawa 1970.
12
L. K o ł a k o w s k i, ObecnoĞü mitu, Warszawa 2003, ɫ. 37, 132, 8, 10.
13
W. M a n t a j e w s k a, Mit i archetyp w prozie Andrieja Biełego, Katowice 2002, ɫ. 14, [ɰɢɬ. ɩɨ:] A. Ʌ ɨ ɫ ɟ ɜ, Ⱦɢɚɥɟɤɬɢɤɚ ɦɢɮɚ, [ɜ:] Ɇɢɮ, ɱɢɫɥɨ, ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1994, ɫ. 5–262.
14
W.G. D u r a n d, WyobraĨnia symboliczna, przeł. C. RowiĔski, Warszawa 1986, ɫ. 6.
15ɉɨɧɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɧɢɝɟ: ɘ. Ʌ ɨ ɬ ɦ ɚ ɧ ɚ, Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɜɡɪɵɜ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ.,
ɪɟɞɧɭɸ ɪɚɦɭ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɭɠɟ ɢɦɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɬɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ (ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɥɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ Ⱥɥɟɲɭ) ɤ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɧɫɰɟ-ɧɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɯ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɢ ɥɟɝɟɧɞ: ɏɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɵ ɩɨ ɦɭɤɚɦ („ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɫɤɚɹ ɩɨɷɦɤɚ”), Ɇɢɥɨɫɟɪɞɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɜɹɬɨɣ ɢ ɜɫɟɦɢɥɨɫɬɢɜɨɣ ɞɟɜɵ Ɇɚɪɢɢ16, ɞɥɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɨɞɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɜɥɹeɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɡɵ-ɜɚɟɦɨɟ ɜ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɟ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ, ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪɰɚ. Ɇɵɲɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɷɬɢɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɨɦ, ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɟɝɨ ɫ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɱɟɫɤɨ-ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ (ɛɢɛɥɟɣɫɤɢɦ) ɩɨɷɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ, ɩɪɟ-ɜɪɚɳɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɭɦ „ɦɢɪɚ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɱɟɫɬɜɚ (Ɍɟɤɫɬɚ Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ)”17 , ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɪɯɟɬɢɩɟ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ-ɡɧɚɤɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɚɟɬ: ɇɚɪɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɛɟɞɢɦɨɸ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɫɬɪɟɦɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ, ɨɤɪɭɠɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ, ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɤɪɭɝɨɦ ɧɟ-ɝɨ, ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɥɱɚ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɫ ɬɢɯɨɸ ɭɥɵɛɤɨɣ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɫɨ-ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɹ. ɋɨɥɧɰɟ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ, ɥɭɱɢ ɋɜɟɬɚ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɋɢɥɵ ɬɟɤɭɬ ɢɡ ɨɱɟɣ ɟɝɨ, ɢ, ɢɡɥɢɜɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɨɬɪɹɫɚɸɬ ɢɯ ɫɟɪɞɰɚ ɨɬɜɟɬɧɨɸ ɥɸɛɨɜɶɸ. […] Ⱦɟɬɢ ɛɪɨɫɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɰɜɟɬɵ, ɩɨɸɬ ɢ ɜɨɩɢɸɬ ɟɦɭ: „Ɉɫɚɧɧɚ!”18 . ȿɫɥɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɸɠɟɬɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɂɢɫɭɫɨɦ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɫɦɨɠɟɦ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɨɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ, ɜɩɢɫɚɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ. ɗɬɨ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɢɥɚ ɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɫɹ, ɯɨɬɹ ɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɛɪɨɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚ, ɜɟɞɶ ɩɨɰɟɥɭɣ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɡɧɚɤ ɢɡ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɦɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɟ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɥɢɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɫɦɵɫɥɨ-ɜɵɯ ɱɭɜɫɬɜ, – „ɝɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɰɟɥɭɹ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ”; ɂɢɫɭɫ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɦɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɚ (ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɉɚɪɭɡɢɹ), ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ. ɋɬɨɢɬ ɫɨɫɥɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɏɚɪɪɢɧɝɬɨɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ, ɩɨɥɟɦɢɡɢɪɭɹ ɫ „ɞɟɦɢɮɨɥɨɝɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ” ȿɜɚɧɝɟ-ɥɢɟ Ȼɭɥɶɬɦɚɧɨɦ, ɭɩɪɨɳɚɸɳɢɦ ȿɜɚɧɝɟȿɜɚɧɝɟ-ɥɢɟ ɞɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɷɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɢɢ, ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɨɲɢɛɨɱɟɧ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɦɵ ɦɨɠɟɦ „ɝɨɜɨ-ɪɢɬɶ ɨ Ȼɨɝɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ, ɭɧɚɫɥɟ-ɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɨɬ ɧɚɬɭɪɵ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ”, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɦɢɮ „ɤɚɤ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ ɱɟɥɨɜɟ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɢ ɦɵɫɥɢ ɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ”19 . ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ Ƚɟ ɜɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɵɫɥɶ Ȼɭɥɶɬɦɚɧɚ, ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɧɚɪɚɜɧɟ ɫ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɚ ɜ 10-x ɝɝ. XIX ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ ________________ 16Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɟ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ȼɪɚɬɶɹ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜɵ, Ɇɢɧɫɤ 1981, ɫ. 281.
17Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ȼ. ɉɚɩɟɪɧɨɝɨ, ɫɦ.: W. P a p i e r n ɭ, Poetyka stylizacji w twórczoĞci
A. Biełego. Przyczynek do problemu Bieły a Gogol, przeł. A. JĊdrzejkiewicz, „PamiĊtnik Li-teracki” 1980, LXXI, z. 4, ɫ. 187.
18Ɏ.Ɇ. Ⱦ ɨ ɫ ɬ ɨ ɟ ɜ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 283. 19
ɜ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɳɭɸɫɹ ɤ ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ ɚɤɬɭɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɤɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɧ-ɞɟɧɰɢɹɦ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɟɦ XVIII-ɜɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɷɦɩɢɪɢɡɦɚ. ɍɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɜɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɭ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɭɦɚ, ɢɫɬɨɳɟɧɧɵɣ, ɫɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɭ-ɤɚɦɢ ɂɢɫɭɫ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɤɨɦ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɣ ɫɭɞɶɛɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɧɨ ɢ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠ-ɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɵɛɨɪɨɜ. „ɇɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ ɟɜɪɟɣ”, ɩɨɞɫɬɪɟ-ɤɚɬɟɥɶ, ɢɥɢ, ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢɝɪ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɨɧɬɢɟɦ ɢ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɢɦ ɋɢɧɟɞɪɨɧɨɦ (Ʉɚɣɮɚɲɨɦ), ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ ɢ ɭɧɢɠɟɧɧɵɣ, ɫ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟ-ɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɝɥɚɡɚɯ ɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɪɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɛɭɞɬɨ ɯɨɬɟɥ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɂɢɫɭɫ ɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɧɢ. ȼ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɢ, ɢɫɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ, ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ ɬɟɯɧɢ-ɤɢ, ɫɜɟɬɨɬɟɧɶ, ɬɟɧɶ, ɫɢɹɧɢɟ, ɫɜɟɬ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɹ ɫɜɟɬ ɫ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ, ɠɢɡɧɶɸ, ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟ-ɧɢɹɦɢ, ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɹɬɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɬɟɧɶ – ɫ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɫɨɦ, ɧɢɱɬɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɫɦɟɪɬɶɸ. ɉɨɝɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɬɟɧɶ ɂɢɫɭɫ ɭɦɪɟɬ ɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɭɲɨɣ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɦɚɫɲɟɫɬɜɢɟɦ. Ɏɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɉɢɥɚɬɚ, ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɳɭɸ ɧɚɞ ɂɢɫɭɫɨɦ ɮɢɝɭɪɭ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚ-ɥɢɬɨɟ ɫɨɥɧɰɟɦ; ɜ ɬɟɦɧɨɬɟ ɬɸɪɶɦɵ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɛɥɟɫɤ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɂɧɤɜɢ-ɡɢɬɨɪɚ, ɷɬɨ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ ɧɚɜɟɳɚɟɬ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɫɨ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɶɧɢɤɨɦ, ɧɨ, ɨɬɯɨɞɹ ɞɚɥɶ-ɲɟ, ɩɪɢɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɢɞɟɢ, ɯɨɬɹ „ɩɨɰɟɥɭɣ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɟɝɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ”. ȼ ɤɪɭɝ ɷɬɨɣ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɵ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɉɢɥɚɬɭ ɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɭ, ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɫɟɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɨɬɫɵ-ɥɚɸɳɢɯ ɤ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɫ ɧɟɣ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ, ɢ – ɲɢɪɟ – ɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟ-ɧɢɸ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ. ɐɟɧɬɪɨɦ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɩɥɟɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧ-ɰɢɩɵ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ „ɦɟɱ Ʉɟɫɚɪɹ” – ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɤ ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɣ, ɭɬɨɩɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɨ ɛɵ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɫɟɦɢɪ-ɧɨɣ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɟɣ ɢɞɟɢ. ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥ ɛɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ, ɨɩɢɪɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɫɤɢ – ɬɚɣɧɭ ɢ ɱɭɞɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ. ɂ ɜ ɞɪɟɜɧɢɯ, ɢ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɬɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɞɟɢɮɢɰɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɢɟɦɵ (ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ), ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɨɠɞɶ (ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ) ɫɬɚɧɨ-ɜɢɬɫɹ ɛɨɝɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɟɦ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɟ, ɚ ɜ ɪɟ-ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ – ɚɜɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɧɨɫɬɶ, ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɟɟ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɠɢɡɧɢ: ɯɥɟɛ ɢ ɢɝɪɵ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɧɭɠɞɵ, ɚ ɬɟɪɪɨɪ ɢ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ. Ɉɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɵɲ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɜɫɟɨɛɳɟɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɟ20 . ɉɢɥɚɬ ɛɟɪɟɠɟɬ ɯɨɬɹ ɛɵ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɠɟ ɜɡɝɥɹɞɨɜ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɜɹɬɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɟɜɪɟɟɜ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɟɫɚɪɫɤɢɟ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɵ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɫɜɹɬɨɟ ɫɨɤɪɨɜɢɳɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɫɬɪɨɣɤɢ ɚɤɜɟɞɭɤɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɋɚɦɚɪɢɬɚɧ21 . ɂɧɤɜɢ-ɡɢɬɨɪ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɨɠɢɜɥɹɟɬ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɢɞɟ. ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ ɢ ɉɢɥɚɬ ɜɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ________________ 20 ɇ.Ⱥ. Ȼ ɟ ɪ ɞ ɹ ɟ ɜ, Ƚɥɚɜɚ ɢɡ ɤɧɢɝɢ „ɇɨɜɨɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ”. ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ, [ɜ:] Ɉ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸ-ɳɢɟ, ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ. ɘ. ɋɟɥɢɜɟɪɫɬɨɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1991, ɫ. 219–243. 21
ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɥɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ, ɢ ɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ – ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ – ɜɵɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɣ. ɉɨ ɏɨɦɹɤɨɜɭ, ɤɚɤ ɩɢɲɟɬ Ⱥ. ȼɚɥɢɰɤɢɣ, ɜɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɮɚɥɶɲɢ-ɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ: ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɜɨɩɥɨɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ, ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɣ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɡɵ – ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ ɛɟɡ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɧ-ɬɢɡɦɟ ɢ ɦɟɳɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. ɋɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ ɛɵɥ, ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɞɢɚ-ɥɟɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɬ.ɟ. ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɨɣ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫɢɥɢɹ22 . Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɥ ɤɚɤ ɫɜɨ-ɛɨɞɭ ɛɟɡ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɵ, ɩɨɧɢɦɚɥ ɷɬɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɜ ɞɭɯɟ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨɮɢɥɨɜ, ɜɢɞɹ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɨɬɯɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɢɥɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ, ɜɵɪɚɫɬɚɸɳɚɹ ɢɡ ɞɪɟɜɧɟɣ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɟ-ɪɢɢ, ɨɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɨɞɢɧɨɱɧɨɟ „ɹ”. ɗɬɭ ɢɞɟɸ ɜ ɮɨɪɦɟ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɚɩɫɬɜɚ ɨɬ ɤɟɫɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɚ ɢ Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɪɤɨɜɶ. ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɢ ɢɞɟɢ, ɤɚɤ ɛɨɪɶɛɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɵ ɜ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ (ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɢɟ) ɫ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɢɞɟɟɣ23. ȿɫɥɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ Ƚɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɩɪɚɜɧɭɸ ɬɨɱ-ɤɭ ɞɥɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɯ ɜɵɜɨɞɨɜ, ɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɨ ɫɢɯ ɩɨɪ ɯɨɞ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ, ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚɫ ɬɟɤɫɬɵ, ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɶ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɭɸ ɰɟɧ-ɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɸɳɭɸ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɜɦɟɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɹɡɵɤɟ ɦɢɮɚ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɟɟ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ, ɦɨɞɟɥɢ-ɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɫɥɭɠɚɳɭɸ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɚ24 . Ɂɚɝɥɚɜɢɟɦ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ Ƚɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɉɢɥɚɬɨɦ ɂɢɫɭɫɭ: „ɑɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ?”, ɜɵɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ, ɧɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɧɨɰɟɧɧɵɣ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɨɥ-ɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɬɢɱɧɨ-ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ „ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ”, ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɣ-ɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɜɨɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ „ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ ɢɡɜɧɟ”, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢɟɣ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɟɦɭ ɤɥɸɱ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɲɢɮ-ɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɨɣ ɩɨɷɦɵ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɂɢɫɭɫɭ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɨɦ: „Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɠɟ Ɍɵ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɧɚɦ ɦɟɲɚɬɶ?” ɗɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɢɟ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɨ-ɩɪɨɫɚ „ɑɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ?”, ɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɛɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɬɟ-ɤɚɸɳɟɣ ɢɡ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɩɥɚɧɟ ɯɨɥɢɫɬɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚ-ɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ Ʌɨɬɦɚɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶ-ɧɨɦ, ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɟ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɹ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɛɨɪɶɛɭ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɛɵɬɢɹ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ, ɡɚ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɢ ɧɟɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ. ɗɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ, ɨɛɫɭɠɞɚɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɭɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ________________ 22 A. W a l i c k i, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 125. 23Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ. 24
K. R o s n e r, Semiotyka strukturalna w badaniach nad literaturą, Kraków 1981, ɫ. 145.
ɞɪɭɝ ɞɥɹ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɢɦɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨɟ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ, ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ-ɤɥɸɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɪɭɝ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜɦɟɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ, ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɢɯ ɷɬɨɬ ɞɢɚ-ɥɨɝ. ɋɥɨɜɨ „ɢɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ”, ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɹɡɵɤɟ: inquirɨ – ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ, ɨɛɨɡɧɚ-ɱɚɟɬ ɫɬɪɟɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɚɤɢɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɡɧɚɧɢɹɦ, ɡɚɞɚɜɚɹ ɢɡɧɭɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨ ɫ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɚ ɧɟ ɫ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɦ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ. ɉɨɧɬɢɣ ɉɢɥɚɬ ɷɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠ, ɪɢɦɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɟɮɟɤɬ ɜ ɂɭɞɟɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ „ɉɢɥɚɬ” ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬ ɨɫɧɚɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɤɨɩɶɟɦ25 , ɧɨ ɜ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɢ ɉɢɥɚɬɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɨɦ, ɬ.ɟ. ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɋɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɛɵɬɶ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɢɦɟɧɢ, ɫɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɤ ɞɨɩɪɚ-ɲɢɜɚɧɢɸ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɢɯ ɨɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɭ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɟɪɜɵɣ ɢ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɧɚɤ, ɜ „ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɩɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ”, ɨɛɜɢɧɹɸɳɟɝɨ, ɢ ɲɢɪɟ – ɜ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ – ɜ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ, ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɸ, Ȼɨɝɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɜɢɧɹɬɶ. „Ɂɚɱɟɦ ɠɟ Ɍɵ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɧɚɦ ɦɟɲɚɬɶ?” ȿɫɥɢ ɦɵ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɡɚɞɚɟɬ ɉɨɧɬɢɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɢɣ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪ, ɬɨ ɷɬɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɫɨɡ-ɧɚɧɢɟ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɟɜɪɟɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɪɨɥɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɪɢɦ-ɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɟɟ status quo, ɭɝɪɨɠɚɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɟɟ ɩɪɟɮɟɤɬɭ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɝɪɟɫ-ɫɢɹ ɟɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɚɳɢɣ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɰɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɟ, ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɟɝɨ ɡɚɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɨɦ, ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɉɢɥɚɬ ɛɵɥ ɛɵ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ (ɢɫɬɢɧɭ) ɜ ɦɢɮɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ʉɟɫɚɪɹ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɹɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢɟɣ, ɩɨɤɨɣ ɢ ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ, ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɭɠɟ ɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɧɢɡɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɵɝɨɞɚɯ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶ ɷɬɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟɦ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧ-ɧɵɦ ɫ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ26 . ɋ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɜɨɩɪɨɫ „ɑɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ?”, ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɨɦ, ɨɬɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɢɚɥɨɝɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɟɦ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɢ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɦ ɦɢ-ɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ȼɨɩɪɨɫ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ ɬɪɢɭɦɮ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɩɟɪ-ɜɨɣ ɉɚɪɭɡɢɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɸ ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɩɨɞ-ɯɨɞɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɝɨ ɩɭɧɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɯɜɚɬɵɜɚɟɬ: ɤɨɧ-ɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɛɟɫɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɛɟɠɞɟɧɢɹɯ, ɫɨɛ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ, ɩɨ-ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦɵɯ ɩɪɚɜɞɚɯ, ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɣɫɬɜɨ, ɜɵɡɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬ ɦɢɪɨɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɨɩɢɪɚɸ-________________ 25
Praktyczny słownik biblijny, red. A. Grabner-Haider, przeł. T. Mieszkowski, P. Pachcia-rek, Warszawa 1994, ɫ. 962.
26 Ɉɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɉɢɥɚɬɨɦ ɢ
ɂɢɫɭ-ɫɨɦ: „Ɍɵ ɰɚɪɶ ɢɭɞɟɣɫɤɢɣ?”, „ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɟ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɟɝɨ”, „ə ɧɚ ɬɨ ɪɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɲɟɥ ɜ ɦɢɪ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ. ȼɫɹɤɢɣ, ɤɬɨ ɨɬ ɢɫɬɢɧɵ, ɫɥɭɲɚɟɬ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɦɨɟɝɨ”, „ɑɬɨ ɟɫɬɶ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ” (ɂɧ 18, 33–38), [ɜ:] Ȼɢɛɥɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004.
ɳɢɣɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ. Ʉɚɤ ɢɪɨ-ɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ Ʌ. Ʉɨɥɚɤɨɜɫɤɢ, ɫɫɵɥɚɹɫɶ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɤɥɚɦɧɵɣ ɥɨɡɭɧɝ, „ɢɫɤɭɫ-ɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɧɨɝɚ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɚɹ”27 . ɂɞɟɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɫɨɡɞɚɧɧɵɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ, ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ – ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɦ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɟɧɧɵɦ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚ-ɡɨɦ, ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɦɢɮ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ Ȼɨɠɶɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɦ ɦɢɮɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ (ɡɚɩɪɟɬ ɫɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɮɪɭɤɬɨɜ ɜ ɪɚɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɜɧɭɲɟɧɢɟ Ȼɨɝɚ, ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ)28 . ȼɥɚɫɬɶ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ Ʉɟɫɚɪɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-ɜɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɉɢɥɚɬ ɢ ɛɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɫɬɶ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ, ɨɬɫɵɥɚɟɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɧɢɩɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɥɢɝɢ-ɨɡɧɵɦɢ ɦɢɮɚɦɢ ɜɨ ɢɦɹ ɤɚɤɢɯ-ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɞɨɦɢ-ɧɚɰɢɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬ.ɩ., ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ ɥɚɞ, ɜɟɞɶ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɷɬɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɯɨɞɨɦ ɨɬ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɵɲ-ɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɹ ɜɨɨɛɳɟ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɷɬɨ Ʉɨ-ɥɚɤɨɜɫɤɢ, ɝɨɜɨɪɹ ɨ ɦɢɮɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɤɚɤ ɨ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ „ɨɱɢɳɚɸɳɟɦ ɨɬ ɨɬɱɚɹɧɢɹ ɫɥɭ-ɱɚɣɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ”. Ʉɚɪɬɢɧɚ Ƚɟ ɢ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɮɢɧɚɥ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢ ɜɬɨ-ɪɨɣ ɉɚɪɭɡɢɢ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɨɣ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɜɬɨɜɬɨ-ɪɨɣ ɉɚɪɭɡɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɵɣ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɥɸɞɶ-ɦɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɭɯɨɞ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɡɨɪɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ȿɝɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ, ɬɨɠɟ ɩɟ-ɪɢɮɟɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ, ɧɟ ɜ ɛɥɟɫɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɨɳɢ, ɢ ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɢɲɟɬ ȿɜɚɧɝɟɥɢɟ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɤɚɧɞɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɷɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɢɧɟɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɪɭɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ ɪɚɦɭ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ, ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ, ɞɚɠɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɉɚɪɭɡɢɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɵɦ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɟɫɶ ɬɟɤɫɬ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɥ ɜ ɝɥɚɜɟ Pro ɢ ɫontra. ɉɨɰɟɥɭɣ ɂɢɫɭɫɚ ɝɨɪɢɬ ɧɚ ɫɟɪɞɰɟ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɚ, ɧɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɥ ɢɟɪɨɮɚɧɢɸ (ɨɛɴɹɜɥɹɸ-ɳɢɣɫɹ ɫɚɤɪɭɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɗɥɢɚɞɟ)29 . Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɢɣ ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɷɬɭ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɫɬɶ, ɜɟɞɹ ɤ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɣ (ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ) ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɢɮɚ, ɹɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɫɢɯɢɤɢ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɦɚɫɤɭ ɫ ɨɩɵɬɧɨ-ɫɩɟɤɭɥɹɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ, ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɹ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɵɣ ɦɢɪ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɬɪɚɧɫɰɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɢɮɚ (ɂɢɫɭɫɚ). ________________ 27 L. K o ł a k o w s k i, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 93. 28
R. S a f r a n s k i, Zło, dramat wolnoĞci, przeł. I. Kania, Warszawa 1999, ɫ. 13–22.
29
M. E l i a d e, Historia wierzeĔ i idei religijnych, przeł. S. Tokarski, Warszawa 1998, ɫ. 18.
Ɍɟɪɦɢɧ „ɤɪɢɩɬɨɰɢɬɚɬɚ”, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ, ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɭɱ-ɧɵɦ, ɨɧ ɛɵɥ ɫɨɡɞɚɧ ɢ ɚɞɚɩɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɢ ɟɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ. ɗɬɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ, ɤ ɫɤɪɵɬɨɦɭ, ɡɚɦɚɫɤɢɪɨ-ɜɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ, ɚ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ – ɤ ɫɤɪɵɬɵɦ ɜ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ Ʌɟ-ɝɟɧɞɵ ɨ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɂɧɤɜɢɡɢɬɨɪɟ ɤɨɞɚɦ (ɡɧɚɤɚɦ, ɫɜɹɡɹɦ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɦ ɢɯ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ Ƚɟ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɟɧ-ɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɧɟ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɧɵɟ, ɧɨ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɡɧɚɤɢ. ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨ-ɜɢɟɦ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɜɤɚ Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɵ ɤɚɤ ɚɜɬɨɧɨɦɧɨɣ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɵ ɧɚ ɮɨɧɟ Ȼɪɚɬɶɟɜ Ʉɚɪɚɦɚɡɨɜɵɯ. Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɭ ɋɨɥɨ-ɜɶɟɜɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɛ Ⱥɧɬɢɯɪɢɫɬɟ30 . Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɧɚɲɚ ɫɬɚɬɶɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ ɷɫɤɢɡɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɫɨɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜ ɢ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɛɤɨɞɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɸɳɟ-ɝɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɩɢɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɧɢɹ, ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɸɳɟ-ɝɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɟɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ, ɫɝɭɫɬɤɨɜ. ɋɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨ-ɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ Ʉɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɣ Ɍɟɤɫɬ, ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɣ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɚɰɢɸ (ɞɟɤɨɞɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ) ɡɧɚ-ɤɨɜ – ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ. ȼ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɵɯ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ɷɬɨ, ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɤɥɸɱ. Ȼɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɢɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɞɟɲɢɮɪɚɰɢɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɜ. Ⱦɢɚɥɨɝ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤ-ɬɭɪɵ: ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɦ (ɦɟɠɞɭ ɝɟɪɨɹɦɢ) ɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɦ (ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɦ); ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɷɩɨɯɢ „ɩɪɨɤɥɹɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ”; ɚ ɦɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟ, ɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɜɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ, ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɷɬɢ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɢ „ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ”, ɜɜɨɞɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɹ ɜ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɫɹ ɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ, ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɳɢɯ ɤ ɞɜɭɦ ɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɜɢɞɚɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɚ, ɨɧɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɜɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ-ɩɨɧɹɬɢɣɧɨɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɟ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɤɥɸɱɟ. ɂɡ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɣ ɜɵɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɤɪɢɩɬɨɰɢɬɚɬɵ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɢɮɨɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ, ɱɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɵ ɫɨɜɩɚ-ɞɚɬɶ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ Ȼɚɯɬɢɧɚ, ɤɚɫɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɮɨɧɢɢ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɜ ɯɭɞɨɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɟ Ⱦɨɫɬɨɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ. ɗɬɭ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɩɨɩɵɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɟɦɢɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɢ ɯɨɥɢɡɦɚ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɢɫɬɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ, ɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɨɦ, ɧɟ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ, ɩɭɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɵɲɥɟɧɢɣ. ________________ 30 A. W a l i c k i, ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 238.
