Early medieval fortified settlements at Kałdus and Płutowo (Chełmno land, northern Poland) - places of plant invasion and refuges

Ecological Questions 4/2004: 105-114

Early medieval fortified settlements

at Kaldus and Piutowo (Chehnno land, northern Poland)

— places of plant invasion and refuges

Dariusz Kamiriski

Department of Plant Taxonomy and Geography, Institute of Ecology and Environment Protection, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Torun, Poland,

e-mail: daro@biol.uni.t0run.pl

Abstract. This study presents the results of research conducted at two early-medieval fortified settlements situated on the border of Wysoczyzna Chehninska (Cheiminska Upland) and neighbouring areas. Phytosociological surveys were performed on site and compared with literature data concerning analogous plant communities from less synanthropised areas. The influence of ancient colonisation on expansion and survival of steppe relicts was underscored. The Kaldus settlement was presented as a place of refuge for plants connected with ancient colonisation, and a place to which some of the neighbouring steppe relics arrived. The Piutowo settlement was included to demonstrate the natural process of forest regeneration in anthropogenic habitats.

Keywords: medieval settlements, relicts, steppe species, anthropopressure.

1. Introduction

The settlements at Kaldus and Piutowo are situ-ated on the main route of plant migration in Po-land and within the largest concentration of xerothermic vegetation in the area of the lower Wisia River. This community has long been influ-enced by Man, who contributed to the endurance and secondary expansion of steppe species. First steppe plants arrived in the area of Central and Northem Poland already in the first periods after the glacier recession. They survived subsequent changes of weather and climate as well as expan-sion of forests, receding to relict stands - under-mined river valley-sides - which guaranteed good lighting and thermal conditions. Intensified settle-ment and clearing of forests growing on the val-ley-sides, which were then tumed into pastures,

contributed to improvement of the conditions for development of steppe plants and their renewed migration. In the area of Kaidus they did not only enter the natural habitats, but also settled in the enviromnent exposed to strong pressure of Man. It is justified by a small patch of

Potentillo-Stipetum capillatae Libb. 1933 em. Krausch 1960

persisting on the rampart of the settlement. Its sta-bility is due to buming and tending of the greens, a practice so frequent in the past (Ceynowa 1971). Extensive use is a prerequisite for the sustenance of grass communities. When tending discontinues forests may be regenerated. As an example, the area of the settlement at Piutowo is a woodland. Long-lasting utilisation of medieval cities resulted in formation of specific soils, characterised by a higher content of phosphorus and nitrogen (Cook, Heizer 1965; Ceynowa 1968). Such settlements are

10§ W Dariusz Kaminski __ also peculiar environmental islands which enable

— thanks to extensive use — survival of many

van-ishing and rare species and relict crops (Bulifiski 2. Materials and methods 1993; Celka 1999, 2002). Therefore, it is

interest-ing to compare the vegetation cover of the settle- The subject of the research was the vegetation ments with their nearest vicinity and to demon- cover oftwo neighbouring early-medieval settlements, strate the influence of ancient colonisation on its situated on the edge of the upland of Wysoczyzna

development. Cheiminska, south-west of Chehnno (fig. 1).

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_ Wgl-Earlygnwedieval fortified settlements at Kaldus and Fllutowo (Chelmno land, northern Poland)“,

The Kaldus settlement is situated 3 km from

Chelmno and covers approximately 27,000 m2. The good conditions for colonisation are provided at

Kaldus by steep natural slopes, protecting the set-tlement area from three sides, and a high rampart built onto the existing dune which ensured defence from the Upland (fig. IA, B). Traces of colonisa-tion in the area of the settlement date back to the

period from Hallstatt and Neolithic Age to late

Mid-dle Ages. Especially intensive colonisation was con-nected with a large administrative centre function-ing there in the early Middle Ages (Chudziakowa 1997; Chudziak 1996). From the early-medieval period until half of the 20“' century the valley-sides of the Wisla Valley and the denudation valley were deforested and used as grazing land (Preuss 1912;

Sulma, Walas 1963). At present, they witness recon-struction of a dry-ground forest. Only on the south

slope of the rampart some grass communities sur-vived. The rampart is protected as a reserve of xero-thermic vegetation called “Gora sw. Wawrzyfrca”.

The Plutowo settlement is situated about 10 km south of the settlement at Kaldus. This one also lies on a headland formed by an erosional dis-section of the edge of Wysoczyzna Chelminska (fig. IA, C), however its surface is smaller - 4500 mi. The settlement, with an adjoining open colony, was populated between 9"‘ and 12"‘ centuries

(Chudziakowa 1997). Functioning of the

settle-ment, in the same way as at Kaldus, was

associ-ated with deforestation of that area. Nevertheless,

when the settlement was deserted the land was not used any longer, which enabled regeneration of a forest community with natural characteristics.

The area of the old settlement and the nearby denu-dation valley is protected as a woodland reserve

called “Plutowo”.

In the years 2001-2002 phytosociological sur-veys were carried out on the settlements using the Braun-Blanquet approach. The surveys were

com-pared with literature data concerning analogous

plant communities occurring in the vicinity. Plant

nomenclature was assumed from Flora Europaea (Rutkowski 1998).

3. Results

Kaldus. The most valuable plant community present on the south slope of the rampart at Kaldus

is Potentillo-Stipetum capillatae association. It is

principally formed by tufts of Stipa capillata L., which could easily come to the settlement from the neighbouring sides of the Wisla Valley already

in early Middle Ages. Beside Stipa capillata L. the following steppe species grow in the area: Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlb., Carex praecox Schreber, Hieracium echioides L., and Achillea

pannonica Schelle (tab. 1). It is a small group of steppe species characterised by the highest resist-ance to anthropopressure. Other steppe plants have survived mainly on natural slopes and do not tend to occupy settlements which are strongly exposed to human transformation. A few examples of spe-cies which have not advanced from the neighbour-ing valley-sides to the settlement are: Adonis

vernalis L., Anemone silvestris L., Campanula sybirica L., Oxytropis pilosa (L.) DC., Scorzonera purpurea L., Filipendula vulgaris Moench and Stachys recta L., occurring in the patches of the

described association from the nearby steppe re-serve “Zbocza Plutowskie" (Ceynowa 1968) and observed in the direct proximity of the settlement

(Preuss 1912; Sulma, Walas 1963). Neither were

they observed in the patches described on the range embankments at Chelmno (tab. 1). The patch of the plant association from Kaldus is richer in nitrophilous species: Falcaria vulgaris Bemh.,

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq, Silene lattfolia

Poiret ssp. alba (Miller) Greuter et Burdet, Viola

arvensis Murray, and Trifolium arvense L. The

presence of Lavathera thuringiaca L. growing at

Kaldus in the northem border of occurrence is

es-pecially noteworthy, since this species is regarded as a relict of old crops (Celka 1999). Other

spe-cies, such as Asparagus oflicinalis L., Verbascum denszflorum Bertol., Chondrilla juncea L. and

Origanum vulgare L. are also connected with an-cient colonisation. When the old practice of utili-sation was abandoned, Acer platanoides L. and

Quercus robur L. bushes and trees started

over-growing the xerothennic grass on the rampart. Other species - unrecorded here in the past — also entered this area. These included Arabis glabra (L.)

Bemh., Dactylis glomerata L., Silene latzfolia ssp. alba, Thalictrum minus L., Viola arvensis Mmray, and Vicia hirsuta (L.) S. F. Gray (tab. 1). From the

neighbouring slope in the west, the expansively-spreading trees of Robinia pseudacacia L. enter

Table l. Comparison of phytocoenosis Porentillo-Stipetum capillatae Libbert 1933 em. Krausch 1960 from settlement 1n Kaldus (1), nature reserve “Zbocza Plutowskie" (2) (from Ceynowa 1968) and Chelmno city (3) (from Ceynowa 1968)

1

2

0 O

S

eserve wskees 6reevé

7

77 7* i 7

Relevé area (mi)

Place g g W g _, l g Settlement in Kaldus W W g W ‘ f 1 '—~

150

100

100

100

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0 Cover total (_°@),_, _Na ur bocza (11 elmn

____-

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8

8

8

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00001000

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17072001

A

-“Z Ch

0hAss Chill! C110 Potenllllo-Stipetum1 capillatae, Fesluco-Stipion, Festuce-‘

lalia valeslaceae Stipa caplllata Polentilla arenarla Achillea pannonica Hleracium echioldes Asparagus officinalls Carex supina Carex praecox Stipa joannis Oxylropis pi/osa Medicago minirna Carnpanu/a sibirica Scabiosa ochro/euca Adonis vernalis Alyssum monranum Pulsalilla pratensis Tonlnia coeruleo-nigricansd l Chill Fesluca Bramelea

Phleum p/7/eoides Dianthus carthusianorum Cenraurea stoebe Euphorbia cyparissias Artemisia campesrris Carex car)/op/7y/lea Alllum 0/eraceum Sa/via pralensis Veronica spicala Acinos arvensis Koeleria gracilis Poa compressa Pimplnel/a saxifraga Thuidium abielinum Pterygonerum cavifolium ‘ i 1‘ * 1v *2

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Early medieval fortified settlements at Kaldus and Plutowo (Chelmno land, northern Poland)... 109 Table 1. Continuation Brachypodium pinnalum 1 Perrorhagia prolifera Stachys racra ' Ave/70/a pratense Thymus pulagioldes 1 Saxiiraga lridacty/iles i P100/gonerum subsessile . y Companions 1 . Galium verum 3 2 Falcaria vulagris I + Anchusa officinalis 1 + Fesluca trachyphy/la . 1 Bromus inermis 1

Medlcago saliva ssp. falcala +

,1 Verbascum densirlorum 1 + Conyza canadensis 1 + H0/ichrysum arenarium + Camelina microcarpa + 1 Chondril/a juncea . Rumex acelosella \ 1 1 1 Tr/folium arvensa . Lavathera thug/ngiaca + Arabis glabra . Polenli/Ia anserina . Convolvu/us an/ens/s 1 Cynoglossum officinale 1 + Viola lelrasperma + Bilderdykia convolvu/us . Viola arvensfs Dactylis glomerala 5110770 alba Viola hirsuta ‘~ Thalictrum minus I1 Acer platanoides (0) Cirsium arvense A . _ _ . + + '1' + 1 1 + 1 -1-1 '1-0 0 0

-1

2

+ .

1

+

1

1+

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.

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1

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+ l||* I11’ I-1» + + . I‘ 1* i . + ‘ . y |;|* 1 + . T I|* 1 + _ .‘ + + + 1 \ + + ‘ 1 2 . . . l+ '+ 1

1*

1

11*

1

‘+ . . ll‘ + I‘ l* + , I" . + . ‘ “I-+ 1 + . 1 + . 1 .

Plutowo. The area of the Plutowo settlement and the adjacent denudation valley area covered with a dry-ground forest (Tilio-Carpinetum Tracz. 1962) with natural features. It regenerated in early Middle Ages on a deforested area, which was not cultivated in later periods. A sub association from Corydalis cava Schweigg & Ktirte developed in the settlement (Rejewski 1974). Comparison of the floral composition of phytocenoses from the

im-mediate vicinity of the settlement with data col-lected from natural habitats of the whole Chehnno land (Rejewski 1971) does not reveal any signifi-cant variance (tab. 2). Nowhere but in a patch from the settlement itself higher coverage values reached by synanthrophic species of Urtica dioica L. and Sambucus nigra L. were noted, together with the presence ofAstragalus glycyphyllos L., unrecorded in the respective patches from the Chelmno land.

110 N _ ?_fl____ Dar?ius;*_Kami|‘|ski _ _ _

At the same time, there are no species which very Gawl, Carpinus betulus L., Tilia cordata Mill., frequently occur in natural habitats, e. g. C0rjyda- Stellaria holostea L., Aegopodium podagraria L., lis intermedia (L.) Mérat, Gagea minima (L.) Ker or Oxalis acetosella L. (tab. 2).

Table 2. Comparison of phytocoenosis Tilio-Carpinetum corydaletosum Tracz. 1962 from settlement in Plutowo (1), nature reserve “Plutowo” (2) (from Rejewski 1974) and Chelmno land (3) (from Rejewski 1971)

‘N0.

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1

23

Place H _ Settlement injilflulowo

*DatemWl

j

11.07. 2002

Relevéareajlnié)

100

‘

C0vert0taI(%) M

7

00

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1-R

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4-|_--Q

—I-l

Chetand14reevés d*'\ ai

i

[T100

h

i 6hAIl Carplnion balull Carpinus belulus (a) 3 Carpinus belulus (b) Carpinus betuluns (c) * Tilla cordala (a) 1‘ Willa cordala (b) § Tilia cordala (0) Slellaria holoslea Euonymus verrucosus (b) ~ Campanula lalilolia Viola mirabllis 0 Chaerophyllum lemulenlum l Dsllss 0 Corydalis cava Gagea lulea Gagea mlnlma Corydalis intermedia 0h0 Fagetalia sylvalice Ulmus glabra ~[a) Ulmus glabra flb) Ulmus glabra lc) Ulmus minor la) Ulmus minor lb) 3 Acerpseudoplalanus (a) ‘ Acerpseudoplalanus(b) Acerpseudoplalanus (c) 5 Fagus sylvallca (a)

Fagus sylvalica (b) 5 Alnus glulinosa (a) l Marcurlalls perennis

Lamlaslrum galeobdolon l Asarurn europaeum

3 l

+ l

lilillss Tllio-Oarpinetum coin/iialolosum \ j

V14

mt’

||*"'

m ‘-2

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ur‘

IV *"‘

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IV ‘"3

1| 3

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Table 2. Continuation Adoxa moschalelllna Anemone ranunculoldes Slachys sylvalica Galium odoraium i Polygonalum mulllflorum A Prunus padus (a)

Prunus padus (b) 1 Prunus padus (c) Ranunoulus licaria Aclaea spicala 3 Lalhyrus vernus Chaerophyllum aromallcum l Milium offusum ) Dryopleris lilix-mas ‘ Slellaria nemorum * Ranunoulus lanuginosus Viola reichenbachlana Paris quadrlfolla Scrophularia nodosa Oxalis acetosella ChCl Ouorco-Fagelea Fraxlnus exoelslor (a) 3 Fraxlnus excelslor (b) 1 Fraxlnus excelslor (c) Acer plalanoldes (a) , Ace! plalanoldes (b) Acer plalanoldos (c) Euonymus europaeus (b) Euonymus europaeus (0) Corylus avellana (b) ' Cog/lus avellana (0) Lonicera xylosleum (b) 1 Lonicera xylosleum (c) Aegopodlum podagrarla Poa nemoralls 0 Hepalica noollls Carex digllala Lalhraea squamaria Mellca nulans l Companions

0 Ouercus roour (a)

Ouercus robur (b) Lamlum maculalum + \ + \ + \ + 0 3 + + 1 + + 0 3 V +-2 I V +-2

|v*‘

1 Iva--1 I1 IIIH V24 ll * |+ Z +-I ll‘ I-5 ||l*" l |+

0

0*

0 I-0-1 )1 '1-) +

0 || ‘"3

J ~1

0*

0*‘

§‘ Ill‘ i

(0

|| *

0 1

|| *

01*

N +-3 Ill ‘"2

0 *'

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Pulmohariaobscura

1

0‘ 0+-2

0/as

V+—2 V+-2 ||l"2 |1

|v*’

'2 "+-1 ll " V14 '1

0*‘

|0*2

‘4-0| *1

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01*‘

|| *1

01*

0| *3

||l"‘

|v**

0*?

01*’

0*‘

Ill‘ l||"4 ‘Q-

'1-112 _ Dariusz Kaminski Table 2. Continuation Samoucus nlgra (b) ‘ Samoucus nlgra (0) § Galium aparlne Urllca dloica Geum urbanum Geranium robertlanum = Chelidonlum majus _, Aslragalusolycjiphyllos

3

i|0*‘ ‘

|***

p V+—1 | +—1 2 V+-2 11|+

2

I‘

| *2

1 [ l +-l . + '1 3 \+—1 \ + 0 |* ll‘ + . ‘ .

4. Summary and conclusions

Man’s activities in the area of Kaldus in the early settlement periods were connected with

deforestation. It improved the conditions of

growth and triggered off the process of secon-dary expansion of steppe species.

Certain steppe species, e.g. Stipa capillata, moved out of their relict stands situated on the sides of the Wisia Valley to new places of growth and have survived until the present on the settlement rampart at Kaldus, heavily trans-formed by Man.

The patch of the steppe association

Potentill0-Stipetum on the rampart at Kaldus is more

de-ficient in steppe species as compared with re-spective patches of the same association in the natural habitats of the Wisla Valley.

. Alongside with steppe relics the xerothermic grass of the Kaldus settlement includes relicts of ancient crops.

. In the Kaldus settlement, the natural process

of succession was restrained until present times through burning and tending of the greens. A lack of human activities in the settlement of

Plutowo enabled regeneration of the forest. 6 The forest community developed in the area of

the Plutowo settlement does not contain many forest species which are common in the neigh-bourhood.

The vegetation covers of both investigated set-tlements reveal significantly bigger participa-tion of nitrophilous species in comparison with their neighbouring areas.

Acknowledgements

I would like to express my wann thanks to Profes-sor Miroslawa Ceynowa-Gieldon, for valuable remarks and time.

This article is a part of a larger work being done under Polish Committee for Scientific Research (KBN) grant No. 6 P04F 010 21.

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