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Model gospodarki Polski W-5 : ogólne założenia i pierwsze rezultaty empiryczne

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A C T A U N I V E R S I T A T I S L O D Z I E N S I S ___________________POLIA OECONOMICA 5 4 .1 9 8 6 ______________ ^__

W ładysław W elfe*

MODEL W-5 OP THE POLISH ECONOMY«

GENERAL ASSUMPTIONS AND THE PIRST EMPIRICAL RESULTS

1« I n t r o d u c t i o n

The I d e a t o t r e a t t h e d l s e q u i l i b r i a a s "n o rm a l" b u t d i s -a g r e e -a b le s t -a t e s o f t h e economy I s becom ing w id e s p re a d 1 . I t h a s an I n c r e a s i n g Im p act on t h e e o o n o m e trlo m a c r o m o d e llin g , e s p e c i a -l -l y o f t h e s o c i a -l i s t e c o n o m ie s . One o f t h e m ost im p o r ta n t t a s k s i s t o s tu d y e m p i r i c a l l y b o th t h e p o t e n t i a l s and s u p p l i e s o f c o m m o d itie s (a n d l a b o u r ) on t h e one hand and t h e demand f o r p r o - . d u c t s and p r o d u o tio n f a o t o r s on t h e o t h e r h a n d , w ith p r i o e s ( i f e n d o g e n o u s) b e in g t y p i c a l l y e x p la i n e d i n t h e i n f l a t i o n a r y fra m e -work* The ab ove a p p ro a c h d o e s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y assum e a b a la n c e d g ro w th ( l * e . t h e e x i s t e n c e o f e q u i l i b r a t i n g m echanism s — q u a n t i t a t i v e a d ju s t m e n t s o t h e r t h a n p r i o e s ) * I t may assum e t h e p r e v a i l i n g s t a t e s o f d l s e q u i l i b r i a I n o e r t a l n m a r k e ts o r b lo c k s o f e q u a -t i o n s '* . The m odel W-5 o f -t h e P o l i s h economy w hioh i s d e s o r l b e d i n * P r o f . D r . , H ead, I n s t i t u t e o f E o o n o m e trlo s and S t a t i s t i c s . U n i v e r s i t y o f Ł ó d f.

1 The a n a l y s i s b y J . K o r n a l (1 9 8 0 ) o f a c e n t r a l i s e d , command t y p e economy p r e v a i l i n g d u r in g a c e r t a i n h i s t o r i c a l p e r i o d i n s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s , w h ich p ro d u o e d c h r o n i c s h o r t a g e s i n com m odity m a r k e ts , e x c e s s demand f o r l a b o u r an d c a p a c i t i e s ( in v e s tm e n ts ) form ed t h e t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s f o r many e m p i r i c a l s h o r t and m edium -term a n a l y s e s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , М. К a 1 e c - k i ( 1 9 6 3 ) i n h i s t h e o r y o f g ro w th o f t h e s o c i a l i s t eco n o m ies h a s f o r m u la te d t h e i d e a s of b a r r i e r s o f g ro w th b e in g t h e s o u r c e o f d l s e q u i l i b r i a Сi n f o r e i g n t r a d e , b a la n c e o f l a b o u r f o r c e an d m a t e r i a l b a l a n c e s , f i r s t o f a l l r o f raw m a t e r i a l s and e n e r g y ) . L e t u s n o t e , t h a t p r i c e s a r e assum ed t o a d j u s t t o o s lo w ly ( a f t e r a l o n g tim e l a g ) and t h u s do n o t p l a y an y s i g n i f i c a n t e q u i l i b r a t -i n g r o l e . 2

The m odel t h a t c o n t a i n s t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f s u p p l i e s , demand and e i t h e r a n e q u i l i b r a t i n g m echanism o r t h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f ex -c e s s demand ( s u p p ly ) we u s e d t o c a l l a c o m p l e t e m o d e l. S e e W. W e 1 f e 1 9 76, 1978.

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t h i s p a p e r h a s t h e ab ove c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ^ . I t s a t r u o t u r e waa s h a p e d i n 1982 a lo n g w ith t h e f i r s t r e s u l t s o f e s t i m a t i o n s b a s e d on t h e 1961-1979 s a m p le . I t i s s t i l l u n d e r t e s t i n g . We s h a l l o o n - o e n t r a t e on th e , d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m ain a s s u m p tio n s b e in g u s e d and t h e f i r s t r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d . f

2 . The p r e d e c e s s o r s : W-3 m o d els o f t h e P o l i s h e c o nomy

As t h e m odel W-5 b o rro w s h e a v i l y from i t s p r e d e c e s s o r s , e s p e c i a l l y from t h e demand and s u p p ly v e r s i o n s o f t h e e a r l i e r W-3 m odel o f t h e P o l i s h econom y, l e t u s b r i e f l y o h a r a o t e r i z e b o th o f th e ra ^ .

The d e m a n d - o rie n te d v e r s i o n was c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e . e a r l y s e v e n t i e s t o d e s o r i b e t h e m echanism s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e o p t i -m i s t i c p e r i o d o f " a c c e l e r a t e d " , f a i r l y b a la n o e d g ro w th o f t h e P o l i s h econom y. I t assum ed t h a t t h e c a p a c i t i e s a t t h a t p e r i o d w ere n o t f u l l y u t i l i z e d , t h a t t h e i r h i g h e r u t i l i z a t i o n a s w e ll a s an I n c re m e n t o f c a p a c i t i e s m ig h t b e e a s i l y o b t a i n e d i n s h o r t p e r i o d s o f tim e t o m eet t h e r i s i n g dem and. T h is was b a a e d on t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t d o m e s tic r e s o u r c e s and r e a d i l y o b t a i n a b l e c h e ap f o r e i g n c r e d i t s w ould h e lp t o e l i m i n a t e t h e e x i s t i n g b o t t l e n e c k s and g u a r a n t e e s te a d y i n f l o w o f im p o r te d raw m a t e r i a l s and s p a r e p a r t s , and e s p e c i a l l y new t e c h n o l o g i e s from d e v e lo p e d m ark e t eco n o m ies f i n d i n g no c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e Im p o rt s i d e . T h is g av e u s t h e r i g h t t o b e l i e v e t h a t b o th t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e and f i n a l demand w ould be f u l l y s a t i s f i e d , d i s r e g a r d i n g how i t was d e c id e d . We

•ł

The f i r s t m odel o f t h e P o l i s h eoonomy (an d p o s s i b l y o f a s o c i a l i s t economy) w h ich e x p l i c i t l y s p e c i f i e d s u p p l i e s , r e q u i r e -m en ts and e x c e s s de-mand ( s u p p ly ) was t h e W-1 -m odel c o n s t r u c t e d i n

1971 (W e 1 f e 1 9 7 3 ). I t h a s n e v e r b e e n o p e r a t i o n a l l y u s e d b e c a u se o f t h e c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e s o f t w a r e s i d e ( n o n l l n e a r l t i e s ) a s w e l l a s t h e u n s a t i s f a c t o r y know ledge a b o u t t h e o b s e r v a b le d l s e q u l l i b r i a symptoms ( I n d i c a t o r s ) . The im p o r ta n c e o f t h a t t y p e o f e c o n o m e trio s t u d i e s h a s b e e n e m p h a s i z e d 'i n s e v e r a l p a p e r s (W e 1 f e 19 7 6 , 1978) and i n t h e l a t e 7 0 t i e s d u r in g t h e economlo c r i s i s t h e i d e a o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a m odel o f t h a t d a s s f o r P o la n d waa r a is e d o n ce a g a in ( C z e r w i ń s k i . W e l f e 1 9 8 2 ; K l e i n 1902; W e 1 f e 1 9 8 2 ).

^ The m ore c o m p re h e n siv e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e v e r s i o n s o f t h e W3 m odel c a n be fo u n d i n C z y ż e w e k i , D ę b s k i , W e 1

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h a v e I n m ind t h e i n d i v i d u a l h o u s e h o ld s d e c i s i o n s w ith r e g a r d to t h e p e r s o n a l c o n s u m p tio n , c o l l e c t i v e t y p e d e c i s i o n s made by t h e g overnm ent w ith r e s p e c t t o t h e in v e s tm e n t a l l o c a t i o n а з w e ll aa t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f c e n t r a l b u d g e t t o t h e s e r v i c e s s e c t o r , and a l s o t h e d e c i s i o n s by t r a d e o r g a n i s a t i o n s w ith r e g a r d t o e x p o r t s . The abo v e a s s u m p tio n s e x p l a i n why a demand o r i e n t e d ty p e o f W-3 m odel was b u i l t . I t o o n ta in e d f i r s t o f a l l demand e q u a ti o n s w hich ex -p l a i n t h e b e h a v io u r o f h o u s e h o ld s , t h e d e c i s i o n s b e in g made by i n d u s t r i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s w ith r e g a r d t o in v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s c o r -r e c t e d a t t h e t o p l e v e l - by t h e c e n t -r a l p l a n n e -r , t h e i n o -r e a s e o f I n v e n t o r i e s and f o r e i g n demand ( e x p o r t s ) . A s y s te m o f e q u a tio n s was c o n s t r u c t e d n e x t t h a t tr a n s f o r m e d th e f i n a l demand t o th e demand f o r g r o s s o u tp u t and n e t o u tp u t a t t h e i n d u s t r y l e v e l . T hen, assu m in g t h a t t h e p rim a ry f a c t o r s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n e x c e s s , we t r i e d t o g e n e r a t e t h e r e q u i r e d employment imd e v e n t u a l l y t o com pare i t w ith t h e e x i s t i n g l a b o u r f o r c e ( t h e a c t i v e p o p u l a t io n i n p r i v a t e a g r i c u l t u r e was t r e a t e d a s a r e s e r v o i r o f p o t e n t i a l s u p p l i e s o f em p loyees to w a rd s m a n u f a c tu r in g i n d u s t r i e s ) . The f o r e i g n t r a d e e q u a ti o n s w ere b a s e d on s i m i l a r a s s u m p tio n s . Assum-i n g t h a t t h e f o r e Assum-i g n demand w Assum-i l l be m e t, t h e e x p o r t e q u a tio n s w ere s p e c i f i e d a s g e n e r a t i n g demand, i i i m i l a r y t h e im p o rt e q u a ti o n s d e s c r i b e d t h e d o m e s tic co m p lem en tary demand e i t h e r f o r raw ma-t e r i a l s and s e m i - f i n i s h e d p r o d u c ma-t s o r f o r in v e s ma-tm e n ma-t goo d s o r f o r c o n s u m e rs ' g o o d s .F o r many y e a r s t h e r e h a s b e e n no r e a l c o n s t r a i n t w ith r e g a r d t o t h e im p o r ts e x c e p t f o r g o ods s a t i s f y i n g f i n a l demand"*.

I n t h e m id d le o f t h e 7 0 ’ s I t became o b v io u s t h a t t h e demand d e te r m in e d m odel was n o t a b l e t o d e s c r i b e i n an a d e q u a te way t h e d e v e lo p m en t o f t h e P o l i s h econom y. The m ain г е а з о п w a s, t h a t s e v e r a l c o n s t r a i n t s a r o s e w hich w ere n o t g iv e n b e f o r e .T h e y became v e ry s e v e r e i n t h e l a t e 7 0 ’s . The m a jo r c o n s t r a i n t came from t h e im p o rt s i d e . T h a t was due t o t h e r e s t r i c t e d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f o r e i g n c r e d i t s i n c o n v e r t i b l e c u r r e n c i e s , and t o t h e i r i n c r e a s e d e x p e n d it u r e on p u r c h a s e s o f f o o d s t u f f s . I n t h e same p e r i o d ,P o l a n d s t a r t e d t o r e p a y . i t s f o r e i g n d e b t . O r i g i n a l l y , t h e c o n s t r a i n t s h i t t h e im p o rt o f co n su m er g o o d s ( e x c e p t f o r f o o d s t u f f s ) . Then К F o r a m ore d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s e e W e 1 f e 1980, 1981.

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t h e y a f f e c t e d w ith a c e r t a i n d e la y t h e im p o rt o f in v e s tm e n t g o o d s, w hich was i n l i n e w ith t h e p o l i c y o f f r e e z i n g and th e n d e c l i n i n g t h e in v e s tm e n t l e v e l s * A t t h e v e ry end t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s w ere im-p o se d on t h e im-p u r c h a s e o f t h e raw m a t e r i a l s , s e m i - f i n i s h e d im-p r o d u c ts

( c h e m ic a ls e t c . ) and s p a r e p a r t s . T h ese h a v e b e e n m ost s e v e r e and c a u s e d , i n t h e f i r s t l i n e , a d e c r e a s e o f i n v e n t o r i e s and a f t e r -w ards l e s s th a n p r o p o r t i o n a l d e c l i n e o f i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s ( a s some s u b s t i t u t i o n i n t h e i r u s e to o k p l a c e ) . The abo v e c o n s t r a i n t s J o i n t l y w ith t h e e n e rg y r e s t r i c t i o n s had a f a r r e a c h in g n e g a t i v e e f f e c t a s t h e c o n s t r a i n t s s p r e a d a l l o v e r t h e p r o d u o tio n s e o t o r " p ro d u c in g " new b o t t l e n e c k s . As a fe e d b a c k e x i s t s b e tw e e n the I n d u s t r i e s p r o d u c in g e n e r g y , raw m a t e r i a l s and m a n u f a c tu r in g i n -d u s t r i e s , e s p e c i a l l y m a c h in e ry an-d m achine p a r t s w hioh c a n be о a i l e d b o t t l e n e c k m u l t i p l i e r - t h e f i n a l n e g a t i v e im p a c t was h i g h e r t h a n t h a t d i r e c t l y Im posed by t h e I n i t i a l c o n s t r a i n t s .

The ab ove d e s c r i p t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t o b e a b l e t o f o r e c a s t and s im u l a t e t h e d e v e lo p m e n ts on a m a c r o s c a le - t h e s u p p ly s i d e o f t h e economy had t o b e m o d e lle d . A s u p p l y - o r i e n t e d v e r s i o n o f t h e W-3 m odel was c o n s t r u c t e d a t t h e end o f t h e 70»s 6 and i t p ro v e d e f f i c i e n t i n e x p l a i n i n g econom ic c r i s e s d u r in g t h a t p e r i o d and f o r e c a s t i n g t h e d e c l i n e o f t h e a c t i v i t i e s u n t i l 1982 and t h e p r e d i c t i o n o f t h e r e c o v e r y i n 1 9 8 2 /1 9 8 3 .T h is m odel I s c o n s e q u e n t-l y s u p p t-ly - d e te r m in e d a s i t g e n e r a t e s t h e n e t and g r o s s o u tp u t from t h e p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n s , t h e n a l l o o a t e s t h e o u tp u t among f i n a l u s e r s by means o f s u p p ly e q u a ti o n s b e in g a p p r o x im a tio n s o f b a la n c e I d e n t i t i e s . I m p o r ts w ere c o n s t r a i n e d by t o t a l e x p o r t s and t h e assum ed b a la n c e o f t r a d e , d i r e c t l y i n t e r v e n i n g i n t h e p ro d u o -t i o n f u n c -t i o n s .

3 . The m odel W-5 and t h e econom ic d l s e q u l l i b r i a

H av in g a s u p p ly - d e te r m in e d m odel o n ly i t o c c u r r e d n o t f e a s i b l e t o p e rfo rm s e r i o u s s t u d i e s w ith r e g a r d t o t h e deep d l s e q u l l i b r i a , w hioh w ere p la g u in g t h e n a t i o n a l econom y. To make p r o g r e s s - t h e

I t s o p e r a t i o n a l v e r s i o n , o b ta in e d a f t e r i n t r o d u c i n g some s i m p l i f y i n g a s s u m p tio n s , i s r e c e n t l y u s e d i n p e rf o r m in g f o r e o a s t s and s i m u l a t i o n s . S ee J u s z c z a k , W e l f e 1982 and L u b e r a , P o t a r g o w i c z , W e l f e 1 9 82.

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s im u lta n e o u s a n a l y s i s o f t h e demand s i d e was I n d i s p e n s a b l e . T h a t l e d u s t o t h e o o n s t r u e t l o n o f t h e W-5 m odel o f t h e P o l i s h economy. L e t u s c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e above m e n tio n e d p ro b le m o f a n a ly s i n g d l s e q u i l i b r i a i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n s e o t o r i n some m ore d e t a i l . They may be o f a com plex n a t u r e . I n many i n d u s t r i e s , we c a n o b s e rv e i d l e c a p a c i t i e s b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n s t r a i n t s on t h e s u p p ly s i d e m o s tly due t o s h o r t a g e s ln * e n e r g y and m a t e r i a l s u p p l i e s . I n some o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , nos-«.„ 'jLz s j in v e s tm e n t goods we c an n o t i c e t h a t u n u t i l i z e d o a p a c i t l e s a r e due t o t h e " c l a s s i c a l ” f a c -t o r s , i . e . demand c o n s -t r a i n -t s . L e -t u s t a k e an exam ple from t h e e l e c t r o e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r y . The u n d e r u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e c a p a c i -t i e s i n -t h i s I n d u s -t r y i s o n ly p a r -t l y due t o t h e r e s t r i c t i o n s i n s u p p l i e s o f raw m a t e r i a l s and s e m l - f l n i s h e d Im p o rte d p r o d u c t s . I t i s m a in ly due t o deep c u t s i n in v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s n o t com pensa-t e d by a r e s p e c pensa-t i v e i n c r e a s e o f e x p o r pensa-t s , i . e . demand f o r m a c h in e ry and e q u ip m e n t. The e x p o r t s c a n n o t s im p ly expand a s q u ic k ly a s t h e d o m e s tic in v e s tm e n ts h av e b e e n d e o l i n l n g . I n t h i s o a s e we h ad a m ix tu r e o f f a c t o r s t h a t c a u s e d a d e c l i n e o f a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e e l e c t r o - e n g i n e e r i n g i n d u s t r y . T h is was c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l s o f o r o t h e r b r a n c h e s o f t h e n a t i o n a l econom y. T h u s , we a r r i v e a t t h e c o n c lu s i o n t h a t t o d e s c r i b e t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e d l s e q u i l i b r i a we n eed b o th s u p p ly and demand e q u a t i o n s .

T h e r e f o r e , t h e f i r s t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e o f t h e m odel W-5

i s t h a t i t com bines t h e two v e r s i o n s o f t h e p r e v i o u s W-3 m odel i n o n e . On t h e one h a n d , we h av e a sy ste m o f e q u a ti o n s g e n e r a t i n g s u p p ly . S u p p ly i s b r o a d ly u n d e r s to o d i we mean by i t g e n e r a t i o n o f p r im a ry p r o d u c t i o n f a c t o r s , p r o d u c t i v e c a p a c i t i e s , and t h e p ro d u c -t i o n i -t s e l f ( b e i n g i m p o r -t - c o n s -t r a i n e d ) , and -t h e a l l o c a -t i o n o f -t h e p ro d u c e d c o m m o d ities among t h e f i n a l u s e r s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e m odel g e n e r a t e s dem and, i . e . t h e f i n a l demand o f h o u s e h o ld s , g o v e rn m e n t, i n v e s t o r s , e x p o r t s and i t s t r a n s m i s s i o n t o t h e p ro d u c -t i o n l e v e l and -th e n -t h e demand f o r im p o r ts and a l s o t h e r e q u i r e d em ploym ent. H aving d e f i n e d s u c h a s y s te m t h e f o ll o w i n g q u e s t i o n m ust be a n s w e re d . S h o u ld t h i s sy ste m b e c l o s e d , I . e . e q u i l i b r a t e d o r n o t ? A s y s te m i s e q u i l i b r a t e d i f we assum e t h a t s u p p ly e q u a ls d e m a n d '.

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L e t u s t a k e a s im p le exam ple* Ve s h a l l assum e t h a t f o r t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e oonsum er m a rk e t t h e s u p p ly and demand f u n o - t l o n e h a v e b e e n d e f i n e d . The s u p p l l e a o f oonsum er goods a t t h e r e t a i l l e v e l (CS) depend on t h e p r o d u o tio n COS), I m p o r ts (M) and p r i c e s (PC )* We t h u s have

CS ■ s(Q S , M, PC) s u p p ly .

The c o n s u m e rs ' demand (CD) l a d e te r m in e d b y r e a l Inoome (Y ) and p r i c e s (P C ). Then

CD - d (Y , PC) dem and.

I f we assum e t h a t CD - CS • C, w here С m eans c o n s u m e rs ' w Г r e a l e x p e n d i t u r e , we c a n h a v e many o p t i o n s . The o l a s s l o a l o p t i o n I s o f o o u r s e t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t t h e p r i c e s c l e a r t h e m a rk e t and so PC w i l l be e n d o g e n iz e d by s o l v i n g f o r PO t h e m a rk e t s y s te m . T h e n , we m ig h t d ro p e i t h e r t h e s u p p ly w h ich i s b e in g done t y p i c a l l y , o r dem and. The r a t i o n a l e b e h in d t h e f i r s t s o l u t i o n i s a b e l i e f t h a t c h a n g e s I n s u p p ly w i l l f o ll o w t h o s e i n demand ( a t a g iv e n p r l o e l e v e l ) . Som etim es a n o t h e r o p t i o n m ig h t seem m ore r e a l i s t l o * I f t h e f a c t o r s d e te r m in in g t h e e x p e o te d s u p p ly a r e s t r o n g enough and t h e p r i c e s a r e k e p t c o n s t a n t t h e a d ju s tm e n ts i n t h e demand c a n b e a c h ie v e d v i a t h e Inoome o h a n g e s . O r t o p u t t h i s I n y e t a n o th e r way - i f t h e p l a n n e r w ould l i k e t o s a t i s f y t h e oonsum er dem and, g iv e n t h e t o t a l s u p p ly o f co n su m er g o o d s and u n c h a n g ed p r i o e s , he would h av e t o a d j u s t t h e n o m in a l inoom es (YP) i n s u c h a way t h a t CD - CS. The p r e c o n d i t i o n i s t h a t t h e p l a n n e r i s a b l e t o o o n t r o l t h e wages o r in c o m e s . H ow ever, t h e a d ju s tm e n t o f wages downwards i s h a r d l y f e a s i b l e and a s t h e P o l i s h e x p e r i e n c e sh o w s, i t i s a l s o d i f f i c u l t t o c o n t r o l t h e r a t e s o f wage i n c r e a s e s . I n a l l t h e l a s t 5 o r 6 y e a r s ,w e f a o e d a s i t u a t i o n t h a t t h e p l a n s w ith r e g a r d t o

О t h e p a y - r o l l w ere o v e r f u l f i l l e d .

The o t h e r m ost a p p e a l in g p o s s i b i l i t y f o r t h e p l a n n e r s would be t o assum e t h a t s u p p ly e q u a ti o n v a n is h e s and from t h e s u p p ly e q u a ti o n e i t h e r d o m e s tio p r o d u o ti o n (QS) o r im p o r te d s u p p l i e s (M) w i l l be d e te r m in e d .T h e n i t m ust b e assum ed t h a t t h e r e a r e no c o n -• 8 I t c a n be c la im e d t h a t a s k i l l e d p l a n n e r w i l l b e a b l e t o e v a l u a t e t h e l i k e l y l e v e l o f t h e o v e r e s t i m a t i o n o f t h e p l a n and c a l c u l a t e i t i n h i s f o r e c a s t .

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a t r a i n t a e i t h e r i n t h e f o r e i g n t r a d e o r w ith r e g a r d 't o t h e d o m e s tic p r o d u o ti o n , I . e . e i t h e r I d l e o a p a o l t l e e rnuet be a v a i l a b l e o r t h e i r l n o r e a a e f e a s i b l e . T h is s o l u t i o n u e e e t h e fram ew ork o f a t y p i o a l m a t e r i a l b a la n o e s t e c h n i q u e . A ssum ing t h i s o r t h a t t y p e o f e q u i l i b r i u m o r b a la n o e d n e s a , we a r e g o in g i n f a c t t o r e s i g n from a n e x p l i o i t d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e i t h e r s u p p ly o r demand f u n o t l o n . H ow ever, t h e abo v e a s s u m p tio n d o e s n o t seem r e a l i a t i o e n o u g h . The o p p o s i t e m ig h t b e t y p i o a l l y t r u e , i . e . t h a t demand d o e s n o t e q u a l s u p p ly CS / CD, I n t h i s o a s e t h e s y s te m l e l e f t o p e n .

One o f t h e f e a t u r e s o f t h e m odel W-5 l e t h a t i n tw o b ro a d oom modity m a r k e ts t h e a s s u m p tio n h a s b e e n made t h a t t h e e q u a ti o n s y s te m s a r e o p e n . We h a v e t h e oonsum er g o o d s m a rk e t w h ere b o th demand and s u p p ly a r e d e te r m in e d , b u t n o t e q u a l i s e d . The o t h e r b lo c k o f t h e m odel w here t h e s u b s y ste m i s l e f t open l e t h e p ro d u o -t i o n m ea su red a -t -t h e p ro d u c e rs * l e v e l . The f a o t u a l p r o d u o tio n o f 13 i n d u s t r i e s i s b e in g g e n e r a te d from t h e o o n s t r a l n e d p r o d u o tio n f u n c t i o n s , w h ile t h e demand f o r p r o d u c t s o f t h e above i n d u s t r i e s i s o b t a i n e d from t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l dem and. F o r t h e 6 am ple p e r i o d , w hich c o v e r s 20 y e a r s one c a n e x p e c t t h a t t h e e s t i m a t e s o f b o th s u p p ly and demand s h o u ld b e v e r y c l o s e t o e a c h o t h e r , p r o v id e d s u i t a b l e d l s e q u i l i b r i a i n d i c a t o r s w ere u s e d . B ut a n y s i m u l a t i o n e x c e r c l s e t h a t d o e s n o t assum e t h i s t y p e o f b a la n c e w i l l show t h e l i k e l y d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n s u p p ly and dem and. I f t h e u s e r l i k e s t o p e rfo rm s i m u l a t i o n s aim ed a t r e a o h in g t h e b a la n o e h e m ig h t e i t h e r s o l v e t h e s y s te m w i t h r e s p e c t t o o h o se n v a r i a b l e s d e te r m in in g demand a n d / o r e u p p ly ( b e i n g r e s i d u a l ^ , o r u s e O p tim a l c o n t r o l t e c h n i q u e s t o a r r i v e a t s o l u t i o n s c l o s e t o b a la n o e . 4 . G e n e ra l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m odel W-5 *•— ■ ... - — m i nr... ..m

The m odel W-5 i s l a r g e and t h i s i s p a r t l y due t o t h e f a c t t h a t many b lo c k s a p p e a r tw i c e - e x p l a i n i n g demand and s u p p ly . L >t u s p r e s e n t now t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e m o d e l. As i t e ta n d s now i t h a s m ore t h a n 8 00 e q u a t i o n s , among them m ore th a n a h a l f b e in g s t o c h a s t i o ( t h e d e t a i l s a r e shown i n A p p e n d ix 1 ) .

I n f a c t t h e r e a r e fe w e r b e h a v i o u r a l e q u a ti o n s t h a n s t o c h a s t i o o n e s b e o a u s e i n some o a s e s t h e e t o o h a s t l o e q u a ti o n s a r e s im p ly

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a p p ro x im a tio n s o f i d e n t i t i e s . The r e a s o n I s t h a t b e c a u s e o f d a t a d e f i c i e n c i e s n o t a l l t h e com ponents o f a n i d e n t i t y ( t h e b a l a n c e ) a r e knovm o r e x p re s s e d I n t h e same u n i t s .

T h e re a r e more t h a n 160 ex o genous v a r i a b l e s b u t among them l e s s th a n 50 a r e s t r i c t l y e x o g e n o u s, t h e o t h e r s a r e dummies w hich h av e b e e n I n tr o d u c e d t o Im pose t h e s h o c k s I n p a r a m e t e r s . V ery o f t e n t h e y c a n be r e g a r d e d a s r e f l e c t i o n s of t h e c e n t r a l p l a n n e r ’ s i n t e r v e n t i o n s , t h a t to o k p la o e i n t h e p a s t . F o r i n s t a n c e , I f t h e p r i o e s f o r a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s had b e e n I n c r e a s e d f o r a b o u t 50 o r 70}», t h i s c h a n g e w ould b e e x tr e m e ly d l f f l o u l t t o e x p l a i n by means o f a c c u m u la te d c o s t s o f a l c o h o l f a b r i c a t i o n o r by a c c u m u la te d ex -c e s s dem and. Dummy s t a y s f o r a d e -c i s i o n , t h a t h a s b e h in d I t t h e abo v e m e n tio n e d r a t i o n a l e . The v a r i a b l e s w h ich a r e s t r i c t l y exo-g e n o u s c h a r a c t e r i z e e i t h e r t h e Im p a c t o f c h a n g e s o f t h e w o rld economy o r o f t h e w e a th e r c o n d i t i o n s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e v a r i a b l e s b e in g exogenous and a t t h e same tim e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e econom ic p o l i c y m e a su re s h a v e b e e n t r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e governm ent c o n su m p tio n (w h ic h w i l l b e e n d o g e n iz e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e ) , th e n v a r i a b l e s d e te r m in in g t h e a l l o c a t i o n of t o t a l in v e s tm e n t and among t h e m ain s p h e r e s and i n d u s t r i e s and a l s o t h e num ber o f s h i f t s worked i n t h e i n d u s t r y b e in g one o f t h e m ost im p o r ta n t i n d i c a t o r s o f t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f c a p a c i t i e s . Some f i n a n o i a l v a r i a b l e s h ave b e e n t r e a t e d a s exogenous t o o . They r e p r e s e n t t h e governm ent p o l i c y w ith r e g a r d t o t a x a t i o n and o t h e r f i n a n o i a l m e a s u re s (s u b s i d i e s e t c . ) . The p r i c e s a r e g e n e r a l l y e n d o g e n iz e d b u t many p o s s i -b i l i t i e s o f i n t e r v e n t i o n h a v e -b e e n o f f e r e d i n t h e form o f dummies I n tr o d u c e d i n t o t h e p r i c e e q u a t i o n s . 5 . The s t r u p t u r e o f t h e m odel The s t r u c t u r e o f t h e m odel c a n b e d e c r i b e d by i n d i c a t i n g w hat b lo c k s o f a c t i v i t i e s w ere d i s t i n g u i s h e d an d w h at 1 s t h e a g g r e g a ti o n l e v e l . L e t u s s t r e s s t h a t t h e m odel h a s b e e n e n la r g e d a s com pared w ith t h e W-3 m o d e l. T y p i c a l l y , t h e m odels c o n s t r u c t e d f o r t h e s o c i a l i s t econom iee c o v e r t h e r e a l p r o c e s s e s b u t n o t t h e f i n a n c i a l o n e s , e x c e p t f o r w ages and in c o m e s . We t r i e d t o e n la r g e t h e m odel W-5 by i n c l u d i n g t h e b lo c k s e x p l a i n i n g t h e f i n a n c i a l p r o c e s s e s , i . e . t h e incom es and e x p e n d it u r e o f s o c i a l i z e d f i r m s ,

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o f t h e s t a t e b u d g e t, and b a la n c e s o f p a y m e n ts, in v e s tm e n t f i n a n c -in g and money flo w s* The l e v e l o f d i s a g g r e g a t i o n i s s i m i l a r a s i n t h e W3 m odels t h e p r o d u c t i v e s e c t o r i s d i v i d e d i n t o 11 in d u s t r i e s , t h e r e a r e s p e o i f i c c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f c o m m o d ities and a c t i -v i t i e s f o r f i n a l u s e r s e t o . ^

The f i r s t b lo c k d e a l s w ith em ploym ent, and i t g e n e r a t e s h o u r s w orked and b o th demand by i n d u s t r i e s and t o t a l s u p p l i e s o f l a b o u r fo rc e * The s e c o n d b lo c k d e s c r i b e s In v e s tm e n t and I n v e s tm e n t p r o - o e s s . I t g e n e r a t e s t h e demand f o r I n v e s tm e n ts by i n d u s t r i e s b e in g m a in ly d e te r m in e d by t h e e x p e c te d n e t o u tp u t ( I n c r e a s e ) * T h is i s c o r r e o t e d t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e c o n s t r a i n t s w ith r e g a r d t o t h e t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t s , i . e * p r o p o r t i o n a l l y t o t h e r a t i o o f t o t a l r e -q u ir e d I n v e s tm e n ts t o t h o s e assum ed by t h e governm ent} t h e l a t t e r b e in g r e l a t e d t o t h e d e s i r e d l e v e l of t o t a l c o n su m p tio n e x p r e s s in g t h e p o l i c y o f p r o t e c t i n g t h e a t t a i n e d l e v e l s o f t h e l i v i n g s t a n d a r d s . T hen, t h e s u p p ly o f in v e s tm e n t g o ods i s d e te r m in e d » th e b u i l -d in g s an-d c o n s t r u c t i o n s -depen-d on t h e a c t i v i t y l e v e l s o f t h e b u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y ,w h e r e a s t h e s u p p l i e s o f m a c h in e ry and eq u ip m en t a r e assum ed t o m eet t h e demand ( d o m e s tlo I n v e s tm e n t and e x p o r ts ) * T h is e n s u r e s t h e g l o b a l b a la n c e b e tw e en s u p p ly and demand f o r I n v e s tm e n t g o o d s . The In v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s (b y I n d u s t r i e s ) a r e t r a n s -form ed w i t h in an in v e s tm e n t p r o c e s s c h a r a c t e r i s e d by s p e o i f i c l a g s i n t o in v e s tm e n ts p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n ( g r o s s c a p i t a l form a-t i o n ) * Aa-t a-t h e v e ry end o f a-t h i s p r o c e s s , we w i l l h a v e a b lo c k show ing t h e f o r m a tio n o f f i x e d a s s e t s , t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e I n i t i a l volum e p l u s g r o s e c a p i t a l f o r m a tio n m inus e s ti m a t e d s c ra p - p in g s ( P i g . 1 ) . The n e x t b lo c k c h a r a c t e r i z e s t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f o u t p u t . The d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n f u n o t l o n s w i l l be g iv e n f u r t h e r o n . N o w ,le t u s n o t e t h a t t h e b lo c k g e n e r a t e s t h e c a p a c i t y o u t p u t , t h e s u p p ly ,w h ic h i s t y p i c a l l y e q u a l t o t h e a c t u a l o u t p u t , s a l e s o f o u t p u t , and t h e demand f o r o u tp u t by i n d u s t r i e s . B eo au se we a r e u s i n g b o th n e t and g r o s s o u tp u t t h e e q u a ti o n s a r e d e f in e d f o r b o th o f t h e s e . i n d i c a t o r s ( P i g . 2 ) .

The co n su m er i s d e s c r i b e d I n a s e p a r a t e b l o o k . The d o m e s tlo p r o d u c t i o n and im p o r ts d e te r m in e t h e s u p p l i e s o f oonsum er g o ods t o t h e w h o le s a le t r a d e ( a d j u s t e d f o r e x p o r t s ) , w hich i n t u r n

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d eterm in e t h e s a l e s -at t h e l e v e l o f t h e r e t a i l t r a d e - w ith a d i s t i n c t i o n made b e tw e e n t h e s o c i a l i z e d and t h e p r i v a t e t r a d e . At th e v e r y end s u p p l i e s t o h o u s e h o ld s a r e s h a p e d .O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e co n su m er demand i s g e n e r a te d i n a t r a d i t i o n a l way ( p e r s o n a l incom e and r e l a t i v e p r i c e s b e in g t h e m ain e x p l a n a t o r y v a r i a b l e s } . B oth s u p p ly and demand a r e e i t h e r l e f t u n b a la n c e d o r a d j u s t e d u s i n g g e n e r a l o r s p e c i f i c i n s t r u m e n t s ( p r i c e s , a d d i t i o n a l s u p p l i e s e t c . ) ( P i g . 4 ) .

The in v e n to r y l e v e l s and c h a n g e s a r e t h e i n g r e d i e n t s o f a s e p a r a te b lo c k o f th e m odel. They dep en d on a c t i v i t y l e v e l s and

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- Ч у м )

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хнк\ (cap. output)

MOD МЫ \- \m nP [ ^ E N P \~\ E N yrrrirrx Ч Ж № 1 £ 1 - г Ш Ю т С Ж > р < ш > ш к ш о

S

-F i g . 2 . P r o d u c tio n s e c t o r a l a o on c h a n g e s i n d e m a n d -su p p ly r e l a t i o n s h i p s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e y do n o t i n t e r v e n e much i n t h e r e s t o f t h e economy b e c a u s e o f g r e a t d i f f i c u l t i e s , f i r s t o f a l l , i n m e a s u re m e n ts , and s e c o n d l y , I n u t i l i s i n g t h a t ty p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , f o r t h e tim e b e in g t h i s b lo c k i s m o s tly p o s t - r e o u r s i v e .

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The f o r e i g n t r a d e b lo c k d e f i n e s b o th Im p o rt and e x p o r t e q u a -t i o n s аз demand f u n c -t i o n s . The s p e c i f i c f e a t u r e o f t h e m odel I s t h a t I t g e n e r a te s t h e I n i t i a l demand f o r I m p o rts and th e n comp a r e s t h e t o t a l money demand w ith t h e a v a i l a b l e money fu n d d e t e r -m ined fro-m e x p o r ts and t h e n e t f i n a n c i n g o f f o r e i g n o p e r a t i o n s . T h is a d ju s tm e n t w orks i n one d i r e c t i o n , i t c u t s t h e demand i f i t i s h i g h e r th a n d is p o s a b l e fu n d s ( P i g . 2 , 3 ) .

The t r a d i t i o n a l com ponent o f t h e f i n a n c i a l s i d e o f t h e m odel c o n s i s t s o f wages w hich dep en d on l a b o u r p r o d u c t i v i t y , t h e r a t e o f i n f l a t i o n and p o l i c y i n t e r v e n t i o n s , and t o t a l wage b i l l s a r e o b t a i n e d v i a i d e n t i t y . I t a l s o c o n ta i n s t h e f o r m a tio n o f p e r s o n a l Incom e w hich d ep en d s on wage b i l l s , p e n s io n s and e a r n in g s from t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r ( m o s tly a g r i c u l t u r e ) . The new f e a t u r e i s t h a t we t r i e d t o i n c o r p o r a t e i n t h e m odel t h e e le m e n ts of t h e so c a l l e d b a la n c e o f money r e c e i p t s and e x p e n d itu r e s o f t h e h o u s e h o ld s and th e p r i v a t e s e c t o r u s e d i n t h e p la n n in g and o o n t r o l l i n g o f money flo w s by t h e N a tio n a l B ank. T h is b a la n c e i s r a t h e r more o r l e s s d e v o te d t o t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of th e money flo w s th a n t o a n a l y s i s o f t h e co n su m er b e h a v io u r .

S e v e r a l e le m e n ts o f t h e f i n a n o i a l a c c u m u la tio n o f t h e e n t e r -p r i s e s (gro33 su rp lu s) a r e g iv e n i n t h e m odel and th e y a r e p u t i n t o a com plex framework w ith t h e b lo c k c o v e r in g t h e s t a t e b u d g e t.

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The e t a t e b u d g e t I n c lu d e s r e v e n u e s and e x p e n d itu r e e x p la in e d i n t h e m odel b y r e l a t i n g t h e ite m s t o t h e l e v e l s o f a c t i v i t i e s g e n e -r a t i n g -re v e n u e s and t o t h e l e v e l o f a c t i v i t i e s f in a n c e d from t h e b u d g e t r e s p e c t i v e l y . The o n ly p ro b lem w hioh i s t o be s o lv e d i s th e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e b an k s f i n a n c i a l o p e r a t io n s i n t h e m odel. T h is w i l l h e lp c l o s i n g t h e sy ste m o f f i n a n c i a l f lo w s .

The b a la n c e o f paym ents was I n c o r p o r a te d i n t o t h e m odel i n a ro u g h way a s t h e d a t a w ere p u b lis h e d f a i r l y l a t e w ith no s u f -f i c i e n t d e t a i l . The m odel g e n e r a te s t h e t o t a l d e b t t t h e e x p e c te d paym ents ( in c l u d i n g I n t e r e s t r a t e ) and a l s o t o t a l r e c e i p t s and e x p e n d itu r e from f o r e i g n t r a d e , i n c l u d i n g f i n a n o l a l t r a n s f e r s .

T h u s, we oan s a y t h e f i n a n o l a l s i d e was l a r g e l y d e v e lo p e d i n t h e m odel i n c o m p a riso n w ith i t s p r e d e c e s s o r s and o t h e r com para-b l e m o d e ls . N e v e r th e le s s , t a k i n g i n t o a o c o u n t t h a t t h e eoonomlo re fo rm i n P o la n d t e n d s to w a rd s a b ro a d u s e o f t h e f i n a n c i a l i n - e tr u m e n ts i n t h e eoonomlo p o l lo y - we h av e t o d e te r m in e how t o l i n k t h e f i n a n c i a l s e c t o r w ith t h e r e a l e e o t o r - i n t r o d u c i n g i n t h e l a t t e r r e s p e c t i v e f i n a n o l a l i n d i c a t o r s a s e x p la n a to r y v a r i a -b l e s . Suoh a n exam ple d e a l i n g w ith t h e a e t l v a t l o n o f p r i v a t e s a v in g s f o r i n s t a n c e , o an be e a s i l y i n d i c a t e d . The i n t e r e s t r a t e w h ich h a s b e e n i n o r e a s e d s e v e r a l tim e s d u r in g t h e l a s t few y e a r s ,

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i s a a in s tr u m e n t w hioh may l e a d t o t h e i n c r e a s e o f p r o p e n s i t y t o s a v e , p ro v id e d l t e l e v e l e x c e e d s t h e r a t e o f i n f l a t i o n *

The l a s t b lo o k o f t h e m odel d e e d s w ith t h e p r i o e s . As i t h a s b e e n m e n tio n e d , t h e sy ste m o f p r i c e s c o v e rs t h e w hole n a t i o n a l eoonomy* The m a jo r r o l e i s p la y e d by t h e p r i o e s a t t h e p r o d u c e r s ' l e v e l ( d e f l a t o r s o f g r o s s o u tp u t) * The f o llo w in g a s s u m p tio n s h a v e b e e n m adet t h e p r l o e o h an g es a r e o o s t - d e t e x m i n e d , i . e . t h e y depend on o h an g es i n p r i c e s o f m a t e r i a l i n p u t s ( i n t h e r e o e n t p e r io d e s p e c i a l l y Im p o rt p r i o e s ) and l a b o u r o o s t s w hich on t h e o t h e r h a n d , depend on wage p o l i c i e s and wage n e g o t i a t i o n s and t r e n d s i n t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f la b o u r* S e o o n d ly ,th e u n i t f i n a n o l a l accu m u la-t i o n ( g r o s s s u r p l u s ) may r e f l e c la-t e i t h e r t h e i n f l a t i o n a r y , f i s c a l p r e s s u r e s o r t h e demand c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t e x p r e s s t h e o e n t r a l p l a n n e r 's p r e f e r e n c e s v i a t h e i n d i r e o t t a x e s o r s u b s i d i e s . The l a s t c a s e may b e i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e i n o r e a s e s i n a lc o h o l o r c i g a r e t t e p r i o e s w hich a r e d e te rm in e d n o t a o c o rd in g t o t h e c o s t i n c r e a s e s b u t a r e prom pted by t h e a c t i o n s a im in g a t d im in is h in g demand. The s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f th o s e e q u a tio n s i s n o t s a t i s f a c t o r y enough a t t h e moment a s i t m o s tly o b s e rv e s t h e p r i n c i p l e o f o o s t p u sh r a t h e r th a n e q u i l i b r a t i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . *

* '» 6 . The p r o d u c tio n f u n c t i o n

The pro b lem o f c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e p r o d u c tio n f u n c t i o n s , ment io n e d a b o v e , i s ment h e m osment o r u o l a l I f we w ish ment o e x p la i n ment h e ec o nom ic c r i s e s w hich h i t t h e P o l i s h economy d u r in g t h e l a t e s e v e n -t i e s and a -t -t h e b e g in n in g o f -t h e e i g h -t i e s , a a w e ll a s -t o e x p la i n t h e f u t u r e p a th o f r e o o v e r y . The q u e s ti o n i s how t o a d j u s t t h e p r o d u c tio n f u n c t i o n s s o a s t o be a b le t o e x p la i n t h e u n d e r u t i l i z a -t i o n o f c a p a c i -t i e s w hich was b e in g e s -tim a -te d f o r m in in g and manu-f a c t u r i n g i n d u s t r i e s a t 40% i n 1982.

We m o s tly u se d t h e C obb-D ouglas ty p e o f p r o d u c tio n f u n c t i o n s . The t y p i c a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f t h e p r o d u o tio n f u n o ti o n i s t h a t t h e n e t o u tp u t ( I ) i s a l o g - l o g f u n c t i o n o f f ix e d a s s e t s ( K ) , em ploym ent (Ю and t e c b n l o a l p r o g r e s s ( T ) . I t d e f i n e s I n f a c t t h e c a p a -c i t y o u t p u t . I t may be u n d e rs to o d i n a d i f f e r e n t way a -c -c o r d in g t o w h e th e r t h e p r o d u c tio n i s c o n s t r a i n e d by t h e e x i s t i n g m a c h in e ry eq u ip m en t ( p o t e n t i a l c a p i t a l ) o r by a v a i l a b l e l a b o u r i n p u t ( p o t e n

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-- ________________Model W -5 o f th e P o l i s h Econom y...__________________ ^Q*y t i a l houre worked HS o r p o t e n t i a l em ploym ent). In th e f i r s t oa se we have (d is r e g a r d in g t h e e p e o i f i o form o f th e fu n c tio n )»

- o a p lt a l- c o n s t r a in e d c a p a c it y ( n e t ) ou tp u t XKi

XK . f(K , HK,

T,

• ) , (1 )

wheret HK - th e number o f hours worked, a u f f i o i e n t t o u t i l i z e f u l l y th e a v a i la b l e m achinery and equipm ent, i . e . HK - h(K ); e - “ d is tu r b a n c e term .

I n th e secon d o a a ei

- la b o u r -c o n s tr a in e d o a p a c ity ( n e t ) ou tp u t XNi

XH - f(K * WZ, HS, T , e ) , (2 )

where WZ - th e a v erage number o f s h i f t s b e in g a proxy f o r a o o e f - f i o i e n t o f adjustm ent o f th e tim e b e in g worked by m achinery япД equipment t o th e a v a i la b l e working tim e o f th e em ployees - HS.

As t h e r e a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e s t a t i s t i c a l d a t a a b o u t t h e c a p a c i -t y o u -tp u -t o r u -t i l i s a -t i o n o f c a p a c i -t i e s i n P o la n d ( t h e same i s m o s tly t r u e f o r o t h e r s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s ) we had t o d e v e lo p t h e c o n c e p ts o f measurement o f th e above m entioned in d ic a t o r s o u r s e l-v e s .

The main id e a was t o ex ten d th e n o t io n o f p r o d u c tio n fu n o tio n t o c o v e r t h e p o t e n t i a l output c o n s tr a in e d by a l l o th e r p ro d u o tio n f a c t o r s , e s p e c i a l l y m a te r ia l and en erg y in p u ts MQ, eq u a l t o f a c -t u a l p r o d u c -tio n In -th e c a s e when -th e p o -t e n -t i a l ou tp u t i s l e s s than demanded. I t th u s means we have t o s p e c i f y e x p l i c i t l y t h e above m entioned c o n s t r a i n t s . P i r s t o f a l l , l e t us n o t ic e t h a t t h e c o n s t r a i n t s i n m a te r ia l in p u ts a f f e c t th e tim e b e in g worked. I f t h e r e was no s u b s t i t u t i o n betw een t h e s e two f a c t o r s - th e d e c lin e i n hours worked co u ld ex h a u st t h e e f f e c t s o f m a te r ia l in p u t d e c r e a s e . We have f o r t h e tim e b e in g worked ( H) j

H - h(N , T , MQt1f e ) , ( 3 )

where» MQ*- s ta n d s .fo r an i n d i c a t o r o f in p u t c o n s t r a i n t s t o ba e x p la in e d b elo w , T - r e p r e s e n t s a d e c li n i n g tim e tren d i n t h e a v era g e number o f hours worked p e r em p loyee,and f o r th e p o t e n t i a l amount o f working tim e (H S )i

HS . h (N , T , e )

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Th i e le ,h o w e v e r , n o t t h e о а я е , a e w o rk er* a r e n o t n e o e e s a r i l y f i r e d and a r e o f f e r e d te m p o ra ry e x t r a j o b s w i t h in f a o t o r l e e ( t h i s was t h e oommon e x p e r ie n c e d u r in g t h e 1981/1982 o r l e i a ) . S e c o n d ly t h e s t a t i s t i c s o f tim e worked a r e t y p i c a l l y b i a s e d - h o u rs n o t worked a r e n o t f u l l y r e p o r t e d . T h e re i s a n o th e r r e a s o n w hioh l a n o t l e s s im p o r ta n t . I f . ' t h e r e a r e „ c o n s t r a i n t s i n s p a r e p a r t s o r raw m a t e r i a l s o o a ln g from im p o r ts and i f t h e s u b s t l t u t e - a b l l l t y i s n o t v e ry h ig h t h e n t h e e f f i o i e n o y o f u s e o f m a t e r i a l s d e o l i n e s . T h is m eans t h a t t o o b t a i n t h e same o u tp u t an i n c r e a s e i n t h e i n p u t s i s n e e d e d , w hioh a r e e i t h e r o f i n f e r i o r q u a l i t y o r o f I n -f e r i o r e -f -f i o i e n o y . T h a t i s what we have r e a l l y o b s e rv e d i n t h e i n d u s t r y s t a r t i n g from 197910» T h a t g i v e s an a d d i t i o n a l argum ent to w a rd s l n tr o d u o in g m a t e r i a l I n p u ts a s a s p e c i a l v a r i a b l e i n t o t h e e q u a tio n s y s te m . I n f a o t t h e c o n s t r a i n t s on i n p u t , e s p e c i a l l y on Im p o rt s i d e r e f l e c t two l te m s i t h e p h y s ic a l d e d i n e o f o u tp u t due t o t h e Im p o rt o o n e t r a l n t e , s e c o n d ly t h e d e o li n e i n e f f i o i e n o y o f m a t e r i i d u s e .

L e t u s a n a ly s e i n some more d e t a i l how t h e l n d i o a t o r o f s h o r -t a g e s i n m a -t e r i a l i n p u -t s oan be c o n s -t r u c -t e d . S e v e r a l a u -th o r s h av e b een a rg u in g t h a t t h e p ro b lem oan be e o lv e d by a s im p le e x te n s io n o f t h e l i s t o f e x p la n a to r y v a r i a b l e s o f t h e p r o d u o tio n f u n c t i o n , i . e . by means o f a d d in g a v a r i a b l e b e in g p ro x y f o r m a t e r i a l I n p u t. I n t h i s way e n e rg y was in tr o d u c e d a s an e x p la n a to r y v a r i a b l e , t o a llo w f o r e n e rg y c o n s t r a i n t s i n t h e 7 0 ’s . I n o u r o a s e i t s h o u ld b e r a t h e r t h e raw m a t e r i a l s b e in g i n s h o r t s u p p ly , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e im p o rte d from t h e h a rd o u rre n o y a r e a s . The r e s u l t s w i l l be m is le a d in g a s t h e r e w ere c o n s tr a in e d p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f s u b s t i t u -t i o n f o r e i -t h e r d o m e s -tic o r p ro d u o ed e le e w h e re m a -t e r i a l s . L e -t u s i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o in t.S u p p o s e we h av e a C obbD ouglaa ty p e p ro d u o -t i o n f u n c -t i o n and i f -t h e r e a r e no r e -t u r n s -t o s o a l e , -t h e n -t h e sum o f e l a s t i c i t i e s w ith r e g a r d t o f i x e d o a p l t a l ( K ) , employment ( h ) and im p o r ts ( If) s h o u ld be o l o s e t o 1 . Ve w ould e x p e c t t h a t t h e e l a s t i c i t y w ith r e g a r d t o Im p o rts w ould be b e tw e en 0 . 1 - 0 . 3 ( t h e o t h e r two a d d in g up t o 0 . 7 - 0 . 9 ) . T h is w ould mean t h a t any a d d i t i o n o f im p o rte d raw m a t e r i a l s by 10% w ould add t o t h e a n n u a l o u tp u t

10 The g r o s s o u tp u t s t i l l i n c r e a s e d b u t t h e n e t o u tp u t s t a r t e d d e c r e a s in g , I . e . m a t e r i a l i n p u t s ( p e r u n i t ) i n c r e a s e d .

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by 1-3%, w hioh • • m e r e a s o n a b le , i f t h i a l a a a a o e l a t e d w ith t h e q u a l i t y o r e f f l o l e n o y in o r e a s e o f t h e Im p o rte d m a t e r i a l e a g a i n s t t h e d o a e a tlo o n e s . T h ia , h o w ev er, d oea n o t e x p la i n t h e d e o li n e o f t h e a o t i v l t l e s o f t h e I n d u s t r y , w hioh w i l l b e a a a o o ia te d w ith a d e o li n e l n im p o rte o f raw m a t e r i a l s by a a y 1056. The P o l la h exp e r i e n c e I n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e d e c l i n e o f o u texp u t m ig h t b e exp r o exp o r t i o -ned o r s l i g h t l y l e a a th a n p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e d e o lin e i n im p o rts

( e l a a t l o l t l e s a r e I n f a o t 0 . 7 - 0 . 9 ) . I t i s n o t v e ry d i f f i c u l t t o e x p la i n w hat w ent w rong. The a s su m p tio n t h a t t h e row m a t e r i a l Im p o rte a r e s u b s t i t u t e s f o r t h e o t h e r f a o t o r s o f p r o d u o tio n h o ld s t r u e o n ly w i t h in a s m a ll ra n g e o f o h an g es i n o t h e r p r o d u o tio n f a c t o r s . O th e rw is e , Im p o rts a r e co m plem entary t o t h e u s e o f o t h e r f a o t o r s . T h e i r d e c re a s e d l e v e l h a s now moved t o t h e p o s i t i o n o f e f f i o i e n t c o n s t r a i n t , w h ereas " n o rm a lly " i t n e v e r d o e s . Thus t h e s a t i s f a c t o r y s p e c i f i c a t i o n w i l l im p ly t h a t t h e im p a c t o f in p u t r e s t r i c t i o n s s h o u ld b e o o n s tr a ln e d t o t h e p e r i o d s when th e y r e a l l y o o c u r . l t t e c h n i c a l l y means t o i n tr o d u c e a s u i t a b l e d e f in e d dummy. Now we h av e t o an sw er how t o d e f i n e t h e " d is e q u il i b r i u m i n d i c a t o r " a s s o c i a t e d w ith m a t e r i a l I n p u ts b e in g i n s h o r t s u p p ly . T h is c a n b e done i n s e v e r a l w ays1 1 . The m ain i d e a i s t h a t t h e ab ove I n d i c a t o r s h o u ld com pare t h e a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l in p u t w ith t h e n e o e s s a r y (n o rm a tiv e ) I n p u t . G e n e r a lly we ca n w r i t e f o r su o h an l n d l o a t o r MQ*: wher 0 o th e r w is e ( 5 ) and 0 < X < 1 , X c l o s e t o 1 o r MQ*- (MQ% - fe6) • U2 , w here U 1 I f < QS6 2 a 0 o th e r w is e

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w h eret MQ - t o t a l m a t e r i a l I n p u t , (MQ/Q^ - n o rm a tiv « u n i t ma-t e r i a l I n p u ma-t , MQ% - p e r c e n ma-ta g e r a t e o f change o f MQ, s i m i l a r l y f o r &6.

Com bining t h e r e s u l t s o b ta in e d so f a r we oan w r i t e t h e f o llo w in g fo rm u la f o r t h e p r o d u o tio n f u n o t i o n , e x p l a i n i n g t h e r e a l o u tp u t ( p ro v id e d t h e r e i s no demand o o n s t r a l n t ) t IS - f(K • WZ, H, T , MQ* 1 , e ) , ( 7 ) w here t h e l a g f o r M$ was ln tr o d u o e d t o t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e f a c t t h a t t h e Im p act o f in p u t c o n s t r a i n t s i s n o t im m ed ia te (d u e t o an i n v e n t o r y b u f f e r ) . A o c o rd ln g t o o u r e x p e r ie n o e , t h e I n d i c a t o r g iv e n b y (5 ) y i e l d s r e s u l t s t n a t a r e m ore s t a b l e ( I n s im u l a t io n e x e r o l s e e ) th a n t h e i n d i c a t o r s p e c i f i e d by ( 6 ) , w here t h e r a t e s o f g ro w th o f i n p u t s v e r s u s t h e r a t e s o f g ro w th o f g r o s s o u tp u t w ere u s e d . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , we had t o a d j u s t a l s o t h e g r o s s o u tp u t.T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s l i n k i n g n e t o u tp u t and g r o s s o u tp u t n eed a d ju s tm e n t b e in g r e v e r s e t o t h a t i n tr o d u c e d i n p r o d u o tio n f u n o tl o n a . T h is r e l a t i o n s h i p was o r i g i n a l l y s im p le a s i t was assum ed t h a t t h e m a rg in a l r a t e s o f g r o s s o u tp u t t o n e t o u tp u t a r e o o n s t a n t . The d e c l i n e o f e f f i c i e n c y o f m a t e r i a l i n p u t s means t h a t t h i s r a t e i n c r e a s e s , i . e . t h a t t h e d e o r e a s e o f n e t o u tp u t m ust n o t be accom-p a n ie d by a d e c l i n e o f g r o s s o u t accom-p u t. H ence, we h av e t h e f o llo w in g e q u a tio n g e n e r a ti n g g r o s s o u tp u t! Q3 - f ( I S , M Q ^, e ) . (8 ) I t i s n o t c e r t a i n w h e th e r t h e e l a s t i c i t i e s o f n e t o u tp u t w ith r e g a r d t o im p o r ts o r o t h e r m a t e r i a l i n p u t s d e te rm in e d f o r t h e c a s e o f d e c r e a s in g im p o r ts ( o r o t h e r i n p u t s ) w i l l b e s i m i l a r f o r th e r e v e r s e c a s e o f i n c r e a s i n g Im p o rts ( m a t e r i a l i n p u t s ) , i . e . w hether we o b t a i n i n c r e a s e d e f f i c i e n c y o f i n p u t s a s s o c i a t e d w ith improved u t i l i z a t i o n o f m a c h in e ry eq u ip m en t and l a b o u r f o r c e o f th e some s i z e . T h e re m ig h t b e a l a g i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e I n c r e a s e d s u p p l i e s , a s I n t h e f i r s t l i n e t h e i n v e n t o r i e s h av a t o be r e b u i l t and t h e c h a n g e s i n t h e p ro d u o t m ix may im p ly f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e o f i n v e n t o r i e s . \

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7« The p r i n c i p a l econom ic m echanism s d e s c r ib e d by th e model I n t h e d e m a n d -o rie n te d m odels t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een in v e s tm e n t and o u tp u t a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e w ellknow n a c c e l e -r a t i o n p -r i n c i p l e , w h e-reas i n t h e s u p p ly - d e te -r m in e d sy ste m s t h e -r e i s a fe e d b a c k w hich m ig h t be o a l l e d I n v e r s e a c c e l e r a t o r ty p e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p . I t i s a s f o llo w s .T h e p r o d u o tio n o f in v e s tm e n t goods

** V

-I n c r e a s e s t h e c a p a c i t i e s w ith some d e la y i n tim e , among o t h e r s o f t h e i n d u s t r i e s p ro d u c in g m a c h in e ry , eq u ip m en t and o f t h e b u i l d i n g I n d u s t r y . T h at i n c r e a s e s t h e o u tp u t o f t h o s e i n d u s t r i e s . T h u s, we h av e a fe e d b a c k w hich i s lo n g -te rm b e in g c o m p le te ly d i f f e r e n t from t h e c l a s s i c a l a c c e l e r a t o r . I n t h e m odel Vi5 t h e r e l a t i o n -s h ip -s w ere -s p e c i f i e d i n a -s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t way b e in g , t o some e x t e n t , a m ix tu re o f t h e s e two above m e n tio n e d m echanism s. T h is i s shown I n P i g . 1 . I n i t s u p p e r p a r t , t h e n e t o u tp u t ( s u p p l i e s ) by i n d u s t r i e s ad d s up to t h e NMP p ro d u c e d . G iven t h e exogenous n e t in v e s tm e n t s h a r e we o b t a i n n e t in v e s tm e n t and h en ce t o t a l in v e s tm e n ts and I n v e s tm e n te I n t h e m a t e r i a l p r o d u c t s e o t o r . T h i s , oom pared w ith t h e r e q u i r e d in v e s tm e n ts i n MP s e o t o r , y i e l d s t h e Im p lie d c o r r e c t i o n s i n demanded in v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s by i n d u s t r i e s . The a d ju s t e d in v e s tm e n t o u t la y s m a t e r i a l i z e I n t h e f ix e d c a p i t a l f o rm a tio n ( a f t e r a llo w in g f o r a p p r o p r i a t e l a g s ) and th u s i n c r e a s e t h e c a p a c i t i e s o f i n d u s t r i e s and c o n s e q u e n tly t h e i r o u tp u t a s w e ll a s t o t a l NMP. T h is lo o p i s o b v io u s ly d i f f e r e n t from t h e i n v e r s e a c c e l e r a t o r a s i n t h i s c a s e t h e p h y s io a l o u tp u t o f i n -d u s t r i e s p ro -d u o ln g in v e s tm e n t goo-ds -d o es n o t d e te rm in e t h e t o t a l l e v e l o f In v e s tm e n t a c t i v i t i e s . I t i s assum ed t h a t t h i s l e v e l l a b e in g d e te rm in e d from t h e to p (b y a d j u s t i n g demand f o r in v e s tm e n t o u tla y s - a c c o r d in g t o t h e d e s i r e d l e v e l s o f p e r s o n a l consumpt i o n ) . I consumpt f o llo w s consumpt h a consumpt i f consumpt h e s u p p li e s o f b u i l d i n g s and c o n s consumptr u c t i o n p r o j e c t s a r e d e p e n d en t on t h e a c t i v i t y l e v e l o f b u i l d i n g i n d u s tr y (an d b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s ) t h e s u p p l i e s o f m a c h in e ry e q u ip -ment b e in g r e s i d u a l a d j u s t t h e t o t a l s u p p l i e s t o t o t a l ( c o r r e c t e d ) demand. The fe e d b a c k r u n s th ro u g h t h e e n t i r e n a t i o n a l economy, b e in g n o t c o n s t r a i n e d t o t h e s e c t o r o f in v e s tm e n t goods p ro d u c -t i o n . I -t m us-t b e added -t h a -t -t h e s u p p l i e s o f b u ild in g s , and con-s t r u c t i o n p r d j e c t con-s i n f l u e n c e t h e l e v e l con-s o f in v e s tm e n t a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e h o u s in g s e c t o r . As t h e y со —d e te r m in e t h e in v e s tm e n t l e v e l s

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l n MP a e o t o r t h e i r d e c l i n e ( in o r e a s e ) w i l l b e c o m p e titiv e w ith r e g a r d t o in v e s tm e n ts i n t h e p r o d u o tiv e a e o t o r .

The i n i t i a l demand f o r in v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s by i n d u s t r i e s i s d e te rm in e d i n t h e m odel t a k i n g i n t o ao o o u n t t h e e x p e c t a t i o n s about t h e g r o s s and n e t o u tp u t demand. T h ese r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e i n -v e stm e n t o u t l a y s a r e f u r t h e r a d j u s t e d a o o p rd in g t o t h e r u l e s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . The t o t a l a d j u s t e d r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r in v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s I n UP s e c t o r g e n e r a te t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r m ao h in e ry and eq u ip m en t and t h u s f o r t h e p r o d u o tio n o f t h e e l e o t r o - e n g i n e e r i n g I n d u s t r y . The r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r b u i l d i n g s and o o n s tr u o t io n p r o j e c t s a r e r e s i d u a l . They a g a in l n f l u e n o e t h e g r o s s o u tp u t o f t h e b u i l d -i n g I n d u s t r y and o o - d e te rm ln e t h e t o t a l r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e g r o s s o u tp u t by i n d u s t r i e s . As th e y f u r t h e r on o o - d e te rm ln e t h e r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r in v e s tm e n t o u t l a y s , t h e lo o p i s b e in g c l o s e d . Ve h av e th u s t h e fe e d b a c k o f an a c c e l e r a t o r ty p e w hich i s how ever m o d ifie d a c c o r d in g t o t h e g e n e r a l p o l l o l e s o f a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i b u t e d n a t i o n a l inoom e.

The com ponents o f t h e p r o d u c tio n s e o t o r a r e h i g h ly i n t e r -d e p e n -d e n t ( s e e P i g . 2 ) . T h ese fe e d b a c k s a r e r e a l i s e d w ith a p p ro -p r i a t e l a g s . I f we s t a r t w ith t h e f ix e d o a -p l t a l , t a k i n g i n t o a c - o o u n t t h e h o u rs w o rk ed ,an d a r r i v e - u s in g t h e p r o d u c tio n f u n o tl o n - a t n e t and g r o s s o u tp u t o f s e p a r a t e i n d u s t r i e s , t h e n ( w ith one y e a r l a g ) t h e s o a r o l t l e s i n s u p p l i e s o f t h e p r o d u o ts o f t h e s e i n -d u s t r i e s b e in g i n p u t s i n o t h e r I n -d u s t r i e s o r e a t e new c o n s t r a i n t s c a p tu r e d by t h e p r o d u o tio n f u n c t i o n s . I f t h e lo o p i s c lo s e d th e n we h av e a fe e d b a o k c e l l e d a b o t t l e n e c k m u l t i p l i e r . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s o u r c e o f s h o r t a g e s ca n b e t h e Im p o rt o o n s t r a l n t s . They c a n h av e a f a r r e a c h in g im p a o t. I f th e y o a u s e a d e o li n e I n o u tp u t and t h i s d im in is h e s e x p o r t s , th e n g iv e n t h e f o r e i g n t r a d e p r i o e s •* and e x p e c te d b a la n c e o f t r a d e - t h e Im p o rts a r e a f f e o t e d a g a in . T h is fe e d b a c k w i l l be c a l l e d an im p o rt b o t t l e n e c k m u l t i p l i e r .

The m odel c o n ta i n s a l s o some m in o r fe e d b a o k s l i n k i n g p r i c e s . I t h a s b e e n assum ed t h a t e x p o rt p r i c e s t o t h e n o n - s o o i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s depend on th e p r o p e n s i t y t o e x p o r t . The e x p o rt p r i o e s o f c o m m o d ities s o l d t o t h e s o c i a l i s t c o u n t r i e s a r e assum ed t o be a f f e c t e d by t h e d o m e s tic i n f l a t i o n a r y p r e s s u r e s . T h ese p r i o e i n -c re m e n ts -c o -d e te r m in e t h e e a r n in g s from e x p o r t s and t h u s im p o r ts . The im p o r ts may i n d i r e c t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e x p o r t s and t h u s t h e c h a n g es i n e x p o rt p r i o e s .

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Th* i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h * p r o o e s s e s o f d l a t r l b u t i o n o f t h e NMP, 1 . * . i n t h e p ro o e a a o f b a la n o ln g o u tp u t and demand a r e uhown I n P i g . 3» Th* o u tp u t ( a u p p ly ) d e te r m in e s em ploym ent, o o - d e te r m in e s wages and p e r s o n a l incom es and th u a I n f l u e n c e s t h e con- aum er demand. I t a l s o d * t * r a l n e a th * ln v e a tm e n t o u tla y a a n d ,t h u s , th * a d j u s t e d r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r ln v e a tm e n t g o o d s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e two m ain oom ponenta o f t h e f i n a l demand a r e I n f lu e n c e d by t o t a l a u p p ly ( b y i n d u s t r i e s ) w hioh d oea n o t Im p ly t h a t th e y m ust equal •a o h o t h e r .

P ig u r e 4 ahowa r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h e m a rk e ts o f oonaum er goods and l l l u a t r a t e a t h e I n f l a t i o n a r y p r o o e a s . The s t a r t i n g p o in t i s t h e p r o d u o tio n . I t d e te r m in e s m ark et a u p p l i e a , r e t a i l s a l e s and a u p p ll* a o f consum er goods d i r e c t l y t o t h e o o n sum er. T h is i s com-p a re d w ith t h e demand, w hioh i a d e te rm in e d by r e a l Inoome and r e l a t i v e p r i o e s . No a s su m p tio n h a s b e e n made so f a r t h a t t h e p r lo e a c l e a r t h e m a r k e ta . No fe e d b a c k o f t h e m u l t i p l i e r ty p e i s t o b e fo u n d I n th * m odel b e o a u se we had o u t o f f t h e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f a d j u s t i n g t h e p r o d u o tio n o f t h e oonsum er goods t o t h e ohan g es i n t h e c o n s umor demand. T h e re i a a n I n f l a t i o n a r y ty p e o f fe e d b a c k i n t h e m o d el. The i n o r e a s e o f l a b o u r o o s ta c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e r a t i o o f t h e wage b i l l t o t h e t o t a l o u tp u t p ro d u c e s p r e s s u r e s on t h e c o s t s s id e to w a rd s a n ln o r e a a e o f t h e p r o d a o e r a ' p r io e s .T h e p r o d u c e r s ' p r i c e s t h e n d e te r m in e t h e r e t a i l p r i c e s . A t t h e v e ry end th e y d e te rm in e t h e l i v i n g o o e t I n d e x . T h ia a g a in l n tr o d u o e s p r e s s u r e s to w a rd s t h e wage ln c r e a a e a .A s t h e a v e ra g e wages a r e c o n s t i t u t i v e e le m e n ts o f t h e wage b i l l ( t h * l r i n c r e a s e may b e , h o w ev er, oom pensated by t h e l n o r e a a e o f p r o d u c t i v i t y o f l a b o u r ) , th u s we hav* a t y p i c a l i n f l a t i o n a r y fe e d b a c k I n t h e model* T h is l a t e s t i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p o o c u rre d e s p e c i a l l y s t r o n g l y i n t h e l a s t 3 y e a r s d u r in g t h e a o o l a l u n r e s t .

8 . P i n a l rem a rk s

The m odel a tt e m p t s t o o a p tu r e t h e l a t e s t eoonom ic d e v e lo p -m ents c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e P o l i s h econo-my, w hioh -may h av e -more g e n e r a l s ig n i f ic a n c e .T h e y a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by an eoonomio c r i s i s o f u n lq u * d e p th and te n d e n c ie s t o r e c o v e r s lo w ly . The d e s c r i p t i o n

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o f t h e above phenomena p ro v e d t o b e v e r y u n c e r t a i n , b e o a u e e a l l t h e o h an g es in tr o d u c e d i n t h e m odel t o d e a l w ith th e n a r e b a s i - o a l l y d e te rm in e d u e in g o n ly a few o b s e r v a t i o n s . T h ese a r e t h e o b s e r v a t io n s o f t h e l a s t 5 y e a r s i f we b e g in w ith 1977* The m odel h a s b e e n o r i g i n a l l y e s tim a te d u s in g t h e l a s t o b s e r v a t io n f r o a 1979* J u s t now we t r y t o r e - e s t i m a t e t h e m odel u s in g t h e u p - d a te d i n f o r m a t io n f o r 1 9 8 0 -1 9 8 1 .O ur e x p e rte n o e w ith t h e s u p p l y - o r i e n t e d m odel sh o w s, h o w ev er, t h a t t h s y e a r 1982 may b e o f a d e c i s i v e v a lu e f o r t h e e s ti m a t i o n o f p a ra m e te rs f o r t h e p e r i o d o f t h e c r i s i s and f o r t h e f u t u r e p r o j e c t i o n s . As we w ere n o t a b le t o i n -c r e a s e t h e sam p le e l s e f o r t h e moment, t h e n i n s t e a d o f u s in g more s t a t i s t i c a l o b s e r v a t io n s we w ere t r y i n g t o p u t a s muoh a s ju d g e -m ent p o s s i b l e i n t o t h e -m odel s p e o i f i o a t l o n . T h e r e f o r e , o u r -m odel i e n o t p u r e l y e o o n o m e trio b e o a u ee t h e v a lu e s o f many p a ra m e te rs a r e b a s e d on e x tr a n e o u s i n f o r m a t io n . I t se em s, h o w ev er, o b s e r v in g t h e p r a o t i o e o f t h o s e who a r e u t i l i s i n g t h e m o d els i n d e v e lo p e d c o u n t r i e s , t h a t t h e a p p l l o a t l o n o f a s muoh a s p o s s i b l e e x tr a n e o u s in f o r m a tio n h e lp s t o a r r i v e a t more a c c u r a t e p r e d i c t i o n and sim u-l a t i o n r e s u u-l t s . A pp en d ix 1 G e n e ra l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e m odel W-5 Humber o f endogenous v a r i a b l e s « ■ num ber o f e q u a ti o n s 839 among them - s t o o h a s t i o 408 - i d e n t i t i e s 431

- num ber o f exogenous v a r i a b l e s 141

D a ta u s e d f o r e s ti m a t i o n ! 1961-1979

M ethods o f e s ti m a t io n s 0L3

B1 oolcs o f e q u a tio n s d i s t i n g u i s h e d !

1 . HOURS WORKED (H P ), EMPLOYMENT ( H ) , LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY, SHIFTS WORKED (WZ)

2 . IHVESTMEHT OUTLAYS, DEMAND ( J . . . D ) , CORRECTED ( J ) , SUPPLY ( J . . . S S ) , DEFLATORS ( P J )

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