ɉɈɅɖɋɄȺə ɌȿɆȺ ȼ ɉɊɈɂɁȼȿȾȿɇɂəɏ ȼȺɋɂɅɂə ȺɄɋEɇɈȼȺ THE POLISH THEME IN VASSILY AKSYONOV'S WORKS
ɇȺɌȺɅɂə ɄȺɊɅɂɇȺ
ABSTRACT. In this article the author suggests an unexpected thematic turn (the Polish turn) of analysis of V. Aksyonov's works. The analysis of the novel Moscow Saga (1994), for example, concerns the involvement of novel's characters in solving “the Polish question”. Aksyonov's attitude to the matter coincides with A. Herzen's reaction to tragic events of 1863. But both A. Herzen and V. Aksyonov wrote not only about Russian-Polish war conflicts. These authors recognized also Polish charm.
ɇɚɬɚɥɢɹ Ʉɚɪɥɢɧɚ, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ – Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ. Ȼɨɪɶɛɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɫ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ – ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɵɯ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɣ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ. Ⱥ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧ ɋɥɨɜɨ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ” ɜ ɪɚɧɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɹɯ ȼɚɫɢɥɢɹ Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭ-ɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ „ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɵɣ”, „ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ”, „ɝɨɪɚɡɞɨ ɥɭɱɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɫɨ-ɜɟɬɫɤɢɣ”. ɋɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɹɯ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɯ ɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɢɟ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɵ ɢ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɚɹɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɝ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: „ɟɟ ɯɨɬɶ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɫɬɢɬɶ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɨɠɤɭ ɤɚɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ”1. ȼɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɧɭɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɟɡɞɤɢ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɦɧɟɧɢɟ ɨ ɧɟɣ ɭ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɠɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ. ɉɨɟɡɞɤɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɜ 1962 ɝ. ɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɡɚɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɣ ɩɨɟɡɞɤɨɣ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɢɥɟɬɧɟɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɟ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɪ „ɦɨɥɨɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɵ” ɫɦɨɝ ɭɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ, ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɚɹ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɨɤɨɪɢɥɚ ɟɝɨ. ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚ ɫ ȿɜɪɨɩɨɣ, ɤɨɬɨɤɨɬɨ-ɪɚɹ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟ-ɦɟɧɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɤɚ (ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ) ɢ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ (ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨ--ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ), ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɜ ɬɟɦɭ ɟɝɨ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɚ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɫɟɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ ɐɚɩɥɹ (1980) ɩɨɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɩɪɟɥɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɢ-ɰɚɩɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ (ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɟɣ ɤɨɦɟɞɢɢ – ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɥɸɞɟɣ) ɩɟɪɟɥɟɬɚɟɬ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɜ Ʌɢɬɜɭ, ________________ 1 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɂɜɟɡɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɥɟɬ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ⱥɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɵ ɢɡ Ɇɚɪɨɤɤɨ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2000, c. 329.
ɩɨɩɪɨɫɬɭ „ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ”2. ɋɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢɱɟ-ɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ ɐɚɩɥɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɢ „ɥɸɛɨɜɶ”, „ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, ɸɧɨɫɬɶ, ɦɟɱɬɚ”3. Ʉɨɦɟɞɢɹ ɐɚɩɥɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ 1991 ɝ., ɚ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠɟ ɪɟɠɢɫɫɟɪ Ⱥ. ȼɢɬɟɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɶ ɐɚɩɥɹ ɜ 1983 ɝ. ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ „ɒɚɣɨ” ɤɚɤ ɩɚ-ɪɚɮɪɚɡ ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɑɚɣɤɢ (ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɶ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɥ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ: ɱɟɯɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɢ ɚɤɫɟ-ɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ), ɩɪɢɱɟɦ „ɞɟɜɭ-ɰɚɩɥɸ” ɢɝɪɚɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɚɤɬɪɢɫɚ Ȼɨɝɭɲɚ ɒɭɛɟɪɬ4. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢ ɥɟɬ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɛɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɚɯ, ɜ 1997 ɝ., ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɇɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ (ɜ ɷɩɢɡɨɞɟ ɪɟɩɟɬɢɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɩɟɤɬɚɤɥɹ ɜ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɚɬɪɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ) ɰɚɩɥɹ, „ɫɚɦɨɣ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɣ ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɸɳɚɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ”, „ɢɫɬɨɱɚɟɬ ɥɢɲɶ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɚɧɝɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ”5, ɥɢɲɚɹɫɶ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɩɨɫɬɚɫɢ. Ⱥ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɧɨɦ ɜ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɟ – Ʉɟɫɚɪɟɜɨ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ (2000), – ɰɚɩɥɹ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ „ɩɬɢɰɟɣ ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɢ”6 ɩɨɜɟɫɬ-ɜɨɜɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɟɬɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɧɢɦ ɜ „ɜɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɳɢɧɭ”. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɢɦɜɨɥɢ-ɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɰɚɩɥɢ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɹɦɢ: ɧɨɫɬɚɥɶɝɢɹ ɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɸɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɨ ɫ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ 1990-ɯ ɝɝ. ɜ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ ɨɛɚɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɣɧɚɹ ɢɧɬɨɧɚɰɢɹ. ȼ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ (1992) ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɢ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. ɉɨ ɩɨɜɨɞɭ ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɇɨ-ɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɶɸ, ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɭ „ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ”, Ɇ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɨɬɦɟ-ɱɚɥ „ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɥɸɛɨɜɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɤ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ”7. ɗɬɨ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨ ɜɞɜɨɣɧɟ, ɩɨ-ɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥɢ ɜ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ, ɧɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɨɣ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɤ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɧɵɯ Ⱥ. ɇɟɦɡɟɪɨɦ ɫɟ-ɦɢɞɟɫɹɬɢ ɬɟɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ)8. Ⱥɜɬɨɪɵ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɢɞɜɭɯɫɟɪɢɣɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɥɟɫɟɪɢɚɥɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ (ɇ. ȼɢɨɥɢ-ɧɚ, Ⱦ. Ȼɚɪɳɟɜɫɤɢɣ) ɩɨɥɶɫɤɭɸ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɝɧɨɪɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ, ɨ ɱɟɦ ɫɚɦ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ ɩɢɫɚɥ: ________________ 2 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɐɚɩɥɹ. Ʉɨɦɟɞɢɹ ɫ ɚɧɬɪɚɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɪɢɮɦɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɡɨɣ. ɉɨɫɜɹɳɚ-ɟɬɫɹ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɚɦ ɚɥɶɦɚɧɚɯɚ „Ɇɟɬɪɨɩɨɥɶ”, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɜ, Ɇɨɫ-ɤɜɚ 1991, c. 466. 3 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 485. 4 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɦɵ ɥɸɛɢɦ, [ɜ:] Ⱦɟɫɹɬɢɥɟɬɢɟ ɤɥɟɜɟɬɵ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, c. 113. 5 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ɇɨɜɵɣ ɫɥɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɫɬɢɥɶ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997, c. 345. 6 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ʉɟɫɚɪɟɜɨ ɫɜɟɱɟɧɢɟ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2001, c. 93. 7
Duszne dysputy. Rozmowa z pisarzem Wasilijem Aksjonowem, „Polityka” 1999, nr 42, c. 42.
8
A. ɇ ɟ ɦ ɡ ɟ ɪ, ɇɚɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɹɬɶ – ɦɵ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɢ; ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ e ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ, „ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ” 1994, 22 ɢɸɥɹ; ɉ. Ȼ ɚ ɫ ɢ ɧ ɫ ɤ ɢ ɣ, Ⱥɤɫeɧɨɜ ɢ ɚɤɫeɧɨɜɳɢɧɚ, „Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɝɚɡɟɬɚ” 2004, ʋ 48; Ȼ. Ʌ ɚ ɧ ɢ ɧ, ɉɪɨɡɚ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɷɦɢɝɪɚɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1997.
Ʉ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ, ɜ ɫɟɪɢɚɥ ɩɨ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɝɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɲɥɚ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɚɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɛɵɥɚ Ⱥɪɦɢɹ Ʉɪɚɣɨɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɬɚɦ ɧɚɲɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤ ɦɭɱɢɥɢɫɶ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɵ9. Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɦɭ ɝɟɪɨɸ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ – ɤɚɞɪɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɭ ɇɢɤɢɬɟ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɭ, – ɩɪɨɜɟɞɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɟ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɚɜɬɨɪ ɞɨɜɟɪɢɥ ɫɜɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. ɇɢɤɢɬɚ „ɛɵɥ ɧɚ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ ɜ ɨɤɬɹɛɪɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨ”10, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ „ɬɟɦɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɲɦɚɪɨɦ”. „ȿɞɜɚ ɥɢ ɧɟ ɤɨɲɦɚɪ” ɫɬɚɥ ɩɨɥɧɵɦ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɜ 1943 ɝ. ɜ Ʉɚɬɵɧɢ ɭɜɢɞɟɥ ɨɫɬɚɧ-ɤɢ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɩɨɥɶɫɨɫɬɚɧ-ɤɢɯ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɥ, ɱɬɨ „ɧɟɦɰɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɜɪɭɬ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɜɫɟ ɬɟɯ ɠɟ «ɪɵɰɚɪɟɣ ɪɟɜɨɥɸɰɢɢ» ɦɨɤɪɨɟ ɞɟɥɨ” [10; II–269]. ɉɨɥɨɠɢ-ɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɫɬɚɥɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ ɜ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɪɨɦɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɚɜ-ɞɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɦ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɢɦ „ɩɪɨɤɥɹɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ”, ɛɟɡ ɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɢɢ. „ɉɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɡɨɪɧɵɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨɞɥɵɦ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ” ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɧɚɡɵ-ɜɚɟɬ ɷɩɢɡɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚ ȼɢɥɶɧɸɫ ɜ ɢɸɥɟ 1944 ɝ., ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɸɡɧɢɤɢ ɞɪɚɥɢɫɶ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɣɫɤɚɦɢ ɨɬɪɹɞɵ „ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɣ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɪ-ɧɨɣ Ⱥɪɦɢɢ Ʉɪɚɣɨɜɨɣ”, ɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ „ɧɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɥɨ” ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ-ɡɵɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɨɤɤɭɩɚɧɬɨɜ. „Ɇɵ ɫɢɞɟɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɦɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɢɪɚɦɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢɯ ɜɫɟɯ ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ ɭɜɟɡɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɫɬɵ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɢ – ɫ ɤɨɧɰɚɦɢ!” – ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɥ ɫ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶɸ ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ „ɹɫɧɨ ɤɚɤ Ȼɨɠɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ: ɪɟ-ɲɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɤɚɫɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ (ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ) ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɮɚɥɶɲɢɜɵɦ, ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ. ɂɞɟɬ ɱɪɟɞɚ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɰɢɣ” [10; II–270]. ɉɨɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɚɜɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɰɟɧɨɤ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɛɵ-ɬɢɣ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɝɟ („ɂɞɭɬ ɩɨɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɟɥɵ ɦɢɪɧɵɯ ɠɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɫɢ-ɥɢɟ, ɝɪɚɛɟɠɢ”[10; II–270]) ɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɹɯ Ⱥ. Ƚɟɪɰɟɧɚ 1863 ɝ., ɫ ɝɧɟɜɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɨ „ɤɚɡɧɹɯ, ɝɪɚɛɟɠɚɯ ɢ ɝɧɭɫɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɞɟɥɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ”11; „ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɤɪɨɜɶɸ ɤɥɟɜɪɟɬɵ ɩɪɢɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ, ɟɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɦɟɪɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɶ”12. ɇɢɤɢɬɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɋɬɚɥɢɧ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɥɨɧɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɥɨɫɬɶ ɜɵɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɹɤɢɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɨ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ”, „ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɫɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɫɜɨɟɣ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɶɸ”, „Ɍɚɪɚɤɚɧ”, ɩɨɯɨɠɟ, ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɠɟ ɪɚɡ-ɪɚɛɨɬɚɥ ɫɜɨɣ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ [10; II–269]. ________________ 9 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ȼ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɚɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, Ɂɟɧɢɰɚ ɨɤɚ. ȼɦɟɫɬɨ ɦɟɦɭɚɪɨɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2005, ɫ. 463. 10 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɚɹ ɫɚɝɚ: ɬɪɢɥɨɝɢɹ, ɬ. I, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1994, c. 69. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɰɢɬɢ-ɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɢɡɞɚɧɢɸ, ɪɢɦɫɤɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɣ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɨɦɚ, ɚɪɚɛɫɤɨɣ – ɧɨ-ɦɟɪ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɵ. 11 A. Ƚ ɟ ɪ ɰ ɟ ɧ, ɋɢɝɢɡɦɭɧɞ ɋɟɪɚɤɨɜɫɤɢɣ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɜ 30-ɬɢ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. XVII, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1959, ɫ. 221. 12 A. Ƚ ɟ ɪ ɰ ɟ ɧ, Ɇɹɫɨɟɞɵ ɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɠɚɜɢɹ, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 18.
Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ ɜɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ: ɞɶɹɜɨɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɩɥɚɧɵ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɵ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɢ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ, ɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɫɯɢɳɟɧɢɢ ɟɸ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɚɤ ɭɜɢɞɟɧ-ɧɨɟ ɇɢɤɢɬɨɣ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɵɦ: ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫ ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ ɜ ɋɬɚɜɤɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɥ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɪɭɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɭ, ɡɚɤɪɵɜ ɛɭɝɪɨɦ ɥɚɞɨɧɢ ȼɚɪ-ɲɚɜɭ, ɩɚɥɶɰɚɦɢ Ʉɪɚɤɨɜ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɰɢɝ, ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɟɫ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɞɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ: „Ɂɨɥɨɬɨ!” [10; II– 269]. Ʉɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɜɨɩɪɟɤɢ ɠɟɥɚɧɢɸ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɚ, ɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɚ-ɧɢɟɦ Ɍɚɥɟɣɪɚɧɚ (ɫɞɟɥɚɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɨɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɜ XVIII ɜ.), ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɥɨɫɶ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɟɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜɤɭɩɟ ɫ ɹɡɵɤɨɦ, ɪɟɥɢɝɢɟɣ ɢ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɨɣ13. ɗɬɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɧɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɬɶ ɭɜɚɠɟɧɢɹ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɳɟ ɨɞɧɭ ɜɚɠɧɭɸ ɞɟɬɚɥɶ: ɧɟ ɞɨɜɟɪɹɹ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬ-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɢɫɬ-ɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɞɢɨ „Ɍɚɞɟɭɲ Ʉɨɫɬɸɲɤɨ”, ɦɚɪɲɚɥ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɡɧɚɥ ɢɡ ɫɜɨ-ɞɨɤ Ȼɢ-Ȼɢ-ɋɢ, ɱɬɨ „ɜɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɞɵɯɚɟɬɫɹ” [10; II–270], ɱɬɨ ɩɪɟ-ɦɶɟɪ-ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɵ ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɶ ɢ Ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣɱɢɤ ɨɛɪɚɳɚɸɬɫɹ ɤ ɋɬɚɥɢɧɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɫɶɛɨɣ ɨ ɩɨɦɨɳɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɨɬɜɟɬɚ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɥ ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɫɨ-ɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɫɢɦɭɫɚ, ɚ ɩɪɟɦɶɟɪ-ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɢ ɍ. ɑɟɪɱɢɥɥɹ: ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɯ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɞɟɪɠɚɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɪɠɚɥɢ ɟɟ ɜ ɪɚɛɫɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 150 ɥɟɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɨɞɚɜɢɬɶ ɞɭɯ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ƚɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɚ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɭɲɚ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɛɟɫɫɦɟɪɬɧɚ14. Ɇɚɪɲɚɥ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ ɨɬ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ „ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ȼɢɫɥɭ ɢ ɜɦɟ-ɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɯɨɞ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɹ”, ɜɟɞɶ ɟɦɭ ɛɵɥɨ „ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ”, ɨɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɜ 200 ɤɦ ɨɬ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢɢ [10; II–271]. „ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɟ-ɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɥɚ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɜɟɪɨɥɨɦɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɝɥɵɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɢɥɶ-ɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɛɵɯ” [10; II–272] – ɬɚɤɨɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɵɦ ɫɨɨɬ-ɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɫ ɝɟɪɰɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɦ ɢ ɬɨɱɧɵɦ: ɍɠɚɫɧɨ, ɛɟɡɵɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɮɢɰɟɪɚ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ; ɛɵɬɶ ɩɚɥɚɱɨɦ ɉɨɥɶ-ɲɢ, ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɟɦ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɫ ɫɟɛɹ ɨɩɨɡɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɢɦɹ ɜɨɢɧɚ15. Ʉ ɝɢɛɟɥɢ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɥɹɤɚɦɢ ɜ Ʉɟɧɢɝɫɛɟɪ-ɝɟ. Ɉɬɪɹɞ „ɫɦɟɪɲ” ɭɧɢɱɬɨɠɢɥ ɲɬɚɛ Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɛɟɫɤɪɨɜɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ ɫ ɞɢɜɢɡɢɟɣ ȼɢɝɨɪɚ. ɇɨ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɫɰɟɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɚɠɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɚ „ɞɠɟɧɬɥɶɦɟɧɫɤɚɹ ɰɟɪɟɦɨɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɳɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɨɜ”. ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ ɨɰɟɧɢ-ɜɚɟɬ ɇɢɤɢɬɭ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɢ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ: ________________ 13 Ⱦɠ. Ʌ ɭ ɤ ɚ ɱ, Ʉɨɧɟɰ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɚ, ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 2003, ɫ. 160. 14 ɍ. ɑ ɟ ɪ ɱ ɢ ɥ ɥ ɶ, Ƚɢɛɟɥɶ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ, [ɜ:] ȼɬɨɪɚɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɜɨɣɧɚ ɜ 3-ɯ ɬɨɦɚɯ, ɬ. 1, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1991, ɫ. 205. 15 A. Ƚ ɟ ɪ ɰ ɟ ɧ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɚɞɚ (1863), [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 164.
ɗɬɨɬ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ – ɧɟɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɬɨ ɩɚɪɟɧɶ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɝɚɞɨɜ… Ƚɥɹɞɹ ɧɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɫɥɨɜɭ [10; II–289]. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ, ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɯɨɪɨɧɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɨɞɟɜɢɱɶɟɦ ɤɥɚɞɛɢɳɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɪɚɭɪɧɵɣ ɜɚɥɶɫ ɩɨɥɹɤɚ ɒɨɩɟɧɚ [10; II–291], ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɹɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɩɪɨɳɚɧɢɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ. Ʉɫɬɚɬɢ, ɜ ɞɨɦɟ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɡɜɭɱɢɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɚ ɒɨɩɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɢ ɯɨɡɹɣɤɢ ɞɨɦɚ Ɇɷɪɢ ȼɚɯɬɚɧɝɨɜɧɵ. ɗɬɢ ɡɜɭɤɢ ɹɜɥɹ-ɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɹ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɭɸɬɚ ɦɢɪɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɵɯ. ɒɨɩɟɧɨɦ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɞɨɦɟ ɥɟɱɚɬɫɹ, ɩɵɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɨɬɝɨɪɨɞɢɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɧɟɜɡɝɨɞ, ɫɩɥɚɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɝɟɪɨɣ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ, ɰɟɥɵɣ ɝɨɞ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɨɥɶ ɧɟɭɞɚɱɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ-ɠɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɠɞɭ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɟɣ ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɟɣ [10; II–273]. „ɉɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ” ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɛɨɬɢɥ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ IV, ɫɵɧɚ ɦɚɪɲɚɥɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɥɭ-ɠɢɬ ɜ ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ [10; III–61] ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɟɛɟ: „Ɂɧɚɥ ɛɵ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɫ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɹɬ, ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɲɟɥ ɜ «ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɨɧɤɭ»” [10; II–275]. ɂɡɞɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɢɢ, „ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɣ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ” ɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɥɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ „ɜɫɟɝɨ-ɬɨ ɫɩɚ-ɫɟɧɢɟɦ ɜɚɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɠɚɪɢɳɚ, „ɛɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɤɥɚɫɫɭ”. Ȼ. Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɟɬ ɨɬɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ „ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ ɫɬɨɹɥɚ ɜ ɛɟɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɦɨɝɭ-ɱɚɹ ɚɪɦɢɹ” (ɤɫɬɚɬɢ, ɷɬɨ ɛɵɥ Ɋɟɡɟɪɜɧɵɣ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ), ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɩɨɥɹɤɢ ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬ ɭɛɢɣɰɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɞɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ, ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɵɜɨɞɭ: „ɑɬɨ-ɬɨ ɦɵ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɧɟ ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɟɦ, ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɟ… ɇɟ ɨ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɟ ɦɵ ɦɟɱɬɚɥɢ…” [10; II–281]. Ɍɟɦ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɛɵɥ ɧɚɝɪɚɠɞɟɧ ɨɪɞɟ-ɧɨɦ Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɣ Ɂɜɟɡɞɵ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥ „ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɨɧɵ” ɢ ɨɪɞɟɧ „ȼɢɪɬɭɬɢ Ɇɢ-ɥɢɬɚɪɢ” ɨɬ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ [10; II–283]. ɉɟɪɟɞ ɞɟɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɟɣ Ȼɨ-ɪɢɫ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɝɨɞɚ „ɩɟɪɟɞɚɜɚɥ ɜ ɉɨɡɧɚɧɢ ɫɜɨɣ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɵɣ ɭɛɢɜɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɤɭɪɫɚɧɬɚɦ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɫɩɟɰɨɯɪɚɧɵ, ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɧɚɞɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɭɝɨɥɨɜ-ɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ” [10; III–53]. ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ „ɉɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɚɹ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɳɟɞɪɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ”, Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɩɨ-ɫɥɟ ɞɟɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ „ɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɧɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɥɤɭɱɤɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɢɥ ɫɟɛɟ ɤɭɱɭ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɲɬɚɬɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɪɚɯɥɚ” [10; III–54]. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɟ ɰɟɧɧɨ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɹɜɥɹ-ɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɧɨɬɚɰɢɸ ɫɥɨɜɚ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ”: ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ, ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɚɹ ɨɞɟɠɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɧɟɬ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ. „ȼ ɦɚɟ 48-ɝɨ ɜɟɪɧɭɥɫɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɇɚ-ɪɨɞɧɨɣ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɨɧ ɨɝɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɨɠɨɦ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ” [10; III–52]. ɂɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɞɜɭɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɰɢɬɚɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-ɜɚɥɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɫɨɜɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɥɢ (ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ, ɩɨɦɨɳɶ ɜ ɡɚɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪ-ɫɬɜɚ) ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɨɝɧɟɦ ɢ ɧɨɠɨɦ). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ Ȼɨɪɢɫ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜ ɫɬɚɥ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ „ɜɢɞɚɜɲɢɦ ɜɫɹɤɢɟ ɜɢɞɵ ɜɚɪ-ɲɚɜɹɧɢɧɨɦ” [10; III–34]. Ɉɧ ɭɦɟɥ, ɫɢɥɟɧ, „ɧɚɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɧɢɱɟɝɨ ɧɟ ɛɨ-ɹɬɶɫɹ” [10; III–125], ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɟɧ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɨɞɟɬ, ɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɟɫɬɶ „ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɧɢɥɫɹ ɱɟɤɢɫɬɚɦ” [10; III–300]. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɨɦ ɱɟɫɬɢ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɨɬɟɰ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɚɹ ɫɬɪɚɲɧɚɹ ɤɥɹɬɜɚ ɞɥɹ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ: „Ʉɥɹɧɭɫɶ ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ Ɋɟɫɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɣ” [10; ɒ–109]. Ɋɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ɜɤɥɸɱɚɹ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɣ ɜ ɫɬɪɚ-ɧɟ ɫɟɦɶɟ) ɜ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɢ ɫ ɜɢɪɬɭɨɡɧɵɦ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɪɭɠɢɟɦ (ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɟɧɧɵɦ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɜ ɤɚɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɯ) ɚɫɫɨɰɢɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɦɭɲɤɟɬɟɪɚɦɢ Ⱥ. Ⱦɸɦɚ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɠɟ ɜɟɫɶ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɦɭɲɤɟɬɟɪɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ Ȼɨɪɢɫɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɷɥɟɝɚɧ-ɬɟɧ, ɱɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɟɪɬɨɣ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɟɪɨɹ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɣ” ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɰɟɧɨɱɧɵɦ ɜ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɟ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ „ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ”, ɱɬɨ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɢ ɜ ɪɭɫ-ɫɤɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɢɫɚɥ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ Ƚɟɪɰɟɧ, „ɜ ɚɤɬɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɚɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɫɟ ɯɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɫɟ ɪɵɰɚɪɫɤɨɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ”16. Ȼɨɪɢɫ ɩɪɢɜɨɡɢɬ ɩɨɥɞɸɠɢɧɵ ɬɨɥɫɬɵɯ ɫɜɢɬɟɪɨɜ ɢɡ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ (ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɦɵɫɥɢɦɨɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɫɤɜɢɱɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɫɨɪɨɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ), ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨ-ɪɵɯ ɨɧ ɩɵɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɬɶ ɤɚɡɚɧɫɤɨɦɭ ɩɚɪɧɢɲɤɟ ȼɚɫɟ [10; III–35]. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɚɪ-ɧɢɲɤɟ ɧɟɬɪɭɞɧɨ ɭɡɧɚɬɶ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ, ɜɪɚɱɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɪɨ-ɞɢɥɫɹ ɢ ɭɱɢɥɫɹ ɜ Ʉɚɡɚɧɢ. „ɉɨɥɶɫɤɨɟ” ɜ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɢ „ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ” ɢɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɚɜɬɨɪɨɦ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɫɚɝɢ ɜ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɫɰɟɧɚɯ 1925 ɝɨɞɚ. ȼɟɪɨ-ɧɢɤɚ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɢɬ ɤ „ɤɥɚɧɭ ɞɟɪɡɤɢɯ ɦɨɫɤɜɢɱɟɤ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɢɯ ɠɚɤɟɬɤɚɯ” [10; I–73], „ɤɨɧɬɪɚɛɚɧɞɧɨ” ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɤɟ. Ʉ ɭɠɚɫɭ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶ-ɧɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɟɝɨ ɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨ ɨɞɟɬɶɫɹ: ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɯɨɬɶ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɧɚɲɚ…. ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɜɡɞɪɨɝɧɭɥ. Ʌɟɝɤɨɦɵɫɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ ɜɞɪɭɝ ɜɨɬɤɧɭɥɚ ɛɭɥɚɜɤɭ ɜ ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɭ ɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɣ. – ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɝɨ-ɜɨɪɢɲɶ, ɇɢɤɚ! ȼɚɪɲɚɜɚ? – Ⱥ ɱɬɨ? ɇɚɞɨ ɜɡɹɬɶ ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ ȼɚɪɲɚɜɭ, ɩɨɠɢɬɶ ɬɚɦ ɧɟɦɧɨɝɨ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɣɬɢ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɢ ɜ ɧɚɪɤɨɦɚɬɟ [10; I–75]. ɍɠɚɫ ɇɢɤɢɬɵ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɹɬɶ ɥɟɬ ɧɚɡɚɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɱɢɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ (ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ɍɤɪɚɢɧɵ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ȼɟ-ɥɨɪɭɫɫɢɢ) ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ „ɫɟɪɞɰɟɜɢɧɨɣ ɬɚɣɧɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɜɟ-ɳɚɧɢɣ” ɜ Ʉɪɟɦɥɟ. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɨɦɭ ɜɨɟɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤɭ ɥɭɱɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɵɥɚ ɹɫɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɢɯ ɫɥɨɜ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɉɨɥɶ-ɲɢ ɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɉɨɥɶɲɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɡɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɜɪɚɝɨɦ. Ɂɧɚɱɢɬ, ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨ-ɫɢɬɶ ɜɫɥɭɯ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɥɸɛɜɢ ɤ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɠɟ ɪɨɞɚ ɢɦɟɥ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ ɢ ɇ.ɋ. ɏɪɭɳɟɜ, ɤɨ-ɝɞɚ 8 ɦɚɪɬɚ 1963 ɝ. ɜ Ʉɪɟɦɥɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɠɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɳɚɧɢɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥ ɡɧɚ-ɦɟɧɢɬɵɯ ɦɨɥɨɞɵɯ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɨɪɨɜ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ ɢ Ⱥ. ȼɨɡɧɟɫɟɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɚ ________________ 16 A. Ƚ ɟ ɪ ɰ ɟ ɧ, ɑɬɨ ɠɟ ɞɚɥɶɲɟ?, [ɜ:] ɟɝɨ ɠɟ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɨɱɢɧɟɧɢɣ..., ɭɤɚɡ. ɫɨɱ., ɫ. 303.
„ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɟ” ɨɬɜɟɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ „ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ” ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-ɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɤɭɥɶɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɰɟɧɢɜɚɹ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ „ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ” ɤɚɤ „ɞɟɪ-ɡɤɢɣ, ɫɤɪɵɬɨ ɪɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɢɫɬɫɤɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ”17, ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ ɧɚɦɟɤɚɟɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫ-ɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɦɨɝȩ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɚ ɞɥɹ ɫɨɜɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɱɢɬɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ɉɛɜɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɤ ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɨɢɦɢ ɨɬɜɟɬɚɦɢ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, „ɦɫɬɢɬ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɨɬɰɚ” (ɨɬɫɢɞɟɜɲɟɝɨ 18 ɥɟɬ ɜ ɥɚɝɟɪɟ), ɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, „ɦɟɲɚɟɬ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɨɣ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɢɡɦ”18. ɋ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɯɨɬɜɨɪɧɨ-ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɛɵɬɢɹ 1963 ɝ., ɜɢɞɢ-ɦɨ, ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɣ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɜ ɠɢɡɧɢ ɢ ɬɜɨɪɱɟɫɬɜɟ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ. ɍɠɟ ɜ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɦɚɧɚ ȼɨɥɶɬɟɪɶɹɧɰɵ ɢ ɜɨɥɶɬɟɪɶɹɧɤɢ (2004) ɝɥɚɜɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɩɨ ɩɭɬɢ ɜ ɉɚɪɢɠ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ. ɂ ɜ ɪɨɦɚ-ɧɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ XXI ɜɟɤɚ ɨ ɜɟɤɟ XVIII ɡɧɚɱɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɉɨɥɶɲɢ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɵɦ. Ʉɚɤ ɢ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɜ ɉɨɥɶɲɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɧɨ ɫɨɱɟɬɚ-ɸɬɫɹ ɷɥɟɝɚɧɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɧɟɧɚɜɢɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɬɟɥɹɦ: „ȼ Ⱦɚɧɰɢɝɟ, ɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɦɹɫɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɲɬɚɞɬɟ”, ɤ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɚɦ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɡɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɡɨɜ, „ɦɧɨ-ɝɢɟ ɢɡ ɝɞɚɧɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ”, ɧɚɫɬɪɨɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɢɜ „ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɚ”, „ɨɬɧɨɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɫ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɟɣ”, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɬɟ „ɩɨ-ɫɜɟɬɫɤɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɥɢ ɜ ɪɟɱɶ ɩɨɥɶ-ɫɤɨ-ɝɚɥɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɛɨɧɦɨɬɵ”19. Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ ɧɚɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɨɥɶɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟ-ɧɢɹɯ ȼ. Ⱥɤɫɟɧɨɜɚ. Ɉɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɷɬɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɢɦ, „ɜɨɥɶɬɟ-ɪɶɹɧɫɤɢɦ” ɦɢɪɨɜɨɡɡɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɚɜɬɨɪɚ. ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚɠɢ ɚɤɫɟɧɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɣ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɳɢɟ ɫɟɛɹ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɦɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɰɚɦɢ, ɧɟɩɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨɜɥɟ-ɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ „ɩɨɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ”. ________________ 17 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, Ɂɢɦɚ ɬɪɟɜɨɝɢ ɧɚɲɟɣ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɦɚɪɤɫɢɫɬ ɇɢɤɢɬɚ ɭɱɢɥ ɩɢɫɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɚɪɬɢɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ, „ɋɬɪɟɥɟɰ” 1991, ʋ 1, c. 182. 18 Ɍɚɦ ɠɟ, ɫ. 183. 19 ȼ. Ⱥ ɤ ɫ ɟ ɧ ɨ ɜ, ȼɨɥɶɬɟɪɶɹɧɰɵ ɢ ɜɨɥɶɬɟɪɶɹɧɤɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004, c. 19.
