$ 5 7 , & / ( 6 52&=1,.,36<&+2/2*,&=1($11$/62)36<&+2/2*< '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJUSV\FKHQ $11$),/,3 $5.$',86=%,$à(. 0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ -DJLHOORQLDQ8QLYHUVLW\ ,QVWLWXWHRI3V\FKRORJ\
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'
2)0(17$/&20081,&$7,9(
$1'/,1*8,67,&352&(66(6
)RUQHDUO\WZHQW\\HDUVWKHUHKDVEHHQDQRQJRLQJGHEDWHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDOVFRQFHUQLQJWKH UHFXUVLYHQHVVRIKXPDQPHQWDOSURFHVVHV7KHPDLQLQVWLJDWRURIWKHGHEDWHDQGDWWKHVDPHWLPH WKHPDLQH[SRQHQWRIWKHWHUP³UHFXUVLRQ´LV1RDP&KRPVN\$FFRUGLQJWRKLPUHFXUVLRQLVDQ H[FOXVLYHSURSHUW\RIWKHV\QWD[RI WKH VRFDOOHG³LQWHUQDOODQJXDJHRI PLQG´ I-language7KLV FRQFOXVLRQ KDV EHHQ FRQWHVWHG E\ UHVHDUFKHUV FODLPLQJ WKDW UHFXUVLRQ FDQ DOVR EH REVHUYHG LQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ WKHRU\ RI PLQG WKH V\QWD[ RI FRPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RU SUDJPDWLFV 7KH DUWLFOH SUHVHQWVVRPHDUJXPHQWVLQIDYRURIXQGHUVWDQGLQJUHFXUVLRQDVDFRPPRQJURXQGRIDOOWKHDERYH SKHQRPHQDDVORQJDVWKH\DUHDQDO\]HGIURPDGHYHORSPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYHZLWKWKHG\QDPLFVDQG VHTXHQWLDOLW\RIWKHFRQVWDQWO\RFFXUULQJSURFHVVHVDQGFKDQJHVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW.H\ZRUGVUHFXUVLRQWKHRU\RIPLQGV\QWD[SUDJPDWLFVGHYHORSPHQW
$GGUHVV IRU FRUUHVSRQGHQFH$11$),/,3 ± -DJLHOORQLDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ ,QVWLWXWH RI 3V\FKRORJ\ XO,QJDUGHQD.UDNyZHPDLODQNDII#JPDLOFRP
7KLVVWXG\ ZDVVXSSRUWHGE\ JUDQW IURP WKH3ROLVK 1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH&HQWUH ³6WDELOLW\ DQG &RQWLQXLW\ LQ WKH 'HYHORSPHQW RI 7KHRU\ RI 0LQG LQ 0LGGOH &KLOGKRRG 7UDMHFWRULHV DQG 3UH GLFWRUVRI'HYHORSPHQW´%+6
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
,QWURGXFWLRQ
5HIOHFWLRQ DQG UHVHDUFK RQ WKH EURDGO\ XQGHUVWRRG UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKRXJKW DQG VSHHFK FRQGXFWHG IRU D ORQJ WLPH LQ GHYHORSPHQWDO SV\FKRORJ\ 3LDJHW 9\JRWVN\ FI &DUUXWKHUV KDV UHFHQWO\ EHHQVWURQJO\GRPLQDWHGE\DQDO\VHVRIWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHRU\RIPLQGDQG OLQJXLVWLFFRPSHWHQFHSDUWLFXODUO\V\QWD[FI6ODGH 5XIIPDQ9LOOLHUV 9LOOLHUV7KHWHUP³WKHRU\RIPLQG´7R0LVXVXDOO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWK WKHQDPHVRI3UHPDFNDQG:RRGUXIIZKRXVHGLWWRUHIHUWRWKHFDSDELOLW\ RIDWWULEXWLQJWRRQHVHOIDQGWRRWKHUVLQWHUQDOVWDWHVQRWGLUHFWO\REVHUYDEOHLQ EHKDYLRUEXWHQDEOLQJWKHSUHGLFWLRQRIEHKDYLRU6WXGLHVRQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI 7R0RIWHQFRQFHUQVRFDOOHGILUVWRUGHUEHOLHIVHJ³+HWKLQNVWKDWWKHEDOOLVLQ WKHER[´DVZHOODVVHFRQGDQGKLJKHURUGHUEHOLHIV³6KHWKLQNVWKDWKHWKLQNV WKDWWKHEDOOLVLQWKHER[´VRFDOOHGPRUHPDWXUH7R07KHDELOLW\WRXVHWKHP WRSUHGLFWEHKDYLRUJLYHV7R0Drepresentational/mentalFKDUDFWHUDQGHPHUJHV DURXQGWKHDJHRIDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\3HUQHU :LPPHU3DUNHU0DF 'RQDOG 0LOOHU0LOOHU7DNLQJSODFHLQWKHILUVWIRXU\HDUVRIOLIH DQGWKHQEHWZHHQWKHDJH RI DQGWKH GHYHORSPHQWRI7R0LVVLJQLILFDQWO\ FRQGLWLRQHG E\ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI ODQJXDJH ± SDUWLFXODUO\ V\QWD[ 9LOOLHUV 3\HUV-XDQ $VWLQJWRQ0LOOLJDQ$VWLQJWRQ 'DFN6FKRO DUV 9LOOLHUV 9LOOLHUV 5RHSHU DWWULEXWH D NH\ UROH SDUWLFXODUO\ WR WKH V\QWD[RIFRPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ZLWK PHQWDO YHUEVWKH FRPPDQGRIZKLFKSUHGLFWV PRUH PDWXUH 7R0 $VWLQJWRQ -HQNLQV +DOH 7DJHU)OXVEHUJ 9LOOLHUV 9LOOLHUV
7KHLVVXHRIV\QWDFWLFFRPSHWHQFHLVWKHPRVWVWURQJO\UHODWHGWRWKHFRQFHS WLRQV SURSRVHG E\ 1RDP &KRPVN\ ZKRVH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV IRU VRPH WLPH QRZ
+DXVHU&KRPVN\ )LWFKKDYHIRFXVHGDURXQGDFKDUDFWHULVWLFSURSHUW\ RI V\QWDFWLF SURFHVVHV ZKLFK PDNH WKH KXPDQ ODQJXDJH V\VWHP XQLTXH 7KLV FKDUDFWHULVWLFSURSHUW\LVrecursionDOVRUHIHUUHGWRDVrecursive propertyZKLFK PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR FRPELQH LQGLYLGXDO FRPSRQHQWV LQ YDULRXV FRQILJXUDWLRQV LQWRDSRWHQWLDOO\LQILQLWHVHWRIKLHUDUFKLFDOVWUXFWXUHV$VOLQJXLVWLFUHDOL]DWLRQV VWUXFWXUHVRIWKLVNLQGPD\WDNHWKHIRUPRI³UHFXUVLYHO\QHVWHG´VHOIHPEHGGHG VHQWHQFHVSVXFKDVREMHFWFODXVHV$VUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV±WKH\FDQIXQF $PRUHUHFHQWSHUVSHFWLYHLQFRJQLWLYHOLQJXLVWLFVDOVRGHYRWHVPXFKVSDFHWRWKLVLVVXHEXW GLVFXVVLQJLWZRXOGJREH\RQGWKHIRUPDOIUDPHZRUNRIWKHFXUUHQWSDSHU:HUHIHUWKHUHDGHUWR SXEOLFDWLRQVVXFKDV7DEDNRZVND((GKognitywne podstawy jĊzyka i jĊzykoznawstwa [Cognitive foundations of language and linguistics]&UDFRZ3RODQG8QLYHUVLWDV:/DQJDFNHU Gramatyka kognitywna [Cognitive grammar]&UDFRZ3RODQG8QLYHUVLWDVRU-57D\ ORU Gramatyka kognitywna [Cognitive grammar]&UDFRZ3RODQG8QLYHUVLWDV
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
WLRQIRULQVWDQFHLQWKHIRUPRIEHOLHIVDERXWEHOLHIVDERXWEHOLHIVHWF,QERWK FDVHVZKDWWDNHVSODFHLVVRFDOOHG³QHVWLQJ´RU³HPEHGGLQJ´RIRQHVWUXFWXUHLQ DQRWKHU DQG SRWHQWLDOO\ LQ D WKLUG IRXUWK DQG ILIWK HJ ³6KH WKLQNV WKDW VKH WKLQNVWKDWWKH\WKLQNWKDW«´'XQEDU&KRPVN\H[SODLQVWKDWUHFXUVLRQ
SURFHVVHV VKRXOG QRW EH FRQIXVHG ZLWK WKHLU RXWFRPHV V\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHV RI FRPSOHPHQWDWLRQUHDOL]HG LQODQJXDJHUHFXUVLYHFODXVHVRU PHQWDOUHSUHVHQWD WLRQDOVWUXFWXUHV UHFXUVLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQVEHOLHIV 1HYHUWKHOHVV &KRPVN\¶V SRVLWLRQ LQ ZDV WKDW LW LV ODQJXDJH DQG LWV V\QWD[ WKDW FRQVWLWXWH WKH RQO\ FRJQLWLYHSODQHRQZKLFKUHFXUVLRQFDQPDQLIHVWLWVHOI
7KHDERYHYLHZDVZHOODVWKHSDSHULQZKLFKLWZDVSUHVHQWHGEHFDPHWKH VXEMHFW RI DQ LQWHQVH GHEDWH ZKLFK KDV EHHQ JRLQJ RQ IRU ILIWHHQ \HDUV QRZ 3LQNHU -DFNHQGRII-DFNHQGRII 3LQNHU7RPDVHOOR 3HUQHU (VNHQ +RZHYHU LQ WKH 3ROLVK VFLHQWLILF OLWHUDWXUH LW LV RQO\ PHQWLRQHGLQVLQJOHWH[WV PDLQO\LQWKHILHOGV RISKLORVRSK\ DQGDQWKURSRORJ\ :RáNRZVNL :UyEHO DV ZHOO DV OLQJXLVWLFV DQG SV\FKROLQJXLVWLFV %HUNR *OHDVRQ 5DWQHU 0LFKDOLN 0HDQZKLOH WKH QXPEHU RI RSLQLRQVYRLFHGZRUOGZLGHFKDOOHQJLQJ&KRPVN\¶VYLHZLVWKHODUJHVWLQWKHILHOG RIUHVHDUFKRQ7R0GHYHORSPHQWGHYRWHGWRLWVHDUOLHVWPDQLIHVWDWLRQVVR FLDOLQWHUDFWLRQUHVHDUFKHJ%HKQH&DUSHQWHU 7RPDVHOOR7RPDVHOOR LWVOLQNVZLWKWKHHPHUJHQFHRIWKHV\QWD[RIFRPSOHPHQWDWLRQVWXGLHV FRQGXFWHGRQQRUPDOO\GHYHORSLQJDVZHOODVFOLQLFDOSRSXODWLRQVHJ6FKLFN 9LOOLHUV9LOOLHUV +RIIPHLVWHU%DQUHWLDQGILQDOO\LWVDFTXL VLWLRQDQGXVHLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQDO\VHVEDVHG RQ GLVFXVVLRQVLQWKHILHOGRI SUDJPDWLFVHJ(YDQV /HYLQVRQ/HYLQVRQ7KHGHYHORSPHQWDO DSSURDFK±IRFXVHGRQWKHVHTXHQFHRIFKDQJHVLQDSURFHVVDQGWKHUHIRUHUHTXLU LQJ WKH REVHUYDWLRQ RI LWV ILUVW PDQLIHVWDWLRQV LWV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQV DQG ILQDOO\ WKHHPHUJHQFHRILWVPDWXUHIRUP±PD\VKRZDQGH[SODLQZK\ZKHQDQGZKHUH WKHVLJQVRIUHFXUVLYHPHFKDQLVPVVKRXOGEHVRXJKWDOVRRQSODQHVRIIXQFWLRQ LQJRWKHUWKDQWKHSXUHO\OLQJXLVWLFRQHZKLFK&KRPVN\RSWVIRU6LQFHZKDWLV GLVFXVVHGKHUHLVDSURSHUW\RIprocessesDGRSWLQJDGHYHORSPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYH PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRIROORZWKHG\QDPLFVRIFKDQJHVDQGUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQPDQ LIHVWDWLRQVRIUHFXUVLRQLQYDULRXVIRUPVRIEHKDYLRULQYROYLQJGLIIHUHQWSODQHV RI KXPDQ IXQFWLRQLQJ WR YDULRXV GHJUHHV DW YDULRXV VWDJHV RI OLIH FI 0LOOHU SS7KHGHYHORSPHQWDODSSURDFKUHYHDOHGIRULQVWDQFHWKDWHPEHG GLQJSURFHVVHVPDQLIHVWWKHPVHOYHVLQFRPSHWHQFLHVDQWLFLSDWLQJDQGRULQIOXHQ FLQJ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI V\QWD[ DQG LQIHUHQFH RI EHOLHIV HJ /RZ 3HUQHU LW HQDEOHG VFKRODUV WR FRLQ WKH FRQFHSW RI VRFDOOHG ³UHFXUVLYH 7R0´ &DLOOLHV /H6RXUQ%LVVDRXLZKRVHGHYHORSPHQWLVVWULFWO\UHODWHGWR
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIV\QWDFWLFFRPSHWHQFH+RZHYHUWKHGHEDWHRISURSRQHQWVRI WKH GHYHORSPHQWDO DSSURDFK LQ UHVHDUFK RQ 7R0 GHYHORSPHQW DQG SUDJPDWLFV ZLWKWKHWKHRU\RIUHFXUVLRQH[FOXVLYHO\LQODQJXDJHYHU\VHOGRPDGGUHVVHVWKH LVVXH RI KRZ LQ HVVHQFH ODQJXDJH FDQ RU VKRXOG EH XQGHUVWRRG EDVHG RQ &KRPVN\¶VLGHDV7REHJLQZLWKLWLVZRUWKVWUHVVLQJWKDWRXUDLPLVWRSUHVHQW
DUJXPHQWV LQ IDYRU RI WKH WKHVLV WKDW D GHWDLOHG DQDO\VLV RI &KRPVN\¶V WKHRU\ PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRVKRZKLVRSSRQHQWV¶YLHZVDVFRPSOHPHQWLQJLWUDWKHUWKDQ FRQWUDU\WRLW ,QWKHPDLQSDUWRIWKHSDSHUZHZLOOGLVFXVVWKHNH\DUJXPHQWVLQIDYRURI WKHWKHVLVWKDWUHFXUVLRQLVWKHFRPPRQJURXQGRIODQJXDJH7R0DQGLQWHUDF WLRQZKLFKUHTXLUHV±LQWKHILUVWSODFH±DQRUGHUO\GLVFXVVLRQRIWKHUHFXUVLYH QHVVRIV\QWDFWLFSURFHVVHVDVXQGHUVWRRGE\&KRPVN\7KHDLPRIWKHIROORZLQJ SDUWVRIWKHWH[WZLOOEHRQWKHRQHKDQGWRVXSSOHPHQW&KRPVN\¶VSRVLWLRQZLWK GHYHORSPHQWDODQGFRPPXQLFDWLYHDSSURDFKHVDQGRQWKHRWKHU±WRUHODWHWKH ILQGLQJVRIUHVHDUFKEDVHGRQWKHVHDSSURDFKHVWRWKHWKHRU\RIUHFXUVLRQLQODQ JXDJH$ FULWLFDO VXPPDU\ RI WKH ZKROH SDSHU ZLOO VKRZ ZK\ LW LV SRVVLEOH WR H[SODLQWKH7R0±V\QWD[UHODWLRQVKLSE\UHIHUULQJWRWKHWKHRU\RIUHFXUVLRQDQG DGRSWLQJDGHYHORSPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYH
7KHUHFXUVLYHQHVVRIOLQJXLVWLFSURFHVVHV
&KRPVN\¶V QDPHLVXVXDOO\DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKFRQFHSWVVXFKDVODQJXDJHDF TXLVLWLRQGHYLFH/$'XQLYHUVDOJUDPPDU8*DQGWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOJHQHUD WLYH JUDPPDU 7** FI .XUF] %HUNR *OHDVRQ 5DWQHU $OO RI WKHPDUHURRWHGLQWKHWKHRU\DFFRUGLQJWRZKLFKKXPDQVDUHHTXLSSHGZLWKLQ ERUQJUDPPDWLFDONQRZOHGJHPDQLIHVWLQJLWVHOILQWKHDELOLW\WREXLOGDQGXQGHU VWDQGVHQWHQFHV&KRPVN\&KRPVN\VHHVODQJXDJHDVDSRWHQWLDOO\ LQILQLWHVHWRIVHQWHQFHV±JUDPPDWLFDOO\FRUUHFWVHTXHQFHVEXLOWRIDILQLWHQXP EHUFRPSRQHQWVOHWWHUVVRXQGVZRUGV(YHQZKHQSUHVHQWLQJWKHILUVWYHUVLRQ RIKLVWKHRU\&KRPVN\KHVWDWHGWKDWJHQHUDWLQJDQGWUDQVIRUPLQJWKHP ZDVSRVVLEOHWKDQNVWR³UHFXUVLYHGHYLFHVRIVRPHVRUW´SDYDLODEOHWRWKH JUDPPDURIODQJXDJHEXWXQLGHQWLILHG,QKHSURYLGHGDPRUHGHWDLOHGGH VFULSWLRQ RI WKH UXOHV SKUDVDO DQG WUDQVIRUPDWLRQDO HQDEOLQJ WKH IRUPDWLRQ RI VWUXFWXUHVDQGWKHLUWZRPDLQW\SHVFIEHORZDUHFORVHO\UHODWHGWRWKHDXWKRU¶V GLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQFRPSHWHQFHDQGSHUIRUPDQFH7KLVLVDGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQ
7KLVPD\EHSDUWO\GXHWRWKHGLYHUVLW\RIWHUPVXVHGE\&KRPVN\DQGWRKLVLQFRQVLVWHQW DSSOLFDWLRQ RI WKHVH WHUPV VXFK DV ODQJXDJH OLQJXLVWLF FRPSHWHQFH OLQJXLVWLF SHUIRUPDQFH RU HYHQUHFXUVLRQHWFFI-DFNHQGRII 3LQNHU:UyEHO
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
LQQDWHPHQWDOFDSDFLW\HQDEOLQJODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQ±DQGODQJXDJHUHDOL]DWLRQ SUDFWLFDO XVH RI ODQJXDJH LQ VSHFLILF VLWXDWLRQV &KRPVN\ ZULWHV WKDW JUDPPDU VKRXOGSURYLGH³DGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHLGHDOVSHDNHUKHDUHU¶VLQWULQVLFcompetence´ DQG³OLQJXLVWLFWKHRU\LVFRQFHUQHGZLWKGLVFRYHULQJDmentalUHDOLW\XQGHUO\ LQJactualEHKDYLRU´SHPSKDVLVRXUV:LWKWLPHWKHDXWKRUUHDFKHG
WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHHVVHQFHRIXQLYHUVDOJUDPPDUVKRXOGEHWKHVWXG\RIWKH QDWXUHRIKXPDQIDFXOWLHV&KRPVN\S±WKHSRVLWLRQZKLFKKHHODER UDWHGRQIRULQVWDQFHLQThe Minimalist ProgramDQGZKLFKDOORZHGKLP WRVSHFLI\KRZDQGWKDQNVWRZKDWODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUHVFRPHLQWREHLQJ
+RZHYHU DOUHDG\ ZKHQ H[SDQGLQJ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO IUDPHZRUN RI XQLYHUVDO JUDPPDU&KRPVN\IRFXVHGRQWKHlanguage facultyDFFRUGLQJWRKLPZKDWLV UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHXVHDQGFRPSUHKHQVLRQRIODQJXDJHLVVSHFLDOL]HGLQQDWHFD SDFLWLHV URRWHG LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH RI WKH EUDLQ 2QH RI WKHP LV WKH VRFDOOHG ³,ODQJXDJH´ LQWHUQDO ODQJXDJH XQGHUVWRRG DV D PHQWDO JHQHUDWLYH SURFHGXUH UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHHPHUJHQFHRIOLQJXLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQV±DUUDQJHPHQWVZLWKFHU WDLQSKRQRORJLFDOVHPDQWLFDQGRWKHUSURSHUWLHV7KH\VKRXOGEHWKRXJKWRIDV VHWVRILQVWUXFWLRQVIRUWZRSHUIRUPDQFHV\VWHPVLQZKLFKODQJXDJHLVHPEHGGHG ,QVWUXFWLRQVIURPWKHSKRQRORJLFDOOHYHO±WKHSKRQHWLFIRUPRIWKHH[SUHVVLRQ± DUH DLPHG DW WKH DUWLFXODWRU\±SHUFHSWXDO V\VWHP ZKLOH WKH VHPDQWLF OHYHO WKH ORJLFDO IRUP LV OLQNHG ZLWK WKH FRQFHSWXDO±LQWHQWLRQDO V\VWHP7KH DERYH GLV WLQFWLRQUHIHUVWRKRZWKHI-languageZRUNVZKHUHDVWKHGLVWLQFWLRQSHUWDLQLQJWR ZKDWLVLQYROYHGLQLWVRSHUDWLRQLVWKHGLYLVLRQRIODQJXDJHLQWRWKHOH[LFRQDQG WKHFRPSXWDWLRQDOV\VWHP,QRUGHUWRJHQHUDWHVWUXFWXUHVWKHFRPSXWDWLRQDOV\V WHPLPSOHPHQWVRSHUDWLRQVVXFKDVWKHSelectDQGMergeRIDSSURSULDWHFRPSR QHQWVVXSSOLHGE\WKHOH[LFRQ7KHLULPSOHPHQWDWLRQJLYHVULVHWRGHHSVWUXFWXUH ZKLFKLVDVHWRIHOHPHQWVUHSUHVHQWLQJFDWHJRULHVHJSKUDVHVDQGWKHLUFRPSR QHQWV±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¶V ZRUNV³FRPSHWHQFHIDFXOW\JUDPPDWLFDOQHVVOLQJXLVWLFNQRZOHGJH,ODQJXDJH´YV³SHUIRU PDQFHUHDOL]DWLRQODQJXDJHXVH(ODQJXDJH´³LQWHUQDOODQJXDJH´FI&KRPVN\
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ QRORJLFDODQGORJLFDOIRUP&RQVHTXHQWO\HYHU\OLQJXLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQFRQVWLWXWHV DVHTXHQFHRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVIURPSDUWLFXODUOHYHOVDQGHQFRPSDVVHVDOVRWKHLU WUDQVIRUPDWLRQVDVZHOODVLQWHUUHODWLRQV $OOWKHVHTXHQFHVGHVFULEHGDUHJHQHU DWHGE\WKH,ODQJXDJHDQGDERYHDOO±E\WKHFRPSXWDWLRQDOFRPSRQHQWGLVWLQ JXLVKHGLQLWWKHHVVHQFHRIWKHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH ,QWKH,ODQJXDJHZDVIXUWKHUGLYLGHGLQWRWKHVRFDOOHGIDFXOW\RIODQ JXDJHLQWKHQDUURZVHQVH)/1±WKHDVSHFWVRIODQJXDJHWKDWDUHVSHFLILFRQO\ WR ODQJXDJH DQG WKH UHPDLQLQJ DVSHFWV RI ODQJXDJH ± WKH VRFDOOHGIDFXOW\ RI ODQJXDJHLQWKHEURDGVHQVH)/%7KHNH\UROHZDVDWWULEXWHGWR)/1ZKLFKLV WKH PHQWDO FRPSXWDWLRQDO FRUH JHQHUDWLQJ LQWHUQDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV DQG OLQNLQJ WKHP ZLWK SHUIRUPDQFH V\VWHPV VHQVRULPRWRU YLD WKH SKRQRORJLFDO IRUP DQG FRQFHSWXDO±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±WKHRUHWLFDOO\LWLVSRVVLEOHWRH[SDQGHDFKRI WKHPIRULQVWDQFHE\HPEHGGLQJLWLQDQRWKHURQH+RZHYHULWVUHDOL]DWLRQSHU IRUPDQFH HJ LQ WKH IRUP RI DQ HPEHGGHG VHQWHQFH ³+H WKLQNV WKDW ´ FI +DXVHU&KRPVN\ )LWFKSLVDIIHFWHGE\)/%OLPLWDWLRQV±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±WKH DEVWUDFWPHQWDOSURFHGXUHVWKDWXQGHUOLHOLQJXLVWLFUHDOL]DWLRQVDQGPD\EXWGR QRWKDYHWRPDQLIHVWWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHP
&KRPVN\¶V WKHRU\ KDV EHHQ WKH VXEMHFW RI QXPHURXV FRQWURYHUVLHV DQG GH EDWHV ZKLFK IRFXV PDLQO\ RQ UHFXUVLRQ XQGHUVWRRG DV KLHUDUFKLFDO HPEHGGLQJ
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
7KHPRVWH[WHQVLYHGHEDWHVFRQFHUQWKHDVVXPSWLRQRIODQJXDJHEHLQJWKHRQO\ SODQHDOORZLQJWKHUHFXUVLYHQHVVRISURFHVVHVDQGVWUXFWXUHV±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
7KHUHFXUVLYHQHVVRI7R0SURFHVVHV
7R0VWXGLHVPD\FRQVLVWLQGLUHFWDQGLQGLUHFWPHDVXUHPHQW/RZ 3HUQHU 'LUHFW PHDVXUHPHQWLVEDVHG RQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIFKLOGUHQ¶V YHUEDODQ VZHUVWRTXHVWLRQVFRQFHUQLQJIRUH[DPSOHSUHGLFWLRQVDQGH[SODQDWLRQVRIWKH EHKDYLRURIDQRWKHUSHUVRQVWRU\FKDUDFWHUEDVHGRQKLVRUKHUEHOLHIDERXWUHDO LW\ HJ IDOVH EHOLHI LQ WKH FDVH RI IDOVHEHOLHI WDVNV )%7 ,QGLUHFW PHDVXUH PHQW PDNHV XVH DPRQJ RWKHU WKLQJV RI WKH VRFDOOHG YLRODWLRQRIH[SHFWDWLRQ SDUDGLJPDQGWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIORRNLQJWLPHV±ORQJHULQWKHFDVHRIDFWLRQRU EHKDYLRULQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKZKDWVKRXOGEHH[SHFWHG7KLVNLQGRISURFHGXUHVDUH XVHGLQWKHVWXG\RISUHYHUEDOLQIDQWVZLWKWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWORRNLQJDWDFWLYL WLHV WKDW VRPHRQH VKRXOG QRW HQJDJH LQ JLYHQ WKH NQRZOHGJH WKH\ KDYH ZKDW WKH\KDYH RUKDYHQRWVHHQIRUDORQJHUWLPHLVDVLJQRIVXUSULVHDWEHKDYLRU LQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHEHOLHIDWWULEXWHGWRWKDWSHUVRQ5HVHDUFKUHVXOWVVKRZWKDW HYHQWKRXJKWZRRUWKUHH\HDUROGFKLOGUHQGRQRWJLYHFRUUHFWDQVZHUVLQGLUHFW PHDVXUHPHQWV LQ LQIDQWV IURP VHYHQ WR ILIWHHQ PRQWKV RI DJH ORQJHU ORRNLQJ WLPHVDUHREVHUYHGLQWKHFDVHRIORRNLQJDWDFWLYLWLHVLQFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKHGRHU¶V NQRZOHGJH .RYDFV 7HJODV (QGUHVV 2QLVKL %DLODUJHRQ 7KHUHDUHWZROHDGLQJEXWRSSRVLQJLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWKLVGLVFUHSDQF\$FFRUG LQJWRRQHRIWKHPPHQWDOSURFHVVHVQHFHVVDU\WRDWWULEXWHEHOLHIVWRRWKHUSHRSOH WDNHSODFHHYHQDW YHU\HDUO\VWDJHVEXWFKLOGUHQFDQQRWIXOO\XVHWKHLUHIIHFWV GXHWROLPLWDWLRQVFRQQHFWHGQRWVRPXFKZLWKWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHLUNQRZOHGJHDV ZLWKRWKHUFRJQLWLYHFRPSHWHQFLHVRUWDVNUHTXLUHPHQWVSUHYHQWLQJWKHPDQLIHV
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
WDWLRQ RI WKDW NQRZOHGJH FI &RXOO /HHNDP %HQQHW 5HDG $FFRUGLQJWRWKHVHFRQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKHGLIIHUHQFHVWHPVIURPWKHRSHUDWLRQ RIWZRGLVWLQFWFRJQLWLYHPHFKDQLVPVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHFRUUHFWSHUIRUPDQFHRI YHUEDO DQG QRQYHUEDO 7R0 WDVNV FI 6FKQHLGHU 1RWW 'X[ +H\HV ,QWKHODWWHUFDVHWKHIDFWWKDWFKLOGUHQGRQRWJLYHFRUUHFWDQVZHUVWR)%7 TXHVWLRQVXQWLOWKHDJHRIIRXULVLQWHUSUHWHGDVDVLJQRIWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIVR FDOOHG H[SOLFLW 7R0 ± IXOO\ FRQVFLRXV WKRXJKW SURFHVVHV ZKLFK WUDQVODWH LQWR GHFODUDWLYHNQRZOHGJHDERXWVXEMHFWLYHJRDOVDQGLQWHQWLRQVXQGHUO\LQJVXEMHF WLYHEHOLHIVDQGJXLGLQJEHKDYLRU,WVGHYHORSPHQWDODQWHFHGHQWLVFRQVLGHUHGWR EHLPSOLFLW7R0ZKLFK±HVSHFLDOO\DFFRUGLQJWRUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIWKHVRFDOOHG ³FRJQLWLYHO\ULFK´LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHFRPSHWHQFLHVWKDWPDNHLWXSFI%LDáHN )LOLS±LVUHFXUVLYHFI7RPDVHOOR7KHSKHQRPHQDDWWHVWLQJWR WKLVLQFOXGHWKHUHFRJQLWLRQDQGVKDULQJRILQWHQWLRQVUROHUHYHUVDO RUWKHSHU IRUPDQFH DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI SRLQWLQJ JHVWXUHV JHVWXUHV ZKLFK FRQGLWLRQV SDUWLFLSDWLRQLQVLWXDWLRQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGFRRSHUDWLRQDVHDUO\DVEHWZHHQ DQGPRQWKVRIDJH
$QGVRLWLVEHOLHYHGWKDWDVHDUO\DVPRQWKVRIDJHLQIDQWVXQGHUVWDQG RWKHU SHRSOH¶V LQWHQWLRQV LQ WHUPV RI LQWHUQDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI GHVLUHG JRDOV JXLGLQJEHKDYLRU&DUSHQWHU1DJHOO 7RPDVHOOR:KDWLVPRUHWKH\DUH DEOH WR XVH WKLV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ LQ WKHLU RZQ EHKDYLRU ± HJ GLIIHUHQWLDWLQJ EH KDYLRUDFFRUGLQJWRZKHWKHUDSHUVRQLVXQDEOHRUXQZLOOLQJWRJLYHWKHPDWR\ %HKQHHWDO,QWHQWLRQUHFRJQLWLRQLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHDSUHFRQGLWLRQRI MRLQWHQJDJHPHQW±DVLWXDWLRQLQZKLFKWKHLQGLYLGXDOVSDUWLFLSDWLQJLQLWVKDUH WKHNQRZOHGJHRIH[SHULHQFLQJLWWRJHWKHU7RPDVHOOR,WLVWKHEDVLVIRU WKHHPHUJHQFHRIWKHDELOLW\DQGPRWLYDWLRQWRVKDUHLQWHQWLRQV±ZKLFKDUHFUX FLDO WR FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DQG FRRSHUDWLRQ EHFDXVH WKH\ DOVR PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR XQGHUVWDQGWKHFRPSOHPHQWDULQHVVRIWKHUROHVRIWKHFRPPXQLFDWLQJRUFRRSHU DWLQJSDUWLHV6WXGLHVRQWKHDERYHFRPSHWHQFLHVVKRZWKDWDWWKHDJHRI PRQWKVEDVHGRQWKHSUHYLRXVO\SOD\HGJDPHRIKLGLQJDQGVHHNLQJDQREMHFW LQIDQWVFRUUHFWO\LQWHUSUHWDQDGXOW¶VJHVWXUHDVVXJJHVWLQJWKHSODFHVZKHUHWKH REMHFWLVKLGGHQ%HKQH&DUSHQWHU&DOO 7RPDVHOORWKHLQIDQWVWKHP VHOYHVLQGLFDWHWKHREMHFWVRXJKWE\WKHDGXOWPRUHRIWHQLIWKH\SUHYLRXVO\VDZ WKDWWKHDGXOWGLGQRWQRWLFHZKHUHWKHREMHFWIHOO/LV]NRZVNL&DUSHQWHU 7R PDVHOOR7KLVPHDQVWKH\GLVWLQJXLVKEHKDYLRUVGHYRLGRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ LQWHQWLRQV IURP EHKDYLRUV QRW GHYRLG RI VXFK LQWHQWLRQV $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH UH VHDUFKHUV WKH IDFW WKDW EHWZHHQ WKH DJH RI DQG PRQWKV FKLOGUHQ WHQG WR DOWHUQDWHO\DGRSWWKHLURZQDQGDQRWKHUSHUVRQ¶VUROHVLQMRLQWDFWLYLW\DWWHVWVWR WKHLUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIERWKUROHVDQGWRWKHLUKDYLQJDNLQGRI³ELUG¶VH\HYLHZ´
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6 RIWKHZKROHVLWXDWLRQ±ZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQFUHDWHGIURPWKH WKLUGSHUVRQSHUVSHFWLYH&DUSHQWHU7RPDVHOOR 6WULDQR$FFRUGLQJWR WKLV³FRJQLWLYHO\JHQHURXV´³PHQWDOLVWLF´LQWHUSUHWDWLRQDOUHDG\DWWKHVWDJHRI WKHGHYHORSPHQWRILPSOLFLW7R0FKLOGUHQHQJDJHLQUHFXUVLYHHPEHGGHGUHDVRQ LQJLQYROYHGLQVKDUHGLQWHQWLRQDOLW\HJ³<RXFDQVHHWKDQ,FDQVHH´:H VRPHWLPHV VSHDN RI ³ZHLQWHQWLRQDOLW\´ KHUH LPSO\LQJ WKDW LQGLYLGXDOVMRLQWO\ DQGUHFXUVLYHO\DVFLWHGLQ3HUQHU (VNHQWDNHLQWRDFFRXQWHDFKRWKHU¶V UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV RI ILQDO GHVLUHG VWDWHV )RU LQVWDQFH SHUIRUPLQJLQWHUSUHWLQJ DJHVWXUHSRLQWLQJWRWKHSODFHZKHUHWKHREMHFWLVKLGGHQLVWDQWDPRXQWWRFKLOG UHQSDVVLQJRQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKHIROORZLQJLQWHQWLRQ³,ZDQW\RXWRNQRZWKDWWKH REMHFWLVVWLOOLQSODFH;´7KLVPHDQVWKDWDOUHDG\DWRQH\HDURIDJHWKH\XVH LPSOLFLW7R0IRUUHFXUVLYHUHDVRQLQJVXFKDV³<ZDQWVPHWRNQRZWKDW;´DQG IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKHLU RZQ EHKDYLRU IURP <¶V SHUVSHFWLYH ± ³>, WKLQN@ < ZDQWVPHWRWKLQNWKDW;´,WLVEHOLHYHG7RPDVHOORWKDWRQO\KX PDQVDUHFDSDEOHRIUHFXUVLYHLQIHUHQFHDERXWRWKHUSHRSOH¶VDQGWKHLURZQLQWHQ WLRQV±RILQWHUSUHWLQJRWKHUSHRSOH¶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
:KHQDWWHPSWLQJWRUHFRQFLOH&KRPVN\¶VWKHRU\RIUHFXUVLRQZLWKWKHJHQHU RXV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI LPSOLFLW 7R0 LW LV WKHUHIRUH OHJLWLPDWH WR WUHDW V\QWDFWLF UHDOL]DWLRQVLQWKHIRUPRIREMHFWFODXVHVZLWKDPHQWDOYHUEDVWKHYHUEDOUHIOHF WLRQRIWKHUHFXUVLYHPHQWDO,ODQJXDJHXVHGLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWHUDFWLRQDQG FRRSHUDWLRQDOUHDG\DWWKHSUHYHUEDOVWDJHRIGHYHORSPHQW,QWHUHVWLQJO\VWXGLHV RQWKHIXUWKHUGHYHORSPHQWRIUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQODQJXDJHDQGexplicitUHFXUVLYH 7R0VKRZWKDWLWLVPDLQO\WKHDELOLW\DWWKHOHYHORIOLQJXLVWLFUHDOL]DWLRQFRQ VLVWLQJLQXVLQJDQGUHPHPEHULQJHPEHGGHGREMHFWFODXVHVWKDWPDNHVLWSRVVL EOHWRSUHGLFWUHVXOWVLQIDOVHEHOLHIWDVNV)%79LOOLHUV 3\HUV&KLOG UHQ¶V DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH V\QWD[ RI FRPSOHPHQWDWLRQ LV VRPHWLPHV HTXDWHG ZLWK DTXDOLWDWLYHFKDQJHLQWKHLU7R09LOOLHUV
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/ 7KHUHFXUVLYHQHVVRI7R0SURFHVVHV DQGWKHUHFXUVLYHQHVVRIV\QWD[ %DVHGRQD PHWDDQDO\VLV RIWKHUHVXOWVRIVWXGLHVGHYRWHGWRWKHUHOD WLRQVEHWZHHQODQJXDJHDELOLWLHVDQG7R0LWZDVIRXQGWKDWV\QWD[ZDVDVLJQLIL FDQWSUHGLFWRURIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIIDOVHEHOLHI)%XQGHUVWDQGLQJDQGFKHDW LQJ 0LOOLJDQ $VWLQJWRQ 'DFN 7KH NH\ UROH LV DWWULEXWHG WR REMHFW FODXVHVLQWURGXFHGE\YHUEVUHIHUULQJWRHSLVWHPLFVWDWHV³+HWKLQNVWKDW«´ 7KHGLVWLQFWLYHIHDWXUHRIWKLVW\SHRIVWUXFWXUHVLVFRQVLGHUHGWREHHPEHGGLQJ HQDEOLQJWKHH[SUHVVLRQRIDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKHSURSRVLWLRQDERXWUHDOLW\WKDWRQH LVGHOLYHULQJ±SURSRVLWLRQDOFRQWHQWHJ³WKH(DUWKLVIODW´LVGLVWLQJXLVKHG IURPSURSRVLWLRQDODWWLWXGHHJ³+HWKLQNVWKDW´7KLVPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWR FRQVLGHUWKHWRSLFWKHVXERUGLQDWHFODXVHLQUHODWLRQWRWKHSHUVRQWKHVXEMHFW $QREMHFWFODXVHKDVVRWRVSHDNDGLVWLQFW³SRLQWRIYLHZ´3R99LOOLHUV9LO OLHUV 5RHSHUGHSHQGHQWRQWKHPDLQFODXVH
6WXGLHV RI FKLOGUHQ DJHG WR \HDUV SURYH WKDW WKHUH DUH VWURQJ OLQNV EH WZHHQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ UHPHPEHULQJ RU WUDLQLQJ WKH XVH RI REMHFW FODXVHV DQG 7R0GHYHORSPHQWWKHGLUHFWLRQRILQIOXHQFHXVXDOO\EHLQJIURPV\QWDFWLFVWUXF WXUHV WR WKHRU\RIPLQG FRPSHWHQFLHV /RKPDQQ 7RPDVHOOR +DOH 7DJHU)OXVEHUJ$FFRUGLQJWRWKHDXWKRUVWKHIDFWWKDWLWLVREMHFWFODXVHV WKDW DUH SUHGLFWRUV RI 7R0 GHYHORSPHQW VKRZV WKDW V\QWDFWLF HPEHGGLQJ LV D ³WRRO´ IRU WKH HPHUJHQFH DQG SURGXFWLRQ RI UHFXUVLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV WKDW D PRUH PDWXUH UHFXUVLYH 7R0 LV EDVHG RQ 6WRQH *HUUDQV &DLOOLHV /H6RXUQ%LVVDRXL6WXGLHVGHYRWHGWRLWXVXDOO\FRQFHUQWKHVRFDOOHG VHFRQGRUGHUUHSUHVHQWDWLRQV±PHQWDOVWDWHVUHODWLQJWRRWKHUPHQWDOVWDWHV7KH\ HPHUJHDURXQGWKHDJHRIVL[HJ1DLWR 6HNLDQGDWWKHOHYHORIOLQ JXLVWLFUHDOL]DWLRQWKH\FDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQWKHIRUP RIDQHPEHGGHGVHQWHQFH IROORZLQJWKHSDWWHUQRI³+HWKLQNVWKDWVKHWKLQNVWKDW;´:KDWLVFUXFLDOKHUH LVWKHHPEHGGLQJRIDFFRXQWVSRLQWVRIYLHZZLWKLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIRQH VWUXF WXUHZLWKDJURZLQJOHYHORIFRPSOH[LW\ZKLFKLVSUHFLVHO\ZKDWREMHFWFODXVHV PDNHSRVVLEOH9LOOLHUV 9LOOLHUV6FKLFNHWDO7KH\VHUYHDVWKH VRFDOOHG ³UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO IRUPDW´ FI 9LOOLHUV ZKLFK ± DV VRRQ DV LW EHFRPHVDFFHVVLEOH±HQDEOHVSHUIRUPLQJLQFUHDVLQJO\UHFXUVLYHPHQWDOSURFHV VHV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGFULWLFVRIWKHWDVNVXVHGIRUWKHVWXG\RIWKHVHSURFHVVHV )%7FODLPWKDWWKHLUFRUUHFWSHUIRUPDQFHVHWVKLJKOLQJXLVWLFUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU VXEMHFWVWRPHHWFI%ORRP *HUPDQ,QHVVHQFHYHUEDOL]LQJEHKDYLRU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVUHODWLQJWRVRPHRQH¶VWKRXJKWVWKRXJKWVDERXWWKRXJKWVHWFUH 0HPRU\RIREMHFWFODXVHVH[SODLQVRIYDULDQFHLQ)%7VFRUHV
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
TXLUHVKLJKSDVVLYHDQGDFWLYHOLQJXLVWLFFRPSHWHQFH±FRPSUHKHQVLRQDQGFRQ VWUXFWLRQ RI D FRPSOH[ REMHFW VWUXFWXUH ZLWK D PHQWDO YHUE 6FKRODUV WKHUHIRUH DUJXH WKDW DOO ZH FDQ VD\ LV WKDW WKH V\QWDFWLF VNLOOV ZKLFK RFFXU HDUOLHU LQ WKH FRXUVHRIGHYHORSPHQWSUHGLFWWKHV\QWDFWLFVNLOOVRFFXUULQJODWHU,QDQDWWHPSW WRUHIXWHWKLVFULWLFLVPDGYRFDWHVRIWUHDWLQJV\QWD[DVDPHFKDQLVPRITXDOLWD WLYH FKDQJH LQ 7R0 GHYHORSPHQW DGGLWLRQDOO\ FLWH WKH UHVXOWV RI VWXGLHV ZLWK DGXOWVDPSOHV±QRUPDODVZHOODVFOLQLFDOSRSXODWLRQV 7KHSURFHGXUHVDSSOLHGLQH[SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHVZLWKQRUPDODGXOWVLQFOXGHG WKHGXDOWDVNSURFHGXUH±DWDVNVLPXOWDQHRXVO\HQJDJLQJWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWZR DFWLYLWLHV1HZWRQ 9LOOLHUV2QHRIWKHPZDVUHSHDWLQJWKHGLDORJYV EHDWLQJRXWWKHUK\WKPVLPXOWDQHRXVO\KHDUGLQWKHKHDGSKRQHVDQGDQRWKHURQH FRQVLVWHGLQIROORZLQJWKHFRXUVHRIDVLOHQWVLWXDWLRQEDVHGRQZKLFKDWWKHHQG DTXHVWLRQZDVDVNHGDERXWLWVSURWDJRQLVW¶VIDOVHEHOLHI)%7KHIDFWWKDWLWZDV LQWKHGLDORJ FRQGLWLRQQRWLQWKHUK\WKP FRQGLWLRQWKDW PRUHZURQJDQVZHUV ZHUHJLYHQLVH[SODLQHGDVVWHPPLQJIURPWKHODFNRIDFFHVVRI7R0WRWKHUH FXUVLYH SURFHVVHV RI WKH ,ODQJXDJH ± QHHGHG IRU WKH SURFHVVLQJ RI D )% LQ DVWRU\HYHQDVLOHQWRQHDQGDOUHDG\HQJDJHGLQWKHVLPXOWDQHRXVUHSHWLWLRQRI D FRQYHUVDWLRQ FI9LOOLHUV 7KLV LV DQRWKHU DUJXPHQW LQ IDYRU RI UHFXU VLYHQHVVDVDFRPPRQSURSHUW\RIPHQWDODQGYHUEDOSURFHVVHV)LUVWRIDOOHQ JDJHPHQWLQGLDORJUHSHWLWLRQLQDGXDOWDVNUHVXOWVLQDODFNRIDFFHVVWRWKHPHQ WDOPHFKDQLVPVWKDWPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRFDSWXUHDJLYHQFRQWHQWEHOLHILQUHOD WLRQ WR WKH VXEMHFWVXEMHFWV ZKLFK ± DV KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ PHQWLRQHG ± LV DOVR DIXQFWLRQRIWKHV\QWD[RIFRPSOHPHQWDWLRQZLWKDPHQWDOYHUE3UREDEO\PHQ WDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIUHODWHGQHVVQRWRQO\UHTXLUHVUHFXUVLYH,ODQJXDJHSURFHVVHV EXWDOVRLVVXSSRUWHGE\WKHRXWFRPHVRIWKHLUDFWLYLW\IURPWKHSHUIRUPDQFHOHY HO±QDPHO\VHQWHQFHV,WWXUQVRXWWKDWHYHQWKHSURFHVVLQJDQGUHPHPEHULQJRI YLVXDOVWLPXOLZKRVHVLPLODULW\LVEDVHGRQWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHLUFRPSR QHQWVLPSURYHVRUGHFOLQHVGHSHQGLQJRQZKHWKHURUQRWWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQWKH
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±LWVFRUUHFWQHVVLVDVLJQRIDFFHVVWRWKHQHZ
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOIRUPDWWKDWWKHVHVWUXFWXUHVSURYLGH7KLVSRVLWLRQLVDGGLWLRQDOO\ VXSSRUWHG E\ VWXGLHV RQ7R0 LQ SDWLHQWV ZLWK DSKDVLD ZKR KDYH ORVW VRPH RI WKHLU ODQJXDJH IDFXOW\ LQ DGXOWKRRG UDWKHU WKDQ EHIRUH 6LHJDO 9DUOH\ %DQUHWL)DFHGZLWKDTXHVWLRQDERXWVRPHRQH¶VWKRXJKWVZRUGVLQVWHDG RIXVLQJDQREMHFWFODXVHWKH\DQVZHUE\PHDQVRIstatements with “theory of
mind” type embeddings %DQUHWL 7KHVH DUH GLUHFW VSHHFK VWUXFWXUHV LQ
ZKLFKLQVWHDGRIDQREMHFWFODXVHDPHQWDOYHUELQWURGXFHVDFODXVHLQWKHILUVW SHUVRQIRUPDNLQGRI³TXRWDWLRQ´RIDQRWKHUSHUVRQ¶VZRUGV7KLVHQFRXUDJHG
DXWKRUV$SSHUO\6DPVRQ&DUUROO+XVVDLQ +XPSKUH\V6LHJDO 9DU OH\WRFRQFOXGHWKDWV\QWD[ ZDV D³VFDIIROGLQJ´QHFHVVDU\IRUWKHHPHU JHQFH RI FRJQLWLYH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ HQDEOLQJ LQIHUHQFH DERXW WKH PLQG ,Q WKHLU RSLQLRQ RQFHDFTXLUHGWKLVFRPSHWHQFH ZRXOG QRORQJHUEHGHSHQGHQWRQOLQ JXLVWLFUHDOL]DWLRQDVDZD\RIH[SUHVVLQJWKDWZKLFK±WKDQNVWRDFFHVVWRLWDW DFHUWDLQOHYHORIGHYHORSPHQW±FDQVWLOOEHDFFXUDWHO\UHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHPLQG 7KLVLVWKHZD\WRXQGHUVWDQGDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWKHIDFWWKDWVRPHLQGLYLGXDOV ZLWKDSKDVLDFDQVROYHQRQYHUEDOVHFRQGRUGHU7R0WDVNV ,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWLQGLYLGXDOVZLWKDSKDVLDXVHFHUWDLQFRPSHQVDWRU\VWUDWH JLHV%DQUHWL+RIIPDQ 9LQF]HZKLFKVWLOOFRQVLVWLQHPEHGGLQJEXW WKLVWLPHLQSHUVSHFWLYHHPEHGGLQJQRWQHFHVVDULO\DFFRPSDQLHGE\REMHFWHP EHGGLQJ7KHXVHRIWKHVH³UHSDLUVWUDWHJLHV´GHSHQGVQRWRQO\RQWKHDYDLODEOH OHYHOVDQGSRWHQWLDOVXEVWLWXWHIRUPVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQEXWDOVRRQWKHDYDLODEOH NQRZOHGJHDERXWVRFLDOFRQWH[WVDQGWKHSUDJPDWLFVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQVLWXDWLRQV FISS 5HFXUVLRQLQSUDJPDWLFV
$PRQJ &KRPVN\¶V RSSRQHQWV WKHUH DUH GHYHORSPHQWDO SV\FKRORJLVWV HJ 7RPDVHOORDVZHOODVUHVHDUFKHUVSRVWXODWLQJWKDWUHFXUVLYHQHVVLVDOVRDIHDWXUH RI FRPSOH[ KLHUDUFKLFDOO\ VWUXFWXUHG LQWHQWLRQDO DFWLRQVEHKDYLRUV 9LFDUL $GHQ]DWR3OHQW\RIQRYHOFRQWULEXWLRQVKDYHEHHQPDGHWRWKLVDUHDE\ VWXGLHVRQWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQKXPDQVHQVRULPRWRUV\VWHPOLQJXLVWLFV\VWHP DQG RWKHU VRFLRFRJQLWLYH SURFHVVHV LQFOXGLQJ 7R0 *ROGLQ0HDGRZ .QREOLFK%XWWHUILOO 6HEDQ]'¶$XVLOLR0DIIRQJHOOL )DGLJD 7KH\XVHQHXURLPDJLQJDQGRWKHUWHFKQLTXHVDQGVKRZIRULQVWDQFHWKDWKHDULQJ ZRUGVRUVHQWHQFHVGHQRWLQJVSHFLILFDFWLRQVPRGXODWHVWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHPRWRU FRUWH[ LQ KHDUHUV HJ ³UDLVH´³NLFN´ VWLPXODWHV DUHDV DFWLYDWHG GXULQJ DFWLRQV
(JLQVWHDGRI³6KHWKLQNVWKDWVKHZHLJKVDORW´±³6KHWKLQNVWKDW«My Goodness! How
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6 HQJDJLQJWKHKDQGIRRWUHVSHFWLYHO\,QWHUHVWLQJO\DFWLRQLGLRPV³WRNLFNWKH EXFNHW´DQGLQGLUHFWXWWHUDQFHVLOOXVWUDWHGZLWKDSLFWXUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDQDF WLRQHJ³,W¶VKRWLQKHUH´SOXVDSLFWXUHRIDFORVHGZLQGRZVWLPXODWHQRWRQO\ WKHFRUUHVSRQGLQJPRWRUDUHDVEXWDOVRWKRVHWKDWDUHDFWLYHGXULQJ7R0WHVWVFI HJ+DXN-RKQVUXGH 3XOYHUPOOHU5DSRVR0RVV6WDPDWDNLV 7\ OHU,WLVWKHUHIRUHQRWVXUSULVLQJWKDWWKHLQFUHDVLQJO\LQIOXHQWLDODSSURDFK HVDUHIRFXVHGRQcoRSHUDWLRQ±RQVRFLDOVLWXDWLRQVDQGLQWHUDFWLRQVFKDUDFWH UL]HGDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVE\WKHGLYHUVLW\DQGQXPHULFGLVSURSRUWLRQRIYHUEDO DQGQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUVWKHLUSDUWLFLSDQWVDQGWKHFRQWH[WVLQZKLFKWKH\WDNH SODFHRUWKHPHDQVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQXVHGFI'H-DHJKHU'L3DROR *DO ODJKHU $Q\ZD\ ODQJXDJH±PLQG±DFWLRQ OLQNV DUH DQ LPSRUWDQW WRSLF LQ FODVVLFWKHRULHVERWKGHYHORSPHQWDO3LDJHW6]XPDQDQGSUDJPDWLF $XVWLQ6HDUOH
,QDGXOWVFRRSHUDWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWKHDELOLW\WRUHSUHVHQWDQG WRDGRSWDSHUVSHFWLYHFDQWDNHWKHIRUPRIFRQYHUVDWLRQEDVHGRQGLDORJ7KH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ LQWHUORFXWRUV¶ XWWHUDQFHV FDQ EH EDVHG RQ WKH PHFKDQLVP RI
PXOWLSOH HPEHGGLQJ /HYLQVRQ 7KLV UHIHUV IRU LQVWDQFH WR ³TXHVWLRQ DQVZHU´ VHTXHQFHV ZKHUH WKH HIIHFWLYHQHVV RI WKH H[FKDQJH LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ DFFHVVWRDGGLWLRQDOLQIRUPDWLRQDVLQWKHIROORZLQJH[DPSOH 4XHVWLRQ4$UHWKHUHDQ\VORWVOHIW" $QVZHU$<HVWKHUHDUH:KHQZRXOG\RXOLNHWRFRPHLQ"4 4:KDWWLPHVDUHDYDLODEOH" 4'R\RXSUHIHUZHHNHQGVRUZHHNGD\V" $:HHNHQGV $7KHQLWFRXOGEHWRPRUURZPRUQLQJRUDQ\WLPHQH[W6XQGD\ $7KHQOHWLWEH6XQGD\DWWKHVDPHWLPHDVWRGD\
7ZR TXHVWLRQ±DQVZHU SDLUV DUH DGGLWLRQDOO\ HPEHGGHG LQ WKH 4$ VH TXHQFHDOVREDVHGRQWKHPHFKDQLVPRIUHFXUVLRQ±SDLU4$LVHPEHGGHGLQ SDLU 4$ DQG WKH DQVZHU WR TXHVWLRQ 4 LV FRQGLWLRQHG E\ WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ REWDLQHGLQ$ZKLFKLQWXUQLVFRQGLWLRQHGE\WKHRXWFRPHRIWKH4$H[ FKDQJH$V LQ WKH FDVH RI FRRSHUDWLRQ RI WR PRQWKROGV WKH DOWHUQDWLRQ DQGFRPSOHPHQWDULQHVVRIUROHVDVZHOODVWKHWHQGHQF\WRVKDUHFRPPXQLFDWLYH LQWHQWLRQVPDNHLWSRVVLEOHKHUHWRLGHQWLI\WKHUHFXUVLYHUHODWLRQV±WKHDVVXPS WLRQEHLQJWKDWWKHDFFXUDF\RIWKHVHLGHQWLILFDWLRQVFRQGLWLRQVWKHDFKLHYHPHQW RIWKHFRPPRQJRDOPDNLQJDQDSSRLQWPHQW$FFRUGLQJWR/HYLQVRQWKLVNLQG ,WLVDVVXPHGWKDWWKHXQLWRIOLQJXLVWLFFRPSHWHQFHLVDVHQWHQFHDQGWKHXQLWRIFRPPXQLFD WLYHFRPSHWHQFHLVDQXWWHUDQFH*DMGD
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
RI³SUDJPDWLFHPEHGGLQJ´DUJXHVIRUWUHDWLQJUHFXUVLRQDVPDQLIHVWLQJLWVHOIWR WKHJUHDWHVWH[WHQWLQlanguage use7KHDGYDQWDJHRIFRQYHUVDWLRQDODVRSSRVHG WR V\QWDFWLF UHFXUVLRQ LV WKH SRVVLELOLW\ RI DFKLHYLQJ PRUH FRPSOH[ PXOWLSOH HPEHGGLQJV±PXFKPRUHHIIHFWLYHO\SURFHVVHGWKDQHODERUDWHUHFXUVLYHOLQJXLV WLFUHDOL]DWLRQV)RUFRPSDULVRQDV\QWDFWLFFRXQWHUSDUWRIWKHDERYHH[DPSOHRI WULSOHHPEHGGLQJLQD³TXHVWLRQDQVZHU´VHTXHQFHZKLFKFDQEHLOOXVWUDWHGDV 4>4>4$@$@$@ ZRXOG EH D VHQWHQFH VXFK DV ³7KH UDW WKH FDW WKH GRJ FKDVHGELWDWHWKHFKHHVH´%HUNR*OHDVRQ 5DWQHUSSUHVHQWHGDV $>%>&&@%@$7KLVKRZHYHULVQRWDIXOO\DGHTXDWHFRPSDULVRQ±FRQ YHUVDWLRQMXVWOLNHLWVJUDGXDOO\HPHUJLQJVWUXFWXUHLVLQVSLWHRIHYHU\WKLQJDQ LQWHUDFWLYHSURFHVVXWWHUDQFHVDUHFORVHULQWKLVFDVHWRFRPSOHPHQWDU\MRLQWDF WLRQV6HDUOH&ODUNGLYLGHGDPRQJVHYHUDOSDUWLFLSDQWV&RQ VHTXHQWO\LQWKHFDVHRIGLDORJWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRIHPEHGGLQJFDQEHDGGLWLRQ DOO\ HQKDQFHG E\ WKH FRRSHUDWLYH FRPPXQLFDWLYH FRQWH[W WKH PRUH DEVWUDFW ± DEVWUDFWHG IURP WKLV FRQWH[W ± UHFXUVLYH UHDVRQLQJ LV WKH JUHDWHU GLIILFXOWLHV LQ DSSURSULDWHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQFDQEHH[SHFWHG/HYLQVRQS6WLOOLQERWK FDVHV ZH DUH GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH SURFHVVXDO UHFXUVLYH HPHUJHQFH RI D VWUXFWXUH LQWHUDFWLYH±EHFDXVHLWFRQFHUQVFRQYHUVDWLRQLQWUDSV\FKLF±EHFDXVHLWFRQFHUQV UHDVRQLQJDERXWWKHLQWHQWLRQVDQGPHQWDOVWDWHVRISDUWLFLSDQWVLQGLDORJPDN LQJXVHRIWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOVHQWHQFHIRUPDW
:KHQ H[DPLQLQJ WKH FULWLFLVP RI &KRPVN\¶V YLHZ LQ VRFLRFRPPXQLFDWLYH DQG SUDJPDWLF DSSURDFKHV DV ZHOO DV UHVHDUFK RQ WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ V\QWD[ DQG7R0RQHPD\KDYHWKHLPSUHVVLRQWKDWWKHLUDXWKRUVWHQGWRHTXDWHODQJXDJH PDLQO\ZLWKOLQJXLVWLFUHDOL]DWLRQVVHQWHQFHVXWWHUDQFHV7KLVVRPHWLPHVOHDGV WR HUURQHRXVO\ HTXDWLQJ UHFXUVLYHQHVV SURFHVVHV ZLWK WKHLU RXWFRPHV ZKLFK PD\EHOLQJXLVWLFDOO\UHDOL]HGHPEHGGHGV\QWDFWLFVWUXFWXUHV+RZHYHULWLVWKH GHYHORSPHQWDOSHUVSHFWLYHRI&KRPVN\¶VFULWLFVWKDWUHYHDOVWKHPXOWLSOLFLW\DQG GLYHUVLW\RIWKHPDQLIHVWDWLRQVRIWKHUHFXUVLYHQHVVRIWKH,ODQJXDJHDQGLWVOLQNV ZLWKRWKHUSODQHVRIKXPDQIXQFWLRQLQJLQFOXGLQJWKHG\QDPLFVRIWKHFKDQJHV WDNLQJSODFHLQWKHP &RQFOXVLRQ 6\QWD[XQGRXEWHGO\PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRFDSWXUHUHFXUVLYHPHQWDOSKHQRPH QDLQODQJXDJHEXWLWFDQQRWEHH[FOXGHGWKDWWKH\RFFXUHYHQEHIRUHWKHDSSHDU DQFH RI WKH DELOLW\ WR realize UHFXUVLRQ LQ WKH IRUP RI REMHFW FODXVHV 2EMHFW FODXVHVPD\LQWXUQFRQVWLWXWHD³VFDIIROGLQJ´IRUDPRUHPDWXUHUHFXUVLYH7R0 SURYLGLQJTXDOLWDWLYHO\QHZPHDQVRIUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ7KHDERYHILQGLQJVKRZ HYHU DUH QRW FRQWUDU\ WR WKH SRVWXODWH RI UHFXUVLRQ DV D SURSHUW\ RI ,ODQJXDJH
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
SURFHVVHV±GHYHORSPHQWDODSSURDFKHVPDNH&KRPVN\¶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³WUDQVODWHLW´LQWRWKHUHFXUVLYHH[WHUQDOVWUXFWXUHRIDVHQWHQFH7KHUHIRUHLIZH DVVXPHWKDWFRQFHSWXDOXQLWVDUHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVMXVWOLNHJRDOVFIThe
recur-siveness of ToM processes WKHQ WKH LQWHUQDO UHFXUVLYH VWUXFWXUH RI WKH
,ODQJXDJHFRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOWKLUGSHUVRQDFFRXQWRILQWHQWLRQV DQGSHUVSHFWLYHVLQFRRSHUDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQ,IWKLVLVWKHFDVHWKHQWKH DWWULEXWLRQRIUHFXUVLYHPHQWDOSURFHVVHVWRFKLOGUHQZKRGRQRWXVHODQJXDJH\HW LVQRWDWRGGVZLWK&KRPVN\¶VWKHRU\DWDOO7UHDWLQJnarrow syntaxDVUHFXUVLYH RSHUDWLRQVRQUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVHJJRDOVVSHFLILFWRWKHPHQWDOFRPSXWDWLRQDO V\VWHP )/1 ZH PD\ YHQWXUH WR VWDWH WKDW LPSOLFLW 7R0 LV D VSHFLDO ZD\ RI XVLQJWKH,ODQJXDJHDQGLWVV\QWD[LQFRRSHUDWLYHFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRQWULEXWLQJ WRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHHDUOLHVWYHUEDOUHDOL]DWLRQV7KXVXQGHUVWRRGODQJXDJH ZRXOG EH D NLQG RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO ³PDWUL[´ WKDW HQDEOHV DQG IDFLOLWDWHV WKH IRUPV RI FRPSOH[ UHDVRQLQJ REVHUYHG LQ FKLOGUHQ DJHG EHWZHHQ DQG PRQWKV DV ZHOO DV LQ DGXOWV FRQGLWLRQLQJ LQFUHDVLQJO\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG UHFXUVLYH ZD\VRIWKLQNLQJLQYROYHGLQIXQFWLRQLQJRQLQFUHDVLQJO\QXPHURXVDQGGLYHUVH SODQHVDVWKHSHUVRQGHYHORSVDQGJDLQVH[SHULHQFH)RU&KRPVN\ODQJXDJHLV
WKHSURGXFWRIWZRIDFWRUVLQQDWH/$'DQGH[SHULHQFH/$'XVHVH[SHULHQFHDV
input GDWD DQG \LHOGV output GDWD ± ZKLFK KRZHYHU DUH UHSUHVHQWHG LQ WKH
PLQGEUDLQIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJ&KRPVN\S'HYHORSPHQWDOUHVHDUFK RQWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQLPSOLFLW7R0DQGODQJXDJHDFTXLVLWLRQVKRZVWKDWGLYLG LQJDWWHQWLRQLQDWULDGPRQWKDOORZVFKLOGUHQWRHVWDEOLVKWKHDSSURSULDWH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH UHIHUHQW DQG LWV QDPH WKDQNV WR ZKLFK WKH\ OHDUQ WKH ILUVWZRUGV7RPDVHOOR,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWRQHRIWKHIXQFWLRQVRILPSOLFLW 7R0LVWROLQNWKHUHIHUHQWZLWKWKHZRUGXVLQJWKHUHFXUVLYHPHQWDOV\QWD[RIWKH ,ODQJXDJHLQLQWHUDFWLRQ,QWHUHVWLQJO\WKHUHVXOWVRIVWXGLHVRIFKLOGUHQDOUHDG\
&I WKH FRQFHSWLRQRIODQJXDJHDV DQ DGGLWLRQDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDO IRUPDW³PHQWDOVFUDWFK SDG´ DV ZHOO DV WKH IDFXOW\ RI VWRULQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ D OLQJXLVWLF IRUPDW DQG PDQLSXODWLQJ WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ)HGRUHQNR 9DUOH\
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
XVLQJVSHHFKVKRZWKDWWKH\HVWDEOLVKWKHPHDQLQJVRIZRUGVEHORQJLQJWRGLIIHU HQW JUDPPDWLFDO FDWHJRULHV EDVHG DPRQJ RWKHU WKLQJV RQ V\QWDFWLF FOXHV %ORRP
'HYHORSPHQWDOUHVHDUFK0LOOLJDQHWDOKDVVKRZQWKDWV\QWD[PDLQ O\WKHV\QWD[RIFRPSOHPHQWDWLRQZLWKDPHQWDOYHUELVDSUHGLFWRURIH[SOLFLW 7R0GHYHORSPHQW([SHULPHQWVZLWKDGXOWSDUWLFLSDQWVVXJJHVWWKDWWKHDFFHVVRI 7R0WRUHFXUVLYH,ODQJXDJHSURFHVVHVLVFUXFLDOIRUWKHSRVVLELOLW\RISURFHVVLQJ DW WKH OHYHO RI UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV HYHQ LQ WKH FDVH RI QRQYHUEDO )%7 1HZWRQ 9LOOLHUV7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHODFNRIDFFHVVWRWKHUHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOOLQJXLV WLFIRUPDWPDNHVLWLPSRVVLEOHWRWKLQNDERXWWKHPHQWDOSURFHVVHVOHDGLQJWRWKH IRUPDWLRQ RI EHOLHIV DERXW UHDOLW\7KH YLHZ RI REMHFW HPEHGGLQJ DV SURYLGLQJ 7R0ZLWKD³UHSUHVHQWDWLRQDOWRRO´9LOOLHUVLVVXSSRUWHGE\UHVHDUFKUH VXOWV REWDLQHG IRU FOLQLFDO JURXSV 7KH IDFW WKDW LQIHUHQFH DERXW WKH PLQG PD\ WDNHSODFHGHVSLWHWKHLQDELOLW\WROLQJXLVWLFDOO\H[SUHVVWKHLQIHUHQFHVLQWKHIRUP RI REMHFW FODXVHV DUJXHV LQ IDYRU RI WUHDWLQJ WKH ³V\QWD[ RI FRPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ± H[SOLFLW7R0´UHODWLRQVKLSDVOLQNHGZLWKWKHSURFHVVRIGHYHORSPHQWFI6LHJDO 9DUOH\$WVRPHVWDJHRIWKLVLQIHUHQFHLPSOLFLWZD\VRIUHDVRQLQJPD\ EH³UHZULWWHQ´RQWRDTXDOLWDWLYHO\QHZSDWWHUQZKLFKPDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRXVH WKHPLQFRPSOH[RSHUDWLRQVRIH[SOLFLW7R0FI.DUPLORII6PLWK7RPD VHOORS/DQJXDJH XQGHUVWRRGDVWKH ,ODQJXDJHLVQRWLQYROYHGLQ WKHP±ZKHQLWEHFRPHVLQDFFHVVLEOHWKHVHRSHUDWLRQVDUHGLVUXSWHGEXWWKHORVV RIWKHSRVVLELOLW\RIH[SUHVVLQJWKHLUHIIHFWVLQWKHIRUPRIREMHFWFODXVHVQHHGQRW DIIHFW WKH YDOLGLW\ RI UHDVRQLQJ 7KH DWWULEXWLRQ RI UHFXUVLYH SURSHUWLHV WR WKH DERYHSDWWHUQPDGHSRVVLEOHLWVUHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQDFFRUGLQJWR&KRPVN\¶VWKHRU\ PDNHVLWSRVVLEOHWRH[SODLQZK\SDUWLDOORVVRIVSHHFKLQDGXOWKRRGQRWQHFHVVDU LO\LPSRYHULVKHVWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKRXJKWSURFHVVHV7KLVLVDWWHVWHGWRDPRQJ RWKHUWKLQJVE\WKHUHSDLUVWUDWHJLHVRI³SHUVSHFWLYHHPEHGGLQJ´IRXQGLQVRPH SDWLHQWVZLWKDSKDVLD
$OVR FRQYHUVDWLRQ FDQ EH ORRNHG DW WKURXJK WKH OHQV RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ DQG DGRSWLQJSHUVSHFWLYHV7KHHPHUJHQFHRILWVHPEHGGHGVWUXFWXUHZLWKDQDSSUR SULDWH KLHUDUFK\ RI SDUWLFLSDQWV¶ LQWHUUHODWHG XWWHUDQFHV LV WKH RXWFRPH RI WKH SURFHVVHV RI HVWDEOLVKLQJ WKH UHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ UROHV DQG JRDO UHSUHVHQWDWLRQV 7KHFRPSHWHQFHRI7R0KHUHZRXOGEHWKHXVHRIWKHV\QWDFWLFPHFKDQLVPVRI WKH,ODQJXDJHIRUSDUDOOHOFRRUGLQDWLRQRIVHYHUDOPDQ\SHUVSHFWLYHV,WKDVEHHQ GHPRQVWUDWHG /HYLQVRQ WKDW LQ FRQYHUVDWLRQ LW LV SRVVLEOH WR LGHQWLI\ KLJKHU OHYHOV RI HPEHGGLQJ WKDQ LQ OLQJXLVWLFDOO\ UHDOL]HG V\QWD[ ,W VKRXOG EH UHPHPEHUHGKRZHYHUWKDWDFFRUGLQJWR &KRPVN\¶V WKHRU\UHFXUVLRQDOVRFRQ FHUQV SURFHGXUHV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WUDQVIHUULQJ H[SUHVVLRQV WR WKH H[HFXWLYH V\V
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
WHPDQGWKDWVXFKUHDOL]DWLRQVDUHLQIOXHQFHGE\OLPLWDWLRQVIURPWKHOHYHORIWKH IDFXOW\RIODQJXDJHLQWKHEURDGVHQVH)/%,QFDVHVZKHQUHDOL]DWLRQVWDNHWKH IRUPRIFRPSDWLEOHSDLUVGLYLGHGEHWZHHQWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVLQDGLDORJZKDWKDS SHQV FDQ EH PRUH DFFXUDWHO\ GHVFULEHG DV DOWHUQDWLQJ HPHUJHQFH RI LQGLYLGXDO VHJPHQWV PDNLQJ XS WKH HQWLUH FRPSOH[ UHFXUVLYH VWUXFWXUH 7KLV PD\ DV ZHOO DWWHVWQRWVRPXFKWRWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQDO³DGYDQWDJH´RIUHFXUVLRQDVWRVPDOOHU EXUGHQVOLPLWDWLRQVLPSRVHGE\)/%LQVLWXDWLRQVRIWKLVNLQGRILQWHUDFWLYHDS SOLFDWLRQRIUHFXUVLRQ1HYHUWKHOHVVLQDYHUEDOVHQWHQFHQRUPDODGXOWVDUHFD
SDEOH RI UHDVRQLQJ DERXW D SHUVSHFWLYH HPEHGGHG XS WR WKH IRXUWK RU HYHQ WKH ILIWKRUGHU'XQEDU
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± FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WKHVH SURFHVVHV DQGRU VWUXFWXUHV ±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ocial Neu-roscience, 1 $VWLQJWRQ-: -HQNLQV-0$ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQODQJXDJH DQGWKHRU\RIPLQGGHYHORSPHQWDevelopmental Psychology, 35 ,WFDQQRWEHH[FOXGHGWKDWFHUWDLQFRPSOH[ODQJXDJHVWUXFWXUHVGHULYHIURPUHDOL]DWLRQVRULJ LQDOO\GLYLGHGEHWZHHQSDUWLFLSDQWVLQGLDORJDVFLWHGLQ/HYLQVRQ
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
$XVWLQ-/-DNG]LDáDüVáRZDPL>+RZWRGRWKLQJVZLWKZRUGV@,QMówienie i poznawa-nie [Speaking and knowing]:DUVDZ3RODQG:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
%DQUHWL=5HFXUVLRQLQDSKDVLDClinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 24 %DQUHWL=+RIIPDQ, 9LQF]H95HFXUVLYHVXEV\VWHPVLQDSKDVLDDQG$O]KHLPHU¶V
GLVHDVH&DVHVWXGLHVLQV\QWD[DQGWKHRU\RIPLQGFrontiers in Psychology, 7
%HKQH7&DUSHQWHU0 7RPDVHOOR02QH\HDUROGVFRPSUHKHQGWKHFRPPXQLFDWLYH LQWHQWLRQVEHKLQGJHVWXUHVLQDKLGLQJJDPHDevelopmental Science, ,
%HKQH 7 &DUSHQWHU 0 &DOO - 7RPDVHOOR 0 8QZLOOLQJ YHUVXV XQDEOH ,QIDQWV¶ XQGHUVWDQGLQJRILQWHQWLRQDODFWLRQDevelopmental Psychology, 41
%HUNR*OHDVRQ- 5DWQHU1%Psycholinguistics.1HZ<RUN+DUFRXUW%UDFH&ROOHJH 3XEOLVKHUV
%HUNR*OHDVRQ- 5DWQHU1%Psycholingwistyka [Psycholinguistics].*GDĔVN 3RODQG*GDĔVNLH:\GDZQLFWZR3V\FKRORJLF]QH
%LDáHN $ )LOLS $ 8G]LDá JHVWyZ ZVND]XMąF\FK Z UR]ZRMX XPLHMĊWQRĞFL RVLąJDQLD ZVSyOQHJRRGQLHVLHQLD>7KHUROHRISRLQWLQJJHVWXUHVLQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVKDUHGUHIHUHQFH@ Studia Psychologiczne, 51
%ORRP 3 .RQWURZHUVMH ZRNyá SU]\VZDMDQLD MĊ]\ND XF]HQLH VLĊ Z\UD]yZ L F]ĊĞFL PRZ\,Q%%RNXVL*:6KXJDU(GPsychologia jĊzyka dziecka*GDĔVN*:3 %ORRP3 *HUPDQ737ZRUHDVRQVWRDEDQGRQWKHIDOVHEHOLHIWDVNDVDWHVWRIWKHRU\
RIPLQGCognition, 77%±%
&DLOOLHV6 /H 6RXUQ%LVVDRXL61RQGHFRPSRVDEOHLGLRPXQGHUVWDQGLQJLQFKLOGUHQ 5HFXUVLYHWKHRU\RIPLQGDQGZRUNLQJPHPRU\Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychol-ogy, 672
&DUSHQWHU01DJHOO. 7RPDVHOOR06RFLDOFRJQLWLRQMRLQWDWWHQWLRQDQGFRPPX QLFDWLYHFRPSHWHQFLHVIURPWRPRQWKVRIDJHMonographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 63.
&DUSHQWHU07RPDVHOOR0 6WULDQR75ROHUHYHUVDOLPLWDWLRQLQDQGPRQWK ROGVDQGFKLOGUHQZLWKDXWLVPInfancy, 8
&DUUXWKHUV37KHFRJQLWLYHIXQFWLRQVRIODQJXDJHBehavioral and Brain Sciences, 25
&RXOO * - /HHNDP 6 5 %HQQHWW 0 6LPSOLI\LQJ VHFRQGRUGHU EHOLHI DWWULEXWLRQ :KDWIDFLOLWDWHVFKLOGUHQ¶VSHUIRUPDQFHRQPHDVXUHVRIFRQFHSWXDOXQGHUVWDQGLQJ"Social De-velopment, 15
&KRPVN\1Syntactic structures7KH+DJXH0RXWRQ3XEOLVKHUV
&KRPVN\1Aspects of the theory of syntax&DPEULGJH0$7KH0,73UHVV
&KRPVN\1Zagadnienia teorii skadni [Aspects of the theory of syntax]:URFáDZ 3RODQG=DNáDG1DURGRZ\LP2VVROLĔVNLFK
&KRPVN\1The minimalist program&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV &KRPVN\1Language and mind. &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
&ODUN+-RLQWDFWLYLWLHV,Q+&ODUNUsing language&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
'¶$XVLOLR $ 0DIIRQJHOOL / )DGLJD / /¶RULJLQH FRPXQH GL OLQJXDJJLR H D]LRQH Rivista Internazionale di Filosofia e Psicologia, 4
'H-DHJKHU+'L3DROR( *DOODJKHU6&DQVRFLDOLQWHUDFWLRQFRQVWLWXWHVRFLDOFRJQL WLRQ"Trends in Cognitive Sciences14
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
'XQEDU5The human story/RQGRQ)DEHU )DEHU
'XQEDU 5 Czowiek: biografia [The human story] &UDFRZ 3RODQG &RSHUQLFXV &HQWHU 3UHVV
(YDQV1L/HYLQVRQ6&7KHP\WKRIODQJXDJHXQLYHUVDOV/DQJXDJHGLYHUVLW\DQGLWV LPSRUWDQFHIRUFRJQLWLYHVFLHQFHBehavioral and Brain Sciences, 32
(YHUHWW'/&KDOOHQJLQJ&KRPVN\DQOLQJXLVWLFV7KHFDVHRI3LUDKmHuman Develop-ment, 50
)HGRUHQNR( 9DUOH\5/DQJXDJHDQGWKRXJKWDUHQRWWKHVDPHWKLQJ(YLGHQFHIURP QHXURLPDJLQJDQGQHXURORJLFDOSDWLHQWVAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1369
)LWFK:7+DXVHU0' &KRPVN\17KHHYROXWLRQRIWKHODQJXDJHIDFXOW\&ODULIL FDWLRQVDQGLPSOLFDWLRQVCognition, 97
*DMGD6/LQJZLVW\F]QHSRGVWDZ\ORJRSHGLL>/LQJXLVWLFIRXQGDWLRQVRIVSHHFKWKHUDS\@,Q 7*DáNRZVNL *-DVWU]ĊERZVND(GVLogopedia – pytania i odpowiedzi. PodrĊcznik aka-demicki [Speech therapy – questions and answers]YROSS2SROH3RODQG8QLYHU VLW\RI2SROH3UHVV
*ROGLQ0HDGRZ67DONLQJDQGWKLQNLQJZLWKRXUKDQGVCurrent Directions in Psycholog-ical Science, 15 +DOH&0 7DJHU)OXVEHUJ+7KHLQIOXHQFHRIODQJXDJHRQWKHRU\RIPLQG$WUDLQLQJ VWXG\Developmental Science, 6 +DXN2-RKQVUXGH, 3XOYHUPOOHU)6RPDWRWRSLFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIDFWLRQZRUGVLQ KXPDQPRWRUDQGSUHPRWRUFRUWH[Neuron, 41 +DXVHU0'&KRPVN\1 )LWFK:77KHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH:KDWLVLWZKRKDV LWDQGKRZGLGLWHYROYH"Science, 298 +DXVHU0'<DQJ&K%HUZLFN5&7DWWHUVDOO,5\DQ0-:DWXPXOO-&KRPVN\1 /HZRQWLQ5&7KHP\VWHU\RIODQJXDJHHYROXWLRQFrontiers in Psychology, 5 +H\HV&)DOVHEHOLHILQLQIDQF\$IUHVKORRNDevelopmental Science, 17 -DFNHQGRII 5 3LQNHU 6 7KH QDWXUH RI WKH ODQJXDJH IDFXOW\ DQG LWV LPSOLFDWLRQV IRU
HYROXWLRQRIODQJXDJHUHSO\WR)LWFK+DXVHUDQG&KRPVN\Cognition, 97 -XDQ96 $VWLQJWRQ-:%ULGJLQJWKHJDSEHWZHHQLPSOLFLWDQGH[SOLFLWXQGHUVWDQG
LQJ+RZODQJXDJHGHYHORSPHQWSURPRWHVWKHSURFHVVLQJDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIIDOVHEHOLHI British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30
.DUPLORII6PLWK $ Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science&DPEULGJH0,73UHVV
.QREOLFK*%XWWHUILOO6 6HEDQ]13V\FKRORJLFDOUHVHDUFKRQMRLQWDFWLRQ7KHRU\ DQGGDWD. Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 54
.RYiFV È 0 7pJOiV ( (QGUHVV$ ' 7KH VRFLDO VHQVH 6XVFHSWLELOLW\ WR RWKHUV¶ EHOLHIVLQKXPDQLQIDQWVDQGDGXOWVScience, 330
.XUF] , 3V\FKROLQJZLVW\ND RJyOQD >*HQHUDO SV\FKROLQJXLVWLFV@ ,Q , .XUF] + 2NX QLHZVND (GV JĊzyk jako przedmiot badaĔ psycholingwistycznych. Psycholingwistyka ogólna i neurolingwistyka [Language as a subject of psycholinguistic research: General psy-cholinguistics and neurolinguistics]:DUVDZ3RODQG8QLYHUVLW\RI6RFLDO6FLHQFHVDQG+X PDQLWLHV3UHVV³$FDGHPLFD´
/HYLQVRQ6&5HFXUVLRQLQSUDJPDWLFVLanguage: Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, 89
$11$),/,3$5.$',86=%,$à(.0$57$%,$à(&.$3,.8/
/LV]NRZVNL8&DUSHQWHU0 7RPDVHOOR07ZHOYHPRQWKROGVFRPPXQLFDWHKHOSIXO O\DQGDSSURSULDWHO\IRUNQRZOHGJHDEOHDQGLJQRUDQWSDUWQHUVCognition, 108 /RKPDQQ+ 7RPDVHOOR0 7KHUROHRIODQJXDJH LQ WKHGHYHORSPHQWRI IDOVHEHOLHI
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ$WUDLQLQJVWXG\Child Development, 74
/RZ- 3HUQHU-,PSOLFLWDQGH[SOLFLWWKHRU\RIPLQG6WDWHRIWKHDUWBritish Journal of Developmental Psychology, 30
0LFKDOLN0Kompetencja skadniowa w normie i zaburzeniach [Syntactic competence in norm and disorders]&UDFRZ3RODQG3HGDJRJLFDO8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV
0LOOHU3+Theories of developmental psychology.1HZ<RUN:RUWK3XEOLVKHUV
0LOOHU 6$ Theory of mind: Beyond the preschool years 1HZ <RUN 1< 3V\FKRORJ\ 3UHVV
0LOOLJDQ.$VWLQJWRQ-: 'DFN/$/DQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQG0HWDDQDO\VLV RIWKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQODQJXDJHDELOLW\DQGIDOVHEHOLHIXQGHUVWDQGLQJChild Development, 78
1DLWR0 6HNL<7KHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVHFRQGRUGHUIDOVHEHOLHIDQGGLVSOD\UXOHV UHDVRQLQJ 7KH LQWHJUDWLRQ RI FRJQLWLYH DQG DIIHFWLYH VRFLDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ Developmental Science, 12
1HZWRQ$0 9LOOLHUV-*7KLQNLQJZKLOHWDONLQJ$GXOWVIDLOQRQYHUEDOIDOVHEHOLHI UHDVRQLQJPsychological Science, 18
2QLVKL . + %DLOODUJHRQ 5 'R PRQWKROG LQIDQWV XQGHUVWDQG IDOVH EHOLHIV" Science, 308
3DUNHU-50DF'RQDOG&$ 0LOOHU6$³-RKQWKLQNVWKDW0DU\IHHOV´)DOVH EHOLHILQFKLOGUHQDFURVVDIIHFWLYHDQGSK\VLFDOGRPDLQVThe Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168
3HUQHU- (VNHQ)(YROXWLRQRIKXPDQFRRSHUDWLRQLQHomo heidelbergensis7HOHROR J\YHUVXVPHQWDOLVPDevelopmental Review, 38
3HUQHU - :LPPHU + ³-RKQ WKLQNV WKDW 0DU\ WKLQNV WKDW´$WWULEXWLRQ RI VHFRQG RUGHUEHOLHIVE\WR\HDUROGFKLOGUHQJournal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39
3LDJHW-The language and thought of the child/RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH .HJDQ3DXO 3LDJHW-Genetic epistemology1HZ<RUN7KH1RUWRQ/LEUDU\
3LDJHW-Mowa i myĞlenie dziecka [The language and thought of the child].:DUVDZ 3RODQG:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
3LQNHU6 -DFNHQGRII57KHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH:KDW¶VVSHFLDODERXWLW"Cognition, 95
3UHPDFN ' :RRGUXII *'RHVFKLPSDQ]HHKDYH DWKHRU\RI PLQG"Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 4 5DSRVR$0RVV+6WDPDWDNLV( 7\OHU/.0RGXODWLRQRIPRWRUDQGSUHPRWRU FRUWLFHVE\DFWLRQVDFWLRQZRUGVDQGDFWLRQVHQWHQFHVNeuropsychologia, 47 5HDG'::RUNLQJPHPRU\$FRJQLWLYHOLPLWWRQRQKXPDQSULPDWHUHFXUVLYHWKLQNLQJ SULRUWRKRPLQLGHYROXWLRQEvolutionary Psychology, 6 6FKLFN%9LOOLHUV-*9LOOLHUV3$ +RIIPHLVWHU5/DQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQG $VWXG\RIGHDIFKLOGUHQChild Development, 78
6FKQHLGHU ' 1RWW = ( 'X[ 3 ( 7DVN LQVWUXFWLRQV DQG LPSOLFLW WKHRU\ RI PLQG Cognition, 133
5(&856,21$6$&20021*5281'2)0(17$/352&(66(6
6HDUOH-5Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\
6HDUOH-5CzynnoĞci mowy. RozwaĪania z filozofii jĊzyka [Speech acts: An essay in the philosophy of language]:DUVDZ3RODQG3$;
6HDUOH-5Minds, brains and science&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6HDUOH - 5 Umys, mózg i nauka [Minds, brains and science] :DUVDZ 3RODQG
:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
6LHJDO 0 9DUOH\ 5 $SKDVLD ODQJXDJH DQG WKHRU\ RI PLQG Social Neuroscience, 1
6ODGH / 5XIIPDQ 7 +RZ ODQJXDJH GRHV DQG GRHV QRW UHODWH WR WKHRU\ RI PLQG $ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIV\QWD[VHPDQWLFVZRUNLQJPHPRU\DQGIDOVHEHOLHIDevelopmental Psychology, 23
6WRQH9 ( *HUUDQV 3 *HQHURXV RU SDUVLPRQLRXV FRJQLWLYH DUFKLWHFWXUH" &RJQLWLYH QHXURVFLHQFH DQGWKHRU\RI PLQGThe British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 59
6]XPDQ 6 O rozwoju jĊzyka i myĞlenia dziecka [On the development of language and thinking in the child]:DUVDZ3RODQG:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
7RPDVHOOR0The cultural origins of human cognition&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHU VLW\3UHVV
7RPDVHOOR07KHVRFLDOSUDJPDWLFWKHRU\RIZRUGOHDUQLQJ Pragmatics, 10 7RPDVHOOR 0 Kulturowe Ĩróda ludzkiego poznawania [The cultural origins of human
cognition]:DUVDZ3RODQG3DĔVWZRZ\,QVW\WXW:\GDZQLF]\
7RPDVHOOR0&RRSHUDWLRQDQGFRPPXQLFDWLRQLQWKHQG\HDURIOLIHChild Development Perspectives, 1
7RPDVHOOR0A natural history of human thinking.&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV
7RPDVHOOR0Historia naturalna ludzkiego myĞlenia [A natural history of human thinking].&UDFRZ3RODQG&RSHUQLFXV&HQWHU3UHVV
9LOOLHUV-*7KHLQWHUIDFHRIODQJXDJHDQGWKHRU\RIPLQG Lingua, 117 9LOOLHUV-*:KDWNLQGRIFRQFHSWVQHHGODQJXDJH" Language Sciences, 46 9LOOLHUV-* 3\HUV-(&RPSOHPHQWVWRFRJQLWLRQ$ORQJLWXGLQDOVWXG\RIWKHUHOD WLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFRPSOH[V\QWD[DQGIDOVHEHOLHIXQGHUVWDQGLQJCognitive Development, 17 9LOOLHUV-*9LOOLHUV3$ 5RHSHU7:KTXHVWLRQV0RYLQJEH\RQGWKHILUVWFKDVH Lingua, 121 9LOOLHUV-* 9LOOLHUV3$'HFHSWLRQGLVVRFLDWHVIURPIDOVHEHOLHIUHDVRQLQJLQGHDI FKLOGUHQ,PSOLFDWLRQVIRUWKHLPSOLFLWYHUVXVH[SOLFLWWKHRU\RIPLQGGLVWLQFWLRQBritish Jour-nal of Developmental Psychology, 30
9LOOLHUVGH-* 9LOOLHUV3$7KHUROHRIODQJXDJHLQWKHRU\RIPLQGGHYHORSPHQW Topics in Language Disorders, 34
9\JRWVN\/MyĞlenie i mowa [Thinking and speech]:DUVDZ3RODQG3:1 :RáNRZVNL3%LRORJLF]QH DVSHNW\ WHRULL]GROQRĞFL MĊ]\NRZHM&KRPVN\¶HJR>%LRORJLFDO
DVSHFWVRI&KRPVN\¶VWKHRU\RIWKHIDFXOW\RIODQJXDJH@Diametros, 23
:UyEHO 6] Umys, gramatyka, ewolucja [The mind, grammar, evolution]. :DUVDZ 3RODQG:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH3:1
7KH SUHSDUDWLRQ RI WKH (QJOLVK YHUVLRQ RI Roczniki Psychologiczne Annals of PsychologyDQGLWVSXEOLFDWLRQLQHOHFWURQLFGDWDEDVHVZDVILQDQFHGXQGHU FRQWUDFWQR3±'81IURPWKHUHVRXUFHVRIWKH0LQLVWHURI6FLHQFH DQG+LJKHU(GXFDWLRQIRUWKHSRSXODUL]DWLRQRIVFLHQFH