Ś W IATO W IT ·
YXVUTSRPONMLKIGFEDCA
Т о м VI (XLVII) ·
FASC.А · 2006
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PI O T R JAWO RSK I
WUJA
(JA UW ) YWVUTSRPONMLIHGFEDCBA
C Y R E N A I C A N C O I N A G E F R O M T H E B E G I N N I N G O F R O M A N R U LE . N E W E V I D E N C E F R O M P T O L E M A I S
( P L. 1 2 )
NX ^arsaw University I nstitute of Archaeology ex cavations at the socalled V illa with a V iew in Ptolemais, conducted by T omasz Mikocki since 2 0 0 1 ', have contrib uted signif icantly to kno wledge of town history and de velopment. N umismatic s is one field in whic h substantial verification as well as new evidence has been collected. Current finds by the Polish mission2
lebaT
(T abela 1), havehelped to rethink Cyrenaic an coinage in both the Hel lenistic and R o man periods, especially with regard to local issues from the beginning of I mperial rule, whic h are presentd in this article. T wo things should be kept in mind: firstly, that regular research on the coins from Ptolemais is relatively limited, having started only four years ago3, and secondly, that archaeological research in
Cyrenaic a and the resultant publications (coins included) are lagging far behind other regions of the G rec o R o man world. Libya's long isolation on the international scene is responsible for this state of affairs and it is hoped that the present political o pening up will be more permanent. Archaeological expeditions currently wo rking in Libya have at their disposal a variety of noninvasive methods that limit traditional digging to a min imum and are invaluable especially in topographical research4.
Ptolemais in Cyrenaica5 (modern T o lmeita) was
established in the first half of the 3rd century A.C. on the site of the ancient port of B arca. Its long history was a series of rises and falls. In any case, it quic kly pushed out its mother city f ro m the Pentapolis. T he other towns in this longlasting union of the five biggest urban centers in Cyrenaica, a fertile strip of land between the sea and
the G reen Mo untains on one side and the desert on the other, were Cyrene, invested with a leading political role, B erenice, T ocra and Apollonia.
In the troubled first half of the 3rd century A.C., one of the Ptolemies (the exact date of the f oundation remains to be established)6 f o unded a big urban center,
whic h took its name from the rulers of this Hellenistic dynasty. T he new city followed an orthogonal plan, cov ering some 2 5 0 ha on and aro und the site of a port that
T abela 1. Ancient coins f ro m polish excavations at Ptolemais ( 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 4 )
numb er of items
total identified illegible total
I . G R EEK CO INS 3 7 9 4 6 O F CYRENAI CA I I . G R EEK CO INS 1 — 1 ST RU CK O U T SI D E CYREN AI CA I I I . CYRENAICA 13 6 19 U N D ER RO M AN S I V . RO M A N 3 8 14 52 EM P I RE total 8 9 2 9 118 ' E xtensively on the excavations, Polish dailies and weeklies Polityka, Rzeczpospolita, Gazeta Wyborcza, as well as radio and television. For a rudimentary list of references, see notes 1213. Current news on the expedition'swebsite: www.archeo.uw.edu. pl/ptolemais.
2 P. JAWO RSK I,
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A ncient coins from the Warsaw University Institute of A rchaeology E xcavations at Ptolemais, L ibya (2002 2004), ArcheologiaWarsz 56, 2005, p. 7790.3 Ancient coins from the American excavations were discussed
in C. K raeling's monograph of Ptolemais (C. K RAE LING ,
Ptolemais. City of the L ibyan Pentapolis, Chicago 1962). While interesting from the perspective of comparative studies, it lacks the overview and conclusions that would present the material against the backdrop of the region as a whole. Awaiting publication are dozens of coins collected by Libyan archaeolo gists during rescue work conducted in the ruins of the ancient town and necropolis since the 1970s, as well as acquired from local inhabitants, now in the collection of the local archaeolo gical museum in Ptolemais. T hanks to the offices of Mr. Faraj A.O . T ahir, the present author was able to see the set in 2004; it is under study currently.
4 W.
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MAŁK O WSK I et al.,yvutsrponmlihgfedcbaPNLIDCA
N ondestructive surveys of an ancient city Ptolemais at Cyrenaica (L ibya) [in:] Proceedings of the 6thInternational Conference on A rchaeological Prospection, S. Piro ed., Rome 2005, p. 195196.
' K raeling's excellent monograph of Ptolemais requires verifica tion in many places, taking into account the results of fieldwork carried out since 2001.
6 Recently: K. MUE LLE R, Dating of Ptolemaic cityfoundations in Cyrenaica. A brief note, RepSocLibSt 35, 2004, p. 110.
PIOTR JAWORSKI
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had been inhabited by G reeks since at least the 6th cen tury A.C. T he royal character of the foundation ensured near to two hundred years of stable development and growing importance in the region. T he Roman taking of Cyrenaica appears to have had detrimental impact on the town, which was deserted for a while until new settlers were brought in, recruited most likely from among former pirates, who suffered a resounding defeat at the hands of Pompey in 67 A.C.7 E ven so, Ptolemais must beseen as playing a role of some importance in the region during the fighting in the second half of the 1st century A.C. Let it be considered that despite having no minting traditions to its name, it began to issue coins, which together with the coins of Cyrene were introduced into circulation by Roman officials in charge of Cyrenaica. Under Imperial Roman rule, the city flourished in the reigns of the Antoninę and Seveř an dynasties. In the times of D iocletian, after the first of two extensive earth quakes that ruined the cities of Cyrenaica (in A.D . 262 and 365), the relatively less damaged Ptolemais gradually
took over from Cyrene as the capital of the
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L ibya Superior province* . In the early years of the 5th century, Synesius of Cyrene, a G reek philosopher and Christian writer of some standing, acted as bishop here'. In A.D . 643, the town fell under Arab occupation, as did all of Cyrenaica10. Ptolemais occupied an approximately rectangular area, ca 1450 m by 1700 m, spliced between the coast (old port district) and the first mountain ridge. City walls encircled all of the urban area with terraces picturesquely climbing in the direction of the hills in the south. A reg ular street network marked out blocks of architecture, insulae, measuring 100 by 500 Ptolemaic feet (36.5 m by 182.5 m). Public buildings, temples, palaces and private houses gradually filled the city center. T oday in ruins, these monumental structures stand even several meters high, seldom reconstructed, if at all. Capitals and frag mentary column shafts mark the position of palaces or temples covered with sand. T he general view is not much different from that which the first travelers visiting the ancient site saw in the early 19th century" . Among the bestpreserved ancient structures are the Arch of Constantine, city baths and residences (including the so called Palace of the D ux, the seat of the Roman gover nor in Late Antiquity), all located in the main street (" Via Monumentale" ). A Hellenistic bouleuterion rebuilt into an odeon, city gate opening on the road to T ocra, theater in the hills, amphitheater, stadium, socalled West Basilica, huge underground cisterns and one of the best preserv ed Hellenistic mausolea lying in the midst of a huge rock necropolis full of sarcophagi these are but a few of the mute witnesses of a millennium of town devel opment. T he Polish expedition working in Ptolemais since 2001'" runs three research projects covering: ancient urban topography (based on nondestructive surveying), excavations of a selected urban insula (Villa with a View) and interdisciplinary studies of Christian Ptolemais initiat ed after the discovery in 2004 of a new basilica in the eastern necropolis. E xcavations of the Villa with a View have proved spectacular to the extreme, thanks to the discovery in the central part of the house of the 3rd century A.D . (built on the ruins of an older building) of an interesting set of mosaic floors and wall paintings presenting a rich geo metric and figurai repertory of motifs'3. Five field seasons have also yielded a few thousand artifacts representing all categories of finds: abundant pottery, lamps ca 600 whole and fragmentary pieces, stone objects (including statuary and inscriptions), as well as glass, terracottas, bone and metal fragments, finally coins, more than 300 in all, among which there is a set of a few dozen bronzes from the turn of the 4th century, discovered in 2005 inside a terracotta lamp production workshop operating in the ruins of the villa after the quake of A.D . 365. 7 J. REYNOLDS, Cyrenaica, Pompey and Cn. Cornelius L entulus Marcellinus, JRS 52, 1962, p. 102. ' R.G. GOODCHILD, The Decline of Cyrene and Rise ofPtolemais: Two New Inscriptions [in:] L ibyan Studies. Select Papers of the late R.G. Goodchild, J. Reynolds ed., London 1976, p. 225 sq.9 Idem, Synesius of Cyrene: Bishop of Ptolemais [in:] ibidem,
p. 239254.
10 Idem, Byzantines, Berbers and A rabs in SeventhCentury L ibya
[in:] ibidem, p. 255267. Recently: V. CHRISTIDE S, Byzantine L ibya and the March ofthe A rabs towards the West of North A frica [BÄRIntSer, vol. 851], Oxford 2000.
" Wiadomośi o Cyrenajce i o mieście Cyrene, zebrana z opisów podróż y: Kapitana Beechey,
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Р . Della Cella i Р . T. R. Pacho osobnow róż nych czasach odbytych, Kolumb. Pamię tnik podróż y 1829, nr 26, p. 5768: (...) before you reach it [Cyrene P.J.], the road leads to the mounds of Teuchira and Ptolemais. You can see there
wonderful monuments of antiquity and very finely preserved marbles.
11 T. MIKOCKI, Polsk ie wyk opalisk a archeologiczne w L ibii.
Wyk opalisk a Instytutu A rcheologii Uniwersytetu Warszawsk iego
w Ptolemais (Tolmeita). Sondaż e 2001 г.,
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Swiatowit 3, 2001 (2002), fasc. A, p. 101120; T . MIKOCKI, P. JAWORSK I,M. MUSZYŃ SKA, with contributions of К . CHMIE LE WSKI M. GŁADKI, W. MAŁKOWSKI, H. MEYZA, Ptolemais in L ibya. The Warsaw University Institute of A rchaeology excavations in 2002 and 2003. Report on two seasons offieldwork , Swiatowit 5, 2003, fasc. A, p. 107118.
13 T. MIKOCKI', New Mosaics from Ptolemais in L ibya, Archeo
logiaWarsz 55, 2004, p. 1930; idem, A n A chilles Mosaic from the V illa with a V iew at Ptolemais, ArcheologiaWarsz 56, 2005, p. 5768; J. Ż ELAZOWSKI, A lcune considerazioni sulle pitture parietarie di una casa del III sec. d. C. a Ptolemais (Cirenaica), ArcheologiaWarsz 56, 2005, p. 6975.
CYRENAICAN C O I N A G E FROM T H E BEGINNING OF R O M A N RULE. N E W EVIDENCE FROM PTOLEMAIS
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With the exception of a few silver pieces, all of the coins from the Villa with a View are bronzes. Specific geological conditions and considerable salinity due to the proximity of the sea are responsible for the poor preser vation of these objects, a problem characteristic of most sites in Cyrenaica as a matter of fact. A vast majority of Hellenistic coins, including the smalldenomination Ptolemaic bronzes in circulation in Cyrenaica in the first years of Roman rule in the region, as well as coins issued by the Roman administration in local mints were re trieved from destruction and accumulation layers con nected with the great quakes of the 3rd and 4th century A.D . T hese layers consist of what the villa had been built of: mainly stone blocks and wall plaster, earth and frag mentary mud brick. T he coins were lost in various parts of the building, sealed by successive quakerelated dam ages. T oday, they are of considerable assistance in strati fying the remains and determining precise dates for par ticular building phases.T he formal b eginning of R o man rule in Cyrenaica came with the death in 96 A.C. of Ptolemy Apion, who left the entire region to the Republic in his will14. In the first twenty years, however, Rome did little to organize the new province, except granting independ ence to the towns of the Pentapolis. T he coins in circula tion were primarily bronzes struck in Cyrene in the 3rd
and 2nd centuries A.C.
igIF
(Fig. I)
15.
No gold issues had beenminted since the reign of Ptolemy I and no silver ones since the revolt of Magas (ca 282261 A.C.). Numerous finds of heavily worn silver coins from the early 3rd cen tury A.C. are proof that they were still in circulation in the 1st century A.C.16 At the same time, coins from other G reek centers, as well as E gypt, are characteristically absent from assemblages excavated in Cyrenaica. In this light, the halved coin of Hieron II of Syracuse (275215 A.C.) found by the Polish expedition
(Fig. 2)
takes on special importance1".T he small currency in circulation that the Romans encountered taking over Cyrenaica included foremost three types of small Ptolemaic bronzes: Ptolemy I/head of Libya, ZeusAmmon/eagle, ZeusAmmon/headdress of Isis
(Fig.
3). T he denomination is yet to be determined, but it is obvious that these coins, which were struck in Cyrene at the turn of the 2nd century A.C., remained in use long after the arrival of the Romans, presumably until the end of the 1st century A.D . In the excavation assem blages from Apollonia18, Cyrene19, Sidi K hrebish20 andPtolemais21, they constitute a meaningful share of all the coin finds22. T he first Roman issues in Cyrenaica did not appear until thirty years after the taking of the region and almost ten years after the actual establishment of a province in 75 A.C. (which event must have been trig gered by the impunity of pirates ravaging the African 14 There is a rich literature on the beginnings of Roman rule in
Cyrenaica, i.a.: A. LARONDE ,
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L a Cyrйnaпque romaine, des orig ines а la fin des Sйvиres (96 av. J.C. 235 ap. J.C.) [in:] ANRWII, 10.1, BerlinNew York 1988, p. 10061015; S.I. OOST, Cyrene, 9674B.C., Classical Philology 58, 1963, fesc. 1, p. 1125; D. BRAUND, The Social and E conomic Context of the Roman A nnexation of Cyrenaica [in:] Cyrenaica in A ntiquity, G. Barker, J. Little, J. Reynolds eds [BARIntSer, vol. 236], Oxford 1985,
p. 319325. Recently: T. GRABOWSKI, Ptolemeusze i Rzym,
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przyjaź ń czy zależ ność. Stosunk i polityczne w latach 27343 p.n.e.,
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Kraków 2005, p. 234237." T.V. BUTTRE Y, Crete and Cyrenaica [in:] The Coinage of the Roman World in the L ate Republic', A.M. Burnett, M.H. Crawford eds, [BARIntSer, vol. 326], Oxford 1987, p. 165.
16 Ibidem.
17 JAWORSKI, op.cit., no. cat. 66: B MC 593 (R.S. POOLE,
A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum. Sicily, London 1876). Cf. R. ROSS HOLLO WAY, Numismatic Notes from Morgan tina IL . Half Coins of Hieron L L in the Monetary System of Roman Sicily, ANS MN 9, 1960, p. 6573. On the Ptolemies' ties with Sicily in the times of Hieron II, cf. M. CACCAMO, L a Sicilia tra l'E gitto e Roma: la monetazione siracusana dell'etа di L erone L L . A tti del Seminario di Studi (Messina 24 dicembre 1993), Caltabiano ed., Messina 1995, passim.
18 T.V. BUTTRE Y, The Coins [in:] A pollonia, the Port of Cyrene:
E xcavations by the University of Michigan, 196567, J. Humphrey ed. [Libya Antiqua Suppl., vol. 4], Tripoli 1976, p. 361370. " Idem, The Coins [in:] The E xtramural Sanctuary of Demeter
and Persephone at Cyrene, L ibya. Final Reports, vol. 6, D. White ed. [University Michigan Monograph, vol. 97], Philadelphia 1997, p. 166. 20 R. REECE, The Coins [in:] E xcavations at Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice), vol. 1 [Libya Antiqua Suppl., vol. 5], London 1977, p. 229232. 21 JAWORSKI, op.cit. 22 The origin of these three types of small Ptolemaic bronzes (Ptolemy I/head of Libya, ZeusAmmon/eagle, ZeusAmmon/ headdress of Isis) raises some controversy. Of the mentioned types, Robinson (E.S.G. ROBINSON, Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Cyrenaica [in the British Museurn\, London 1927 = B MC Cyr), was inclined to see only the coins with Libya's head on the obverse as actually coming from Cyrenaica. E arlier, Svoronos (J. SVORONOS, Ta Nomismata tou Kratous ton Ptolemaion, Athens 19041908), attributed the other two types to Egypt, while Kromann and Morkholm, (A. KROMANN, O. M0RK HO LM, SNG Copenhagen, vol. 40, E gypt: The Ptolemies, Copenhagen 1977) believed them to come from some unidentified Cypriot mint. In the opinion of Buttrey (T.V. BUTTRE Y, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, first
century
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В С to first century A DzywvutsrponmlkihgfedcbaWTSRPONMLKJIHECBA
[in:]Studies in N umismatic Method presented to Philip G rierson, C.N.L. Brooke et al. eds,Cambridge 1983, p. 37 and note 1) the sheer volume of finds of small Ptolemaic bronzes in Cyrenaica (confirmed also for the material from Ptolemais) points to their local provenance. The present author is inclined to agree with this view, pointing out at the same time the progressive barbarization, in both icono graphie and epigraphic sense, of these coins.
PIOTR JAWORSKI
coast ). T h e first issu es w er e lin k ed w it h t h e con q u e st o f Cr et e by Q u i n t u s Met ellu s in 6 7 A.C. an d th e fou n d in g o f th e pr ovin ce o f Cr et e an d Cyr en aica, com b in in g t oget h er Gr e e k sp e ak i n g r egion s t h at h ad pr eviou sly h ad a dif fer en t h ist or y, d iffer en t geop olit ical p osit ion an d m i n t i n g t r ad it ion2 3. T h e R o m a n s left t h e local d e n o m i n at i o n s in
each o f t h ese r egion s, sp or ad ically in t r od u cin g br on ze coin s t h at cor r e sp on d e d at first w it h t h e local w eigh t st an d ar d s an d later w it h t h eir ow n , R o m a n st an d ar d s. T h e first R o m a n issues (d at ed t o 6 7 ca 4 0 A . C. ) e m p h a sized t h e est ab lish m en t o f a c o m m o n p r ovin ce. O n coin s o f t h e first issu e, w h ich w er e m o d e l e d on Cr e t an coin age (t ype: H e a d o f Ro m a/ b e e ), Gr e e k legen d s ap p e ar e d : P O M I or KP H T / KYP A2 4. Se con d issu e coin s (t ype: b u st
o f Li b y a/ b u st o f Cr et e Ar t em is), w h ich ar e d ifficu lt t o d at e exact ly, w er e st r u ck by t h e ot h er w ise u n k n o w n officials P. Licin iu s an d P. Le p i d u s2\ an d b or e t h e fu ll
legen d : Λ Ι Β Υ Η / Κ Ρ Η Τ Α 2 6.
Su ccessive issu es, b ear in g n a m e s o f R o m a n of ficials n o m i n at e d t o ser ve in t h e p r ovin ce, in t r od u ce d Ro m a n w eigh t st an d ar d s in Cr et e as well as in Cyr en aica2 7
(u n cial at first, lat er se m u n cial, finally c o m p l y i n g w it h Au gu st u s' r efor m ). T h e coin s o f L. Lolliu s
igF
( Fi g . 4)2 8, an dlat er also P. Ca n i d i u s Cr assu s2' , w er e st r u ck par allel for
Cr e t e an d Cy r e n aica. T h e y h ave t h e sam e t ypes o f ob ver se a n d r ever se, d iffe r in g solely in t h e legen d : Gr e e k for Cy r e n aica, Lat in for Cr e t e . T h e coin s for Cy r e n aica w er e st r u ck p r e su m ab ly in Cy r e n e , t h ose for Cr e t e at Kn o sso s. D e n o m i n a t i o n s in cir cu lat ion m u st h ave cor r e sp o n d e d w it h t h e Ro m a n
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as, semis an d quadrans. Lolliu s' issu es (w it h t h e ch ar act er ist ic cu r u le ch air feat u r ed o n t h e r ever se) p r eced ed t h ose o f Cr assu s, b u t can n o t b e d at edeasily. T h e cr ocod ile sy m b olizin g Egy p t ' s r u le on Cr assu s' coin s in d icat es t h at t h ey w er e st r u ck aft er 3 7 A.C.3 0, w h en
M a r c An t h o n y offer ed t h e join t p r ovin ce (w it h t h e excep t ion o f Kn o sso s, w h er e a R o m a n colon y w as est ab lish ed a year lat er ) t o Cle op at r a. Cr assu s' issu es, st r u ck m ain ly in th e m in t s in Kn ossos an d Cy r e n e (bu t also P t olem ais3 1),
ar e t h e last join t coin age o f Cr e t e an d Cy r e n aica. Even so, local coin s con t in u e t o cir cu lat e b et w een t h e t w o par t s o f t h e p r ovin ce, as in d icat ed , a m o n g ot h er s, b y a u n iq u e find fr o m t h e P olish excavat ion s at P t olem ais ( Fi g . 5 ) : h alved as o f Kyd as3 2, allegedly An t h o n y ' s m a n , w h o t o o k
t h e h igh est office in Kn ossos in 3 7 A. C. De sp it e its rarity, t h e find is n ot su r pr isin g, con sid e r in g t h at b o t h Cr e t an an d Cy r e n aican issu es w er e b e in g ad ap t e d t o R o m a n w eigh t st an d ar d s3 3.
T h e first R o m a n official t o st r ike a coin w it h Gr e e k legen d exclu sively for Cy r e n ai ca w as A. P u p i u s Ru fu s3 4. H i s ases bear a h ead o f Z e u s A m m o n an d th e
cu r u le ch air b e t w e e n t w o fasces, al r e ad y fe at u r e d on Lolliu s' coin s ( Fi g . 6 ) . A r am is r epr esen t ed on t h e re verses o f P u p iu s' semis, a coiled ser pen t on th e qu ad r an ses.
In 2 0 0 5 , t h e P olish excavat ion s at P t olem ais yielded t h e m o st u n iq u e find in t h is con t ext : a quadrans o f P u p iu s R u f u s w it h a pr eviou sly u n k n o w n legen d on t h e obver se ( Fi g . 7). O n l y a few b r on ze s o f t h is t ype ar e k n ow n3 5; t h e obver se feat u r es a h ead o f Lib y a w it h t h e
Lat in let t er L (sign ifyin g Lib ya) an d t h e r ever se a coiled
se r p e n t b e t w e e n let t er s r e a d i n g P u p i u s in G r e e k
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( П О У П Ю С ) . T h e coin fr o m t h e P olish excavat ion s at P t olem ais3 6, pr eser ved in go o d co n d i t i o n , sh ow s t h e
Gr e e k let t er s Π Τ in st ead o f t h e L o n t h e obver se. T h i s
23 For coin age of Crete and Cyren aica in the 1st century A.C.,
see i.a.: BUTTREY, Crete and Cyrenaica, op.cit., p. 165174; A.E. C H A P M A N , Some First Century B.C. Bronze Coins of
Knossos, Nu m Ch r on 8, 1968, p. 1326; G. P ERL, Die
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rцmischenProvinzbeamten in Cyrenae und Creta zur Zeit der Republik,
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Klio 52, 1970, p. 319 354 (cf. also: Nach trдge, Klio 53, 1971,p. 369 379).
24
BMC
Cyr, op.cit ., p. cciicciii; p. 113 (n o. 1, pl. XXXI X.4). Cf. BUTTREY, ibidem, p. 168.25 Som e believe th ese issues to have been struck in the late 40s
A.C. Th e P. Lepidus from the coins can be identified with Paullus Aemilius Lepidus: R. D . W EI GEL, A Note on P. Lepidus, Classical Philology 73, 1978, fasc. 1, p. 42 45.
26 BMCC_yr, op.cit., p. cciii; p. 113 (no. 2, 2bis, pl. XXXIX.5 6). 27 Th e case of local Cyren aican coin age of the 1st century A.C.
being adapted to Roman weight standards was analyzed in depth by Buttrey: BUTTREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, op.cit., p. 33 sq. Th e present auth or follows Buttrey's proposi tion of local coin age den omin ation s in circulation in Cyren aica at the time.
2* BM C Cyr, op.cit ., p. cciiiccvi; p. 114 116 (n o. 3 23, pi.
XXXI X. 10XLII.7).
25 Ibidem, p. ccviccvii; p. 117 (no. 24 26, pl. XLII.8 12). 30 BUTTREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, op.cit., p. 31. 31 See below.
32 Discover ed in 2005. Un pu blish ed coin : BM C 53 59
(W . W R O T H , Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Crete and the Aegean Islands [in the British Museuni\, Lon don 1886) erro neously dated issue of Kydas. See CH AP M AN , op.cit., p. 21 sq.; BUTTREY, Crete and Cyrenaica, op.cit., p. 171.
33 Tw o ases of Crassus origin atin g from Cr et e and overstruck by
Kydas, now in the British Mu seu m : CH AP M AN , op.cit., p. 21.
3 4 BM C Cyr, op.cit., p. ccxxiiccxxiii; p. 117 119 (n os. 27 35, pl.
XLIII.1 6).
35 Am on g others: BM C Cyr 35: ibidem; SN G Copen h agen ,
vol. 41, Alexandria Cyrenaica, Copen h agen 1974, n o. 1317; C.H .V. SU T H ER LA N D , C.M . KRAAY, Catalogue of Coins of the Roman Empire in the Ashmolean Museum,
vol. 1,
Augustus (c. 31 BCAD 14), Oxfor d 1975, n o. 835.36 Ptolemais museum, inv. n o. cn / 90/ 05; diameter: 16 m m ,
CYRENAICAN COINAGE FROM THE BEGINNING OF ROMAN RULE. NEW EVIDENCE FROM PTOLEMAIS
fo r m o f ab b r eviat ion o f t h e n a m e o f t h e t ow n o f P t olem ais h as b een r ecor d ed o n t w o b r on ze coin s o f t h e p o p u l ar t ype w it h t h e h ead o f P t ole m y I an d t h e h ead o f Libya3 7. Also k n o w n in t w o exam p les3 8, a coin o f Cr assu s
w it h t h e Ty c h e o f a t ow n3 9 o n t h e obver se an d a cr ocod ile
o n t h e r ever se
igF
( Fi g . 8), feat u r es t h e full fo r m o f t h e n a m e o f t h e cit y: Π Τ Ο Λ Ε Μ Α Ι . Be cau se o f t h e r ar en ess o f t h e fin d , t h e possib ilit y t h at Cr assu s act u ally est ablish ed a m in t in P t olem ais h as b een t r eat ed by so m e sch olar s w it h d u e cau t ion . Un l i k e its m o t h e r t ow n , Bar ca, P t olem ais d oe s n ot seem t o h ave h ad , ap ar t fr om t h ese exam p les, an y m i n t i n g t r ad it ion o f its o w n .T h e
zyutsrqonmlihgfedcaTSRPKIFDCB
quadrans d iscover ed by t h e P olish exped i t ion in 2 0 0 5 cou ld be h eld as evid en ce for a m i n t in P t olem ais, est ablish ed by Cr assu s an d still oper at in g in t h e t im es o f h is su ccessor , P u p iu s Ru fu s. Follow in g t h is lin e o f r eason in g, it w o u l d seem t h at ju st like in t h e t im es o f Cr assu s, t h er e w er e t w o ver sion s o f t h e coin in cir cu lat ion sim u lt an e ou sly : t h ose fr o m Cy r e n e m ar k e d w it h t h e let ters L an d A an d t h ose fr om P t olem ais w it h t h e letters Π Τ .T h e d iscover y h as also focu sed at t en t ion on a n u m b e r o f issu es t h at r equ ir e d et ailed st u d y an d fu r t h er d iscu ssion .
• For on e, h as t h e h e ad on t h e obver se o f P u p i u s Ru fu s' qu ad r an ses been iden t ified pr oper ly as Libya40, or is
it per h aps Ap ollo (n o ch ar act er ist ically fe m in in e feat u r es m a k e t h e r epr esen t at ion ver y m u c h akin t o t h e im ages o f Ap o l l o on earlier sem ises o f Lolliu s4' an d Kr assu s4 2)?
• Is th e coiled ser pen t on t h e r ever se a d ep ict ion o f Agat h o d ai m o n4 3 (t h e for m on t h e coin is d ist an t fr o m t h e
w ell k n ow n Alexan d r ian icon ogr ap h y , w h ile ap p r o ach in g
t h e local icon ogr ap h ie t r ad it ion4 4)? Aft er all, ever sin ce
Alexan d er t h e Gr e at , w h o w as w o r sh i p p e d in Alexan d r ia in h is ow n t e m p le , as w ell as in a t e m p l e d ed icat ed t o t h is "go o d d eit y ", con sid er ed as t h e p at r o n deit y o f t h e m e t r o polis, t h e P t olem ies w er e k n o w n t o est ab lish t em p les o f Aga t h o d a i m o n as places o f t h eir o w n cu lt45. For e xam p le ,
P t ole m ais in U p p e r Egy p t w as a cen t er o f w or sh ip o f its fo u n d e r , P t ole m y I Sot er a n d P soi, t h e Egy p t ian n a m e o f t h e t ow n , cor r e sp on d e n t t o t h e Gr e e k agathos
sonmieda
daimon4Ć.zywvutsrqponmlkihgfedcbaWTRPMKHCA
• W as t h e m i n t in P t ole m ais issu in g all t h e d e n o m in at ion s in cir cu lat ion in t h e t im e s o f Kr assu s an d P o p i u s Ru fu s, or on ly t h is d e n o m i n a t i o n in t r od u ce d by t h ese of ficials (as by Kr assu s an d q u ad r an s by P u p i u s Ru fu s)? • W h at w er e th e cir cu m st an ces o f t h e fo u n d i n g a n d op e r at in g o f t h e m i n t in P t olem ais? W h a t r ole d id polit ical even t s an d m ilit ar y act ion in t h e r egion play? H o w oft e n w er e t h ese issu es st r u ck , w h at w as t h eir v o l u m e an d t er r it or ial r an ge?
T o r et u r n t o t h e h ist or y o f R o m a n coin age in Cy r e n ai ca, t h e year aft er Ac t i u m , b r on ze as
igF
( Fi g . 9 ) an d as semis coin s w it h legen ds r efer r in g solely t o Cl e o p at r a an d M a r c An t h o n y on eit h er sid e ( Α Ν Τ Ω / Υ Π Α / Γ / / Β Α Σ Ι Α / Θ Ε Α / Ν Ε )4 7 w er e st r u ck in Cy r e n aica, w h ichr e m ain e d u n d e r Cl e o p at r a' s con t r ol at t h e t im e. T h e at t r ib u t ion o f t h ese coin s, w h ich w er e n o t h i n g b u t car r i ers o f official titles48 an d b or e n o co n n e ct i o n w it h local
ico n o gr ap h ie t r ad it ion , h ad b een h eavily d iscu ssed in old er lit er at ur e49. T o d a y , t h er e is n o d o u b t as t o t h e at t r i
b u t i o n o f t h ese coin s, fo u n d in Cy r e n aica also as h alved exam p les5 0, t o Cy r e n e .
37 SV O R O N O S, op.cit ., n o. 859 (pi. XXXI V. 11); SN G
Copen h agen , vol. 40, op.cit., n o. 438. Th e letters Γ Τ Τ were attributed to Ptolemais by E.S.G. Robin son , wh o included the coin as his group four of the Ptolemy I/h ead of Libya type, dated to 221 c. 140 A.C.:
BMCCyr,
op.cit., p. cxlv, d ix.38 SV O R O N O S, op.cit., n o. 1901a (from Ath ens) an d 1901b
(from Vien n a), pi. LXIII.27 28; BM C Cyr, op.cit., p. ccvi, pi. XLII. 10 (from Vien n a). Mor e on the mints of Krassus: BUTTREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica op.cit., p. 25; he men tion s seeing a coin of this type in the office of the Depart men t of An tiquities in Sh ah at (Cyrene), where Tych e's h ead was accompan ied apparen tly by the letters (K)Y(P)A.
35 F. CA N CI A N I , Ptolemais II, [in :] LI M C, vol. 7, fasc. 1,
zyxwvutsrqponmlkihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Zür ich Mün ch en 1994, p. 588; cf. L. GUERRI N I ,
zyxvutsrponmlkihgfedcbaZTSRQPNMLIGEDCBA
Tyche delia cittа in Tolemaide di Cirenaica, Q u adALibia 10, 1979, p. 1526.40 Robin son was the first to remark on the practical impossibil
ity of differen tiatin g Libya fr om Apollo on Cyrenaican coins from the Roman period, cf. R O BI N SO N : BMCCyr , op.cit., p. ccxlixccl.
41 Ibidem, p. 116, no. 21 23, pl. XLII.2 3 and XLII.5. 42 Ibidem, p. 117, n o. 25, 25bis, pl. XLII.9.
43 F. GRAF, Agathos Daimon [in:] Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopдdie
der Antike, vol. 1, St u t t gar t W eim ar 1996, col. 242 243;
F. D U N A N D , Agathodaimon [in :] LI M C , vol. 1, fasc. 1, Zü r ich Mü n ch en 1981, p. 277 282.
44 A ston e altar with similar image of a coiled serpent is foun d in
the Mu seu m in Cyren e. It is linked with the worsh ip of Isis an d origin ates from the sanctuary in Mar t uba: Cirene, N. Bon acasa, S. Ensoli eds, Milan o 2000, p. 213. E. S. G. Robin son is of the opin ion that the serpent could h ave been con n ected with the worship of Asclepius or ZeusAmon :
BM
QCyr, op.cit., p. ccxxiii.45 L.R. TAYLO R, The Cult of Alexander at Alexandria, Classical Ph ilology 22, 1927, fasc. 2, p. 162 169. 46 Eadem, Alexander and the Serpent of Alexandria, Classical Ph ilology 25, 1930, fasc. 4, p. 377. 47 SV O R O N O S, op.cit., nos. 1899 1900, pl. LXIII.26. 48 Cf. T. V. BUTTREY, "Thea neotera " on coins of Anthony and Cleopatra, ANS M N 6, 1954, p. 95 109. 45 Discussion on this issue reported by Buttrey: BUTTREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, op.cit., p. 26 27.
50 Tw o halved ases of this type are kn own fr om the region of
Cyren aica, one from the American excavations in Cyren e: BUTTREY, The Coins, op.cit., cat. no. 742, an d the other from the Polish excavations in Ptolemais: JAW O RSKI , op.cit., cat. n o. 49.
PI O T R JA W O R S K I
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A w artime incid ent, w hen Scarpus31 issued in
Cy renaica in 31 A . C . "
zywvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaTRPOHCA
denarii (later also quinarii), first fo r M arc A ntho ny and then fo r O ctav ian, to satisfy armyd emand , can hard ly be co nsid ered as part o f the histo ry o f lo cal co inage in Ro m an times d espite the head o f Z eus-- A m m o n appearing o n these co ins. Examp les o f this gro up o f co ins have yet to be fo und in Cyrenaica.
Lo cal issues o f the last quarter o f the 1st century A .C . co mp lied w ith the mo netary refo rm intro d uced by A ug ustus. D eno m inatio ns like the dupondius, as, semis
and quadrans w ere bro ught into circulatio n (the latter tw o o nly at the beginning). They already bo re Latin leg-end s, includ ing imperial titles. W hile they reveal clear bo rro w ings fro m Ro m an bro nz es", they are at the same time m uch mo re aw kw ard in the d raw ing style used for the dies. Th e as o f an o fficial named Scato34
ligebaTF
(Fig. 10),struck after 23 A .C., featured a p o rtrait o f A ugustus o n the o bverse (d o uble po rtrait o f A ugustus and A grippa o n the o bverse o f the dupondius) and the trad itio nal m o tif o f the curule chair o n the reverse. It is no tew o rthy that Scato bo rro w ed fro m Pupius Rufus the semis w ith a ram o n the o bverse and the quadrans w ith the serpent.
Th e bro nzes o f successive o fficials, C ap ito " and Palikanus36 (Fig. 11), are no t w ell researched as a g ro up ";
it is certain, ho w ever, that they w ere the last to be struck in Cy renaica in the 1st century A .C . O n the o bverse o f the dupondius and as minted at their o rd er, the imperial titles w ere framed in a w reath, w hile the reverse featured the w ell-kno w n m o tif o f curule chair. Th e letters PR by the o fficials' names co uld be und ersto o d as meaning an abbrev iatio n fro m praetor or pro consule.
Th e last episo d e in the Ro m an co inag e o f Cy renaica in the studied perio d is co nnected w ith the three d ifferent d eno minatio ns, struck in the reign o f Tiberius58 (Fig. 12). Greek legends returned in these
issues, but the "barbariz atio n" o f the style had go ne even further. Th e head o f Drusus appeared o n the o bverse o f the dupondius and as, and a stand ing camel o n the
o bverse o f the semis ( m o tif o n the Greek semis o f Lo llius). O n the reverses o f all the d eno minatio ns, there w ere p o r-traits o f Drusus' tw in so ns, Tiberius and Germ anicus. These issues have been dated to the perio d p rio r to A .D . 19 (the tw ins' birth) and A .D . 23 (d eath o f Germ anicus). Interestingly, a vast majo rity o f large bro nze de-no minatio ns fro m the discussed perio d , o riginating fro m the Po lish excavatio ns at Pto lemais, has been halved. Getting smaller d eno minatio ns (semis in this case and less o ften quadrans) by d ivid ing ases into halves o r even quar-ters, and thus meeting the d emand to r small currency o n the internal market is a p heno m eno n that is w ell kno w n to specialists and d escribed , especially in reference to the w estern parts o f the Empire39. In Po land the issue w as
treated in detail by A . Kunisz, w ho ho w ever marginaliz-ed its o ccurrence in the East60. It is interesting to no te
that the halved co ins fro m Pto lemais includ ed no t o nly Ro m an issues {as o f Tiberius and tw o ases o f Caligula)61,
but also and in superio r numbers, co ins fro m lo cal Greek mints (Cy rene, but also Syracuse and Kno sso s). This w as mad e po ssible by the pro cess o f ad ap ting the lo cal w eight system to Ro m an stand ard s, w hich o ccurred in the 1st century A .C . A halved co in o f H iero n II o f Syracuse is irrefutable p ro o f fo r co ins o f the 3rd century A .C . re-maining in circulatio n fo r lo ng perio d s o f time.
Th e num ism atic finds fro m Pto lemais co nstitute the biggest yet co llectio n o f id entified co ins d o cum enting this p heno m eno n fro m Cy renaica (Tabela 2)":. Barring
o ne excep tio n63, all the big bro nzes fro m the end o f the
1st century A .C . and beg inning o f the 1st century A .D ., excavated by the Po lish exp ed itio n, are cut examples. Certain trend s can be no ted d espite the fact that the few do zen finds fro m Cyrenaica, as a w ho le canno t yet sup-po rt statistical analysis. Th e issue o f halved co ins in Cyrenaican eco no m y requires further study, o ffering the o p p o rtunity to fill in gaps in the kno w led g e o f the eco no m ic and po litical life o f Pto lemais and Cy renaica in the early Imp erial perio d , especially as each new field
51 M .H . CRA W FO RD , Roman Republican Coinage, vol. 1,
Cambridge 1995, no. 546 (p. 542-543), pi. LXIV.
32 Cf. BUTTREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, op.cit.,
p. 32.
53 Ibidem, p. 28.
34 BMCCyr, op.cit., p. ccxxiii-ccxxiv; p. 119-120 (no. 36-43,
pi. XLIII.7-10).
55 Ibidem, p. ccvii-ccviii, ccxxv (no. 48b-c, pl. XLIV.5-6). 36 Ibidem, p. ccvii, ccxxiv-ccxxv; p. 120-121 (no. 44-48, pi.
XLIV. 1-4).
37 BUTFREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, op.cit.,
p. 28-29.
38 Ibidem, p. 29; BMCCy r, op.cit., p. ccxxv-ccxxvi; p. 121 (no.
49-52, pl. XLIV.7-10).
39 Cf. T.V . BUTTREY, Halved coins, the A ugustan reform, and Horace, Odes 1.3, AJA 76, 1972, p. 31-48.
60 A. KUN ISZ , Pienią dz zastę pczy i jego rola w ekonomice pań stwa rzymskiego w począ tkach Cesarstwa (27 r. p.n.e.68 r. n.e.),
Katowice 1984, p. 115, 133.
61 JA W O RSKI, op.cit., cat. no. 67-69.
62 Finds o f halved coins from Cyrenaica were listed by Buttrey:
BUTTREY, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, op.cit., p. 30, 36-37. The present author has been able to trace 36 coins, including the examples from Polish excavations, belonging to this group.
65 A s o f Marc A nthony and Cleopatra VII: JA W O RSKI, op.cit.,
C Y R EN A I C A N C O I N A G E FR O M T H E B EG I N N I N G O F R O M A N R U L E. N E W EV I D EN C E FR O M PT O L EM A I S
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYWVUTSRPNMLIHGEDCA
seaso n o f the Po lish missio n adds to the nu m b er o f kno w n halv ed co ins.
A fter Drusus struck his c o in, Ro m an co inag e in Cy renaic a d isap p eared fo r clo se to a century . N u m e ro u s finds in Cy renaica (also a few d o zen fro m Pto lemais) o f silver and bro nz e co ins o f Trajan , fo llo w ed by o nly bro nz e c o ins o f H ad rian and M arc u s A urelius, the latter m o stly w ith a characteristic imag e o f Z eu s- A m o n o n the reverse, p o int to a seco nd im p o rtant p erio d in the histo ry o f lo -cal c o inag e in Ro m an tim es. Erro neo u s assu m p tio ns have led to these c o ins being attributed to a m int in the
d istant Cap p ad o c ian C aesarea". N u m ism atists w o rking in Cy renaica have q uestio ned this o p inio n in view o t the fact that every d ig in the reg io n regularly yields fro m a few to a few d o zen examp les o f this g ro up o f co ins. N o netheless, they have still to exp lain the circum stances o f the intro d uc tio n o f these issues into circulatio n in C y renaic a. T h a t ho w ev er is a q u estio n exc eed ing the chro no lo g ical framew o rk o f this p resentatio n.
Translated by Iw o na Z y c h
A b b rev i ati o ns
A N S M N A m eric an N u m ism atic So ciety M u se u m N o tes
SN G C o p enhag en Sy llo g e N u m m o r u m G raec o ru m , T h e Ro y al Co llec tio n o f C o ins and M ed als, D anish N atio nal M u se u m
PI O T R JA W O RS K I
srponihgfedcaWUTC
(Ι Α UW )C YREN A IC A N C O IN A G E FRO M T H E BEG IN N IN G O F RO M A N RU LE. N E W EV ID EN C E FRO M PT O LEM A IS S U M M A R Y
W a r s a w Univ ersity Institute o f A rchaeo lo g y ex-cav atio ns at the so -called V illa w ith a V iew in Pto lemais, have c o ntrib uted sig nificantly to kno w led g e o f to w n his-to ry and d ev elo p m ent.
N u m ism atic s is o ne field in w hic h substantial v erificatio n as w ell as new ev id ence has been co llected .
C u rrent finds by the Po lish missio n, have help ed to re-- think Cy renaican co inag e in b o th the H ellenistic and Ro m an p erio d s, esp ecially w ith regard to lo cal issues fro m the b eg inning o f Imp erial rule, w hic h are p resented in the article.
This status was fixed further still by Sydenham's otherwise valuable publicatio n: E.A . SYD EN H A M , The Coinage of
Caesarea in Cappadocia, Lo ndo n 1933, issued again in 1978
PIOTR JAWORSKI
zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZWTSRPONMLKIGECBA
T a b e l a 2. C u t c o i n s ( 1 / 2 a n d 1 / 4 ) f o u n d in C y r e n a i c a
YWUTSRPONMLJIHFECBA
Η U
yutsrponmlkihgfedcbaYUTSRPONMLKIEDCBA
г а b e г
o f i t e m s
total
BERENICE1 PTOLEMAIS2 CYRENE 3 APOLLONIA4total
HF
HELLENISTICС у г е п е
5 1
1
2
Syracuse
1
1
Phoenicia
I
61
Knossos
1
1
other
72
2
ROMAN REPUBLIC2
1
3
ROMAN CYRENAICA
L. LolliuS
zywvutsrponmlkjihgfedcbaXWVTSRPOMLJIHDCBA
1
l
82
Crassus
A. Pupius Rufiis
6
2
3
11
M. Anthony and Cleopatra
1
1
2
Scato
1
2 1
4
Capito
Palikanus
1
1Tiberius (Drusus)
ROMAN EMPIRETiberius
Caligula
O ) 91
2
6total
13
12
9 2
3 6 1 2 R Reece,zyxvutsrponmlihgfedcbaUTSRPNMLKIGFEDCBA
The Coins [in:] Excavations at Sidi Kbrebisb Benghazi (Berenice), vol. 1, London 1977, p. 229232. P. Jaworski, Ancient coins fromthe Warsaw University Institute of Archaeology Excavations at Ptolemais, Libya (20022004), Archeologia Warsz 56,2005 (includes unpublished finds from the 2005 season). T.V. Buttrey, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, first century В С to first century AD [in:J Studies in Numismatic Method presented to Philip Grierson, Cambridge 1983, p. 30, 3637; idem, The Coins [in:] The Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone at Cyrene, Libya. Final Reports, vol. 6, Philadelphia 1997, p. 7, cat. no.: 199,737, 742. 4 Ibidem, The Roman coinage of the Cyrenaica, p. 30.
Type Soter/Libia, 221140 A.C. 6
1/4 of Phoenician didrachm, 261258 A.C.: Buttrey, Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, op.ciL, cat no. 199. 1/2 and 1/4 of uncertain Hellenistic coins ("large horse's head on the obverse, and possibly a prow on the reverse"): Reece, op.cit., p. 230.
8 9 1/4 of as: Buttrey, Sanctuary of Demeter and Persephone, op.cit, cat. no. 737. I cent. AJ>, illegible: Reece, op.cit, p. 230.
PI O T R JAWO RSK I
F ig. 1. B ronze coin struck in Cyrene (K oinon, ca 2 5 0 2 4 6 B .C.). Warsaw University I nstitute of Archaeology excavations at the V illa with a View in Ptolemais, drawn by A. D ł uska
F ig. 3. Reverse types of small Ptolemaic bronzes struck in Cyrenaica, remained in use long after the arrival of the R o mans. Warsaw University I nstitute of Archaeology excavations at the Villa with a V iew in Ptolemais, drawn by A. D ł uska
F ig. 5. Halved <wof K ydas (37 B .C.), struck in K nossos, Crete. Warsaw University I nstitute of Archae ology excavations at the Villa with a V iew in Ptolemais, drawn by A. D ł uska
F ig. 2. Halved coin of Hieron II (2 7 5 2 1 5 B .C.), struck in Syracuse, Sicily. Warsaw University I nstitute of Archaeology excavations at the Villa with a View at Ptolemais, drawn by A. D ł uska
F ig. 4. Halved
sea
as of L. Lollius, struck in Cyrene. Warsaw University Institute of Archaeology excavations at the Villa with a View in Ptolemais, drawn by A. D łuskaF ig. 6. Halved ases of A. Pupius Rufus, struck in Cyrene. Warsaw University I nstitute of Archaeology excava tions at the Villa with a V iew in Ptolemais, drawn by A. D ł uska
P I O TR JAW O RSKI
Fig. 7.
srnidaQA
Qiiadrans of A. P u p i u s Ru fu s, st r u ck in P t olem ais(?). W ar saw Un iver sit y In st it u t e of Ar ch ae ology excavat ion s at t h e Villa w it h a View in P t olem ais, dr aw n by A. Dł u sk aFig. 9. A s o f M . An t h on y an d Cleop at r a VII, st r uck in Cy r e n aica. W ar saw Un ive r sit y I n st it u t e o f Ar ch ae ology excavat ion s at t h e Villa w it h a View in Pt olem ais, dr aw n by A. Dł u sk a
Fig. 8. A s o f P. Ca n i d i u s Cr assu s st r u ck in P t ole m ais,
feat u r es t h e n am e o f t h e cit y:
ywutsronmihedcbaWMKA
Π Τ Ο Λ Ε Μ Α Ι . Ku n st h i st o r i sc h e s M u s e u m W i e n , d r a w n b yA. Dł u sk a
Fig. 10. H al v e d as o f Scat o, st r u ck in Cy r e n e . W ar saw Un iver sit y In st it u t e o f Ar ch aeology excavat ion s at t h e Villa wit h a View in P t olem ais, dr aw n by A. Dł u sk a
Fig. 12. A s o f D r u su s st r u ck in Cy r e n ai c a. P t o l e m ai s m u se u m , dr aw n by A. Dł u sk a
Fig. 11. H al v e d as o f P alik an u s, st r u ck in Cy r e n e . W ar saw Un iver sit y In st it u t e o f Ar ch aeology excavat ion s at t h e Villa w it h a View in P t olem ais, dr aw n by A. Dł u sk a