Diversity of soil mite communities (Acari) within habitats seasonally flooded by the Vistula River (Ostromecko' Poland)

BI(JLOCICAL LETT. 201 2, 49Q\: 97-1 05

Av.rilable onlirre at: http:/w'w.versita.com/science/lifesciences,ibl/ DOI: 1O.247 8lv1ol 20-01 2-0006-3

Diversity

of

soil mite

communities (Acari)

within

habitats

seasonally

flooded by

the

Vistula River

(Ostromecko' Poland)

sŁAwoMIR

KAC]ZMAREK|"

ToMAsZ

MARQIIARDT]

KAIARZYNA

FALEŃCZYK-K0ZIRoGI and KATARZYNA

MARCYSIAK:

Kazimierz \\1ęlki Univęrsib', I'nstitute of Environmental Biology

t Department of Zoology, rDepartment _o1' Botaury

ossolińskich l2' 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland

Corresponding author: sła\Ą,omir Kaczmarck" slawkacz(if ukwedu'pl

(.Received on 2 June 201 l; .4ccepted on 21 January 201 2)

Abstract: The ręsearch was carried out in three types ofhabitats located in the seasonally flooded area

of the Vistula River v'ithin Wielka Kępa ostromccka Reserve: Salicetum albo-fragilis, Fraino-Alne-tan and Populetum albae.ln the soil of Salicetun albo-fi'agilis lbigaia nemorensis and Trichouropoda

ovrrll.s rłęre abundant. while Fra-lino-Alnetum was dominated by Rhodacarellus silesiacus, and

Popu-letum albae rva.s over'whelmed by Rhodacarellus silesiącus 'and Dinychus inermis. only betlveen the

Mesostigrnata ccxnmunities populating f rax ino-Alne1um and Populetum ąlbae lherewere rro statistically

significant differences recorded in the distribution ofabundance. The most similar, from the qualitative, quantitative and qualitative-quantitative point of view rvere Mesostigmata communities inhabiting

Fla-xiłlo-Alnetwn and Populetum albae. Thę ilumerous occufrence of Rhodacarellus silesiacus population

in the soil of Fraxitto-Alnetunx and Populehm albtte is most probably the result ofsuccessiou changes l't'ithin those habitats' and t|re species itself can bę seen as atr indicator of tlrose habitats undergoing the

process ofa riparian forest transforming into an oak-hombeam forest vegetation tvpe.

Keyłvorrls: Mesostigmata, bioindicators of habitat h'ansformation, seasonally llotrded areas

NTRODUC]ION

Up

until

no\ł,'

acarological

research attempting

to

characterize synecological

mite groups occurring

irr

particular environmental conditions

has orrly bęen

carried

out

regarding the Cryptostigmata.

Their

occurrence depending on the combination

of ecological factors

Was Studied by, among othęrs, S'rngNzru (1952),

R,usn

(l96l'

1967'

|968,1970), Wooo (l967)

and

NuunłŁ^

(1969,

1976). Apart

from

the

afbre-mentioned

authors

highlighting

patlicular

synecological groups called synusia

(e.g.

Hydrozetes lemnąe Synusiułn

of

underwater mosses and

eutrophic

reselvoir

algae)'

Rłlsrt

(196l)

also

studied tlre succession

of

Cryptostigmata communities taking

p|ace

simultaneously, although

with

somę

delay,

with

the succession

of

Vegetative

S. Kaczmarek et al

communities. Infbrrnation concerning

the

synusia of

the

Mesostigmata

only

appear

in Wooo

(196'7),

where

in

the synusium inhabiting the litter

under

the

Seslerią

he

also lists,

except the

oppiella

obsoleta (Cryptostigmata)' the

Rhodacanłs

roseus

(Mesostigmata: Rhodacaridae).

Among

the Gamasina

we know

species preferring

mainly

high humidity level

habitats, such as e.g.

Platyseius italicus,

Veigaia

trctnsi-saląe

or species

of

the

Cheircłseizs

genus (e.g.

Burowsrl

et al.

2a02;Knczwłlłsr

&

Mnnquanor

2004,20a"/a'

b), yet there has been lrithęrto no attempt to generalize the system of habitat

valorization

by mite

communities

of that group.

The

following

papęr aims

at

defining the

diversity of

communities inhabiting

various

types

of seasonally floodęd riparian

foręsts of the

Vistula

River

area as

well

as attempting to va|orize the habitats using

Mesostigmata communities

found thęre.

MAI'F)T{IAI,

AND

MET'I{ODS

The study

rvas

carried out

in

three

types

of

riparian lbrests:

rvillow

Salicetum

albo-fł'agilis

(Saf). alcler and ash

Fraxino-Alłtettłm

(FA)

and aspetr

Populetuln albae

(Pa)

within Wielka Kępa ostromecka

Reserve

(53.14N.

l8.18E).

Sałicetum

albo-ftagilis

developed

in

a

topographic depression

and. dominated

by Urtica dioica,

rvas characterized

by

the occurrence

of riverside

shrubs

including

IIumulus luptłlus

and

Calystegia

sepiuru.

The

remaining

studied

riparian

habitats were located

slightly

higher and alludecl to habitats undergoing the process of a

riparian

forest

transforming

into an

oak-horn-beam

lbrest vegetation

type.

Fraxino-Alneturn was

dominatedby

Ulmus

minor

and

its

rich

shrubs

layer was

mainly

composed ot

Padus

ąviwłl

and

Cornus

sanguinea,

The relatively

weakly

developed

undergroMh

contained

oak-hombeam

forests spe-cies, includin g

Ficaria vernal

and Aegopoditmt

podagrarią

was the most numerous'

Apart

from nitrophilous

shrub species

offorest

edges and

dogwood seedlings

there

lvere

recorded

no

other

accompanying

species'

As

1br

Populetułtl alhae,

it

rvas

flo-ristically

richer.

Both

oak-hornbeam tbrests species and

nitrophilous

shrubs

ol'fbrest

edges were numerous there.

Characteristic

species

_-

Salix alba

and

Populus

nigra

-

were represented

by single old

trees and other tree species rvere not recorded. That

communiĘ

basically

lost its

riparian

character and its species

composition

r,vas

simi-lar to that

ofan

oak-hornbeam forests.

Soil

samples

form

each habitat rvere taken f}onr threę layers of

soil profile

(up-per: 2 cm,

middle:

5 cm and lorver: 5 cm). In each habitat from each layer 40 samples, each 50

cmr

(cylindrical

cores

with

a diameter

of 4 cm

and a length

of 4

cm), were taken

in spring

and autumn

of

2006. There r.vere 240

soil

samples altogether assem-bled

from

every habitat, each 50cm3 and up

to

12cm deep (120 in each

ofthe

respec-tive

research

periods).

Overall,

720

soil

samples rvere

analyzed, from rvhich

after a

six-day

extraction in

Tullgren

funnels 9 099 mites r,vere extracted,

including 7

960

of

the

Cryptostigmata

ancl

I

005 of

the Mesostigmata"

All

the mites

were identified to

the order, and the

Mesostigmata

to the species

łvith

respect to

all

their

developmen-tal

{brnrs

(MtcHrmztŃsru

1969;

Bł"łszłx

1974;

Bnrcerc:vl,1977;

Hvrur

1980;

Kłrrc

1993;

Bł-oszvr

1999; Ivl.łŚAN

2aal,2003;

MaŚńN

&

FrnÓa

2004:Katuz

&

FpMla

2005;

GwnzDowrcz

2007).

DIVERSITY ()F soIL MITES WITFIIN sEAsoNALLY FLoODED ł{ABITATs

Zoocenological

analysis was perfonned using the indices

of

abundance

(A

in

ind./m2),

dominance

(D

in

%),

constancy

(C

inVo),

species

diversity

(H')

and even-ness

(J') of

the communities. Abundance per

square meter

was calculated

with

re-Spęct

to

sampled

soil

layer thickness and sampled cores dimensions.

The

analysis

results

of

qualitative

similarity

(Sorensen index), quantitative

similarity (Morisita

index)

ałrd qualitative_quantitative

similarity

(percent

similarity

based on

Bray-Cur-tis index) węre

presented as dendrograms prepared

with

UPGMA

method using the

MVSP3.20

(Kovach Computing

Services 2010). Statistical

significance

of

diffęrences

in abundance

distribution

in samples

ofAcari,

Mesostigmata

and

Cryptostigmata

be-tween

the studied

habitats

was

assessed

using

Kruskal-Wallis

and

Bonferroni

tests (WrNsn et

al.

1991).

RES{JIJTS

Tlre

lowest abundance

levels of

the

Acari,

Cryptostigmata

and

Mesostigmata

rvere recorded

in

the

soil

of Frafino-Alnetum (5 360

ind./m2,

3 410

ind./rn2 and

l

750

iłrd./m]

respectively),

wlrile

their most numerous populations were found

in

thę

soil

of

Salicełum

albo-Jiagilis

(40

640 ind'/m2, 36 590 ind./nr: and 3 630 ind./m2

respectively) (Table

l).

Statistically signilicant differences

in abundance

distribution

were not recorded

only

betr.veen the

Mesostigmata conrmunities inhabiting

Frąxino-Alnetum

and

Populetum

ąlbąe

(Fig'

1),

rłhereas

in all

other cases the

established di1l'erences were

statistically highly significant

(P < _0.01).

Overall, l7

Mesostigmata families

were recorded in the studied

riparian

forests.

In

tlre

soil of

Sąlicetum

albo-fragilis families of

Veigaiidae

(28.4%) and

Trematu-ridae (18.3%) were dominant, whereas

in Fruxino-Alnetum

and

Populetum albae

representatives

of

the

Parasitidae

(2'7 .4% and 23 _'7Vo

respectively)

and

Rhodacaridaę

(23 . l % and 27 .4Yo ręSpectively) were nutnerous.

**{ś

\

Acari

Cryptostigmata

Mesostigmata

-___* * ***_> ____ns__**>

Fig.

l.

Statistical analysis results on the signilicance of differences

in

the abuntlance distribu-tion of thę Acari' Cryptostigmata and Mesostigmata bętwęen the studied habitats of Wie lka Kępa Ostromecka Reserve (Bonfenoni test' t'** P < 0.011 ns - statistically not significant). Saf

_-

Salice-t unl al b o -fi' a g i l i s, lr A

-

F r ąx i n o-,l l ne tu m, P a _ P opul e tu m a l b ae

100 S. Kaczmarek et al.

Table L Abundance indices (A in ind./m'Ż) of Acari. Cryptostigmata and l\{esostigmata

communi-ties. Dominance (D in %) and constancy (C in%) o1|se|ectęd Mesostigmata species (SD computed

for eaclr habitat from 240 samples). The number of spec.ies (S) as well as the indices of species diversity (H') and óvenness {J') of Mesostigmata commtmities rvithin the studied habitats of Wielka Kępa ostromecka Reserr'e. The list of rernaining species (including the habitat) is included below thetable. Saf _{-Salicetuntalbo-fragilis,FA-Fraxino-Alnetum,Pa*Populetumalbae}

Acari

-A

40 640 + 6'74.2 5 360 }

56.2

16 Ż90 + l?4'6 Cryptostigmata - A 3ó 590 * 609.4

3410r49.2

13590{147.3

Mesostigmata -

A

3 630 + 65.4

l750+.Ż7.3

Ż230+3l'3

Nlesostigmata species Dinyclrus inermis (C. L. Koch,

l84l)

RhodacareI lus sileslaclrs Willrnann, l 93ó Trichouropoda ovalis (C. [,. Koch, 1839)

|'eigaia nenorełsli (C' L' Koch, l839)

Pa FA Saf ó'

l8

21

.25

20.3l

l8'2ó ó0.00

0.28

28.48

56.Ż5

3.98

r3.17

48.',l5

27.50 26.67

43.75

L25

1.67

6"25

8.75 2.68

6.25 s H'

J'

36 2.542 0.709 33 2.763 0.790 26 2.568 0.788

Ascidae:lsca

bicornis (Canestrini etFanzago, 1887)- Saf;Gamasellodes bicolor (Berlese, 1918)

-

Sał" FA, Pa; Celaenopsidae: Celaenopsis badius C.L.Koch, I 839

-

Saf; Digamasellida e'-

Den-dt-olaelaps septentrionalis (Se llnick. l958)

_-

Saf, FA, Pa; Eviphidid ae: Eviphis ostrlnrłs (C.L.Koch.

1836)

-

Sa{

FA' Pa;

Iphidosoma sp. Berlese, 1892 _ FA, Pa; Laelapidae: Ilypotłspis aculeder

(Canestrini, l 883) _ Sal' FiĄ' Pa; Macrochelidae: Geholaspis mantlibularis (Berlese. l 904)

_-

Sal

'FA

_{A,{acrccheles nontąnus (Willmann,}

_l95l)

_*

_{Sai Fą |'a}

_Macroclteles

sp' Latreille. 1829

_FA;

Pachylaelapidae'. Pachylaelaps r/uójas Hirschmann et Krauss, l965

_-

SaJ; Pae:hylaelaps _'furcifer

Oudemans, I903

_-

Saf, F}Ą, Pa; PacĘlaelaps hispani Berlese, l903 _ F'A; PacrtyĘlaelaps longisetis Halbert,

l9l5

_-

Saf; Pachylaelaps spectabilis Berlese,

l9l0

* Saf; Pachyseius huneralis Berlese^

1910

-

Saft Pachyseius sp. Berlese, 1910

-

Sat

Parasitidae: Eugamasus crassitarsis (Halberr.

1923l

*FA;

Holoparasitus excipuliger (Berlese, l903)

_

Sai

FA,

Pa

Holoparasilłs sp' oude_ mans, 1936

-

Saf: Leptogatnasus parvulus (Berlese, 1903) * Pa1' Paragamasus holzmannae

(Mi-cherdziński' 1969) _ Saf:' Paragałnasus misellus (Berlese. l903)

_-

Sat Paragamasus runcatellus (tlerlese, 1903)

-

Saf, FA, Pa:. Paragamasus rttnciger (Ilerlese, 1903)

_-

FA.

Parasitus lunulatus (Miiller 1859)

_-

FA1. Pergamasus brevicornis Berlese, 1903

_-

Sat, FA, Pa; Pergamasu.s crassipes (Linne. l758)_Sar'FA.Pa:.Pergamasusryuisquiliarłtn(Canestrini,

1882)_FĄ

Pergamasusviatcsr I_Ialaśkovą

l959-

Saf" FA, Pa; Pergamasus sp. I]€rlese, l903

_-

Sal

FA, Pa; Phytoseiidae:.4rn-blyseius obtusus (C.L.Kocb, 1839)

_-

FA, Pa: Amblyseius sp. Berlese. 1904

_-

Sal

lra:' Phytoseius

sp. Ribaga, l904 _ Saf; Polyaspidae: Polyaspinus schweizeri (HuttL l97ó)

_-

FA; Rhodacaridae: trlinirhodacarellus ruininus (Ifurg. 196l)

_-Pal'

Rhodacaru.s cororx.ttts Berlese,

l92l

_-

l-'A, Ira: Rhodacarus mandibularis Berlese,

l92l

_-

Saf, FA; Trachytid^ei n.achytes aegrota (C.L.Koch. 184l)

_

Saf; Urodinychidae: Uroobołella cf pyriJbrłłls (Berlese.192a}

_FA;'

Uroobol,ella sp.

Berf ese, 1905

_-

Pa; Urodiaspis pannonicctWillmann.

l95l

_-

Saf' Urodiaspis tecta (Kranet. 1876\

-

Sal

FA. Pa: Uropodidae'. Discourella modesta (Leonardi, 1899)

_-

Sal

FA, Pa: [-h.opoda minima Kramer' 1882

_

Sal' FA;' L}ropoda sp' Latreiile, 1806

-

Safl Zerconidae: Prozercon łraegardhi (Halbert, 1923)

_-

FA; Zercon triangulans C.L.Koch, 1836

-

Sa{; Pa.

DIVERSITY OF SOIL MITES WITHIN SEASONALLY FLOODED

I.IAtsITATS

IOl

Altogether,

53

Mesostigmata

species were recorded

within

the studied area and

their

number

fluctuated

between

26

in Populetum

alhae

and

36

in

Salicetum

ąlbo-fragitis.

Dominant

species in Sał]cetum

albofagiliswasVeigaianemorensis

(D=28.48%o,

C:56.25oń)andTrichouropodąovalis(D=18.26Yo,C=60.00%).Inthesoilof

Frmino-Alnetum

and

Populetum ąlbae populations

of

Rhodącąrellus silesiącus

węre numer-ous

(D:20.31Yo,C=Ż7.50YoandD=26'670ń,C=43'75%o respectively),

and in

Popule-tum

albae

Diąłchus

inennis

was a

co-dominant

species

(D:13'l7oń,

C=48.75oń)'

The lowest levels of diversity

H'

and evenness

J'

were accounted

for

Mesostig-mata

communities

in

Salicetum

albo-/iagilis

(2.542 and 0.709

respectively),

whereas

their

highest

values (2.763

and 0.790

respectively)

were recorded

for Mesostigmata

communities inhabiting Fraxino-Alnetum.

The

highest

qualitative,

quantitative and percent

similarities

were

recordęd be-tween

Mesostigmata communities inhabiting

Froxino-Alnetum

and

Populetum albae

(Fis.2).

FPa

|

-

='-'

Saf

0,52

0.6

0,68

0,76 0,84

0,92

I Sorensen's Coefficient

T--

Pa

|

-FA

Saf

ffi

o,28

0,4

0,52 0,64 0,76

0,88

1

Modifi ed Morisita's Similarity

FPe

|

_

_=,-.

Saf

28 40 52 64 76 88

100

Percent Similarity

Fig. 2. Dendrograms of .qualitative (Sorensen), quantitative (Tr{orisita) and qualitative-quantitative similarity (Percent Similarit-Y) of Mesostigmata communities populating the habitats of Wielka Kępa oshomecka Reserve. Saf _ Salicetun ąIbo-fiagilis, FA_ Fraxino-A.lnetum,Pa_ Populetum albae

l0Ż

S. Kaczmarek et al

DISCUSSION

Assessing

the

influence of

habitat

conditions

on the

development of mite

com-munities

has been up

until now analyzed in detail

based on

Cryptostigmata

popula-tions only

(Rł:srr l96l

, l 96'7

,

1968. l 970;

Woon

l 967;

NrEnałzł

1969,l976).

Syn_

ecological

groups that'lvere marked as a result of that

analysis occur in

habitats rvith

particular conrbination

of

environmental factors such

as e.g.

humidity,

pH,

saliniĘ

vegetation type etc. Certainly', aparl

from

basic factors such as e.g. humidity, the type

of vegetation supplying

the

mites with nutrition in

the

form

of

dead

organic

matter

with

appropriate qualities (depending on the vegetation

community)

is essential in the

development

of

Cryptostigmata communities. Such direct relationship

between the saprophagous

Cryptostigmata

with

dead

organic

waste

made it possible to

corurect

particular vegetation communities

with

Cwptostigmata communities

characterized

by

specific

(Ępical

for

the

communiry) species

structures

called svnusia

(S'mnNzxn

l952;

Rł:sn

l96l

).

Based

on habitats

of

a]der swamp forests and

probably riparian

forests the 'Ntmhermąnnia comitctlrs

Bęrlese synusium

was described and the

condi-tions occurring in

the

soil of

swęet meadorvs shape the Cerąttlzetes

mediocris

synu-sium

appearing there

(Rłlsxr l96l

_).

As

a consequence of their

position

in the

trophic

structure of the ecosystem, the

Mesostigmata

are

linked

to the vegetation

community

typę

only indirectly.

Predatory

Gamasina

can

only indirectly

react to the vegetation type

by

feeding on e.g.

juvenile

fonns of

the

Cryptostigmata

living

there, whereas

ths

saprophagous

Uropodina

are

possibly

more

connected to the vegetation

type. So

far, lrowevet', the

possibility

of

definillg Mesostigmata synusia

has not been ręsearched.

The populations

of

Veigaia nemorensis

and

Trichouropoda

ovalłr

occurring

in Sąlic:etum

albo-fragilis

cannot be treated aS

t}pical

for that habitat due to their eury-topism (e.g.

Bł,oszłx

l999; MłŚAN

200l;

Kacz'lrłłnnr

et al. 2006).

As

for

Rhodącąrel-ltłs sile.siącas that is numerous in the

soil

of

Frąxino-Alnehłm

and Populettłm

albae,

up

until now

it

has

also

been

listed

in

other habitats,

including

the postindustrial

wasteland, as a pioneer species

(Kanc

&

Fnsmn 1995;

Mannr 2004). Only Dinychas

inermis that is co-dominant in Populetum

albae

is a species bearing a narrolv

ecologi-cal tolerance range

_-

it

is

hygrophilous

but

occurring in

different

_Ępes

of vegetation

communities

(Bł'oszvx l999;

M.łŚAw 2001).

1'he

Frąxino-Alnetun

complex

is characterized by a considerable habitat

change-ability, mainly

depending on

humidity, developing

(at higher areas)

forms similar

to oak-hornbeam fbrests, often creating a

transitory strip

between alder swamp forests and

typical

oak-hornbeam forests.

The occurrence of Populehtm albae,

similarly

to SąIicetum

albo-fragilis,

is connected rvith

riverside

areas, Yet thę former

community

develops

at

slightly

higher plains

(MłrrJsZKIEw]CZ 2002).

Mites

of the

Rhodacaridae

family, whose occurrence

in

coniferous

forest

soils

is

limited

to the deeper situated

mineral layers

(e.g.

Kłcztrłłnrx

et al. 200ó), can

occur numerously

in the rrpper lav_ ers of the

soil profile

in

soils with mull

decay (e.g.

in Tilicl-Carpinetum) (Fłl.nŃczvr_

Kozmoci

personal

information). Within

the stuclied

Salicetum

albo-fragilis

soil

water level was high enough to

limit

the

occunence

of the

Rhodacaride, which

rvas

similar

DIVERSIT'Y oF SoIL MITES WI'IHIN SEASONALLY F'LOODED ł{ABI'IATs

to the soiIs of węt and moist

Pine

forests

(Kłczmłnrrl

et al. 2006)' The

Rhodacaridae

(primarily

R.

silesiacus) occurred numerously

in

the

soils of Fraxino-Alnetum

and

Populetum

ąlbąe

due to

their slightly

higher

locations.

CONCI,lJSIONS

Mesostigmata communities

that

would

be

typical for

the studied riparian

lbr-ests

ęxclusively

were not recorded. although the most

similar communities

inlrabited

Frąxino-Alnetutn

anłJ

Populetum ąlbąe

that rvere

undergoing

the process

of

a

ripar-ian forest

transforming into

an oak-hornbeam forest vegetation type. In case

of

that

group

of

mites. the

lack

of a clear

relationship between the

lype of

phytocenosis

and

zoocenosis

is

probably related

to

their

activity

and

ability

to migrate. The

nu-merous occuffence of Rhodacarellus

silesiącus in

tlre

soil

of

Fraxino-Alnehłm

anó

Populetum

albąe

carl be a good

indicator

ofnot

the type

ofhabitat

but the processes that habitat undergoes. In our assessment, the occurrence

of

numerous

R. silesiacus

populations

signifies

the gradual processes of

Frarino-Alnetum

and

Populetum albae

transforming

into an oak-hornbeam forest vegetation

_Spe

and as such it can be used to assess those processes

taking

place

in riparian

forests

(irrespective

ofthem

being

natural or

anthropogenically

induced).

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